Chapter I: Algonkins

Early in the seventeenth century, the Algonkins were the largest family of North American Indians within the present limits of the United States, extending from Newfoundland to the Mississippi, and from the waters of the Ohio to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winnipeg. Northeast and northwest of them were the Eskimos and the Athabascas; the Dakotas bounded them on the west, and the Mobilian tribes, Catawbas, Natchez, &c., on the south. Within this region also dwelt the Iroquois and many detached tribes from other families. All the tribes of the Algonkins were nomadic, shifting from place to place as the fishing and hunting upon which they depended required. There has been some difficulty in properly locating the tribe from which the family has taken its name, but it is generally believed they lived on the Ottawa River, in Canada, where they were nearly exterminated by their enemies, the Iroquois. The only remnant of the tribe at this time is at the Lake of the Two Mountains.

Of the large number of tribes forming this family, many are now extinct, others so reduced and merged into neighboring tribes as to be lost, while nearly all of the rest have been removed far from their original hunting-grounds. The Lenni Lenape, from the Delaware, are now leading a civilized life far out on the great plains west of the Missouri, and with them are the Shawnees from the south and the once powerful Pottawatamies, Ottawas, and Miamis from the Ohio Valley. Of the many nations forming this great family, we have a very full representation in the following catalogue, about equally divided between the wild hunters and the civilized agriculturists.

1. CHEYENNES.

"This nation has received a variety of names from travellers and the neighboring tribes, as Shyennes, Shiennes, Cheyennes, Chayennes, Sharas, Shawhays, Sharshas, and by the different bands of Dakotas, Shai-en-a or Shai-e-la. With the Blackfeet, they are the most western branch of the great Algonkin family. When first known, they were living on the Chayenne or Cayenne River, a branch of the Red River of the North, but were driven west of the Mississippi by the Sioux, and about the close of the last century still farther west across the Missouri, where they were found by those enterprising travelers Lewis and Clark in 1803. On their map attached to their report they locate them near the eastern face of the Black Hills, in the valley of the great Sheyenne River, and state their number at 1,500 souls." Their first treaty with the United States was made in 1825, at the mouth of the Teton River. They were then at peace with the Dakotas, but warring against the Pawnees and others. Were then estimated, by Drake, to number 3,250.

During the time of Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819 and 1820, a small portion of the Cheyennes seem to have separated themselves from the rest of their nation on the Missouri, and to have associated themselves with the Arapahoes who wandered about the tributaries of the Platte and Arkansas, while those who remained affiliated with the Ogalallas, these two divisions remaining separated until the present time. Steps are now being taken, however, to bring them together on a new reservation in the Indian Territory.

Up to 1862, they were generally friendly to the white settlers, when outbreaks occurred, and then for three or four years a costly and bloody war was carried on against them, a notable feature of which was the Sand Creek or Chivington massacre, November 29, 1864. "Since that time there has been constant trouble. * * * In '67, General Hancock burned the village of the Dog Soldiers, on Pawnee Fork, and another war began, in which General Custer defeated them at Washita, killing Black Kettle and 37 others." The northern bands have been generally at peace with the whites, resisting many overtures to join their southern brethren.

_List of illustrations._

118, 120. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ (Front.) SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
119, 121. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ (Profile.) SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
109. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
110. MIN-NIN-NE-WAH. _Whirlwind._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
111. WHOAK-POO-NO-BATS. _White Shield._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
112. WO-PO-HAM. _White Horse._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
113. BAH-TA-CHE. _Medicine Man._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
114. PAWNEE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
115. ED. GUERRIER. _Interpreter._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
26. LAME WHITE MAN. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
WILD HOG. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
27. BALD BEAR. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
CUT FOOT. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
28. DULL KNIFE. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
LITTLE WOLF. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
29. CRAZY HEAD. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
SPOTTED WOLF. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
30, 31. STONE CALF AND WIFE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
116. WHIRLWIND AND PAWNEE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
117. LITTLE ROBE AND WHITE HORSE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
122. HIGH TOE.
123-4. GROUPS AT AGENCY.

