Chapter XX: Appendix: III

For typographical reasons the smooth guttural _Ha_, the palatals _Sad_, _Dad_, _Ta_, _Za_, and the long vowels are indicated by italic. The same system is followed in the index.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

A.H.

11 M.d.; Ab_u_ Bakr Kh.

13 ‘Umar Kh.

14 Battle of al-Q_a_dis_i_ya; fall of Jerusalem; al-Basra
founded; fall of Damascus.

17 Al-K_u_fa founded; Syria and Mesopotamia conquered.

20 Conquest of Egypt.

21 Battle of Nah_a_wand; Persia conquered.

23 ‘Uthm_a_n Kh.

30 Final redaction of the Qur’_a_n.

35 ‘Al_i_ Kh.

36 Battle of Carmel.

40 ‘Al_i_ d.

41 Mu‘_a_wiya I. Kh.; Herat.

49 Al-_H_asan d.

56 Samarqand.

60 Schism of Ib_ad_ites from Kh_a_rijites.

61 Karbala & d. of al-_H_usayn.

73 Storm of Mecca & d. of ‘Abd All_a_h b. az-Zubayr.

74 Carthage.

80 Ma‘bad executed.

81 M. b. al-_H_anaf_i_ya d.

93 Toledo.

99-101 ‘Umar II. Kh.

110 _H_asan al-Ba_s_r_i_ d.

114 Charles the Hammer at Tours (A.D. 732).

121 Zayd b. Zayn al-‘_A_bid_i_n d.

124 Az-Zuhr_i_ d.

127-132 Marw_a_n II. Kh.

130 Jahm b. _S_afw_a_n killed?

131 W_a_sil b. ‘At_a_ d.

132 Fall of Umayyads; as-Saff_ah_ first ‘Abb_a_sid Kh.

134 First Ib_a_dite Im_a_m.

135 R_a_bi‘a d.

136-158 Al-Man_su_r Kh.

138-422 Umayyads of Cordova.

140 Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ killed.

143 Halley’s comet.

144 ‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd d.?

145 Baghd_a_d founded; ‘_A_’isha d. of Ja‘far a_s_-_Sa_diq d.

147 Homage to al-Mahd_i_ as successor in Kh.

148 Ja‘far a_s_-_Sa_diq d.

150 Ab_u_ _H_an_i_fa d.; trace of _Su_f_i_ monastery in
Damascus.

157 Al-Awz_a_‘_i_ d.

158-169 Al-Mahd_i_ Kh.; John of Damascus d.?

161 Sufy_a_n ath-Thawr_i_ d.; Ibr_a_h_i_m b. Adham d.

165 D_a’u_d b. Nu_s_ayr d.

167 Bashsh_a_r b. Burd killed.

170-193 H_a_r_u_n ar-Rash_i_d Kh.

172-375 Idr_i_sids.

179 Malik b. Anas d.

182 The Q_adi_ Ab_u_ Y_u_suf d.

187 Fall of Barmecides; al-Fu_d_ayl b. ‘Iy_ad_ d.

189 M. b. al-_H_asan d.

198-218 Al-Ma’m_u_n Kh.

200 Ma‘r_u_f of al-Karkh d.; trace of _Su_f_i_ monastery in
Khur_a_s_a_n.

204 Ash-Sh_a_fi‘_i_ d.

208 Ab_u_ ‘Ubayda d.; the Lady Naf_i_sa d.

211 Theodorus Abucara d.

212 Decree that the Qur’_a_n is created.

213 Thum_a_ma b. Ashras d.

215 Ab_u_ Sulaym_a_n of Damascus d.; 2nd decree.

218-234 The Mi_h_na; Al-Mu‘ta_s_im Kh.

220 Ma‘mar b. ‘Abb_a_d.

223 F_at_ima of Nays_a_b_u_r d.

226 Ab_u_ Hudhayl M. al-‘All_a_f d.

227 Bishr al-_Ha_f_i_ d.; al-W_a_thiq Kh.

231 An-Na_zza_m d.

232 Al-Mutawakkil Kh.

234 Decree that Qur’_a_n is uncreated; Scotus Erigena transl.
pseudo-Dionysius, A.D. 850.

240 Ibn Ab_i_ Duw_a_d d.

241 A_h_mad b. _H_anbal d.

243 Al-_Ha_rith al-Mu_ha_sib_i_ d.

245 Dh_u_-n-N_u_n d.; al-Kar_a_b_i_s_i_ d.

250-316 ‘Alids of Zaydite branch in north Persia.

255 Al-J_ah_i_z_ d.

256 Ibn Karr_a_m d.

257 Al-Bukh_a_r_i_ d.; Sar_i_ as-Saqa_ti_ d.

260 Al-Kind_i_ d.? M. b. al-_H_asan al-Munta_z_ar vanished.

261 Muslim d.; Ab_u_ Yaz_i_d al-Bis_ta_m_i_ d.

270 D_a’u_d a_z_-_Za_hir_i_ d.

273 Ibn M_a_ja d.

275 Ab_u_ D_a’u_d as-Sijist_a_n_i_ d.

277 Qarma_t_ians hold fortress in Arab ‘Ir_a_q.

279 At-Tirmidh_i_ d.

280 Zaydite Im_a_ms at as-Sa‘da and San‘_a_.

289 ‘Ubayd All_a_h al-Mahd_i_ in North Africa.

295-320 Al-Muqtadir ‘Abb_a_sid Kh.

297 First F_at_imid Kh.; al-Junayd d.

300 Return of al-Ash‘ar_i_.

303 An-Nas_a‘i_ d.; Al-Jubb_a‘i_ d.

309 Al-_H_all_a_j executed.

317 Umayyads of Cordova take title of Commander of the
Faithful; Qarma_t_ians in Mecca.

320-447 Buwayhids; al-Ash‘ari d.?

322 Ibn ash-Shalmagh_a_n_i_.

331 A_t_-_T_a_ha_w_i_ d.

333 Al-M_a_tar_i_d_i_ d.

333-356 Sayf ad-Dawla.

334 Buwayhids in Baghd_a_d; ash-Shibl_i_ d.

339 Return of Black Stone by Qarma_t_ians; al-F_a_r_a_b_i_ d.

356 F_at_imids conquer Egypt; Cairo founded.

360 Ikhw_a_n a_s_-_S_af_a_ fl.

362 Ibn H_a_ni d.

381-422 Al-Q_a_dir Kh.

386 Ab_u_ _Ta_lib al-Makk_i_ d.

388-421 Ma_h_m_u_d of Ghazna.

403 Al-B_a_qil_a_n_i_ d.

408 Persecution of Mu‘tazilites under al-Q_a_dir.

411 Al-_Ha_kim F_at_imid Kh. vanished; Firdaws_i_ d.

428 Ibn S_i_n_a_ d.

434 Ab_u_ Dharr d.

440 Al-B_e_r_u_n_i_ d.

447 _T_ughril Beg, the Saljuq, in Baghd_a_d.

