Chapter XIX: Appendix: II

I. BOOKS AND ARTICLES, GENERAL AND FUNDAMENTAL, FOR THE STUDY
OF ISLAM.

II. ON MUSLIM HISTORY AND ON PRESENT CONDITION OF MUSLIM WORLD.

III. ON MUSLIM TRADITIONS AND LAW.

IV. ON MUSLIM THEOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY AND MYSTICISM.

I

BOOKS AND ARTICLES, GENERAL AND FUNDAMENTAL, FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAM

The non-Arabist will gain much insight into Muslim life and thought by reading such translations as that of Ibn Khallikan by De Slane (Paris-London; 1843-71), the Persian Tabari, by Zotenberg (Paris; 1867-74), Ibn Batuta by Defrémery and Sanguinetti (Paris; 1853-58), Mas‘udi by C. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille (Paris; 1861-77), Ibn Khaldun’s _Prolégomènes_ by De Slane (Paris; 1862-68), ad-Dimishqi by Mehren (Copenhagen; 1874), al-Beruni’s _Chronology_ by Sachau (London; 1879).

The translations and notes in De Sacy’s _Chrestomathie arabe_ (Paris; 1826) can also be used to advantage.

Very many valuable articles will be found scattered through the _Zeitschrift_ of the German Oriental Society (hereafter ZDMG), the _Journal asiatique_ (hereafter JA), the _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_ (hereafter JRAS) and the Vienna _Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes_ (hereafter WZ).

It is always worth while to consult the _Encyclopædia Britannica_.

The best translations of the Qur’an into English are those by E. H. Palmer (2 vols., Oxford; 1880) and J. M. Rodwell (London; 1871). The first more perfectly represents the spirit and tone, and the second more exactly the letter. The commentary added by Sale to his version and his introduction are still useful.

The _Thousand and One Nights_ should be read in its entirety in Arabic or in a translation by every student of Islam. English translation by Lane (incomplete but accurate and with very valuable commentary); Burton (last edition almost complete; 12 vols., London: 1894). Payne’s translation is complete, as is also Burton’s privately printed edition; but, while exceedingly readable, Payne hardly represents the tone of the original. There is an almost complete and very cheap German version by Henning (published by Reclam, Leipzig); Mardrus’ French version is inaccurate and free to such an extent as to make it useless. Galland’s version is a work of genius; but it belongs to French and not to Arabic literature.

R. P. A. DOZY: _Essai sur l’histoire de l’islamisme._ Leyden,
1879. A readable introduction.

A. MÜLLER: _Der Islam im Morgen-und-Abendland._ 2 vols. Berlin,
1885, 1887. The best general history of Islam.

STANLEY LANE-POOLE: _The Mohammedan Dynasties; chronological
and genealogical tables with historical introductions._
Westminster, 1894. An indispensable book for any student of
Muslim history.

C. BROCKELMANN: _Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur._ 2 vols.
Weimar, 1898, 1899. Indispensable for names, dates, and books,
but not a history in any true sense.

T. B. HUGHES: _A Dictionary of Islam._ London, 1896. Very full
of information, but to be used with caution. Based on Persian
sources largely.

E. W. LANE: _An Account of the Manners and Customs of the
Modern Egyptians._ First edition, London, 1836; third, 1842.
Many others. Indispensable.

C. M. DOUGHTY: _Travels in Arabia Deserta._ 2 vols. Cambridge,
1888. By far the best book on nomad life in Arabia. Gives the
fullest and clearest idea of the nature and workings of the
Arab mind.

J. L. BURCKHARDT: _Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys._ 2 vols.
London, 1831.

J. L. BURCKHARDT: _Travels in Arabia._ 2 vols. London, 1829.

R. F. BURTON: _Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah
and Meccah._ 2 vols. Last edition, London, 1898. On the Hajj
and Muslim life, thought and studies generally in the middle of
the nineteenth century. Readable and accurate to a degree.

C. SNOUCK HURGRONJE: _Mekka._ 2 vols. and portfolio of plates.
Haag, 1888, 1889. Is somewhat dull beside Burton, but very full
and accurate.

W. ROBERTSON SMITH: _Lectures on the Religion of the Semites._
First Series. New edition, London, 1894. _Kinship and Marriage
in Early Arabia._ Cambridge, 1885.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Muhammedanische Studien._ I, Halle a. S.,
1889. II, 1890. Epoch-marking books; as are all Goldziher’s
contributions to the history of Muslim civilization.