2. CHIPPEWAS.

Migrating from the East late in the sixteenth or early in the seventeenth century, the Chippewas, or Ojibwas, settled first about the Falls of Saint Mary, from which point they pushed still farther westward, and eventually compelled the Dakotas to relinquish their ancient hunting-grounds about the headwaters of the Mississippi and of the Red River of the North. Were first known to the French, about 1640, who called them _Sauteux_, from the place of their residence about Sault Ste. Marie, a name still applied to them by the Canadian French. They were then living in scattered bands on the banks of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, and at war with the Foxes, Iroquois, and Dakotas, becoming thereby much reduced in numbers. Were firm allies of the French in all of their operations against the English, and took a prominent part in Pontiac's uprising. During the revolutionary war they were hostile to the colonists, but made a treaty of peace with them at its close. They again sided with the English in the war of 1812, but joined in a general pacification with a number of other tribes in 1816. Like other tribes, they gradually ceded their lands to the Government, receiving in return annuities and goods, until in 1851 all but a few bands, retaining but moderate reservations, had removed west of the Mississippi.

"The Chippewas, now numbering 19,606, formerly ranged over Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and with common interests, and acknowledging more or less the leadership of one controlling mind, formed a homogeneous and powerful nation; a formidable foe to the Sioux, with whom they waged incessant warfare, which was checked only by the removal of the Minnesota Sioux to Dakota after the outbreak of 1863."

The collecting of the Chippewas upon thirteen reservations, scattered over the above-named States, under five different agencies, has so modified the _esprit du corps_ of the tribe that, though speaking the same language and holding the same traditions and customs, the bands located in different sections of the country have few interests and no property in common, and little influence or intercourse with each other. The agency has taken the place of the nation, and is in turn developing the individual man, who, owning house, stock, and farm, has learned to look solely to his own exertions for support. No tribe by unswerving loyalty deserves more of the Government, or is making, under favorable conditions, more gratifying progress; 9,850 of the tribe live in houses, 9,345 are engaged in agriculture and other civilized occupations; and 13,202 wear citizen's dress. Fifty-seven per cent. of their subsistence is obtained by their own labor, mainly in farming; for the rest, they depend on game and fish, especially the latter, of which they readily obtain large quantities.

The Chippewas are extensively intermarried with the Ottawas, and are thrifty and worthy citizens of the United States, as are also those of Saginaw, and of Keewenaw Bay in Michigan. The Bad River, Red Cliff, Red Lake, and Mississippi bands are likewise making rapid progress in civilization. Of those which have made but little or no progress are the Leech Lake, White Earth, Mille Lac, and other scattered bands in remote and inaccessible regions of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the older chiefs resolutely opposing any attempt on the part of the younger men to begin a civilized life.

_List of Illustrations._

1001. ES-EN-CE. _Little Shell._ PEMBINA.

Head chief of the Pembinas, residing at Turtle Mountain, in Dakota.
His father and grandfather were chiefs of the same band before him.
Took an active part against the Sioux in the Minnesota massacres in
1863. Visited Washington in 1874, at the head of a delegation in
behalf of their bands, to protest against being removed from their
old homes about Turtle Mountain.

1002. MIS-TO-YA-BE. _Little Bull._ PEMBINA.

Head brave of the Pembinas, and resides at Pembina. Is a man of
considerable influence, his word being law with his band. Has good
common sense and fine executive ability. Was removed by the
Government to White Earth reservation, but refuses to live there,
and has gone back to his old home. Has fought the Sioux frequently,
and has been quite successful in stealing horses from them. Has two
wives. Does no farming.

1003. KA-EES-PA. _Something Blown Up by the Wind._ PEMBINA.

A half-breed, but lives and dresses like an Indian. His father was
made a chief of the Pembinas by the English and Americans, and upon
his death succeeded him. Is a very successful hunter, and is looked
upon as a representative man of the tribe.