449 Ab_u_-l-‘Al_a_ al-Ma‘arr_i_ d.

450 Persecution of Ash‘arites.

455 Alp-Arsl_a_n; Ni_za_m al-Mulk Waz_i_r; end of persecution
of Ash‘arites.

456 Ibn-_H_azm a_z_-_Za_hir_i_ d.

465 Al-Qushayr_i_ d.

478 Im_a_m al-_H_aramayn d.

481 N_a_sir b. Khusraw d.

483 _H_asan b. a_s_-_S_abb_ah_ seizes Alam_u_t.

485 Ni_za_m al-Mulk assass.

488 Al-Ghazz_a_l_i_ leaves Baghd_a_d.

505 Al-Ghazz_a_l_i_ d.

515 ‘Umar al-Khayy_a_m d.

516 Al-Baghaw_i_ d.

524 Ibn T_u_mart al-Mahd_i_ d.

524-558 ‘Abd al-Mu’min.

524-667 The Muwa_hh_ids.

533 Ab_u_ Bakr b. B_a_jja d.

537 Ab_u_ _H_afs an-Nasaf_i_ d.

538 Az-Zamakhshar_i_ d.

540 Yehuda Halevi d. = A.D. 1145.

546 Ab_u_ Bakr b. al-‘Arab_i_ d.

548 Ash-Shahrast_a_n_i_ d.

558 ‘Abd al-Mu’min the Muwa_hh_id d.

558 ‘Ad_i_ al-Hakk_a_r_i_ d.

558-580 Ab_u_ Ya‘q_u_b the Muwa_hh_id.

561 ‘Abd al-Q_a_dir al-J_i_l_a_n_i_, founder of order of
darw_i_shes, d.

567 Conquest of Egypt by Saladin and end of F_at_imids.

576 Order of Rif_a_‘ites founded.

580 Ab_u_ Ya‘q_u_b d.

580-596 Ab_u_ Y_u_suf al-Man_su_r.

581 Ibn _T_ufayl d.

587 As-Suhraward_i_ executed.

589 Saladin d.

590 Ab_u_ Shuj_a_‘ d.?

595 Ibn Rushd d.; Ab_u_ Y_u_suf al-Man_su_r the Muwa_hh_id d.

601 Maimonides d. = A.D. 1204.

606 Fakhr ad-D_i_n ar-R_a_z_i_ d.

620 Ab_u_-l-_H_ajj_a_j b. _T_uml_u_s d.; Fakhr ad-D_i_n b.
‘As_a_kir d.; St. Francis of Assisi d. = A.D. 1226.

625-941 _H_afsids at Tunis.

630-640 _A_r-Rash_i_d the Muwa_hh_id.

632 ‘Umar b. al-F_a_ri_d_.

638 Ibn ‘Arab_i_ d.

648 Frederick II. d. = A.D. 1250.

654 End of Assassins by Mongols; Ash-Sh_a_dhil_i_, founder of
order of darw_i_shes, d.

667 Ibn Sab‘_i_n d.; end of Muwa_hh_ids.

672 Jal_a_l ad-D_i_n ar-R_u_m_i_ d.

675 A_h_mad al-Badaw_i_, founder of order of darw_i_shes, d.

681 Ibn Khallik_a_n d.

685 Al-Bay_da_w_i_ d.

693, 698-708, 709-741 Mu_h_ammad An-N_as_ir, Maml_u_k Sul_t_an,
reg.

719 An-Na_s_r al-Manbij_i_ d.?

724 Ibn Rushd is still studied at Almeria.

728 Ibn Taym_i_ya d.; Meister Eckhart d. = A.D. 1328.

730 ‘Abd ar-Razz_a_q d.

756 Al-‘_I_j_i_ d.; Heinrich Suso d.

791 At-Taft_aza_n_i_ d.; an-Naqshband_i_, founder of order of
darw_i_shes, d.

808 Ibn Khald_u_n d.

857 Capture of Constantinople by Ottomans and office of Shaykh
al-Isl_a_m created = A.D. 1453. Thomas à Kempis d. = A.D. 1471.

895 M. b. Y_u_suf as-San_u_s_i_ d.

907 Accession of _S_afawids.

922 Conquest of Egypt by Ottoman Turks.

945 Death of al-Mutawakkil, last ‘Abb_a_sid.

951 Beginning of Shar_i_fs of Morocco.

973 Ash-Sha‘r_a_n_i_ d.

1201 ‘Abd al-Wahh_a_b d. = A.D. 1787.

1205 Sayyid Murta_da_ d.; al-Fu_da_l_i_ fl. circ. 1220.

1252 Foundation of Brotherhood of as-San_u_s_i_ = A.D. 1837.

1260 Ibr_a_h_i_m al-B_a_j_u_r_i_ d.; Decree of Porte that
apostate Muslims should not be put to death.

1275 Death of founder of Brotherhood of as-San_u_s_i_ = A.D.
1859.

FOOTNOTES

[1] For Muslim eschatology reference may still be made to Sale’s introduction to the Qur’an, § 4. The punishment of the grave is what, in the case of unbelievers, follows the inquisition by the two angels _Munkar_ and _Nakir_; see on them Lane’s _Modern Egyptians_, chap. xxviii; on the whole subject, see translations by Gautier and Wolff and tractate by Rüling (Bibliography, p. 367).

[2] This, one of the dividing questions between Sunnites and Shi‘ites, belongs to theology as well as law. See p. 314 and Goldziher, _Zur Literaturgeschichte der Si‘a_, p. 87.

[3] The Mu‘tazilites held that articles of sustenance of a forbidden nature, such as pork or wine, could not be called _rizq_ in this technical sense; that God could not so use them. The orthodox retorted that a man might live his life out on forbidden things; had he then been independent of God as to his sustenance? The Mu‘tazilites defined _rizq_ as “a possession which its possessor eats” and as “that from which one is not hindered from profiting”; the orthodox, as a name for that which God sends to man and the other animals and they eat it and profit by it.

[4] Some will run into the fire and find themselves immediately in Paradise; these would have been believers. Others will refuse, and will be treated as their parents.

[5] This is not the normal doctrine of Islam and the commentators have to explain this passage away. Consult in the chapters on theology, the whole Sufi development and especially the views of al-Ghazzali. Al-Mataridi was greatly influenced by Abu Hanifa, who was hostile to mystics. Notice, too, the philosophical basis and beginning of this creed.

[6] A sect of the Mu‘tazilites held that a man could have two _ajals_, one his end by a natural death appointed by God, the other his end by a violent death, not so appointed. The “Philosophers” are said to have held that one _ajal_ would be when the mechanism of the body ceased to work through the failing of its essential moisture and heat, and another _ajal_ might come through sicknesses and accident generally.