ALFRED VON KREMER: _Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des
Islams._ Leipzig, 1868.

ALFRED VON KREMER: _Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den
Chalifen._ 2 vols. Wien, 1875-77. _Culturgeschichtliche
Streifzüge._ Leipzig, 1873.

EDWARD G. BROWNE: _A Year Among the Persians._ London, 1893. A
most valuable account of modern Persian life, philosophy, and
theology, and especially of Sufiism and Babism.

EDWARD G. BROWNE: _A Literary History of Persia._ New York,
1902. Really political and religious prolegomena to such a
history.

G. A. HERKLOTS: _Qanoon-e-Islam, or the Customs of the
Moosulmans of India._ London, 1832.

II

ON MUSLIM HISTORY AND ON PRESENT CONDITION OF MUSLIM WORLD

AUGUST MÜLLER: _Die Beherrscher der Gläubigen._ Berlin, 1882. A
very brightly written sketch based on thorough knowledge.

GUSTAV WEIL: _Geschichte der Chalifen._ 3 vols. Mannheim,
1846-1851.

SIR WILLIAM MUIR: _The Caliphate, its Rise, Decline and Fall._
London, 1891.

THEODOR NÖLDEKE: _Zur tendentiösen Gestaltung der Urgeschichte
des Islams._ ZDMG, lii, pp. 16 ff. All Nöldeke’s papers on the
early history of Islam are worthy of the most careful study.

G. VON VLOTEN: _Zur Abbasiden Geschichte._ ZDMG, lii, pp. 213
ff. On the early Abbasids.

R. E. BRÜNNOW: _De Charidschiten unter den ersten Omayyaden._
Leyden, 1884.

EDUARD SACHAU: _Über eine Arabische Chronik aus Zanzibar._
Mitth. a.d. Sem. f. Orient. Sprachen. Berlin, 1898. On Ibadites.

GEORGE PERCY BADGER: _History of the Imams and Seyyids of
Oman_, by Salîl-ibn-Razîk. London: Hakluyt Society, 1871.
Valuable for Ibadite history, law and theology.

M. J. DE GOEJE: _Mémoire sur les Carmathes du Bahraïn et les
Fatimides._ Leyden, 1886.

JOHN NICHOLSON: _An Account of the Establishment of the
Fatemite Dynasty in Africa._ Tübingen and Bristol, 1840.

QUATREMÈRE: _Mémoires historiques sur la dynastie des Khalifes
Fatimites._ JA, 3, ii.

SYLVESTRE DE SACY: _Exposé de la religion des Druzes et la vie
du Khalife Hakem-biamr-allah._ 2 vols. Paris, 1838.

F. WÜSTENFELD: _Geschichte der Fatimiden-Khalifen._ Göttingen,
1881.

STANLEY LANE-POOLE: _A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages._
New York, 1901. For the origin and founding of the Fatimid
Dynasty, the Khalifa al-Hakim, etc.

H. L. FLEISCHER: _Briefwechsel zwischen den Anführern der
Wahhabiten und dem Pasha von Damaskus._ _Kleinere Schriften_,
iii, pp. 341 ff. First published in ZDMG for year 1857.

E. REHATSEK: _The History of the Wahhabys in Arabia and in
India._ Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. No. xxxviii (read
January, 1880).

_Turkey in Europe_, by “Odysseus.” London, 1900. The present
situation, with its historical antecedents in European Turkey
and the Balkans generally.

H. O. DWIGHT: _Constantinople and its Problems._ New York, 1901.

A. S. WHITE: _The Expansion of Egypt._ London, 1899. The
present situation in Egypt and its historical antecedents.

W. W. HUNTER: _Our Indian Mussulmans._ London, 1871.

SIR LEWIS PELLY: _The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain._
London, 1879.

W. S. BLUNT: _The Future of Islam._ London, 1880.

III

ON MUSLIM TRADITIONS AND LAW

_The Mishkat_, translated by Matthews. Calcutta, 1809. (A
collection of traditions.)

_The Hidaya_, translated by C. Hamilton. II edition. London,
1870.

N. B. E. BAILLIE: _A Digest of Muhammadan Law. Hanifi Code._
London, 1865.

The same. _Imameea Code._ London, 1869. The first volume deals
with Sunnite, the second with Shi‘ite law.