1004. KE-WOE-SAIS-WE-RO. _The Man Who Knows How to Hunt._ PEMBINA.

A half-breed and third brave of the band. Always joined the
Chippewas in fighting the Sioux--the Pembinas fighting on
horseback--and counts four scalps. Is a trader. Is thought very much
of by his tribe, and has a reputation for moral worth and
straightforward dealing.

851. LARGE GROUP of the proceeding four numbers.

1068. SHAY-WI-ZICK. _Sour Spittle._ RED LAKE.

A brave of the Red Lake band of Chippewas and younger brother of the
head chief. His wife and children were killed by the Sioux, and he
fought them frequently in return, killing two. Was a good speaker
and farmed a good deal. Died last winter, aged about 70.

80, 1069. QUI-WI-ZHEN-SHISH. _Bad Boy._ RED LAKE.

Foremost brave of the Red Lake band. His father was chief, which
office is now held by his older brother. Was ranked as one of the
bravest of the Chippewas in their battles with the Sioux, and took
many scalps. Was a fine speaker and a man of much influence. Farmed
very successfully and raised considerable corn, and was also a good
hunter. Had two wives. Died in 1872.

1070. QUI-WI-ZENS. _The Boy._ RED LAKE.

A brave and a leading warrior in the battles of his tribe with the
Sioux. A good speaker, hunter, and farmer, although the farming is
done almost entirely by his wife and children, as is the case with
all these Indians. Is now dead.

1071. AUGUSTE. PEMBINA.

A brave of the Pembinas, formerly residing near the British line,
but now removed, with his band, to the White Earth reservation. Has
the reputation of being a miserable, worthless Indian, unwilling to
work, and adhering with great tenacity to the heathenish customs of
his tribe. Was baptized in his infancy by the Roman Catholics, but
has renounced his Christianity. Has had his skull broken three times
in quarrels with his own people, and has been twice wounded in
fights with the Sioux.

1072. MOOZOMO. _Moose's Dung._ RED LAKE.

A petty chief of the Red Lake band. Died some years ago at a very
old age. Was a great hunter, and farmed considerably also. Was much
respected by the Red Lake bands, and especially so by the whites.

1073. ME-JAW-KEY-OSH. _Something in the Air Gradually Falling to
the Earth._ RED LAKE.

A brave but recently made a chief of the Red Lake Chippewas, and is
ranked as the very bravest of all his tribe. Had always been
accustomed to fight the Sioux, but after the massacre of 1862-'63
re-organized and led a small party of from six to ten of his bravest
men against them every summer for some time, killing with his own
hand fifteen of their enemies and bringing home their scalps. Was a
crafty warrior and knew well how to slay his foe without losing his
own life. He still lives, farming and hunting for a living, and is a
man of great influence in his band.

1074. ESSINIWUB OGWISSUN. _The Son of Essiniwub._ RED LAKE.

A quiet, peaceable young man, never on the war-path, peace having
been declared with the Sioux before he came of age.

1075. MAIADJIAUSH. _Something Beginning to Sail Off._ RED LAKE.

A brave residing at Red Lake. His father was a chief and his younger
brother the present head chief of the Red Lake band. Ten years ago
had the reputation of being a bad man, and has the same suspicion
still hanging about him; is ill-natured, cross-grained, and always
striking and quarrelling with his fellow-Indians.

1076. NABONIQUEAUSH. _A Yellow-haired One Sailing Along._ RED LAKE.

1077. TIBISHKO-BINESS. _Like a Bird._ RED LAKE.

A petty chief and brother of Bad Boy. Has often fought the Sioux as
a leading brave. Hunts for a living, while his family cultivates corn
and potatoes. Is a good speaker and much respected by the Red Lakes.

