Chapter III: Dakotas

A large family of North American Indians, embracing the Assinaboins or Stone Sioux, the Dakotas proper, or, as they are called by the Algonkins, Nadowesioux, from which is derived the word Sioux; Omahas, Otoes, Osages, Poncas, Iowas, Kansas, Missourias, Minatarees, and Crows. Until quite recently they occupied the larger portion of the country bounded on the east by the great lakes, on the north by the British Possessions, on the west by the Rocky Mountains, and on the south by the Platte River. According to their traditions they came eastward from the Pacific, and encountered the Algonkins about the headwaters of the Mississippi, where the mass of them were held in check. One of the tribes of this great family, called by the Chippewas Winnebagook (men from the fetid or salt water), pushed through their enemies and secured a foothold on the shores of Lake Michigan. The Quapaws, called by their Algonkin foes the Alkansas or Arkansas, settled on the Ohio, but were ultimately driven down the river by the Illinois to the region now bearing their name. A few of the tribes retain very nearly their original hunting-grounds; the principal migrations of those who have moved having been southwestwardly, from the headwaters of the Mississippi to the Missouri.

In 1875 the Indians of this family residing within the limits of the United States numbered nearly 68,000, with about 1,000 more within the British Possessions. If the estimates of early explorers are to be relied upon, they must have lost heavily in population within the last one hundred years--intestine wars, the aggressions of the whites, and the vices of civilization reducing many once powerful tribes to demoralized remnants that are fast fading out of our knowledge by absorption into the ranks of more powerful neighbors. The majority of the tribes of this family are settled on reservations under the direct care and support of the Government, and are fairly on the road to a civilized future. The exceptions are some of the wild bands of the Sioux, the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, and the Crows. At the present writing most of the first-named are at war with the United States forces, while the two latter are friendly.

1. CROWS.

The Crows, or, as they call themselves, _Absaroka_, meaning something or anything that flies, when first known occupied the Lower Yellowstone and the valleys of the Big Horn and Tongue Rivers, but roamed over much of the surrounding country, carrying their incursions even to the plains of Snake River and to the valley of the Green. Were originally one with the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, but separated from them, and were afterward driven from their territory by the Ogalallas and Cheyennes, settling finally about the head of the Yellowstone, dispossessing in their turn the Blackfeet and Flatheads. Are divided into three bands, with a dialect peculiar to each, viz: the Kikatsa or Crows proper, the Ahnahaways, and the Allakaweah, numbering in all, as estimated in 1820, 3,250 souls. Obtaining horses at an early day, they became great marauders. Irving writes of them in "Astoria:" "They are in fact notorious marauders and horse-stealers, crossing and recrossing the mountains (the Big Horn), robbing on one side and conveying their spoils to the other." Hence, we are told, is derived their name, given them on account of their unsettled and predatory habits, winging their flight, like the crows, from one side of the mountains to the other, and making free booty of everything that lies in their way. In 1851, joined in a treaty with the United States giving a right of way for roads to be built through their country. In 1868 a treaty was made, and an attempt made to place all the Crows on one reservation, but without success until 1875. They have been much exposed to incursions from some parties of Sioux at their new agency on the Rosebud as well as at their former one on the Yellowstone. "The Indians, full of war and revenge, have no thought to bestow upon farming or other peaceful employment, especially as the best farming lands of the reservation are most exposed to these hostile incursions. Six families, however, have been induced to tend small farms, and have succeeded well. A mile and a half of ditch, sufficient to irrigate several hundred acres, has been dug, and it is hoped that another season will see at least a beginning made toward the civilization of these 4,000 wild but always loyal Crows."

_List of illustrations._

940. KAM-NE-BUT-SE. _Blackfoot and squaw._

946. KAM-NE-BUT-SE. _Blackfoot._

The principal chief of the Mountain Crows; a splendid specimen of
manhood, standing 6 feet 2 inches in height and of very heavy frame;
owes his position to his bravery and success in fighting the Sioux,
their inveterate enemies. He also ranks high as an orator and
councillor in the nation. The first picture, in which he is
represented in an elaborate dress of buckskin, was made while on a
visit, with a delegation of his tribe, to Washington, in 1873; the
other represents him as he appears at his home on the Yellowstone,
or in his natural every-day garb.

941. CHE-VE-TE-PU-MA-TA. _Iron Bull and squaw._

One of the principal chiefs of the Mountain Crows.

942. SE-TA-PIT-SE. _Bear Wolf and squaw._

943. PERITS-HAR-STS. _Old Crow and squaw._

{ KAM-NE-BUT-SE. _Blackfoot._
944. { ECHE-HAS-KA. _Long Horse._
{ TE-SHU-NZT. _White Calf._

{ MO-MUKH-PI-TCHE.
945. { ELLA-CAUSS-SE. _Thin Belly._
{ PISH-KI-HA-DI-RI-KY-ISH. _The One that Leads the Old Dog._

859. GROUP OF CROW DELEGATION to Washington in 1872, including Agent
Pease and the interpreters.

947. IN-TEE-US. _He Shows His Face._

948. MIT-CHOO-ASH. _Old Onion._

949. GROUP OF CHIEFS and headmen.

950. GROUP OF SQUAWS.

The last four pictures were made at the old agency of the Crows, on
the Yellowstone, near Shields River, in 1871. The following were
also made at the same place and time, and represent the old mission
buildings (lately destroyed by fire), in which the agent had his
headquarters; their tents and manner of living, and their mode of
burial.

953. THE MISSION, or agency buildings.

952. VILLAGE SCENE, showing new adobe houses built for the Indians.

951. INSIDE VIEW OF A SKIN LODGE.

954. MODE OF BURIAL.

2. DAKOTAS, OR SIOUX.

The word Dakota means united, confederated, or many in one, and designates the tribe from which the family takes its name. They seldom or never willingly acknowledge the title _Sioux_, first given them by the French, and now by all whites. There are many theories as to the origin of this latter name, the most acceptable of which is that it is a corruption of the word _Nadouessioux_--a general Chippewa designation for enemies--which was gradually applied by missionaries and traders, through an imperfect understanding of the language, to the tribes thus designated. Governor Ramsey, of Minnesota, thought that the word "originated upon the Upper Missouri, among the early French traders, hunters, and trappers, they deriving it, in all probability, from the name of a sub-band of the Ti-t'-wan (Teton), Dakotas, called _Sioune_, who hunted over the plains of that river, and with whom, consequently, they came most frequently in contact.

"In Lewis and Clark's travels in 1803, they are called the _Teton Saone_, and their villages are located on the Missouri, near Cannonball River.

"At least we find the term _Sioux_ first used in the early maps to designate a large tribe, with various subdivisions, upon the Upper Missouri only."

Dakota traditions go back but a comparatively short time, and are vague and obscure in regard to their origin and early residence, which place it, however, in the Northwest, above the great lakes. In their progress eastward they early possessed themselves of the country about the headwaters of the Mississippi and the Red River of the North, where they remained as late as 1868, when they were in part dispossessed by the Chippewas, who were eventually the cause of their removal to the Missouri.

Up to 1860, the Dakotas were divided into two principal divisions, those east of the Missouri, who were known as the Minnesota or Mississippi Dakotas, composed of four bands, viz: The M'dewakantons, or those of the Village of the Spirit Lake; the Wa-pe-kutes, or Leaf-Shooters; the Wahpetons, or Village in the Leaves; and the Sissetons, or those of the Village of the Marsh. Most of these have been long in contact with the whites, and, having disposed of the greater portion of their lands to the Government, have abandoned most of their old habits, and devote themselves to farming. Others of them, however, are restless and devoted to old prejudices, and cause much trouble to the settlers. The massacre of the whites in 1862 was inaugurated by the M'dewakantons, the Wahpetons and Sissetons afterwards joining them.

Along the Missouri, but living mostly on its eastern side, were the Shauktonwans (Yanktons), or the People of Village at the End, inhabiting originally the Sioux, Desmoines, and Jacques Rivers, and living now principally about the mouth of the Vermillion.

The Yanktonais, a diminutive of the preceding name, and meaning the lesser or the little people of the End Village. Lewis and Clark described them as the Yanktons of the Plains, or Big Devils, who were on the heads of the Sioux, Jacques, and Red Rivers. Their present range is on the Missouri, above the Yanktons. From one branch of this band the Assiniboines are said to have sprung.