[7] See in bibliography, S. Keijzer, _Précis, etc_. Much help as to details of religious ritual and law will be found in Hughes’s _Dictionary of Islam_, Sachau’s _Muhammedanisches Recht_, Lane’s _Modern Egyptians_, and commentary to his translation of the _Arabian Nights_, Burton’s _Pilgrimage_, and Sell’s _Faith of Islam_.

INDEX OF NAMES AND ARABIC WORDS

Abad_i_, 300

Al-‘Abb_a_s, 10, 32

‘Abb_a_sids, 10, 32, 34, 39, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 91, 92-94, 97,
98, 132-135, 153, 154, 167, 169, 174

‘Abd, 294

‘Abd All_a_h, father of Mu_h_ammad, 350, f.

‘Abd All_a_h ibn az-Zubayr, 23, 25

‘Abd All_a_h ibn Maym_u_n, 40, 42-44

‘Abd All_a_h ibn ‘Umar, 298

‘Abd al-Mu’min, 248, 252

‘Abd al-Mu_tt_alib, 351

‘Abd al-Q_a_dir al-J_i_l_a_n_i_, 267

‘Abd ar-Ra_h_m_a_n, the Umayyad, 33

‘Abd ar-Razz_a_q, 271, f.

‘_A_bid, 173, 174

‘_A_bida, 174

Abkam, 340

Abraham, also Ibr_a_h_i_m, 43, 226, 345

Ab_u_ ‘Abd All_a_h ibn Karr_a_m; see Ibn Karr_a_m

Ab_u_-l-‘Al_a_ al-Ma‘arr_i_, 199

Ab_u_ Bakr, 1st Kh., 13-16, 23, 24, 36, 56, 71, 165, 200, 250, 268, 297,
307, 313, 346

Ab_u_ D_a_’_u_d as-Sijist_a_n_i_, 81

Ab_u_ Dharr, 207

Ab_u_-l-_H_ajj_a_j ibn _T_uml_u_s, 260

Ab_u_ _H_an_i_fa, 94-102, 106, 121, 127, 193, 309

Ab_u_ H_a_shim, 159, f.

Ab_u_ Hudhayl, 136-139, 159, 248

Ab_u_ Sahl, 325

Ab_u_ Shuj_a_‘ al-Ispah_a_n_i_, 351

Ab_u_ Sufy_a_n, 22

Ab_u_ Sulaym_a_n of Damascus, 175

Ab_u_ _Ta_lib, 10

Ab_u_ _Ta_lib al-Makk_i_, 176, f.

Ab_u_ ‘Ubayda, 150

Ab_u_ Ya‘q_u_b ibn ‘Abd al-Mu’min, 252-255

Ab_u_ Y_u_suf, the Q_adi_, 96-99

Ab_u_ Y_u_suf al-Man_su_r, 252, 255

Active Intellect, 236, 250-253, 256, 265

‘_A_da, 113

‘Adad, 326

_A_dam, 42, 43, 171, 232, 312, 332, 346

‘Adam, 316

‘Ad_i_ al-Hakk_a_r_i_, 267

‘_A_dil, 356

‘Adl, 291

Africa, 59

Africa, East, 24, 26

Africa, North, 26, 35, 45, 46, 62, 243

Ahl al-ahw_a_, 122, 299

Ahl at-taw_hi_d wal-‘adl, 136

Ahl kit_a_b, 24

A_h_mad al-Badaw_i_, 267, 269

A_h_mad al-Malaw_i_, 331

A_h_mad ar-Rif_a_‘a, 267

A_h_mad ibn ‘Abd All_a_h ibn Maym_u_n, 44

A_h_mad ibn Ab_i_ Duw_a_d, 156

A_h_mad ibn _H_anbal, 79, 103, 110, 157, 158, 172, 175, 176, 187, 274,
277, 293

‘_A_’isha, wife of Mu_h_ammad, 10, 13, 21

‘_A_’isha, daughter of Ja‘far a_s_-_Sa_diq, 173

Ajal, 298, 311

Al-Ajh_u_r_i_, 346

‘Ajz, 317, 339

Al-Akh_t_al, 89

‘_A_lam al-jabar_u_t, 234

‘_A_lam al-malak_u_t, 234, 235

‘_A_lam al-mulk, 234

Alam_u_t, 49, 169, 224

Alastu bi-rabbikum, 171

Aleppo, 162

Alexandria, 241

Algeria, 24, 26, 62

‘Alids, 18, 32-35, 37, 51, 155, 157, 166, 187

‘Al_i_ ibn Ab_i_ _Ta_lib, 18-31, 36, 37, 44, 45, 88, 121, 155, 182, 249,
259, 275, 297, 307, 313, 314, 346

‘_A_lim, 337;
cf. ‘ulam_a_

All_a_h, 127, 161, 321, 327

Almeria, 260

Alp Arsl_a_n, 213

Alphonso the Wise, 233

Al-‘Alqam_i_, 346

A‘m_a_, 340

‘Am_a_, 340

‘Amal, 294, 296, 312

Am_a_na, 347

‘Amr ibn ‘Ubayd, 129

Am_i_na, mother of Mu_h_ammad, 351

Anima Mundi, 232

An_sa_r, 9, 13, 18

‘Aq_i_da, 316

‘Aq_i_qa, 356

‘Aql, 120, 136, 148, 157, 214, 269, 272, 292, 308, 316

Al-’aql al-fa‘ ‘_a_l; see Active Intellect

Arabs, 8, 14, 17, 24, 40, 44-46, 50, 51, 60, 67, 68, 74, 124, 125, 127,
133, 134, 150, 157, 243, 305

Arabia, 15, 23, 25, 36, 37, 131

Arabia, South, 28, 36, 37, 45, 59

Arab ‘Ir_a_q; see al-‘Ir_a_q

‘Arad, 159, 309, 320

Ar_h_amu-r-r_ah_im_i_n, 210

Aristotelians, Aristotelianism, 134, 140, 144, 161-163, 168, 196, 198,
201, 202, 286

Aristotle, 134, 138, 140, 144, 161-164, 198, 221, 232, 236, 248, 253,
255, 256, 260, 264

‘Arsh, 301

Asal, 253, 254

A_s_amm, 340

Al-asharatu-l-mubashshara, 268, 297, 314

Al-Ash‘ari, 187-190, 192, 193, 200, 208, 214, 217, 218, 220, 226, 229,
230, 293, 308, 319, 341

Ash‘arites, 191, 201, 207-213, 241-247, 272, 273, 276, 280, 291, 292, 338

‘_A_sh_u_r_a_, day of, 28

A_s_l, 107, 109

A_s_la_h_, 190, 292, 311;
see, too, _s_al_ah_

Al-asm_a_ al-_h_usn_a_, 210, 280, 321, 341

Assassins, 27, 49, 53, 59, 169, 170, 196;
see, too, Ism_a_‘_i_lians, B_at_inites, Ta‘l_i_mites