78, 79. PO-GO-NAY-GE-SHICK. _Hole in the Day._

81. AH-AH-SHAW-WE-KE-SHICK. _Crossing Sky._ RABBIT LAKE.

82. NAH-GUN-A-GOW-BOW. _Standing Forward._ RABBIT LAKE.

83. KISH-KA-NA-CUT. _Stump._ MILLE LAC.

84. MIS-KO-PE-NEN-SHA. _Red Bird._ LAKE WINNIPEG.

85. NAW-YAW-NAB. _The Foremost Sitter._ WISCONSIN.

86. NOW-WE-GE-SHICK. _Noon Day._

3. DELAWARES.

When first discovered by the whites, the Delawares were living on the banks of the Delaware, in detached bands under separate sachems, and called themselves Renappi--a collective term for men--or, as it is now written, Lenno Lenape. In 1616 the Dutch began trading with them, maintaining friendly relations most of the time, and buying so much of their land that they had to move inland for game and furs. Penn and his followers, succeeding, kept up the trade and bought large tracts of land, but the Indians claimed to have been defrauded and showed a reluctance to move. They then numbered about 6,000. With the assistance of the Indians of the Six Nations the authorities compelled the Delawares to retire. At the beginning of the Revolution there were none east of the Alleghanies. By treaty in 1789 lands were reserved to them between the Miami and Cuyahoga, and on the Muskingum. In 1818 the Delawares ceded all their lands to the Government and removed to White River, Missouri, to the number of 1,800, leaving a small number in Ohio. Another change followed eleven years after, when 1,000 settled by treaty on the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the rest going south to Red River.

During the late civil war they furnished 170 soldiers out of an able-bodied male population of 201.

In 1866 sold their land to the railroad which ran across it, and buying land of the Cherokees, settled where the main body now resides, small bands being scattered about among the Wichitas and Kiowas.

In 1866, by a special treaty, they received and divided the funds held for their benefit, took lands in severalty, and ceased to be regarded as a tribe. They have given up their Indian ways and live in comfortable houses. Many of them are efficient farmers and good citizens. They are becoming so incorporated with other tribes that there has been no late enumeration made of them as a whole. During the late war they numbered 1,085.

_List of illustrations._

181-2. BLACK BEAVER.

Is a full-blood Delaware. Has travelled very extensively through the
mountains, serving at one time as a captain in the United States
Army. Has a large farm under cultivation, and lives in a very
comfortable manner, having good, substantial frontier buildings. He
commenced life as a wild Indian trapper, until, becoming familiar
with almost all of the unexplored region of the West, and being a
remarkably truthful and reliable man, he was much sought after as a
guide, and accompanied several expeditions in that capacity. His
life has been one of bold adventure, fraught with many interesting
incidents, which, if properly written out, would form an interesting
and entertaining volume.--_Batty._

186. GREAT BEAR.

4. MENOMONEES.

Were known to the French as early as 1640, and were then living on the Menomonee River, emptying into Green Bay, Wisconsin. Their name is that of the wild rice upon which they largely depend for their subsistence. This is one of the few tribes in the United States who have never been removed from their old home, and are still residing on the same spot where they were first known. Served with the French against the Foxes in 1712, and against the English up to 1763, participating in Braddock's defeat, battles of Fort William Henry and the Plains of Abraham. Were allies of the English during the Revolution, and also in the second war with Great Britain. In 1831 commenced ceding their lands to the Government for money payments, until they were finally located in 1854 in their present reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin, consisting of 231,680 acres of very poor land. They are declining rapidly in numbers. In 1822 were estimated at 3,900; the present count makes them 1,522. Are now living in a civilized way, with a large proportion of their children attending school regularly. Their main dependence is upon the lumber trade, cutting during the last winter over 5,000,000 feet of logs, netting them $4 per 1,000.

_List of illustrations._

852. MOSES LADD.

An intelligent and influential man in the tribe, a grandson of
Corrow and nephew of Shu-na-ma-shu-na-ne, noted chiefs of the
Menomonees. In 1876 Mr. Ladd was sent as a delegate from his tribe
to Washington to settle various complications before the Departments
and Congress. Was born at Green Bay, Wis., in 1828. Is of mixed
blood.