S. KEIJZER: _Précis de Jurisprudence Musulmane selon le rite
Châfeite par Abu Chodja; texte arabe avec traduction et
annotations._ Leyden, 1859. To be used with caution.

EDUARD SACHAU: _Muhammadanisches Recht nach Schafiitischer
Lehre._ Stuttgart & Berlin, 1897. Based largely on al-Bajuri’s
commentary to Abu Shuja: covers rather less than half the
material of a corpus of canon law and is the best general
introduction to the subject.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Die Zâhiriten, ihr Lehrsystem und ihre
Geschichte._ Leipzig, 1884.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Neue Materialien zur Litteratur des
Ueberlieferungswesen bei den Muhammedanern._ ZDMG, I, pp. 465
ff. Deals with Musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Zur Litteratur des Ichtilâf al-madhâhib._
ZDMG, xxxviii, pp. 669 ff. Contains a notice of ash-Sha‘rani.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Über eine Formel in der judischen
Responsen-litteratur._ ZDMG, liii, pp. 645 ff. On _fatwas_ and
_ijtihad_.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Das Princip des Istishab in muham.
Gesetzwissenschaft._ WZ, i, pp. 228 ff.

EDUARD SACHAU: _Muhammedanisches Erbrecht nach der Lehre
der Ibaditischen Araber von Zanzibar und Östafrika._
Sitzungsberichte der kön. preuss. Akad., 1894.

EDUARD SACHAU: _Zur ältesten Geschichte des muhammedanischen
Rechts._ Wien. Akad., 1870.

SNOUCK HURGRONJE: _Le droit musulman._ Revue de l’histoire des
religions, xxxvii, pp. 1 ff, and 174 ff.

SNOUCK HURGRONJE: _Muhammedanisches Recht nach schafiitischer
Lehre von Eduard Sachau_; _Anzeige_, ZDMG, liii, pp. 125 ff.

S. K. KEUN DE HOOGERWOERD: _Studien zur Einführung in das Recht
des Islam._ Erlangen, 1901. Contains introduction and part of
section on law of marriage. Gives a good but miscellaneous
bibliography and is written from a Persian point of view;
transliteration is peculiarly eccentric and Arabic scholarship
is unsound.

J. WELLHAUSEN: _Medina vor dem Islam. Muhammad’s
Gemeindeordnung von Medina._ In “Skizzen und Vorarbeiten,”
Viertes Heft. Berlin, 1889.

HUART: _Les Zindiqs en droit musulman._ Eleventh Congress of
Orientalists, part iii, pp. 69 ff.

D. B. MACDONALD: _The Emancipation of Slaves under Muslim Law._
American Monthly Review of Reviews, March, 1900.

IV

ON MUSLIM THEOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY AND MYSTICISM

THEODOR HAARBRÜCKER: _Asch-Schahrastâni’s Religionsparteien
und Philosophenschulen übersetzt und erklärt._ 2 vols. Halle,
1850-51. The Arabic text, without which Haarbrücker’s German
is sometimes hardly intelligible, was published by Cureton,
London, 1846.

T. J. DE BOER: _Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam._
Stuttgart, 1901. Unsatisfactory but the best that there is.
It is only a sketch and takes hardly sufficient account of
theology and mysticism.

STANLEY LANE-POOLE: _Studies in a Mosque._ II edition. London,
1893. Miscellaneous essays, lightly written but trustworthy.

KREHL: _Beiträge zur Characteristik der Lehre vom Glauben in
Islam._ Leipzig, 1877.

G. VON VLOTEN: _Les Hachwia et Nabita._ Eleventh Congress of
Orientalists, part iii, pp. 99 ff. On early religious sects.

G. VON VLOTEN: _Irdja._ ZDMG, xiv, pp. 181 ff. On the
Murji’ites.

EDUARD SACHAU: _Über de religiosen Anschauungen der
ibaditischen Muhammedaner in Oman und Östafrica._ Mitth. a. d.
Sem. f. Orient. Sprachen. Berlin, 1899.

H. STEINER: _Die Mu‘taziliten oder die Freidenker im Islam._
Leipzig, 1865.

WILHELM SPITTA: _Zur Geschichte Abu l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari’s._
Leipzig, 1876. The best as yet on al-Ash‘ari, but to be used
with caution, especially in the translations of theological
texts.

MARTIN SCHREINER: _Zur Geschichte des Ash‘aritenthums._ In
Actes du huitième Congress International des Orientalistes, I,
i, pp. 77 ff. Leiden, 1891.