‘At_a_ ibn Yass_a_r, 128

Athos, Mount, 178

Augustine, 132, 215, 216

Avenpace, 250;
see, too, Ibn B_a_jja

Averroes, Averroism, 251;
see, too, Ibn Rushd

Avicenna, 197;
see, too, Ibn S_i_n_a_

Awl_a_d ‘Ilw_a_n, 268

Awwal_i_y_a_t, 260

Al-Awz_a_‘_i_, 98

‘Ayn, 191, 309, 319, 341

Azal_i_, 291, 300, 309, 322, 343

B_a_bism, 5

Bad_a_ha, 308

Badakhsh_a_n, 170

Badan, 141

Badawite darw_i_shes, 267

Al-Baghaw_i_, 81, 207

Baghd_a_d, 5, 50-53, 56, 111, 133, 159, 162, 166-168, 175, 184, 185,
190, 194, 195, 207, 213, 217, 220, 226, 267

Baghd_a_d, Pashalik of, 60

Bakam, 340

Bal_a_da, 347

Balkh, 174

Baq_a_, 323

Al-B_a_qil_a_n_i_, 200, 201, 207

Barmak, Barmecides, 50

Ba_s_ar, 294, 333

Bashsh_a_r ibn Burd, 150

Ba_s_ir, 337

Al-Ba_s_ra, 18, 23, 25, 83, 150, 159, 167, 174, 187, 188

Ba‘th, 296, 311, 329

B_at_in, 314

B_at_inites, 42, 196

Ba_t_n, 42

Bay‘, 353

Al-Bay_da_w_i_, 195, 241

Al-Bayj_u_r_i_, 315

Baytu-l-‘izza, 335

Bedaw_i_s, 62

Berbers, 45, 243, 244, 248, 249

Al-B_e_r_u_n_i_, 170, 197

Beyrout, 84

Bid‘a, 74, 78, 148, 186, 297, 299, 307

Bil_a_ kayfa wal_a_ tashb_i_h, 147, 171, 191, 208, 294, 344;
cf. kayfa

Bil-fi‘l; see Fi‘l

Bishr al-_Ha_f_i_, 175, 176

Bishr al-Mar_i_s_i_, 155

Bishr ibn al-Mu‘tamir, 142, 143, 151, 152

Al-Bis_ta_m_i_, Ab_u_ Yaz_i_d, 183, 188, 225, 268

Brotherhood of as-San_u_s_i_, 61, ff.

Buddhists, 134

Al-Bukh_a_r_i_, 79, 80, 147, 148

Burgundy, 83

Burh_a_n, 259, 260

Buwayhids, 51, 52, 167, 194, 195, 197, 208

Cæsarea, 84

Cairo, 49, 166, 173, 195, 241, 244, 277

Camel, Battle of the, 21

Carthage, 82, 243

Charles the Hammer, 83

Chinese Muslims, 59

Christians, Christianity, 24, 47, 48, 125, 130-134, 137, 144, 147, 151,
181, 194

Companions; see _Sah_ibs

Code Napoléon, 114

Constantine in Algeria, 45

Constantinople, 54, 113

Crusaders, 49

Ad-Dajj_a_l, 298, 315

Dal_i_l, 109, 315

_D_am_a_n, 354

Damascus, 14, 82, 88, 131, 175, 177

D_a_r al-_H_arb, 55

D_a_r al-Isl_a_m, 55

_D_ar_u_r_i_, 308

Darw_i_shes, 5, 61, 179, 182, 183, 203, 244, 266, 268

D_a_’_u_d a_z_-_Za_hir_i_, 103, 108-110

D_a_’_u_d ibn Nusayr, 174

Dauphiné, Le, 83

Dawr, 323

Dhikrs, 174, 178, 179

Dhuh_u_l, 340

Dh_u_-l-faq_a_r, 20

Dh_u_-l-Kifl, 346

Dh_u_-n-N_u_n, 176

Dh_u_-n-N_u_rayn, 313

D_i_n, 293, 297, 298, 305, 307

Diya, 355

Diy_a_na, 293

Druses, 27, 48, 59, 170

Eckart, the mystic, 180

Edict of the Prætor, 87

Egypt, Egyptians, 14, 21, 23, 30, 45-49, 53, 62, 82, 187, 244, 277, 287

Emessa, 163

Erigena, Scotus, 182

Euchites, 178

Euclid, 134

Euphrates, 133

Fakhr ad-D_i_n ar-R_a_z_i_, 241

Fakhr ad-Din ibn ‘As_a_kir, 273

Fan_a_, 338

Faq_i_h, fuqah_a_, 73, 85, 270

Faq_i_rs, 268

Al-F_a_r_a_b_i_, 162-164, 165, 167, 169, 181, 196, 215, 221, 236, 250

Far_a_gh, 317

Far_d_, 73

Far_id_a, 354

Al-F_a_r_u_q, 313

Fa_ta_na, 347

F_at_ima, daughter of Mu_h_ammad, 20, 30, 36, 346, 347

F_at_ima of Nays_a_b_u_r, 173

F_at_imids, 27, 36, 45, 47, 49, 165-167, 169, 173, 184, 197, 224, 241,
244, 251

Fatw_a_, 115, 184, 276, 277

Fay’, 356

Bil-fi‘l, 328

F_i_ ma_h_all; see ma_h_all

Fiqh, 77, 87, 116, 132, 208, 209, 245, 252, 261, 270, 279, 282;
cf. faq_i_h

Firdaws_i_, 170

St. Francis of Assisi, 180

Frederick II., the Hohenstaufen, 263

Friday, 35, 51, 235, 298, 313

Al-Fud_a_l_i_, 191, 315

Al-Fu_d_ayl ibn ‘Iy_ad_, 174, 175

Fus_tat_, 83

Galen, 134

Ghafala, 340

Al-Gh_a_n_i_, 327

Ghan_i_ma, 356

Gha_s_b, 354

Al-Ghayb, 139, 281, 314

Al-Ghazz_a_l_i_, 139, 165, 176, 183, 195, 199, 207, 215-241, 245-249,
253, 257, 260-264, 267, 270, 284-286, 300, 309

Gh_i_ba, 349

Ghusl, 352

Gond_e_sh_a_p_u_r, 134

Greek monks, 178

Greek philosophy, science, etc., 133, 138, 140, 144, 159, 161, 162

_H_ab_i_b, 175

_H_add, 314, 355

_H_ad_i_th, 75, 77, 78, 87, 94, 121, 190, 209, 261, 270

_Ha_dith, 320, 322, 328, 332

_H_ad_i_th an-nafs, 273, 336, 350

_H_a_d_ramawt, 60

_H_af_s_ids, 265

_Ha_’il, 60

_H_ajar as-saf_i_h, 354

_Ha_jj, 275, 278, 292, 353

Al-_H_ajj_a_j, 209, 298

Al-_Ha_kim Bi’amrillah, 47, 48

Al-_H_akam ibn ab_i_-l-‘_As_, 17

_Ha_l, 160, 176, 227, 310, 319, 322, 337

_Ha_l nafs_i_, 319

_H_al_a_l, 298

Al-_H_all_a_j, 183-185, 298

Halley’s comet, 34

Hamd_a_nids, 162, 165

Hamilton, Sir William, 237

_H_anbalites, 115, 121, 158, 167, 190, 191, 200, 207, 208, 212-214, 237,
273, 274, 278

