Chapter XVIII: Conclusion: Faith (iman), in the usage of the language, is

acknowledgment that something is true (_tasdiq_), in general. In that way it is used by God, when he reports the words of the sons of Ya‘qub (Qur. 12, 17). “But thou dost not believe us [art not a believer (_mu’min_) in us].” Legally, it is belief in all that the Prophet has brought. But there is a difference of opinion as to the meaning of belief, when used in this way. Some say that it means knowledge (_ma‘rifa_) and that everyone who knows what the Prophet has brought is a believer (_mu’min_). But this interpretation is opposed by the fact that the unbeliever (_kafir_) knows, but is not a believer. Nor does this interpretation agree with the common saying, that the _muqallad_ is a believer, although he does not know. And the right view as to the interpretation of belief is that it is a mental utterance (_hadith an-nafs_) following conviction, equally whether it is conviction on account of proof, which is called knowledge, or on account of acceptance on authority (_taqlid_). This excludes the unbeliever because he does not possess the mental utterance, the idea of which is that you say, “I am well pleased with what the Prophet has brought.” The mind of the unbeliever does not say this. And it includes the _muqallad_; for he possesses the mental utterance following conviction, though the conviction is not based on a proof.

And of that which must be believed is the genealogy of the Prophet, both on his father’s side and on his mother’s. On his father’s side he is our Lord, Muhammad, son of Abd Allah, son of Abd al-Muttalib, son of Hashim, son of Abd Manaf, son of Qusay, son of Kilab, son of Murra, son of Ka‘b, son of Lu’ay, or Luway, son of Ghalib, son of Fihr, son of Malik, son of Nadr, son of Kinana, son of Khuzayma, son of Mudrika, son of Alyas, son of Mudar, son of Nizar, son of Ma‘add, son of Adnan. And the Agreement (_ijma_) unites upon this genealogy up to Adnan. But after him to Adam there is no sure path in that which has been handed down. And as to his genealogy on his mother’s side, she is Amina, daughter of Wahb, son of Abd Manaf, son of Zuhra—this Abd Manaf is not the same as his ancestor on the other line—son of Kilab, who is already one of his ancestors. So the two lines of descent join in Kilab.

And it is necessary also to know that he was of mixed white and red complexion, according to what some of them have said.

This is the last of that which God has made easy by His grace. His Blessing be upon our Lord Muhammad and upon his family and his Companions and his descendants, so so long as the mindful are mindful of him and the heedless are heedless of the thought of him. And Praise belongeth unto God, the Lord of the Worlds.

VII

ANALYSIS OF THE _Taqrib_ OF ABU SHUJA AL-ISPAHANI[7]