Paboksa, or Cutheads, a branch of the Yanktons, and ranging above them.

The I-san-teis, or Santees, another sub-band of the Yanktons, living originally in Minnesota and Iowa, but since lately on the Missouri, near the Yanktons.

West of the Missouri, occupying the greater portion of Dakota, Wyoming, and portions of Montana and Nebraska, the general name of Tetons, or Tetonwans ("Village of the Prairie") has been given to the seven principal bands of the Dakotas inhabiting that region. Lewis and Clark placed them on their map in only two principal divisions, viz: as the "Tetans of the Burnt Woods" (Brules), and the "Tetans Saone," from which some suppose the word Sioux has been derived for the whole Dakota nation. The seven subdivisions as now recognized are the--

1. _Siha-sa-pas_ or _Blackfeet_, on the Missouri in the neighborhood of the Cannonball River.

2. The _Si-chan-koo_ or _Burnt Thighs_, (Brules,) ranging on the Niobrara and White Rivers, from the Platte to the Cheyenne.

3. _Oncpapas_, or "those who camp by themselves," who roam over the country between the Cheyenne and Yellowstone Rivers.

4. _Minnekonjous_, "those who plant by the water," south of the Black Hills.

5. _Ita-zip-cho_, or _Sans Arcs_, "without bows," affiliating with the Oncpapas and Blackfeet, and ranging over much the same country.

6. _Ogalallas_, occupy the country between Fort Laramie and the Platte, although they are now confined to a reservation in the northwestern corner of Nebraska. Have the reputation of being the most friendly disposed toward the whites of all the Titonwans. Red Cloud, so well known as an Indian diplomat, is chief of this band.

7. _O-he-nom-pas_, or _Two Kettles_. Live principally about Fort Pierre; against whom it is said very few complaints have ever been made, they having always observed faithfully the stipulations of their treaties with the United States.

In the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875, there are twenty-one sub-bands of Dakotas enumerated, numbering, in the aggregate, 53,044. Of these, there are fourteen represented by portraits of their leading men, viz:

Blackfeet, numbering at the present time about 1,750
Brules, numbering at the present time about 8,420
Cut Heads, numbering at the present time about 200
Mdewakanton, numbering at the present time about -----
Ogalallas, numbering at the present time about 9,136
Oncpapas 2,100
Sans Arc 1,778
Santee 800
Sisseton 903
Santee and Sisseton at Fort Peck 1,000
Two Kettles 2,261
Wahpeton 1,300
Yanktons 2,500
Yanktonais, Upper and Lower 8,129

"The Sioux are included under twelve agencies, nine in Dakota, two in Montana, and one in Nebraska, at all of which, except at Fort Belknap, a beginning in Indian farming has been made in spite of all discouragements by reason of unsuitable location and the demoralizing influence of 'the hostiles.'"

The Ogalallas at Red Cloud agency, who have almost entirely abandoned the chase on account of scarcity of game, depend almost entirely upon the Government for their support. Their small beginnings in cultivating the soil came to naught through the grasshoppers. The Brules at Spotted Tail agency have a thriving school with 75 pupils, and cultivated some lands. At the Upper Missouri agencies but little has been done beyond feeding the Indians who report to them for that purpose, their attempts at farming resulting in failures on account of the grasshopper pest. The Yanktons, Santees, Sissetons, Wahpetons, and other Sioux on the Lower Missouri and in Eastern Dakota have made more substantial progress in civilization, many of them having permanently discarded their Indian habits and dress, and live in houses, and are nearly self-supporting. The Santees in Nebraska especially have entirely renounced their old form of life; have churches and sabbath-schools, which are regularly attended. They have a monthly paper, printed in their native language, with an edition of 1,200 copies.

_List of illustrations._

252. PE-JI'. _Grass._ (Front.) BLACKFEET.

253. PE-JI'. _Grass._ (Profile.) BLACKFEET.

254. PE-JI'. _Grass._ (Full-length.) BLACKFEET.

255. KAN-GI'-I-YO'-TAN-KA. _Sitting Crow._ (Front.) BLACKFEET.

256. KAN-GI'-I-YO'-TAN-KA. _Sitting Crow._ (Profile.) BLACKFEET.

257. MA'-YA-WA-NA-PE-YA. _Iron Scare._ (Front.) BLACKFEET.

258. MA'-YA-WA-NA-PE-YA. _Iron Scare._ (Profile.) BLACKFEET.

259. WI'-YA-KA-SHA. _Red Plume._ (Copy.) BLACKFEET.

920. MA-GA'-SHA-PA. _Goose._ (Copy.) BLACKFEET.

With the exception of the last two numbers the above represent a portion of a delegation of prominent Sioux chiefs and warriors who visited Washington in 1872. The portraits were made in Washington, and represent them in their best attire.

336. CIN-TE-GI-LE-SKA. _Spotted Tail._ (Front.) BRULE.

337. CIN-TE-GI-LE-SKA. _Spotted Tail._ (Profile.) BRULE.

Spotted Tail has long been the chief of the Brule Sioux, and since
his conversion from an intense hostility to an unswerving friendship
for the white people has by them been looked upon and considered as
the great chief of all the Sioux. The honors of this position are
equally divided between Red Cloud and Spotted Tail; each is chief of
his band only, the Indians themselves not recognizing any one man as
chief of the whole nation; but their great executive abilities,
oratorical powers, and popularity with both whites and Indians, have
been the means of putting them forward as the champions of their
people.

In his younger days Spotted Tail was a daring and audacious chief,
murdering and massacreing wherever he went. In 1854, he and his band
attacked a coach, murdered all the passengers, and perpetrated
horrible enormities on the dead. He was eventually captured, and
imprisoned for about six mouths in the guardhouse at Fort
Leavenworth, during which time his feelings underwent a great
change. Instead of a determined foe of the pale-faces, he became
their earnest friend and coadjutor in the work of pacification. It
has been well said of him that "he is worth more to the Government
than a dozen major-generals, with their armies to back them."

The following extract from a speech by Spotted Tail, before a board
of Indian Commissioners at Fort Laramie in 1867, will be read with
interest as showing his ability as an orator: "My father and
friends, your Great Father has sent you here to learn what was going
on. You have come. Your Great Father has sent you to listen. Will
you listen well, or only listen to half that is good and to half
that is bad, and not take the whole to our Great Father? He has sent
you here to hear and talk. We know you have not come with presents,
but you may have a little money in your pockets that you could give
them. They are poor and need help. These men here, and the old men,
women, and children, have not had much to eat since they have been
here, and if you could give them something it would make my heart
glad. Yesterday my friends hit me a good deal; but it does not
matter. I have spoken."

Spotted Tail is of a large, commanding figure, and his face
generally wears a pleasant, smiling expression. It is a difficult
matter to arrive at the exact age of any Indian, and in this case it
is uncertain, but is probably about 45 years. He has been to
Washington four times, each time as a delegate representing the
Sioux nation.