_H_an_i_f, 125

_H_anifites, 115

_H_aq_i_qa, 328, 329

_H_aqq, 356

_H_ar_a_m, 73, 298, 311

Al-_H_ar_a_m_a_n, 56, 213

Al-_Ha_rith al-Mu_ha_sib_i_, 175, 177, 187, 225

Harr_a_n, 133, 134

H_a_r_u_n ar-Rash_i_d, 50, 97, 98, 144, 153, 155, 175

_H_asad, 349

Al-_H_asan, 20, 27, 28, 35

Al-_H_asan al-Ba_s_r_i_, 128, 129, 130, 172, 173

_H_asan ibn a_s_-_S_abb_ah_, 224

H_a_shim, 10, 17, 32, 313, 351

_H_aw_a_la, 354

_H_aw_d_, 249, 296, 306, 311, 349

_H_ay_a_h, 332

_H_ayy, 337

Al-_H_ayy, 211

_H_ayy ibn Yaq_za_n, 253, 254

Hebron, 226

Hegel, 143, 233

Her_a_t, 82, 207

Hesychasts, 178

Hiba, 354

_H_id_a_na, 355

Hidden Im_a_m, 31, 37, 41, 56, 116;
cf. Im_a_m, Im_a_mites

Hierotheos, 181

Al-_H_ij_a_z, 212

Hippocrates, 134

H_u_d, 346

_H_ud_u_th, 320, 338;
cf. _ha_dith, mu_h_dath

_H_ukm, 292

H_u_l_a_g_u_, 49, 53

_H_ul_u_l, 228

Hume, 229, 230

Al-_H_usayn, 20, 28

Huwa-l-_h_aqq, 203

I‘_a_ra, 354

Ib_ad_ites, 5, 26, 54, 115, 117, 126

Ibn‘Abd al-Wahh_a_b; see Mu_h_am, mad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahh_a_b

Ibn Ab_i_ ‘Awj_a_, 80

Ibn al-‘Arab_i_, 316, 322, 323, 328

Ibn ‘Arab_i_, 241, 261, 264, 271, 277, 280

Ibn ash-Shalmagh_a_n_i_, 185

Ibn B_a_jja, 250, 252, 255, 257

Ibn H_a_ni, 170

Ibn _H_azm, 209-212, 245-248, 261, 275, 280

Ibn Ib_ad_, ‘Abd All_a_h, 25, 26, 116

Ibn Karr_a_m, 170, ff.

Ibn Khald_u_n, 50, 81, 242, f.

Ibn Khallik_a_n, 185

Ibn M_a_ja, 81

Ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 150

Ibn Rushd, 161, 163, 195, 206, 215, 236, 248, 252, 255, 256-261, 264-286

Ibn Sab‘_i_n, ‘Abd al-_H_aqq, 263, 264, 267, 277

Ibn S_i_n_a_, 163, 171, 197, 221, 228, 236, 241, 250, 257

Ibn Taym_i_ya, 270-278, 283-285

Ibn _T_ufayl, 252-256, 261

Ibn T_u_mart, 207, 245-248, 252, 275

Ibr_a_h_i_m ibn Adham, 174, 268

Al-id_a_fatu-l-‘_a_mm lil-kh_ass_, 337

Al-id_a_fatu-l-bay_a_n_i_ya, 337

‘Idda, 355

Idr_i_s, 346

Idr_i_s ibn ‘Abd All_a_h, 35

Idr_i_sids, 34, 102

I_hat_a, 332

I_h_s_a_n, 293

I_h_tiy_a_j il_a_ ma_h_all, 339

I_h_y_a_, 338

I_h_y_a_ of al-Ghazz_a_l_i_, 285, 300

I_h_y_a_ al-maw_a_t, 354

Ij_a_ra, 354

I‘j_a_z, 151

Al-‘_I_j_i_, 241, 269

Ijm_a_‘, 57, 58, 72, 94, 101, 105, 209, 292, 328, 351

Ijm_a_l_i_, 316

Ikhtil_a_f, 116

Ikhtiy_a_r, 192, 310, 339, 345

Ikhw_a_n a_s_-_s_af_a_, 167, 169, 194, 196, 199

Iktis_a_b, 280;
cf. kasb

Iktis_a_b_i_, 309

_I_l_a_, 355

Il_ha_d, 314

Ilh_a_m, 281, 309

Ilj_a_m al-‘aw_a_mm‘an ‘ilm al-kal_a_m of al-Ghazz_a_l_i_, 260

‘Illa, 107, 319, 337;
cf. ta‘l_i_l

‘Ilm, 201, 294, 332

‘Ilw_a_n, the Shaykh, 268

Im_a_m, 26, 29, 31, 36-38, 41-43, 46, 54, 57, 142, 155, 165, 167, 188,
197, 212, 224, 286, 292, 293, 297-299, 311, 313, 318, 350

Im_a_m al-_H_aramayn, 212, 213, 217, 230, 317

Im_a_mites, 37, 57, 59, 116, 126, 142, 247

_I_m_a_n, 126, 127, 292-296, 311, 312, 318, 350

Im_a_ta, 338

Imd_a_d_a_t, 330

Imti_ha_n, 148;
cf. mi_h_na

India, 51, 55, 56, 59, 61

India, Emperor of, 55

Indian Mu‘tazilism, 286

Inj_i_l, 304

In sh_a_’ All_a_h, 272

Iqr_a_r, 312, 354

Ir_a_da, 330

Al-‘Ir_a_q, 209

‘Ir_a_q, Arab, 44

Ir_da_, 355

Irj_a_, 292;
cf. Murji’ites

‘_I_s_a_; see Jesus

Isl_a_m, 7, 13-15, 19-27, 37, 40-48, 52-55, 58, 59, 68, 71-74, 118-120,
124, 130, 136, 141, 142, 149, 151-154, 158-161, 167, 173, 176, 177,
180-183, 186, 190, 191, 206, 212-215, 218, 226, 228, 230, 231, 233,
235, 238-244, 248, 261, 262, 270, 278, 282-284, 292, 296, 312