M. A. F. MEHREN: _Exposé de la réforme de l’Islamisme commencée
au troisième siècle de l’Hégire par Abou-l-Hasan Ali el-Ash‘ari
et continuée par son école._ Third International Congress of
Orientalists, vol. ii.

G. FLÜGEL: _Al-Kindi genannt “der Philosoph der Araber.” Ein
Vorbild seiner Zeit und seines Volkes._ Leipzig, 1857.

SIR WILLIAM MUIR: _The Apology of al-Kindy, written at the
court of al-Mámûn._ London, 1882.

E. SELL: _The Faith of Islam._ London, 1896. II edition.
A valuable book, but from the point of view of an Indian
missionary. Hence the tone is polemic and the technicalities
are Persian rather than Arabic.

WALTER M. PATTEN: _Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the Mihna._ Leyden,
1897. There is a valuable review by Goldziher in ZDMG, lii, pp.
155 ff. It traces connection of Hanbalites with Ibn Taymiya and
Wahhabites.

HEINRICH RITTER: _Ueber unsere Kenntniss der Arabischen
Philosophie._ Göttingen, 1844.

FRIEDRICH DIETERICI: _Alfarabi’s philosophische Abhandlungen
herausgegeben._ Leiden, 1890. _Aus dem arabischen übersetzt._
Leiden, 1892.

AL-FARABI: _Der Musterstaat. Herausgegeben und Übersetzt von
Frdr. Dieterici._ Leiden, 1900.

G. FLÜGEL: _Ueber Inhalt und Verfasser der arabischen
Encyclopädie der Ikhwan as-Safa._ ZDMG, xiii, pp. 1 ff. See,
too, an excellent article by August Müller in _Ersch und
Gruber_, ii, 42, pp. 272 ff., and Stanley Lane-Poole in his
_Studies in a Mosque_.

FRIEDRICH DIETERICI: _Die Philosophie der Araber im X.
Jahrhundert n. Chr. aus der Schriften der lauteren Brüder
herausgegeben._ Berlin and Leipzig, 1861-1879.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Materialien zur Entwickelungs-geschichte des
Sufismus._ WZ, xiii, pp. 35 ff.

THEODOR NÖLDEKE: _Sufi._ ZDMG, xlviii, pp. 45 ff. On the
derivation and early usage of the name Sufi.

ADELBERT MERX: _Idee und Grundlinien einer allgemeinen
Geschichte der Mystik._ Heidelberg, 1893.

JOHN P. BROWN: _The Derwishes or Oriental Spiritualism._
London, 1868. A valuable but uncritical description of modern
Turkish and Persian Darwishes.

SIR JAMES REDHOUSE: _The Mesnevi of Jelal eddin ar-rumi
translated into English._ Book I. London, 1881. See, too, a
translation by Whinfield, London, 1887, and an edition of
selected ghazels from the Diwan with translation and valuable
introduction by R. A. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press,
1898.

E. J. W. GIBB: _A History of Ottoman Poetry._ Vol. i. London,
1900. A valuable statement of the later Persian and Turkish
mysticism and metaphysic on pp. 13-70.

E. H. PALMER: _Oriental Mysticism._ Cambridge, 1867.

CARRA DE VAUX: _Avicenne._ Paris, 1900. Contains an
introductory sketch of philosophy and theology up to the time
of Ibn Sina. _Algazali._ Paris, 1902. A continuation of the
first.

A. VON KREMER: _Über die philosophischen Gedichte des Abul Ala
Ma‘arry._ Wien, 1888.

A. VON KREMER: _Gedichte des Abu-l-Ala Ma‘arri._ ZDMG, xxix,
304; xxx, 40; xxxi, pp. 471 ff.; xxxviii, 499 ff.

ABU-L-ALA AL-MA‘ARRI: _Letters Arabic and English, with notes,
etc., edited by D. S. Margoliouth._ Oxford, 1898. See, too,
papers by R. A. Nicholson in JRAS, October, 1900, ff.; and by
Margoliouth, for April, 1902.

E. FITZGERALD: _The Ruba‘iyat of Omar Khayyam. With a
commentary by H. M. Batson and a biographical Introduction by_

_E. D. Ross._ New York, 1900. The biography by Ross is the
only at all adequate treatment of the life and times of Umar
which yet exists. Of the Ruba‘iyat themselves there are several
adequate translations, _e.g._ by Whinfield, Payne and Mrs.
Cadell.