338. SPOTTED TAIL AND SQUAW. BRULE.

339. SQUAW OF SPOTTED TAIL. (Front.) BRULE.

340. SQUAW OF SPOTTED TAIL. (Profile.) BRULE.

341. I-API-OTAH. _Gassy._ (Front.) BRULE.

342. I-API-OTAH. _Gassy._ (Profile.) BRULE.

343. I-TE'-SAN-YAN. _Whitewash his Face._ (Front.) BRULE.

344. I-TE'-SAN-YAN. _Whitewash his Face._ (Profile.) BRULE.

345. CHE-TAN'-TA'-KPI'. _Charge on the Hawk._ (Front.) BRULE.

346. CHE-TAN'-TA'-KPI'. _Charge on the Hawk._ (Profile.) BRULE.

347. NOM-PA-AP'A. _Two Strikes._ (Front.) BRULE.

348. NOM-PA-AP'A. _Two Strikes._ (Profile.) BRULE.

349. SQUAW OF TWO STRIKES. (Front.) BRULE.

350. SQUAW OF TWO STRIKES. (Profile.) BRULE.

351. KAN-GI'-SHA'-PA. _Black Crow._ (Front.) BRULE.

352. KAN GI'-SHA'-PA. _Black Crow._ (Profile.) BRULE.

353. HE-GMA-WA-KU-WA. _One who Runs the Tiger._ (Front.) BRULE.

354. HE-GMA-WA-KU-WA. _One who Runs the Tiger._ (Profile.) BRULE.

355. WANMBLE'-SHDA. _Bald Eagle._ (Front.) BRULE.

356. WANMBLE'-SHDA. _Bald Eagle._ (Profile.) BRULE.

357. CHE-CHA'-LU. _Thigh._ (Front.) BRULE.

358. CHE-CHA'-LU. _Thigh._ (Profile.) BRULE.

359. SQUAW OF THIGH. (Front.) BRULE.

360. SQUAW OF THIGH. (Profile.) BRULE.

361. TA-TAN'-KA-SHA'-PA. _Black Bull._ (Front.) BRULE.

362. TA-TAN'-KA-SHA'-PA. _Black Bull._ (Profile.) BRULE.

363. CHO-NI'-CHA-WA-NI'-CHA. _No Flesh._ (Front.) BRULE.

364. CHO-NI'-CHA-WA-NI'-CHA. _No Flesh._ (Profile.) BRULE.

365. MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. _Iron Shell._ (Front.) BRULE.

366. MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. _Iron Shell._ (Profile.) BRULE.

367. MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. _Iron Shell._ (Full length.) BRULE.

368. MA-TO'-SHI'-CHA. _Wicked Bear._ (Front.) BRULE.

369. MA-TO'-SHI'-CHA. _Wicked Bear._ (Profile.) BRULE.

370. PA'-HUI-ZI-ZI. _Yellow Hairs._ (Front.) BRULE.

371. PA'-HUI-ZI-ZI. _Yellow Hairs._ (Profile.) BRULE.

372. I-SHTA'-SKA. _White Eyes._ (Front.) BRULE.

373. I-SHTA'-SKA. _White Eyes._ (Profile.) BRULE.

374. MA-TO'-DUSA. _Swift Bear._ (Front.) BRULE.

375. MA-TO'-DUSA. _Swift Bear._ (Profile.) BRULE.

376. WA-KIN'-YAN-SKA. _White Thunder._ (Front.) BRULE.

377. WA-KIN'-YAN-SKA. _White Thunder._ (Profile.) BRULE.

378. MA'-ZU-O-YA'-TE. _Iron Nation._ (Front.) BRULE.

379. MA'-ZU-O-YA'-TE. _Iron Nation._ (Profile.) BRULE.

380. MA'-ZU-O-YA'-TE. _Iron Nation._ (Full length.) BRULE.

All of the above, under the famous chief Spotted Tail, were members
of a delegation who visited Washington in 1872, and were
photographed while there.

282. MA-TO'-WA-KAN'. _Medicine Bear._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.

283. MA-TO'-WA-KAN'. _Medicine Bear._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.

284. MA-TO'-KO-KI'-PA. _Afraid of the Bear._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.

285. MA-TO'-KO-KI'-PA. _Afraid of the Bear._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.

286. MA-TO'-PO'-ZHE. _Bear's Nose._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.

287. MA-TO'-PO'-ZHE. _Bear's Nose._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.

288. CHAN-TE'-HA. _Skin of the Heart._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.

289. CHAN-TE'-HA. _Skin of the Heart._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.

290. PI'-PI-SHA. _Red Lodge._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.

291. PI'-PI-SHA. _Red Lodge._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.

292. WI-CHA-WANMBLE'. _Man Who packs the Eagle._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.

293. WI-CHA-WANMBLE'. _Man Who packs the Eagle._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.

294. SQUAW OF THE MAN WHO PACKS THE EAGLE. (Front.) CUT HEAD.

295. SQUAW OF THE MAN WHO PACKS THE EAGLE. (Profile.) CUT HEAD.

197-8. CHE-TAN'-WA-KU-TE-A-MA'-NI. _The Hawk that hunts
Walking._ MDEWAKANTON.

Generally known as _Little Crow_. Leader of the hostile bands in the
Sioux massacre of the whites in Minnesota in 1862. He had not only
visited Washington, and was supposed to be friendly to the whites,
but had promised to have his hair cut and become civilized; and at
the time of the massacre the Government was engaged in building him
a house. Upon the defeat of the Indians, Little Crow escaped into
the British Territory, where he was killed the following year.

199. MEDICINE BOTTLE. Son of _Little Crow._ MDEWAKANTON.

200. SHA-KPE. _Six._ MDEWAKANTON.

The massacre spoken of in connection with No. 197 was inaugurated by
_Sha-kpe_ and his band; some of his young men killed some white men
while intoxicated, and then, through fear of retaliation, resolved
upon an uprising and the extermination of all the whites at the
agency. Sha-kpe's band was re-enforced by the principal warriors
from the Mdewakanton and Wahpeton bands, Little Crow taking the
leadership. Before they were subdued, 644 men, women, and children
were massacred, and 93 soldiers killed in battle.

296. MA-HPI'-YA-LU'-TA. _Red Cloud._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

297. MA-HPI'-YA-LU'-TA. _Red Cloud._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

Red Cloud, who with Spotted Tail stands pre-eminently forward as the
exponents of the peace-policy, is the great chief of the Ogalalla
Sioux, and generally recognized by the military and civil
authorities as the head chief of all the Sioux. Before he buried the
tomahawk, Red Cloud was undoubtedly the most celebrated warrior of
all the Indians now living on the American continent. He had over
10,000 people in his camps, and could put in the field 3,000
warriors. When he marched against the settlements he always went in
force. He takes his name from the number of his warriors, and their
red blankets and paints; it was said that his soldiers covered the
hills like a red cloud.

He is now about 45 years of age, six feet in height, and straight as
an arrow; his face, which is of a dark red, is indicative of
indomitable courage and firmness, and his full, piercing eyes seem
to take in at a glance the character of friend or foe.

Red Cloud has probably participated in more conventions, treaties,
and large assemblies of his own and the white people, in which the
greatest interests were involved, than any other living Indian. "A
man of brains, a good ruler, an eloquent speaker, an able general,
and a fair diplomat, the friendship of Red Cloud is of more
importance than that of all the other chiefs combined." While
Spotted Tail has a lively vein of humor in his character, and loves
to indulge in a little joke, Red Cloud is all dignity and
seriousness.

The following, clipped from the report of the proceedings of the
Board of Indian Commissioners at Fort Laramie, in 1870, is
indicative of his earnest and impressive manner:

"Red Cloud then arose, and walking toward the outside group, raised
his hands toward the skies, and then touched the ground. Then all
the Indians rose to their feet, as with uplifted hands Red Cloud
uttered the following prayer:

"THE PRAYER OF RED CLOUD.

"'O Great Spirit, I pray you to look at us. We are your children,
and you placed us first in this land. We pray you to look down on
us, so nothing but the truth will be spoken in this council. We
don't ask for anything but what is right and just. When you made
your red children, O Great Spirit, you made them to have mercy upon
them. Now, we are before you to-day, praying you to look down on us,
and take pity on your poor red children. We pray you to have nothing
but the truth spoken here. We hope these things will be settled up
right. You are the Protector of the people who use the bow and
arrow, as well as of the people who wear hats and garments, and I
hope we don't pray in vain. We are poor and ignorant. Our
forefathers told us we would not be in misery if we asked you for
assistance. O Great Spirit, look down on your children and take pity
on them.'"