‘I_s_ma, 247, 292, 314, 347

Ism_a_‘_i_l, 41, 42, 43

Ism_a_‘_i_lians, 42, 44, 57, 59, 169, 170, 196

Isn_a_d, 75, 78, 79

Ispahan, 195

Istaw_a_, Istiw_a_, 186, 294, 301

Istidl_a_l_i_, 308

Isti_h_s_a_n, 87, 94, 96

Isti_s_l_ah_, 87, 100, 101

Isti_ta_‘a, 310

Istiw_a_; see Istaw_a_

I‘tazala ‘ann_a_, 130

Ithn_a_ ‘Ashar_i_ya, 38

I‘tib_a_r, 201, 341

I‘tib_a_r ikhtir_a_‘_i_, 342

I‘tib_a_r intiz_a_‘_i_, 342

I‘tid_a_l, 221

I‘tik_a_f, 353

‘Itq, 357

Itti_ha_d, 228, 277

Ja‘_a_la, 354

Jabarites, 292, 344

Jabr, 291, 344

Jacob, 350

Jadl_i_ya, 259

Ja‘far a_s_-_Sa_diq, 42, 173

Al-Jafr, 249

Jahannam, 306

Al-J_a_hil_i_ya, the Barbarism, or the Ignorance, 8, 74, 77, 173

Al-J_ah_i_z_, 160, 161

Jahl, 340

Jahm ibn _S_afw_a_n, 126, 138, 146, 150

Jahmites, 294, 299

J_a_’iz, 73, 316, 348

Jal_a_l ad-D_i_n ar-R_u_m_i_, 267

J_a_mi‘, 80

Jarab_u_b, 62

Jawhar, 159, 309

Jawhar r_uha_n_i_, 231

Jerusalem, 14, 40, 42, 146, 226

Jesus, ‘_I_s_a_, 42, 146, 315, 345

Jews, 24, 47, 68, 70, 133, 134, 144, 194

Jibr_i_l, 292, 293, 335, 336

Jih_a_d, 55, 63, 246, 356

Jin_a_ya, 355

Jinn, Jinn_i_, J_a_nn, 76, 281, 283, 286, 299, 304, 305, 324

Jirm, 317, 320

Jism, 143, 309

Jizya, 15, 356

John of Damascus, 89, 131, 132, 137, 146

Al-Jubb_a_‘_i_, 159, 160, 172, 188-190

Al-Junayd, 176, 177, 183, 187, 225, 282

Jurisprudentes, 85, 86

Juththa, 334

Al-Juwayn_i_; see Im_a_m al-_H_aramayn

Ka‘ba, 149, 268, 278

Kab_i_ra, 127, 296, 311, 349

Kaf_a_la, 354

Kaf_i_r, 295, 316, 328, 350;
cf. kufr, takf_i_r

“Kalila and Dimna,” 150

K_a_hin, 314

Kal_a_m, 147, 149, 151, 157, 175, 186, 188, 193, 200, 206, 208, 214,
216, 241, 242, 245, 276, 278, 286, 294, 309, 315, 335

Kal_a_m All_a_h, 146

Kal_a_m nafs_i_, _h_ad_i_th fi-n-nafs, 273, 336

Kalimat_a_-sh-shah_a_da, 300

Al-kalimat_a_n, 30

Kallima-ll_a_hu M_u_s_a_ takl_i_m_a_, 149

Kamm munfa_s_il, 325

Kamm mutta_s_il, 325

Kant, 191, 200, 201

Al-Kar_a_b_i_s_i_, 187

Kar_a_ha, 339

Kar_a_ma, 174, 213, 228, 230, 274, 281, 282, 313

Karbala, 28

Karr_a_mites, 170, 191, 195, 291, 292

Kasb, 179, 192, 292;
cf. iktis_a_b

Kashf, 120, 172, 179, 215, 269

Kashsh_a_f of az-Zamakhshar_i_, 195

Kawn, 309;
cf. takw_i_n

Kawn ‘_a_jiz, 340

Kawn j_a_hil, 340

Kawn k_a_rih, 340

Kawn mayyit, 340

Kawn mur_i_d, 337

Kawn q_a_dir, 336

Al-Kawthar, 306, 349

Kayfa, 297

Kayf_i_ya, 309, 334

Kempis, Thomas à, 177, 180

Khabar, 308

Khad_i_ja, 347

Al-Kha_d_ir, 281, 283

Khal_i_fa, Khalifate, 13-28, 32-38, 45, 47, 51-58, 297, 313;
cf. al-Khulaf_a_

Khalq, 338

Kh_a_nq_a_h, 229, 266

Khar_a_j, 15

Kharas, 340, 341

Kh_a_rijites, 23-27, 32, 40, 44, 57, 59, 123-126, 131, 172, 212, 292,
294, 296

Kha_t_ar_a_t, 331

Khi_ta_b_i_ya, 259

Khi_t_ba, 355

Khiy_a_na, 347

Khuffs, 298, 314, 347, 352, 355

Khul‘, 355

Al-Khulaf_a_-ar-r_a_shid_u_n, 22, 87, 99, 105, 114

Khur_a_s_a_n, 171, 174, 177

Khu_t_b_a_, 56

Khuzist_a_n, 25, 134

Kibr, 349

Kidhb, 347

Al-Kind_i_, 155, 161, 187

Kit_a_ba, 357

Kitm_a_n, 347

Kubr_a_ of as-San_u_s_i_, 316

Al-K_u_fa, 18, 23, 28, 83

Kufr, 157, 296, 311, 332, 349;
cf. takf_i_r, k_a_fir

Lab_i_d, 149

Laf_z_, 147, 335

Laqab, 347

Laq_it_, 354

L_a_ shay’, 328

Al-law_h_ al-ma_h_f_uz_, 335

Laylatu-l-qadr, 335

Lebanon, 48

Leibnitz, 192, 200, 203

Li‘_a_n, 355

Logos, 146-148, 151

Lucretius, 200

Luq_t_a, 354

Lu_t_f, 292

Ma‘bad al-Ju_h_ani, 128

Al-Mad_i_na, 7, 8, 18, 35, 56, 67, 69-71, 72, 82, 87, 88, 99, 101, 102,
165, 213, 216, 226, 278, 284, 346