5. MIAMIES.

In 1658 were found on Green Bay, Wisconsin, and in 1670 near the head of Fox River, and were then said to number 8,000 warriors, living in mat houses within a palisade. Their early history is full of their many engagements with Iroquois, Sioux, and the French, in all of which they lost heavily. Sided with the English in the revolutionary war, continuing hostile to the United States until 1815. They then numbered 3,000, but their wars had left them in a badly demoralized condition, leading to broils among themselves, in which nearly 500 perished in eighteen years. In 1835 a portion, numbering 384, were removed from Indiana to the south side of the Kansas River. By 1838 the Miamies remaining in Indiana, then numbering 1,100, sold the rest of their lands; and in 1846 500 of them removed to Kansas, where in twenty-two years they were reduced to 92. In 1873 their lands were sold, when most of the tribe confederated with the Peorias, a few remaining in Kansas as citizens. Are now very much scattered, with no agency of their own, and number, as near as can be ascertained, less than 100. The subjects of the following photographs are of mixed blood:

_List of illustrations._

419. LUM-KI-KOM.

420. THOS. MILLER.

421. JOE DICK.

422-4. ROUBIDEAUX.

425. THOS. RICHARDWELL.

426. ROUBIDEAUX AND RICHARDWELL.

6. OTTAWAS.

When first discovered by the early French explorers were residing on the northwest shore of the peninsula of Michigan. After the defeat of the Hurons in 1649, they fled before the Iroquois to beyond the Mississippi, but were soon compelled to retrace their steps by the Dakotas, and finally settled at Mackinaw, where they joined the French in many of their operations and in their contest for Canada. At its close, Pontiac, head chief of the Detroit Ottawas, organized a great conspiracy for the destruction of the English, which was only partially successful. During the Revolution were with the English. At its close a long series of treaties followed, until, in 1833, those in Michigan ceded their lands and removed south of the Missouri River. In 1836 those in Ohio sold their lands and removed to the Indian Territory and prospered, becoming citizens of the United States in 1867. In 1870 made another move to a new reservation of 25,000 acres near the Shawnees, where they are now living, reduced to 140. A large number of Ottawas are now living on the shore of Lake Superior, so intermarried and confederated with the Chippewas that there is no attempt at any distinction between them, the two combined numbering over 6,000. In Canada there are about 1,000 more, all self-supporting.

_List of illustrations._

504. SUCKER.

505. CHE-PO-QUA. _Lightning._

English name, Henry Clay. Full-blood Ottawa. Uneducated, but of
considerable executive ability. Is a councilman and an energetic,
unselfish worker for the advancement of the tribe. Was born in 1830,
and this photograph taken in 1868.

506. PARTEE. _John Wilson._

Chief of the tribe from 1867 to 1869, dying before the expiration of
his term of office, aged about 60 years. Was but little versed in
English, but was well educated in his own language. Was noted for
amiability and hospitality, and made one of the very best of chiefs.

507. SHA-PON-DA. _Passing Through._ (James Wind.)

Succeeded John Wilson as chief for two years. Is a half-blood. Is
well educated in native language, and an ordained minister in the
Baptist church. Died in 1875.

1040. JOSEPH KING.

Successor of James Wind as chief of the Ottawas. Is well educated in
both native and English languages. Age, 50 years.

1041. L. S. DAGNET.

Born as a Peoria, but was expelled from the tribe, and the Ottawas
adopted him as one of their own.

1039. FRANK KING.

Also an adopted member of the tribe, being originally a Chippewa.
Has been a counsellor, and also judge of the council.

7. POTTAWATOMIES.

Early in 1600 were occupying the lower peninsula of Michigan in scattered bands, whence they were finally driven westward by the Iroquois, and settled about Green Bay. The French acquired much influence over them, whom they joined in their wars with the Iroquois. Joined Pontiac in his uprising in 1763. Hostile to colonists during the Revolution, but made a peace in 1795, joining the English again, however, in 1812. New treaties followed by which their lands were almost entirely conveyed away, until in 1838 a reserve was allotted them on the Missouri, to which 800 were removed. The whole tribe then numbered about 4,000, some bands of which had made considerable progress in civilization, while a part, called the Pottawatomies of the Prairie, were roving and pagan. Those in Kansas made rapid progress in civilization. In 1867, 1,400 out of 2,180 elected to become citizens and take their lands in severalty; the others held to their tribal organization, but disintegration set in and many became wanderers, some even going to Mexico. It is difficult at the present time to estimate their whole number, owing to their scattered condition. There are only 450 in the Indian Territory, under the care of the Indian Bureau, and in Michigan 60. The others are citizens or roaming in Mexico. Of this once numerous and powerful nation we have but a single illustration, viz:

_List of illustrations._

522. MZHIK-KI-AN. _Thunder Coming Down to the Ground._

8. SACS AND FOXES.

The Sacs, Sauks, or Saukies, as it has been variously written--a word meaning white clay--and the Foxes, or Outagamies, or more properly the Musquakkink, (Red Clay), are now as one tribe. They were first discovered settled about Green Bay, Wis., but their possessions extended westward, so that the larger part was beyond the Mississippi. They partly subdued and admitted into their alliance the Iowas, a Dakota tribe. By 1804 they had ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi, and settled on the Des Moines River, moving subsequently to the Osage, and most of these finally to the Indian Territory. In 1822 the united bands numbered 8,000, but are now reduced to a little more than 1,000, of whom 341 are still in Iowa, 430 in the Indian Territory, 98 in Nebraska, and about 200 in Kansas. The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi in the Indian Territory have a reservation of 483,840 acres. Unsuccessful attempts have been made lately to induce those in Kansas to join them. Those in Iowa are living on a section of land purchased by themselves. The Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri have 4,863 acres of land in Nebraska, but it is proposed to remove them soon to the Indian Territory.

_List of illustrations._

677. KEOKUK. _Watchful Fox._

A chief of the Kiscoquah band of Sacs or Sauks, and head chief of
the combined Sacs and Foxes.

"The entire absence of records by which the chronology of events
might be ascertained, renders it impossible to trace, in the order
of their date, the steps by which this remarkable man rose to the
chief place of his nation, and acquired a commanding and permanent
influence over his people.

"Keokuk is in all respects a magnificent savage. Bold, enterprising,
and impulsive, he is also politic, and possesses an intimate
knowledge of human nature, and a tact which enables him to bring the
resources of his mind into prompt operation. His talents as a
military chief and civil ruler are evident from the discipline which
exists among his people."--_McKinney._

678, 681-2, 705. KEOKUK, JR.

Son of the preceding, and succeeded him in the chieftainship.

679, 684. CHARLES KEOKUK.

Grandson of Keokuk, sr.

683. KEOKUK, JR., and CHARLES KEOKUK.

685-6. MO-LESS.

687-8. SAC-A-PE.

689. MO-LESS and SAC-A-PE.

692. QUA-QUA-OUF-PE-KA, or _Dead Indian_.

693. THE SEA.

694. BIG BEAR.

695-9. MO-KO-HO-KO.

700. MANO-TO-WA.

400. WAH-COM-MO.

401. NE-QUAW-HO-KO. _Grey Eyes._

396, 691, 701. WAH-PAH-NAH-KA-NA KAH. _Bear Eating Acorns Up a Tree_,
or _Geo. Gomez_.

A Mexican by birth, and interpreter for the Sacs and Foxes since
1858. Was sold to the Comanches when thirteen years of age, but ran
away and joined the Kickapoos. Was captured again by the Comanches
while he was out with the Kickapoos hunting, but was allowed to
escape and rejoin his Indian friends. Drove Government teams for a
while between Forts Leavenworth and Kearney. In 1852 joined the Sacs
and Foxes, and participated in some of their battles on the plains.

He has been married into the following tribes: Caddoes, Kickapoos,
Pawnees, Seminoles, Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Winnebagoes, Iowas, and
Sacs and Foxes of Missouri; and speaks the languages of the Creeks,
Caddo, Comanche, Pottawatomie, Kick-a-poo, Sac and Fox, Pawnee,
Iowa, and Winnebago, besides English and Spanish.