298. RED CLOUD and MR. BLACKMORE. OGALALLA.

299. SHUN'-KA-LU'-TA. _Red Dog._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

300. SHUN'-KA-LU'-TA. _Red Dog._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

301. SHUN-TO'-KE-CHA-ISH-NA-NA. _Lone Wolf._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

302. SHUN-TO'-KE-CHA-ISH-NA-NA. _Lone Wolf._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

303. WA-HU'-WA-PA. _Ear of Corn._ (Squaw of Lone Wolf.
Front.) OGALALLA.

304. WA-HU'-WA-PA. _Ear of Corn._ (Squaw of Lone Wolf.
Profile.) OGALALLA.

305. SI-HA'-TAN'-KA. _Big Foot._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

306. SI-HA'-TAN'-KA. _Big Foot._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

307. CHE'-TAN-SKA. _White Hawk._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

308. CHE'-TAN-SKA. _White Hawk._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

309. WANMB'LE-KO-KI'-PA. _Afraid of the Eagle._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

310. WANMB'LE-KO-KI'-PA. _Afraid of the Eagle._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

311. SHUN'-KA-WA-KAN-TO. _Blue Horse._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

312. SHUN'-KA-WA-KAN-TO. _Blue Horse._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

313. WA-CHA-PA. _Stabber._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

314. WA-CHA-PA. _Stabber._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

315. I-TE'-SHA'-PA. _Dirty Face._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

316. I-TE'-SHA'-PA. _Dirty Face._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

317. TA-TAN'-KA-WAS-TE'. _Good Buffalo._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

318. TA-TAN'-KA-WAS-TE'. _Good Buffalo._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

319. HE-HA'-KA-TA'-MA-KA. _Poor Elk._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

320. HE-HA'-KA-TA'-MA-KA. _Poor Elk._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

321. HE-HA'-KA-NO'M-PA. _Two Elks._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

322. HE-HA'-KA-NO'M-PA. _Two Elks._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

323. SHUN-TO'-KE-CHA-ISH-HAN-SKA. _High Wolf._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

324. SHUN-TO'-KE-CHA-ISH-HAN-SKA. _High Wolf._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

325. SHUN'-KA-A-MA'-NA. _Coyote._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

326. SHUN'-KA-A-MA'-NA. _Coyote._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

327. CHAU-TE'-SU-TA'. _Hard Heart._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

328. CHAU-TE'-SU-TA'. _Hard Heart._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

329. TA-TAN'-KA-HUN'-KE-SNI. _Slow Bull._ (Front.) OGALALLA.

330. TA-TAN'-KA-HUN'-KE-SNI. _Slow Bull._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.

331. HE-HA'-KA-HE-WAN'-ZHI. _One Horned Elk._ (Copy.) OGALALLA.

332. CHU-TU'-HU-TAN'-KA. _Big Rib._ (Copy.) OGALALLA.

333. WANMBLE'-KI-CHI-ZU-PI. _War Eagle._ (Copy.) OGALALLA.

334. TA-SHUN'-KA-KO-KI-PA. _Old Man Afraid of his Horses
and his Chiefs._ OGALALLA.

874. CHA-SA-TONGA. _Little Big Man._ OGALALLA.

875. TA-SHUN'-KA-KO-KI'-PA. _Young Man Afraid of his
Horses._ OGALALLA.

876. WASHI-TA-TONGA. _American Horse._ OGALALLA.

877. TA-OOP-CHE-KA. _Little Wound._ OGALALLA.

878. SHUNKA-LA-LO-KA. _He Dog._ OGALALLA.

879. MATO'-ZI. _Yellow Bear._ OGALALLA.

880. MATO'-YU-MNI. _Three Bears._ OGALALLA.

881. MA-WA-KA-YU-NA. _Sword._ OGALALLA.

882. WM. GARNET, Interpreter.

883. GROUP of the preceding eight numbers.

260. MA-TO'-CHU-TU'-HU. _Bear's Rib._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

261. MA-TO'-CHU-TU'-HU. _Bear's Rib._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

262. TA-TO'-KA-IN'-YAN-KA. _Running Antelope._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

263. TA-TO'-KA-IN'-YAN-KA. _Running Antelope._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

264. HE-MA'-ZA. _Iron Horn._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

265. HE-MA'-ZA. _Iron Horn._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

266. WA-KU'-TA-A-MA'-NI. _Walking Shooter._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

267. WA-KU'-TA-A-MA'-NI. _Walking Shooter._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

268. WA-KIN'-YAN-CHI'-TAN. _Thunder Hawk._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

269. WA-KIN'-YAN-CHI'-TAN. _Thunder Hawk._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

797. WI-CHA'-I-WE. _Bloody Mouth._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

798. WI-CHA'-I-WE. _Bloody Mouth._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

799. WA-KAN-TA-I-SHNI. _Lost Medicine._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

800. WA-KAN-TA-I-SHNI. _Lost Medicine._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

801. HE-SHA'-PA. _Black Horn._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

802. HE-SHA'-PA. _Black Horn._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

803. P'SA. _Bull Rushes._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.

804. P'SA. _Bull Rushes._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.

194-6. CHE-TAN-ZHI. _Yellow Hawk._ SANS ARC.

201-2. WA-KU'-TA. _The Shooter._ SANTEE.

203, 209. WA'-PA-HA-SHA. _Red Ensign._ SANTEE.

204. WA-KAN'-HDI-SHA'-PA. _Black Lightning._ SANTEE.

205. O'-WAN-CHA-DU'-TA. _Scarlet all Over._ SANTEE.

206. CHO'-TAN-KA-SHKA'-TA. _Flute-Player._ SANTEE.

207. A-KI'-CHI-TA-NA-ZIN. _Standing Soldier._ SANTEE.

208. WAN-M'DI-TA-PA'-A-MA'-NI. _Walks following the Eagle._ SANTEE.

210. TA'-SHUN-KA-WA-KAN'-WI-CHA. _His Man Horse._ SANTEE.

211. MA-HP'I-YA-I-HUA-N. _Coming among the Clouds._ SANTEE.

212. ZI-TKA'-DA-TO. _Bluebird._ SANTEE.

213. MA-HPI'-YA-NA'-ZIN. _Standing Cloud._ SANTEE.

214. HAN-YA'-TA-DU'-TU. _Scarlet Night._ SANTEE.

215. HU-SHA-SHA. _Red Legs._ SANTEE.

249. PE-HUI-UZA-TAN-KA. _Great Scalper._ SANTEE.

250. TA-TAN'KA-NA'-ZIN. _Standing Buffalo._ SANTEE.

381. WA-KAN'-DA. _Medicine._ SANTEE.

248. YOUNG BRAVE. SANTEE.

251. OLD BETTS. (Squaw.) SANTEE.

216. SERAPHINE RENVILLE. (Interpreter.) SANTEE.

382-4. GROUPS with Rev. Mr. Hinman. SANTEE.

192. HE-PTE'-CHE'-CHI-KA-LA. _Little Short Horn._ SISSETON.

187-190. MA-WA'-TAN'-NA-HAN'-SKA. _Long Mandan._ TWO KETTLE.

191. SUK-TAN'-KA-GE-LE-SKA. _Spotted Horse._ TWO KETTLE.

193. AU-PE'-TO'-KE-CHA. _Other Day._ WAHPETON.

217-239. PA-DA'-NI-A-PA'-A-PA'. _Struck by the Ree._ YANKTON.

218, 219. PSI-CHA-WA-KIN-YAN. _Jumping Thunder._ YANKTON.

220, 906-7. SI-HA'-HAN'-SKA. _Long Foot._ YANKTON.

222-4. PTE-WA-KAN'. _Medicine Cow._ YANKTON.

221. MA-GA'-SKA. _White Swan._ YANKTON.

225-8. WA-HU'-KE-ZI-NOM'-PA. _Two Lance._ YANKTON.

725. LIGHT FOOT. YANKTON.

229. WI'-YA-KA-NO-GE. _Feather in the Ear._ YANKTON.

230-1. ZIN-TKA'-CHI-STIN. _Little Bird._ YANKTON.

232-3. WAN-M'DI-SHA'-PA. _Black Eagle._ YANKTON.

234. MA-TO'-I-WAN-KA'. _Bear Lying Down._ YANKTON.

235. TA-TAN-KA-IN'-YAN-KA. _Running Bull._ YANKTON.

236. HE-HA'-KA-A-MA'-NA. _Walking Elk._ YANKTON.

237. HE-HA'-KA-A-NA'-ZIN. _Standing Elk._ YANKTON.

238. MA-TO'-SA-BI-CHA. _Smutty Bear._ YANKTON.

240-1. SMUTTY BEAR AND STRUCK BY THE REE. YANKTON.

890. ZIN-TKA-SHA'-PA-MA'ZA. _Iron Black Bird._ YANKTON.

891. CHON-NOM'-PA-KIN-YAN. _Flying Pipe._ YANKTON.

892. WA-KIN-YAN-CHIN-STIN. _Little Thunder._ YANKTON.

893. TA-TAN'-KA-WA-KAN'. _Sacred Bull._ YANKTON.

894. ZIN-TKA'-KIN-YAN. _Flying Bird._ YANKTON.

896. TO-KI'-YA-KTE. _He Kills First._ YANKTON.

897. NA-GI'-WA-KAN'. _Sacred Ghost._ YANKTON.

898-9. MA-TO'-HO-TAN'-KA. _Bear with Big Voice._ YANKTON.