Madrasa, 229

Ma‘d_u_m, 159, 314, 319;
cf. ‘adam

Maf_a_t_ih_ al-ghayb of ar-R_a_z_i_, 241

Magians, 144

Al-Maghrib, 243

Ma_h_all, 317, 325

Mahall (fi), 137

Al-Mahd_i_, 27, 34, 45, 63, 114, 244-249

Al-Mahd_i_, the ‘Abb_a_sid Khal_i_fa, 35, 134

Al-Mahd_i_ya, 165, 244

M_a_h_i_ya, 309

Ma_h_m_u_d of Ghazna, 170, 195, 197

Mahr, 355

Maimonides, 237

Maine, Sir Henry, 65, 85, 114

Maj_a_z_i_, 329

M_a_j_u_j, 315

Makhl_u_q_a_t, 324

Makr_u_h, 73, 347

Malay Archipelago, 62

M_a_lik ibn Anas, 35, 78, 99-103, 106, 147, 186, 245, 346

M_a_likites, 115

Ma‘mar ibn ‘Abb_a_d, 143

Maml_u_ks, 53, 54, 275

Al-Ma’m_u_n, 50, 110, 140, 144, 154-159, 162, 166, 277

Mand_u_b, 73, 347

Manichæans, 133, 134

Mansel, H. L., 237

Al-Mans_u_r, ‘Abb_a_sid Kh., 33, 34, 50, 134, 153, 154

Maq_a_ma, 176

Al-Maq_a_sid, 346

Maqb_u_l_a_t, 259

Mar’an, 314

Ma‘rifa, 201, 350

Mar_i_ya the Copt, 347

Ma‘r_u_f of al-Karkh, 175

Marw_a_n II., 32

Marw_a_n ibn al-_H_akam, 17

Mas_a_b_ih_ as-sunna of al-Baghaw_i_, 81

Mas_h_, 298, 314

Mashh_u_r_a_t, 259

Mashya, 294

Ma_s_la_h_a, 101

Masy_a_f, 49

Al-M_a_tar_i_d_i_, 187, 193, 207, 308

M_a_taridites, 200, 207, 337, 338

Matn, 75, 78

Maw_a_qif of al ‘_I_j_i_, 241

Mawj_u_b, 347;
cf. w_a_jib

Mawj_u_d, 159, 191, 314, 319;
cf. wuj_u_d

Mawlawite darw_i_shes, 267

Mawqif, 296, 349

Maw_s_il, 267

Mawt, 340

Maym_u_n, 40

Ma_z_n_u_n_a_t, 259

Mecca, 9, 17, 23, 25, 32, 46, 56, 62, 68, 174, 184, 213, 217, 226, 265,
285, 296, 346

Merv, 217

Mesnev_i_, The, 267

Mesopotamia, 23, 44, 82, 131, 187

Mi_h_na, 156, 157

Minister of Justice, 114

Mi‘r_a_j, 298, 312

Mongols, 49, 52, 53, 169

Monophysites, 181

Morocco, 35, 62

Moses, 42, 149, 192, 295, 296, 304, 336, 345

Mu‘_a_wiya, 21-23, 28, 88

Mub_ah_, 73, 348

Mubtadi‘, 307;
cf. bid‘a

Muft_i_, 115;
cf. fatw_a_

Muh_a_jirs, 8, 13, 20

Mu_h_ammad, the Prophet, 7-13, 16-22, 28, 30, 35, 37, 42-45, 56, 57, 58,
67-75, 83, 86-89, 95, 104-106, 112, 120-133, 140-150, 155, 160, 161,
164, 165, 171, 172, 175-180, 188, 210, 227-231, 243, 245, 249, 253,
254, 263, 270, 275-278, 284, 285, 292-294, 298, 305, 308, 312, 335,
336, 345, 346, 349, 350, 351

Mu_h_ammad II., Ottoman Sul_ta_n, 113

Mu_h_ammad al-‘All_a_f; see Ab_u_ Hudhayl

Mu_h_ammad al-Munta_z_ar, 187

Mu_h_ammad an-Naqshband_i_, 267

Mu_h_ammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahh_a_b, 60, 283

Mu_h_ammad ibn Ab_i_ Bakr, 18

Mu_h_ammad ibn al-_H_anaf_i_ya, 29, 31

Mu_h_ammad ibn al-_H_asan, 38, 96, 102

Mu_h_ammad ibn ‘Al_i_ as-San_u_s_i_; see as-San_u_s_i_

Mu_h_ammad ibn Ism_a_‘_i_l, 42, 43, 45

Mu_h_arram, 347

Al-Mu_ha_sib_i_; see Al-_Ha_rith

Mu_h_dath, 309;
cf. _ha_dith, _h_ud_u_th

Mu_h_dith, 309, 321

Mu_h_san, 355

Mu_h_y_i_ ad-D_i_n ibn ‘Arab_i_; see Ibn ‘Arab_i_

Al-Mu‘izz, F_at_imid Khal_i_fa, 170

Mujassim, 191, 291;
cf. jism’, tajs_i_m

M_u_jid, 325

Mu‘jiza, 141, 151, 313, 345

Mujtahid, 38, 116, 275, 287, 315

Mujtahid_u_n bil-fatw_a_, 113

Mujtahid_u_n fi-l-madh_a_hib, 113

Mujtahid_u_n mu_t_laq, 112

Mukallaf, 280, 317, 318, 321, 323, 342, 345;
cf. takl_i_f

Muk_a_shafa, 227

Mukh_a_bara, 354

Mukh_a_lafa lil-_h_aw_a_dith, 205, 210, 232, 280, 324

Mukha_ss_i_s_, 325

Mum_a_thala, 338

Mu’min, 126, 130, 350

Mumkin_a_t, 330

Munkar, 296, 298, 305, 311

Munazzah, 324

Munta_z_ar, 313;
see, too, Mu_h_ammad al-Munta_z_ar

Muqallad, 316, 350;
cf. taql_i_d

Al-Muqanna‘, 30

Munqidh min a_d_-dal_a_l of al-Ghazz_a_l_i_, 216, 225, 239

Muqarrab, 306

Al-Muqtadir, ‘Abb_a_sid Kh., 184

Mur_a_bi_t_s, 246, 251

Marji’ites, 122-127, 129, 131, 132, 171, 193, 214, 292

Murtadd, 24, 297

M_u_s_a_, see Moses

M_u_s_a_ al-Qazam, 42

Mus_a_q_a_t, 354

Musallam_a_t, 259

Musannaf, 79

Musaylima, 150

Mushabbih, 191;
cf. bil_a_ kayfa

Mush_a_hada, 327

Mushrik, 284, 299;
cf. shirk, shar_i_k

Muslim, 80

Musnad, 79, 110

Al-Mu_st_af_a_, 300

Musta_h_abb, 73

Musta_hi_l, 316

Mustan_s_ir, F_at_imid Kh., 170

Mutakallims, 147, 186, 193-196, 215, 231, 262, 276, 337

Al-Mu‘tasim, ‘Abb_a_sid Kh., 157, 158, 162, 163

Mutaq_a_bil_a_t, 330

Al-Mutawakkil, ‘Abb_a_sid Kh., 157, 162

Mutaw_a_tir, 308

Mu‘tazilites, 37, 57, 120, 130, 135-138, 140, 143-146, 151-159, 166,
168, 171, 172, 175, 176, 184-196, 200, 207, 208, 211-214, 220-226,
241, 248, 291-294, 298, 299, 311, 336, 337, 343, 344