MARTIN SCHREINER: _Zur Geschichte der Polemik zwischen Juden
und Muhammedanern._ ZDMG, xlii, pp. 591 ff. Deals with Ibn Hazm
and Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi.

MARTIN SCHREINER: _Beiträge zur Geschichte der theologischen
Bewegungen in Islam._ ZDMG, lii, pp. 463 ff.; 513 ff.; liii,
pp. 51 ff. A most valuable collection of materials with
considerable gaps and imperfect digestion.

D. B. MACDONALD: _The Life of al-Ghazzali._ In the Journal of
the American Oriental Society, vol. xx, pp. 71-132.

D. B. MACDONALD: _Emotional Religion in Islam as affected by
Music and Singing. Being a translation of a book of the Ihya of
al-Ghazzali._ In JRAS for April and October, 1901, and January,
1902.

MIGUEL ASIN PALACIOS: _Algazel, dogmatica, moral, ascetica._
Zaragoza, 1901.

C. BARBIER DE MEYNARD: _Traduction nouvelle du Traité de
Ghazzali_, _intitulé_ Le Preservatif de l’Erreur. In JA, vii,
9, pp. 5 ff.

T. J. DE BOER: _Die Widersprüche der Philosophie nach
al-Ghazzali und ihr Ausgleich durch Ibn Roshd._ Strassburg,
1894.

A translation of al-Ghazzali’s _Tahafut_ has been begun by
Carra de Vaux in _Le Muséon_, xxviii, p. 143 (June, 1899).

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Materialien zur Kenntniss der
Almohadenbewegung in Nordafrika._ ZDMG, xli, pp. 30 ff.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Die Bekenntnissformeln der Almohaden._ ZDMG,
xliv, pp. 168 ff.

ROBERT FLINT: _Historical Philosophy in France and French
Belgium and Switzerland._ New York, 1894. Contains an excellent
estimate of Ibn Khaldun as a philosophical historian.

A. VON KREMER: _Ibn Chaldun und seine Culturgeschichte der
islamischen Reiche._ Wien, 1879.

ERNEST RENAN: _Averroes et l’Averroisme._ III edition. Paris,
1861. Reviewed by Dozy in JA, 5, ii, pp. 93 ff. This review
contains a curious description of a Parliament of Religions at
Baghdad about A.D. 1000.

_Philosophie und Theologie von Averroes. Aus dem Arabischen
übersetzt von M. J. Müller._ München, 1875. The Arabic text was
published by Müller in 1859.

LEON GAUTHIER: _Ibn Thofail-Hayy ben Yaqdhan, roman
philosophique. Texte arabe ... et traduction française._ Alger,
1900. There is an earlier edition of Ibn Tufayl’s romance by
the younger Pocock with a Latin version. Oxford, 1671.

M. A. F. MEHREN: _Correspondance du Philosophe Soufi Ibn Sab‘in
Abd oul-Haqq avec l’Empereur Frédéric II. de Hohenstaufen._ In
JA, vii, 14, pp. 341 ff.

S. GUYARD: _Abd ar-Razzaq et son traité de la Prédestination et
du libre arbitre._ In JA, vii, 1, pp. 125 ff.

A. DE KREMER: _Notice sur Sha’rany._ In JA, vi, 11, pp. 253 ff.

G. FLÜGEL: _Scha‘rani und sein Werk uber die muhammadanische
Glaubenslehre._ ZDMG, xx, p. 1 ff.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Beiträge zur Litteraturgeschichte der Shi‘a._
Wien, 1874.

JAMES L. MERRICK: _The Life and Religion of Mohammed, as
contained in the Sheeah Traditions of the Hyat-ul-Kuloob._
Boston, 1850.

J. B. RÜLING: _Beiträge zur Eschatologie des Islam._ Leipzig,
1895.

L. GAUTHIER: _Ad-dourra al-fakhira; la perle précieuse de
Ghazali._ Genève, 1878. In Arabic and French; a valuable
account of Muslim eschatology.

M. WOLFF: _Muhammedanische Eschatologie._ Leipzig, 1872. In
Arabic and German; an account of _popular_ Muslim eschatology.

DEPONT ET CAPPOLANI: _Les Confréries religieuses Musulmanes._
Alger, 1897.

SNOUCK HURGRONJE: _Les Confréries religieuses, la Mecque et le
Panislamisme_, in Revue de l’histoire des religions, xliv, pp.
262 ff.