900. IN'-YAN-WAS-TE'. _Pretty Rock._ YANKTON.

901. TO'-KA-YA-YU'-ZA. _One who Catches the Enemy._ YANKTON.

902. KU-WA'S-CHIN-A-NIA-NI. _One who Walks Home._ YANKTON.

903. MA-TO'-I-WAN-KA'-A-MA'-NI. _Bear that Walks Lying Down._ YANKTON.

904-5. MA-TO'-WA-YU-MNI. _The Bear that Turns Around._ YANKTON.

908. TA-TAN'-KA-WA'-KAN. _Medicine Bull._ YANKTON.

276. TA-TAN'-KA-WA-NA'-GI. _Bull's Ghost._ (Front.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.

277. TA-TAN'-KA-WA-NA'-GI. _Bull's Ghost._
(Profile.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.

278. MA-TO'-WI-TKO-TKO. _Foolish Bear._ (Front.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.

279. MA-TO'-WI-TKO-TKO. _Foolish Bear._ (Profile.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.

280. MA-TO'-NOM'-PA. _Two Bears._ (Front.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.

281. MA-TO'-NOM'-PA. _Two Bears._ (Profile.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.

270. NA-ZU-LA-TAN'-KA. _Big Head._ (Front.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.

271. NA-ZU-LA-TAN'-KA. _Big Head._ (Profile.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.

272. I'-STA-SHA'-PA. _Black Eye._ (Front.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.

273. I'-STA-SHA'-PA. _Black Eye._ (Profile.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.

274. I-CHA'-SAN-TAN'-KA. _Big Razor._ (Front.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.

275. I-CHA'-SAN-TAN'-KA. _Big Razor._ (Profile.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.

170. WA-KAN'-DU'-TA. _Red Thunder._ (Front.)

171. WA-KAN'-DU'-TA. _Red Thunder._ (Profile.)

172. HAV-KA-WASH-TI. _Good Hawk._ (Front.)

173. HAV-KA-WASH-TI. _Good Hawk._ (Profile.)

174. PE-HAN'-SA-A-MA'NI. _Walking Crane._ (Front.)

175. PE-HAN'-SA-A-MA'NI. _Walking Crane._ (Profile.)

176. WANMDI-ZI. _Yellow Eagle._ (Front.)

177. WANMDI-ZI. _Yellow Eagle._ (Profile.)

732. HATONA. _Many Horns._ (Front.)

733. HATONA. _Many Horns._ (Profile.)

734. I-STE-SA'-PA. _Black Eye._ (Front.)

735. I-STE-SA'-PA. _Black Eye._ (Profile.)

736. TA-TAN-KA-HAN-SKA. _Long Fox._ (Front.)

737. TA-TAN-KA-HAN-SKA. _Long Fox._ (Profile.)

908. TA-TAN'-KA-WA-KAN'. _Medicine Bull._

916. MA-ZA'-O-ZAN-ZAN.

917. HE-HA'-KA-MA-ZU'. _Iron Elk._

919. WANMDI-YAN'-KA. _Great Eagle._

923. HIN-KAN-DU'-TA. _Red Owl._

925. CUT NOSE.

927. MA-ZU'-KU'-TA. _Iron Shooter._

931. TALL FEATHER JOINING.

932. WA-KAN'-O-ZAN-ZAN. _Medicine Bottle._

933. O-TA-DAN. _Plenty._

895. CHIEF WITH THE BIG WAR BONNET.

244. WAR DANCE.

815. GENERAL SHERMAN AND COMMISSIONERS at Fort Laramie.

816. COMMISSIONERS IN COUNCIL, Fort Laramie.

817. OLD MAN AFRAID OF HIS HORSES, AND GROUP.

818-830. MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS ABOUT FORT LARAMIE.

831. SIOUX BURIAL.

832-5. GROUPS ABOUT FORT LARAMIE.

838. INDIAN DELEGATION AT THE WHITE HOUSE.

839-41. ST. MARY'S MISSION, KANSAS.

845. THE SERGEANT OF THE GUARD.

3. IOWAS.

A tribe of Indians of Dakota stock, inhabiting originally the interior of the State of the same name. Marquette in 1673 placed them on his map as the Pa-houtet. Some of the neighboring Algonkins called them Iowas--a name originally applied to a river, and said to mean "the beautiful land"--and others Mascoutin or Prairie Nadouessi. In their own tongue their name is Pahucha, meaning "Dusty Nose." They were famous as great pedestrians, being able to walk twenty-five or thirty leagues a day, and the names of many of their chiefs show that they prided themselves on their walking.

In 1700 they were on the Mankato, and constantly roaming with the Western Algonkins. Early in the present century they numbered about 1,500, and were involved in wars with the Osages, Omahas, and the Sioux, losing heavily. Later they became much decimated through the ravages of the small-pox and other diseases.

First treaty was made with them in 1815. In 1836 the tribe, numbering 992, were removed to the west bank of the Missouri, and from this time rapidly declined in numbers, many of them becoming vagrants in other tribes, and others killed themselves by intemperance. By 1846 had decreased to 700. In 1861 the tribe, now reduced to 305, ceded all their lands except 16,000 acres, which they subsequently, in 1869, shared with some of the Sacs and Foxes, their old friends.

Since the tribe has been placed under the charge of the Society of Friends they have improved somewhat, so that at the present time (1875), although reduced to 219 souls, they are all living in good houses on their fertile reservation in Southern Nebraska, and are raising much more than is needed for their own consumption. They have good schools, at which nearly one-fourth of the tribe attend, and nearly one-half of the whole number can read. They stand in the front rank of civilized Indian tribes.

_List of illustrations._

385-6. NAG A-RASH. _British._

Became first chief of the Iowas in 1862, upon the death of
Nan-chee-ning-a. Has always taken a prominent place in favor of
civilization and the advancement of his tribe by education and work.
Has made four visits to Washington and two to New York, the first
being in 1847, when he travelled from Saint Joseph, Mo., to
Baltimore in a wagon. Took part once in a great battle between the
Otoes, Pawnees, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, and Sacs and Foxes on one
side, and the Snakes, Crows, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Comanches, and
Kiowas on the other, lasting from early dawn until dark. British
shot 160 balls; 150 of the enemy were left on the field. Age, 68;
height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-7/8; chest, 47-1/2; weight, 193.

388-9. MAH-HEE. _Knife._

Third chief of the Iowas. When young, lived in Missouri, but
afterward removed to Kansas. Enjoyed the confidence of the whites to
a marked degree, and was mail-carrier for some time between the
frontier posts and the agency. Was among the first to take the lead
in settling down to an agricultural life. Has always been a
hard-working man, but at one time was dissipated, and once, when
under the influence of liquor, killed his father. Is a strictly
temperate man now, but his rapidly-failing health will soon unfit
him for his usual labor, and his example in the tribe as an
industrious man will soon be lost. Age, 56; height, 5.10; head,
22-3/4; chest, 39-1/2; weight, 172.

391, 395. TAH-RA-KEE. _Deer Ham._

Was fourth chief of the tribe until October, 1876, when he was
deposed for persistent interference with the business of the agency.
He had been suspended before, but was re-instated by another agent.
Age, 50 years; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22; chest, 41-1/2; weight,
179.

390. KI-HE-GA-ING-A. _Little Chief._

Fifth chief of the Iowas. Enlisted in the Northern Army and
participated in the late war of the rebellion, serving two years.
Was promised the position of a chief if he enlisted, and upon his
return the promise was made good. Age, 43; height, 5.10; head,
22-3/4; chest, 43; weight, 192.

387. KRA-TEN-THA-WAH. _Blade Hawk._

Was sixth chief of the Iowas. Died January 1, 1871, aged about 30
years; height, 6 feet; weight, 170 pounds.

392-4. NAN-CHEE-NING-A. _No Heart._

Was first chief of the Iowas. Died in 1862, aged 65; height, 5.10;
weight, 170.