708. SAC CHIEF.

709. GROUP OF SAC AND FOX CHIEFS.

805. GROUP OF FOX CHIEFS.

806. COMMISSIONER BOGY READING TREATY.

710. COMMISSIONER AND DELEGATION OF CHIEFS.

706-7. GROUPS OF DELEGATIONS.

9. SHAWNEE.

The Shawnees or Shawanoes are an erratic tribe of Algonkin stock, supposed to have been one primarily with the Kickapoos. Were first discovered in Wisconsin, but moved eastwardly, and, coming in contact with the Iroquois south of Lake Erie, were driven to the banks of the Cumberland. Some passed thence into South Carolina and Florida, and, by the early part of the eighteenth century, had spread into Pennsylvania and New York. At the close of the Spanish and English war those in Florida emigrated and joined the northern bands, and, again coming into contact with the Iroquois, were driven westward into Ohio. Joined in Pontiac's uprising in 1763, and rallied under the English flag during the Revolution. In 1795 the main body of the tribe were on the Scioto, but some had already crossed the Mississippi and others south. Those in Missouri ceded their lands to the Government in 1825, and those in Ohio in 1831, for new homes in the Indian Territory. In 1854 the main body in the Indian Territory disbanded their tribal organization and divided their lands in severalty.

The _Eastern Shawnees_ are those who emigrated direct from Ohio to the Indian Territory, where they now are. They number 97, and are successful agriculturists.

The _Absentee Shawnees_ are those who, thirty-five years since, seceded from the main portion of the tribe in Kansas and located in the northern part of the Indian Territory, where they have received no aid from Government, but are now in a highly prosperous condition. They number 563 at the present time.

_List of illustrations._

711. WA-WA-SI-SI-MO.

712. F. A. ROGERS.

713. CHARLES TUCKER.

716. BERTRAM.

10. Pequod.

Of the five principal nations of New England in 1674, the Pequods or Mohegans, the two being considered as one, were tribes of considerable influence and strength of numbers, claiming authority over all the Indians of the Connecticut Valley. Jonathan Edwards states that the language of the Stockbridge or Muhhekanew (Mohegan) was spoken throughout New England. Nearly every tribe had a different dialect, but the language was radically the same. Elliot's translation of the Bible is in a particular dialect of this language. The Stockbridges, so named from the place of their residence, was originally a part of the Housatonic tribe of Massachusetts, to whom the legislature of that State granted a section of land in 1736. They were subsequently removed to New Stockbridge and Brotherton, in Western New York, many other tribes of New England and also of New York joining them. They had good lands and fine farms, and were rapidly becoming worthy of citizenship, when, in 1857, they were removed to a reservation near Green Bay, Wisconsin, on which, their agent reported, no white man could obtain a comfortable livelihood by farming. They have been divided for some time into two bands, known as the "citizen" and "Indian" factions, the former having lived off from the reservation for the past twelve years. In 1875, 134 of the "citizens" received their per capita share of the tribal property, and became private citizens of the United States. The tribe has 118 members remaining.

1050. NA-UN-NAUP-TAUK. _Jacob Jacobs._ STOCKBRIDGE.

A delegate from the Stockbridge Indians to Washington in 1875, and
again in 1876. Born in Wisconsin in 1834. Belongs to the "citizen"
band, and participated in the late division of the tribal property
and separation from the tribe.

1049. WAUN-NAUN-CON. _J. C. W. Adams._ STOCKBRIDGE.

Born on the Seneca reservation in New York in 1843, and removed to
Wisconsin in 1853. Received a collegiate education at the Lawrence
University. In 1876 represented the Stockbridges and Munsees as a
delegate in Washington.

1065. LYMAN P. FOWLER. BROTHERTON.

A member of the Brotherton branch of the Pequod Nation. Born in
Oneida County, New York, in 1823, but emigrated with some of the
Stockbridges to Wisconsin in 1836. Chosen as a delegate to
Washington on behalf of the Stockbridges and Munsees.