_Book I. Of Ceremonial Purity (Tahara)_

1. The water which may be used for ceremonial ablutions.

2. Legal materials for utensils; what can be purified and what cannot.

3. The use of the toothpick.

4. Description of the different stages of a ceremonial ablution (_wudu_).

5. On cleansing from excrement and its ritual generally.

6. The five things which require a fresh _wudu_.

7. The six things which require a complete ablution of the whole body (_ghusl_) and its ritual.

8. The seventeen occasions on which a _ghusl_ is prescribed.

9. When it is allowable to wash the inner shoes (_khuffs_) instead of the feet.

10. The conditions and ritual for the use of sand (_tayammum_) instead of water.

11. On uncleannesses (_najasat_) and how and how far they can be removed.

12. On ailments of women; duration of pregnancy and their conditions.

_Book II. Of Prayer_

1. The times of prayer (_salat_).

2. Upon whom prayer is incumbent, and

3. On what occasions.

4. The antecedent requirements of prayer.

5. The eighteen essential parts of prayer.

6. The four things in which the prayer of a woman differs from that of a man.

7. The eleven things which nullify prayer.

8. A reckoning of the occurrences of certain frequently repeated elements in prayer.

9. On omissions in prayer.

10. The five occasions on which prayer is not allowable.

11. The duty and ritual of congregational prayer.

12. The prayer of a traveller.

13. The conditions under which congregational prayer is required and those under which it is lawful.

14. The requirements in congregational prayer.

15. The prayers of the Two Festivals and their ritual.

16. The prayers on occasion of an eclipse.

17. Prayer for rain.

18. Prayer in presence of the enemy.

19. What is forbidden of clothing.

20. The ritual of the dead.

_Book III. Of Rates for the Poor, etc._

1. The condition of the rate (_zakat_) and of the rate-payer; what it is levied on and consists of.

2. On camels.

3. On cattle.

4. On sheep.

5. How it affects partners.

6. On gold and silver.

7. On grain-stuff.

8. On merchandise.

9. The conditions and nature of the rate to be paid at the end of the fast.

10. Uses to which the rate may be applied.

_Book IV. Of the Fast_

1. The conditions for the fast (_siyam_); its description; what breaks it.

2. What is meritorious in fasting; when and for whom it is forbidden; how breaking the fast must be expiated.

3. The conditions and nature of religious retreat (_i‘tikaf_).

_Book V. Of the Pilgrimage_

1. The conditions of pilgrimaging (_hajj_); its essentials and other elements.

2. The ten things forbidden on pilgrimage.

3. The five sacrifices of the pilgrimage.

_Book VI. Of Barter and Other Business Transactions_

1. Conditions and kinds of barter (_bay_); what may be bartered and what not.

2. Description and conditions of the bargain with payment in advance (_salam_).

3. Of pledging (_rahn_).

4. Of those who are not to be permitted to administer their own property (_hajar as-safih_).

5. Of bankruptcy and composition and common rights in a highway (_sulh_).

6. The conditions for the transfer of debts and credits (_hawala_).

7. Of security for debts (_daman_).

8. Of personal security for debts (_kafala_).

9. Of partnership (_shirka_).

10. Of agency (_wakala_).

11. Of confession (_iqrar_).

12. Of loans (_i‘ara_).

13. Of illegal seizure and use of property; indemnity for it and its damage (_ghasb_).

14. Of right of pre-emption (_shuf‘a_).

15. The conditions of advancing capital with participation in the profits (_qirad_).

16. Of the letting of date-palms and vines (_musaqat_).

17. Of hiring a thing out (_ijara_).

18. Of reward for return of a thing lost (_ja‘ala_).

19. That land may not be let for a fixed amount of its produce (_mukhabara_).

20. Of irrigation of waste lands (_ihya al-mawat_).

21. Of foundations in mortmain (_waqf_).

22. Of gifts (_hiba_).

23. Of found property (_luqta_).

24. Of foundlings (_laqit_).

25. Of deposits (_wadi‘a_).

_Book VII. Of Inheritance and Wills_

1. Of legal heirs (_warith_).

2. The conditions and proportions of inheritance (_farida_).

3. Of legacies (_wasiya_).

_Book VIII. Of Marriage and Related Subjects_

1. The conditions of marriage (_nikah_). What women a man may see and to what extent.

2. The form of a legal marriage.

3. The conditions of asking (_khitba_) and giving in marriage; whom a man may not marry; conditions for nullity of marriage.

4. The settlement (_mahr_) on a wife by her husband.

5. On the wedding feast (_walima_).

6. On the equality of the rights of the wives and the authority of the husband.

7. On divorce for incompatibility (_khul_).

8. The forms of divorce (_talaq_).

9. On taking a wife back and the threefold divorce.

10. The oath not to cohabit (_ila_).

11. The temporary separation by the formula, _zihar_ Qur. 58.

12. The form of accusation of adultery and the defence (_li‘an_).

13. The period during which a previously married woman cannot remarry (_idda_).

14. Of relations with female slaves.

15. The support and behavior of a woman, divorced or a widow; mourning.

16. Law of relationship through suckling (_irda_).

17. The support (_nafaqa_) due to a wife.

18. The support due to children and parents, slaves and domestic animals.

19. Of the custody of children (_hidana_).

_Book IX. Of Crimes of Violence to the Person (jinaya)_

1. On murder, homicide and chance medley.

2. The _lex talionis_ (_qisas_) for murder, and

3. For wounds and mutilations.

4. The blood-wit (_diya_).

5. Use of weak evidence in case of murder.

6. Personal penance for homicide.

_Book X. Of Restrictive Ordinances of God (hadd)_

1. Of fornication (_zina_) of one who has been or is married (_muhsan_), and of one who has not been or is not married.

2. Of accusing of fornication.

3. Of drinking wine or any intoxicating drink.

4. Of theft.

5. Of highway robbery.

6. Of killing in defence.

7. Of rebelling against a just government.

8. Of apostasy.

9. Of abandoning the usage of prayer.

_Book XI. Of the Holy War (jihad)_

1. The general law of _jihad_.

2. The distribution of booty taken in the field (_ghanima_).

3. The law of the tax on unbelievers (_fay_).

4. The law of the poll-tax on unbelievers (_jizya_).

_Book XII. Of Hunting and the Slaughter of Animals_

1. How an animal may be killed in the chase or otherwise.

2. What flesh may be eaten.

3. The ritual of sacrifice (_udhiya_).

4. The ritual of sacrifice for a child (_aqiqa_).

_Book XIII. Of Racing and Shooting with the Bow_

_Book XIV. Of Oaths and Vows (yamin, nadhr)_

1. What oaths are allowable and binding; how expiated.

2. Lawful and unlawful vows.

_Book XV. Of Judgments and Evidence (qada, shahada)_

1. Of the judge (_qadi_) and court usage.

2. The division (_qasm_) of property held in common.

3. Of evidence and oaths.

4. The conditions of being a legal witness (_adil_).

5. The difference of claims (_haqq_), on the part of God, and on the part of man, and their legal treatment.

_Book XVI. Of Manumission of Slaves_

1. General conditions of manumission (_itq_).

2. The clientship which follows (_wala_).

3. Of freeing at death (_tadbir_).

4. Of the slave buying his freedom (_kitaba_).

5. Of the slave (_umm walad_) that has borne a child to her master or to another and of her children.