921. A CHIEF.

922. GROUP, comprising most of the above numbers.

4. KAW OR KANSAS.

The Kansas are an offshoot of the Osages, whom they resemble in many respects. In 1673 they were placed on Marquette's map as on the Missouri, above the Osages. After the cession of Louisiana, a treaty was made with them by the United States. They were then on the river Kansas at the mouth of the Saline, having been forced back from the Missouri by the Sioux, and numbered about 1,500 in 130 earthen lodges. Some of their chiefs visited Washington as early as 1820. In 1825 ceded their lands on the Missouri, retaining a reservation on the Kansas, where they were constantly subjected to attacks from the Pawnees, and on their hunts from other tribes, so that they lost rapidly in numbers. In 1846 they again ceded their lands, and a new reservation of 80,000 acres on the Neosho in Kansas assigned them; but this also soon becoming overrun by settlers, and as they would not cultivate it themselves, it was sold, and the proceeds invested for their benefit and for providing a new home among the Osages. The tribe in 1850 numbered 1,300; in 1860, 800; and in 1875 had dwindled to 516. Under the guidance of Orthodox Friends they are now cultivating 460 acres, and have broken more than as much again. They raised among other things 12,000 bushels of corn; 70 of them are regular church attendants, and 54 of their children attend school.

_List of illustrations._

397. LITTLE BEAR.

398. KA-KE-GA-SHA. (Standing.)

399. KA-KE-GA-SHA. (Sitting.)

5. MANDANS.

The Mandans, or Mi-ah'-ta-nees, "people on the bank," have resided on the Upper Missouri for a long time, occupying successively several different places along the river. In 1772 resided 1,500 miles above the mouth of the Missouri, in nine villages located on both sides of the river. Lewis and Clarke found them in 1804 100 miles farther up in only two villages, one on each side of the river; near them were three other villages belonging to the Minnitarees and Ahnahaways.

In the year 1833 these Indians were in their most prosperous state, industrious, well armed, good hunters and good warriors, in the midst of herds of buffalo mostly within sight of the village, with large corn-fields, and a trading-post from which they could at all times obtain supplies, and consequently at that time they might have been considered a happy people. In their personal appearance, prior to the ravages of the small-pox, they were not surpassed by any nation in the Northwest. The men were tall and well made, with regular features and a mild expression of countenance not usually seen among Indians. The complexion, also, was a shade lighter than that of other tribes, often approaching very near to some European nations, as the Spaniards. Another peculiarity was that some of them had fair hair, and some gray or blue eyes, which are very rarely met with among other tribes. A majority of the women, particularly the young, were quite handsome, with fair complexions, and modest in their deportment. They were also noted for their virtue. This was regarded as an honorable and most valuable quality among the young women, and each year a ceremony was performed, in the presence of the whole village, at which time all the females who had preserved their virginity came forward, struck a post, and challenged the world to say aught derogatory of their character.

In these palmy days of their prosperity much time and attention was given to dress, upon which they lavished much of their wealth. They were also very fond of dances, games, races, and other manly and athletic exercises. They are also a very devotional people, having many rites and ceremonies for propitiating the Great Spirit, practising upon themselves a self-torture but little less severe than that of Hindoo devotees.

In the spring of 1838 that dreaded scourge of the Indians, small-pox, made its appearance among the Mandans, brought among them by the employes of the fur company. All the tribes along the river suffered more or less, but none approached so near extinction as the Mandans. When the disease had abated, and when the remnant of this once powerful nation had recovered sufficiently to remove the decaying bodies from their cabins, the total number of grown men was twenty-three, of women forty, and of young persons sixty or seventy. These were all that were left of the eighteen hundred souls that composed the nation prior to the advent of that terrific disease.

The survivors took refuge with the Arickarees, who occupied one of their deserted villages, but retained their former tribal laws and customs, preserving their nationality intact, refusing any alliances with surrounding tribes. The two tribes have lived together since then upon terms of excellent friendship. They now number 420, living in dome-shaped earthen houses, like the Pawnees, which are, however, being gradually replaced by log houses.

The following representatives of the tribe were part of a joint delegation of Arickarees and Mandans to Washington in 1874:

_List of illustrations._

1006. WA-SHU-NA-KOO-RA. _Rushing War Eagle._

The present head chief of the Mandans, a man noted for kindliness
and benevolence. Age, 43; height, 5.7-3/4; head, 24-1/4; chest, 38.

1005. ME-RA-PA-RA-PA. _Lance._

Head soldier or brave. Age, 38; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-3/4;
chest, 38-1/2.

1007. E-STA-POO-STA. _Running Face._

Young warrior, son of Red Cow, a "big chief," who was too old to
travel, and this son sent in his place. Age, 23; height, 5.6; head,
21-1/2; chest, 37-3/4.

884. CHARLES PAPINEAU. _Interpreter._

Born in Montreal in 1820. Has lived in the Mandan country since
1839. Speaks Arickaree, Crow, Sioux, Gros Ventres, Mandan, French,
and English.

6. MISSOURIAS.

The Missourias are a tribe of Dakota descent, living on the Missouri River, their name being one given them by the Illinois, and means the people living by the muddy water. They style themselves _Nudarcha_. Were first heard of in 1673, as the first tribe up the river which bears their name. Became allies of the French at an early day, and assisted them in some of their operations against other tribes. Were hostile to the Spanish and also opposed to the ascendency of English influence. In 1805, when Lewis and Clarke passed through their country, they numbered only 300 in all, living in villages south of the Platte, and at war with most of the neighboring tribes. They were affiliated with the Otoes, having deserted their own villages near the mouth of the Grand some time previously in consequence of their almost entire destruction by small-pox. The two have ever since been classed as one tribe. In 1862 the combined tribes numbered 708, and in 1876 only 454. Since their consolidation with the Otoes their history has been the same as of that tribe.

_List of illustrations._

481. THRACH-TCHE. _True Eagle._

A full-blood Missouria, and nephew of Ah-ho-che-ka-thocka (Quapaw
Indian Striker), a title gained by his bravery in battle against the
Quapaws, and who was head chief. At his (Ah-ho-che-ka-thocka's)
death, the hereditary successor, Good Talker, was assassinated by
Shungech-hoy and others, when the line of descent fell on True
Eagle, who became chief in 1860, and held the position of Missouria
chief in the confederated Otoes and Missourias until 1874, when he
resigned in favor of his nephew. Is now about 80 years of age, 6
feet in height, with a stout, well-proportioned frame.

503. NOCH-PE-WORA. _The One they are Afraid of._

Is a cousin of True Eagle, and chief of the Eagle band of
Missourias. Is of a mild, genial disposition, with but little force
of character. Age, 45; height, 5.8-1/2; weight, 155; head, 22-1/2;
chest, 35.

484-5. WA-THOCK-A-RUCHY. _One who eats his Food Raw._

His father was of the Bear band of Otoes, and his mother of the
Eagle band of Missourias. He inherited a chieftaincy among the
Missourias, and succeeded to that position upon the death of his
uncle, White Water, in 1868, when he took the name of
LOD-NOO-WAH-HOO-WA, or _Pipe-Stem_. Lacks force of character, but is
of a mild disposition and well disposed. Is about 5 feet in height,
and of a well-developed physical organization.

486. MUNCHA-HUNCHA. _Big Bear_, or _Joseph Powell_.

Is a full-blooded Missouria. Succeeded his grandfather,
Cow-he-pa-ha, as chief of the Bear band, in 1870. When a young man
he lived much of his time among the whites. Possessing more than
ordinary intelligence, he is at present the leading spirit of the
Otoes and Missourias in the industrial pursuits of civilized life.
These qualities have engendered much jealousy in the breasts of the
older chiefs, who throw many obstacles in his way. Besides his good
mental qualities he possesses a splendid physique. Height, 5.11;
weight, 225; head, 23-1/2; chest, 42.

498. BLACK ELK.

7. OMAHAS.

The Omahas were one of the tribes noticed by Marquette in 1673, and by Carver in 1766, who found them located on the Saint Peter's River. They were divided into two bands, the Istasunda, or Grey Eyes, and the Hongashans, and cultivated corn, melons, beans, &c. In 1802, from a tribe numbering about 3,500, they were reduced to less than a tenth of that number by small-pox, when they burned their village and became wanderers, pursued by their relentless enemy, the Sioux. Lewis and Clarke found them on the L'Eau qui Court, numbering about 600. Since 1815 many treaties have been made with them, always accompanied by a cession of lands on their part in return for annuities and farming implements. In 1843 they returned to their village, between the Elkhorn and the Missouri, and made a peace with some of the Sioux, but their great chief, Logan Fontanelle, was killed by them not long after. Since then they have devoted themselves mainly to agriculture, and, under the fostering care of the Friends, are very much improved in their condition. In 1875 they numbered 1,005, depending entirely upon their crops for their subsistence, of which they have considerably more than enough for their own use. They have three good schools, which are largely and regularly attended. The older Indians are also abandoning their old habits and assisting in building for themselves upon forty-acre allotments of their lands.

_List of illustrations._

885. SHU-DTHE-NUZHE. _Yellow Smoke._

A leading and influential chief among the Omahas, and a man of more
than ordinary intelligence and executive ability. Holds his position
by hereditary descent. Is well off, possessing a large number of
horses and a very well furnished house.

465. GRE-DTHE-NUZHE. _Standing Hawk and squaw._

The oldest chief in the tribe, and consequently one whose words
always command attention in their councils. This view represents him
leading his pony, followed by his faithful squaw.

467. O-HUN-GA-NUZHE. _Standing at the End._

A brave, nearly nude, decorated with "war-paint" and astride a
characteristic Indian pony.

468. MO-HA-NUZHE. _Standing Bent._

A policeman, or one appointed by the chiefs to preserve order in the
village.

463. GI-HE-GA. _Chief._

One of the nine chiefs who govern the tribe, holding their positions
by hereditary descent.

469-470. BETSY.

A noted character among the Omahas, an exponent of women's rights.
Has always accompanied the tribe on their annual buffalo-hunts, and
participates in the chase with the men. Speaks three Indian
languages, besides French and English.

457. AGENCY BUILDINGS.

462. THE VILLAGE OF THE OMAHAS. (1871.)

461. THE VILLAGE. Near view, showing lodges.

464. GI-HE-GA'S LODGE.

459-460. VIEW FROM BLACKBIRD HILL.

In Irving's Astoria is a short sketch of some of the romantic deeds
of Wa-shinga-sah-ba, or Blackbird, a famous chief of the Omahas, who
died in 1802, which concludes as follows: "His dominant spirit and
his love for the white man were evinced in his latest breath with
which he designated his place of sepulture. It was to be on a hill,
or promontory, upward of 400 feet in height, overlooking a great
extent of the Missouri, from which he had been accustomed to watch
for the barks of the white men. The Missouri washes the base of the
promontory, and after winding and doubling in many links and mazes
in the plains below, returns to within 900 yards of its
starting-place, so that for thirty miles, navigating with sail and
oar, the voyager finds himself continually near to this singular
promontory, as if spell-bound.

"It was the dying command of the Blackbird that his tomb should be
upon the summit of this hill, in which he should be interred, seated
on his favorite horse, that he might overlook his ancient domain,
and behold the barks of the white men as they came up the river to
trade with his people."

The river has now changed its course, running far to the eastward,
leaving at the foot of the hill a lake in the old bed of the river.
The mound which was raised over the chief and his horse is now
nearly obliterated, "yet the hill of the Blackbird continues an
object of veneration to the wandering savage, and a landmark to the
voyager of the Missouri."

472-476. GROUPS OF SCHOOL-CHILDREN.

478. EBA-HOM-BA'S LODGE.

479. VILLAGE SCENE.

477. A BRAVE.

471. INDIAN CARPENTERS BUILDING HOUSES FOR THE TRIBE.

8. OSAGES.

The Osages were placed on the Missouri in 1673 by Marquette, who called them the Wasashe; were allies of the Illinois, and near the last of the past century had been driven down to the Arkansas. Coming in contact with the French, they became their firm allies, and joined them in many of their operations against Spanish and English and other Indians; in 1804, made peace with the Sacs and Foxes, with whom they had been at war, and settled on the Great Osage River. Their numbers were estimated then at 6,300. The usual succession of treaties ceding lands, and wars with neighboring Indians followed, reducing them very much in numbers, until the breaking out of the civil war, when 1,000 of them went South and joined the Confederacy. Treaties of 1865, 1866, and 1870 provided for the conveying of their lands in trust to the United States, and for their removal to the Indian Territory, where they have been placed under the care of the Society of Friends, and are now making rapid progress toward a self-supporting condition. They now number 3,001, of whom 323 are civilized, self-supporting mixed-bloods.

_List of illustrations._

511. JOSEPH, PAW-NE-NO-PA-ZHE. _Not Afraid of the Pawnees._

Governor or chief of the tribe. Was born on the Osage reservation
when in Kansas, and when 12 years of age was placed in a Catholic
mission, where he received a good English education. He still
retains the old customs and habits of his tribe, however. Is a brave
and warlike chief, but yet exerts all his influence to secure peace
between his people and the whites. Is about 40 years of age, 6 feet
in height, with a large and commanding physique; head, 22-1/4;
chest, 41.

886. SHONGA-SA-PA. _Black Dog._

The youngest of the six principal chiefs of the tribe. Is 28 years
of age, and was born on the present reservation. Is the descendant
of a long line of chiefs, one of whom was principal in establishing
peace between the Government and the wild tribes. With the governor,
Joseph, he visited Washington in 1876 to adjust various business
matters in connection with his tribe. Age, 28; height, 5.11-1/2;
head, 22-3/4; chest, 38.

887. GROUP representing the governor and some of the headmen
or councillors of the nation, as follows:

JOSEPH PAW-NE-NO-PA-ZHE. See No. 511.

CHETOPAH.

Died in 1876, aged 38. Was among the first to commence farming and
to live in the white man's way.

PA-TSA-LUN-KAH. _Strike Axe._

Born on the Osage reservation in Kansas 45 years ago. Is one of the
principal "peace chiefs," and also chief of one of the largest bands
of the Osages, over whom he has unbounded influence.

CHE-ZHE-LUN-KAH. _Big Chief._

Chief councillor of the nation, a man of good sense and much
influence. Is the son of a chief; 45 years of age, and was born in
Kansas.

HARD ROPE.

Head war chief of the nation, and a man of considerable ability as
an orator. Served as a scout under General Custer during the Indian
war in the Indian Territory. Is now 50 years old.

513. KAH-HE-KA-WAH-TI-AN-KA. _Saucy Chief._

509. NOM-PA-WA-LE. _A Savage._

510. KE-SI-SI-GRE. _A Distant Land._

512. MAH-KEA-PU-AT-SEE. _One Who Reaches to the Sky._

888. JOSEPH AND BLACK DOG.

889. JOSEPH, BLACK DOG, OGEAS CAPTAIN, AND J. N. FLORER.

9. OTOES.

The Otoes, calling themselves Watoohtahtah, were known to the French as early as 1673, under the name of Otontanta; were originally part of the Missourias, and, with the Iowas, claim to have migrated to the Missouri with the Winnebagoes. They have long resided on the south side of the Platte River, in mud lodges, confederated with the Missourias, who formed one village with them. The two tribes now number 457 souls. Under the care of the Friends, many are laying aside their Indian dress and habits, and learning to labor. In common with many other tribes, their annuities are payable only in return for labor performed, which exercises a most beneficial effect.

_List of illustrations._

480. AR-KE-KE-TAH. _Stand by It._

Is a full-blooded Otoe Indian. He was a leading warrior in his
tribe, and during the early settlement of Nebraska, when an emigrant
train had been attacked on Big Sandy Creek, and robbed of all they
had by a party of Pawnees, Ar-ke-ke-tah, leading a band of Otoes,
fell on them, and, killing the entire party, restored the goods back
to the emigrants, for which he gained notoriety, and received papers
commendatory of this and other valuable services rendered the
whites. By being a man of deep scheming and cunning, he succeeded in
gaining the position of head chief of the tribe, while on a visit to
Washington, in 1854, when the treaty was concluded, in which the
Otoes ceded to the Government the southeastern part of Nebraska. He
was deposed from his chiefship in 1872, re-instated in 1873, but has
been inactive as a chief since, and has lost his influence in the
tribe. He is still living, about 65 years of age, and 5 feet 8
inches high, with square, well-built frame.

482, 492-4, 502. SHUN-GECH-HOY. _Medicine Horse._

His father was an Otoe, and his mother a Missouria Indian. By
hereditary descent he became, in 1854, head chief of the Bear band
of Otoes, and being ambitious, worked himself finally into the
position of head chief of the Otoes and Missourias. In 1874 he led a
portion of the tribe away from their reservation, in violation of
law and agency regulations, for which he, with five others, was
arrested and confined for a time at Fort Wallace. In consequence, he
became alienated from the agency and main part of the tribe, and
lost his position as chief. Has features remarkably coarse; has a
very stern, fierce disposition; is a deep schemer; would be willing
to sacrifice almost any interest of his tribe in order to maintain a
supremacy over them, and has been engaged in many stratagems of the
kind. He is tenacious of old Indian customs, opposed to improvement
that makes innovations thereon, and is a heavy clog on the tribe in
their endeavors to advance in civilized pursuits. In stature, he is
about 5 feet 9 inches, with a heavy-set, well-developed muscular
frame; about 60 years of age.

487, 489, 490. LOD-NOO-WA-INGA. _Little Pipe._

Is a son of Hick-a-poo or Kick-a-poo, formerly a prominent chief of
the tribe. The chiefship had been hereditary through many
successors, and after the death of Hick-a-poo, the present Little
Pipe, in 1858, took his place. He was one of the followers of
Shungech-hoy in 1874; was arrested and imprisoned with him, and has
not since been recognized as a chief. He is of a mild disposition,
well disposed toward improvement, but quiet and without much
individual force of character. Has been under unfavorable
influences, and therefore makes but little progress. He is about 50
years of age, 5 feet 7-1/2 inches in stature, head 23 inches, chest
36, and weighs 155.

488. PAH-HO-CHA-INGA. _Little Iowa._

Generally known by his more proper name of Baptiste Devoin, is a son
of John Devoin, who is half French and half Missouria Indian. His
mother is half Omaha, one-quarter French, and one-quarter Iowa
Indian. He was partially educated at the Pawnee Mission, at
Belleview, Nebr.; can read, write, and speak the English language
tolerably well; also speaks Pawnee, Omaha, and French. He married
into the Otoe tribe, and has been employed at Otoe agency in the
several positions of teamster, farmer, interpreter, and miller,
under former agents. In 1869, he was employed as interpreter for the
tribe, and has continued in that office until the present. In height
he is 5 feet 9-3/4 inches, head measurement 23-1/2 inches, chest 44
inches, and weighs 220 pounds. He is about 40 years of age, and
quite corpulent.

495. TCHA-WAN-NA-GA-HE. _Buffalo Chief._

Is an Otoe Indian, though his grandfather belonged to the Iowa
tribe. He was, when a young man, a self-constituted chief, leading a
portion of the Buffalo band of Otoes, at a time when Sack-a-pie was
chief, and at whose death he became the recognized head chief of the
band, which position he held until 1874. He is still living; is
about 80 years of age, in stature 5 feet 6 inches, and weighs about
160 pounds. He is of rather a mild disposition, though decided in
his ways; concilitory to the whites, and has gained many friends
among them.

497. BAPTISTE DEVOIN AND TCHA-WAN-NA-GA-HE.

The same as given and described in Nos. 488 and 495.

500. { E'EN-BRICK-TO. _Blackbird._
{ OP-PO-HOM-MON-NE. _Buck Elk Walking._

The first is half Otoe and half Omaha; the second, who is
represented sitting, is a full-blood Missouria.

501. { INSTA-MUNTHA. _Iron Eagle._
{ KO-INGA. _Little Thunder._
{ OP-PO-HOM-MON-NE.
{ E'EN-BRICK-TO.

491.--LITTLE PIPE, with Missouria chief and interpreter.

496.--MEDICINE HORSE, BAPTISTE DEVOIN, and interpreter.

10. PONCAS.

The Poncas were originally part of the Omaha tribe, to whom they are related. Lived originally on the Red River of the North, but were driven southwestwardly across the Missouri by the Sioux, and fortified themselves on the Ponca River. United for a time with the Omahas for protection, but have generally lived apart. Were so exposed to the forays of the savage Sioux that they were almost exterminated at one time, but after the treaties of 1817 and 1825 rallied and began to increase. Were estimated then at 750, which has remained their average number ever since. In 1858 sold their lands and went on a reservation near the Yanktons, but being too near their old foes, and not being able to raise any crops, were in 1865 removed down to the mouth of the Niobrara, where they now have three villages. Are still exposed to raids from the Sioux, retarding very much their progress toward a self-supporting condition. Efforts are being made to have them join their relatives, the Omahas.

_List of illustrations._

517-518. { ASH-NOM-E-KAH-GA-HE. _Lone Chief._
{ TA-TONKA-NUZHE. _Standing Buffalo._
{ WA-GA-SA-PI. _Iron Whip._
{ WASTE-CO-MANI. _Fast Walker._

519. WA-GA-SA-PI. _Iron Whip._

521. NATIVE DRAWING.

11. WINNEBAGOES.

The Winnebagoes are a branch of the great Dakota family, calling themselves O-tchun-gu-rah, and by the Sioux, Hotanke, or the Big-voiced People; by the Chippeways, Winnebagonk--whence their common English name--a word meaning men from the fetid waters. The French knew them as La Puans (the Stinkers), supposed to have been given them in consequence of the great quantity of decaying and putrid fish in their camps when first visited by white men. With some others they formed the van of the eastward migration of the Dakotas, penetrating apparently some distance, but were forced back to Green Bay. This was some time previous to 1670, as the map of the French Jesuit missionaries, dated 1671, styles Green Bay the "Bayo des Puans," and the map accompanying Marquette's journal, dated 1681, notes a village of the "Puans" as near the north end of Winnebago Lake, on the west side.[A]

[Footnote A: Alexander Ramsey.]

They were then numerous and powerful, holding in check the neighboring Algonkin tribes, but soon after an alliance of tribes attacked and very nearly exterminated them. Became firm friends of the French until the Revolution, when they joined the English; made peace with the colonists afterward, but sided with the English again in 1812.

In 1820 they numbered about 4,500, and were living in five villages on Winnebago Lake and fourteen on Rock River. By a treaty in 1832 they ceded all their lands south of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, for a reservation on the Mississippi, above the Upper Iowa, but here they became unsettled, wasteful, and scattered. In 1846 they surrendered this reservation for another above the Saint Peter's. This proved unfit, and they became badly demoralized, losing many of their number by disease, but were kept on it by force. In 1853 they were removed to Crow River, and in 1856 to Blue Earth, Minnesota, where they were just getting a start in civilized pursuits when the Sioux war broke out, and the people of Minnesota demanded their removal. Thus again they were put on the march, and this time landed at Crow Creek, on the Missouri, near Fort Randall, a place so utterly unfit, that the troops could not retain them on it. Out of 2,000 when taken there, only 1,200 reached the Omaha reserve, to which place they had fled for protection. They were then assigned a new reservation on the Omaha lands, and placed under the care of the Friends, and since then have prospered. At the time of their removal, in 1863, from Minnesota, many of the tribe who had taken up farms remained, receiving their share of the tribal funds. There were also last year 860 in Wisconsin, of whom 204 have lately joined those in Nebraska, swelling their numbers to 1,667. Nearly all of these now dress in civilized attire, and many of them have taken farms, their lands being divided into 40-acre allotments for the purpose, upon which they are building neat and comfortable cottages. There is an industrial and three day schools on the reserve, which are attended by one-sixth of their whole number. Their chiefs are now elected annually by the tribe, who in turn appoints a force of twelve policemen from the Indians to preserve order.

1080. JNO. M. ST. CYR.

A delegate representing the Wisconsin Winnebagoes. Has been to
Washington three times. His mother was a relative of Little Priest,
one of the most prominent chiefs of the tribe, and his father a
Frenchman.

808. { NAW-CHER-CHOO-NU-KAW.
{ BAD THUNDER.

812. WAH-KUNK-SCHA-KAW, and daughter.

Wife of "Martin Van Buren," a former prominent chief of the tribe.

814. KA-RA-CHO-WE-KAW. _A Blue Cloud Passing By._

809, 813. WINNEBAGO CHILDREN.