Muwa_hh_ids, 179, 207, 246-257, 261-265, 284, 296, 307

Muwa_tt_a’ of M_a_lik ibn Anas, 78, 82, 101, 102

Al-Muzd_a_r, 151

Mzab in Algeria, 26, 59

Nabateans, 44

Nab_i_, 263, 312, 345

Nab_i_dh, 314

Nadhr, 356

Nafaqa, 355

Naf_i_sa, The Lady, 173

Nafs, 234, 272, 334

Nah_a_wand, 14, 133

Naj_a_s_a_t, 352

Najd, 60

Najj_a_rites, 292

Nak_i_r, 296, 298, 305, 311

Naq_i_b, 268

Naql, 120, 148, 157, 214, 269, 297, 310

Naqshbandite darw_i_shes, 267

Narbonne, 83

An-Nasaf_i_, 193, 207, 277, 308

An-Nas_a_’_i_, 81, 152

N_a_sir ibn Khusraw, 170

An-N_as_ir, Maml_u_k Sul_ta_n, 277

An-Na_s_r al-Manb_i_j_i_, 277

Na_ss_, 29, 95, 292

Nays_a_b_u_r, 217, 229

Na_z_r, 208

An-Na_zza_m, 140, 143, 152

Neo-Platonism, 163, 164, 168, 180, 181, 196, 232, 235, 236, 253, 255,
264, 272

Nik_ah_, 354

Nisba, 337

Ni_za_m al-Mulk, 213, 217, 218

Ni_za_mite Academy, 213, 217

Noah, or N_uh_, 42, 43, 345

Nu_s_ayrites, 59

Old Man of the Mountain, Shaykh al-jabal, 49

Ottoman Sul_ta_n, 10, 56, 58, 59

Ottoman Turks, 36, 52, 53, 54, 60

Pan-Isl_a_mic movement, 59

Parsees, 194

People of Paradise, 139

People of the Sunna, 336, 337

Persia, Persian, 14, 23, 31, 36-41, 44, 49, 50, 51, 82, 131-134, 150,
155, 157, 184

Persian Gulf, 60

Persian mysticism, 5

Plato, 134, 162-165, 235

Plotinus, Plotinian, 163-165, 182, 231, 256, 269, 280

Porphyrius, 163

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, 181, 182

Ptolemaic system, 233

Ptolemy, 134

Pythagoreanism, 168, 170

Qa_da_, 291, 295, 342, 356

Qadar, 128, 135-137, 242, 291, 293, 295, 342

Qadarites, 122, 127-132, 135, 137, 140, 292, 344

Q_adi_, 115, 156, 245, 356

Qad_i_m, 143, 300, 322, 343

Al-Q_a_dir, ‘Abb_a_sid Kh., 193-195

Q_a_dir, 319

Q_a_dirite darw_i_shes, 267, 269

Al-Q_a_dis_i_ya, 14, 133

Q_a_n_u_ns, 114

Qarma_t_ians, 44, 46, 170, 184, 188

Qasm, 356

Qatt_a_t, 350

Qawl, 296

Qidam, 322

Qir_ad_, 354

Qi_sas_, 355

Al-Qiy_a_ma, 349;
cf. Yawm

Qiy_a_m bin-nafs, 325

Qiy_a_s, 87, 94, 209, 247, 347

Qub_d_a, 329

Qudra, 192, 234, 294, 310, 319, 322, 328, 344

Al-Qudra al-azal_i_ya, 234

Qur’_a_n, 24, 42, 62, 69-71, 76, 77, 85, 94-96, 99, 103-106, 109, 117,
121, 128-130, 135, 138-141, 145-152, 155-158, 161-163, 171, 178, 188,
190, 195-198, 206, 209, 210, 231, 235, 238, 241, 245-249, 252, 253,
257-259, 263, 271, 272-275, 282-284, 295, 297, 303, 304, 310, 335,
345, 346

Quraysh, 10, 57, 305, 313

Al-Qushayr_i_, 213

Qu_t_b, 268, 282

Q_u_wa, 328

Rabelais, 199

R_a_bi‘a, 173

R_a_fi_d_ites, 212

R_a_hib, 125, 172

Rahn, 354

Rama_da_n, 188, 292, 293

Ar-R_a_shid, the Muwa_hh_id, 263, 264

Ras_a_’il ikhw_a_n a_s_-_s_af_a_, 168

Ras_u_l, 263, 308, 312, 345

Ra’y, 86, 94

Razq, 338

Red Sea, 60

Responsa prudentium, 85

Ri_da_, 310

Rif_a_‘ite darw_i_shes, 267, 268

Ris_a_la, 292

Ris_a_la of al-Qushayr_i_, 213

Ritschl, 238

Rizq, 179, 298, 299, 311, 317

R_uh_, 141, 231, 272

Rukh_s_a, 283

Ru’ya, 310, 344

As-s_a_‘a, 293, 294, 315

Sab_i_l All_a_h, 18

Sab‘_i_nite darw_i_shes, 267

Sab‘_i_ya, 42

Sa‘da, 36

Sa‘d ad-D_i_n; see at-Taft_a_z_a_n_i_

_S_afawids, 38

As-Saff_ah_, ‘Abb_a_sid Kh., 32

_S_agh_i_ra, 127, 311, 349

Sahara, 62

_Sah_iba, 294

_Sah_ibs, 9, 16, 19, 71, 72, 75, 79, 88, 101, 105, 147, 180, 275, 276,
282, 283, 293, 297, 307, 314, 346

_S_a_h_’fa, 75, 77, 335

_S_a_hi_fa of al-Bukh_a_r_i_, 35, 79-81

_S_a_hih_ of Muslim, 80, ff.

Sa‘_i_d ibn A_h_mad ibn ‘Abd All_a_h, 45

Sa’i_h_s, 172

Saladin; see _S_al_ah_ ad-D_i_n

As-salaf, 157, 190, 297

_S_al_ah_, 292, 343;
cf. A_s_la_h_

_S_al_ah_ ad-D_i_n, 49, 241

Salam, 353

Salam_a_n, 253, f.

Salam_i_ya, 44

_S_al_a_t, _S_alaw_a_t, 178, 292, 293, 352

_Sa_li_h_, the prophet, 346

Sal_i_m, Ottoman Sul_ta_n, 56

Salj_u_qs, 207

_S_al_uhi_ qad_i_m, 328

Sam‘, 292, 294, 333

Sam_a_’ ad-Dunya, 297

_S_amam, 340

S_a_m_a_nids, 36

Samarqand, 82, 187, 207

Sam_i_‘, 337, 349

_S_an‘_a_, 36

As-San_u_s_i_, Mu_h_ammad ibn ‘Al_i_, 61, 120, 244, 269, 273, 284

As-San_u_s_i_, Mu_h_ammad ibn Y_u_suf, 315-318, 322, 323, 328, 334,
341, 347

Sar_i_ as-Saqa_ti_, 175-177, 268

Satan, 298, 299;
cf. shay_ta_n

_S_awm, 292;
cf. _S_iy_a_m

Sayf ad-Dawla, the Hamd_a_nid, 162, 165

Sayyid Murta_da_, 285, 300

Semites, Semitic, 5, 51, 125, 126, 182

Sergius, father of John of Damascus, 131

Seth, 43

Ash-Sh_a_dhil_i_, 267, 269

Sh_a_dhilite darw_i_shes, 267

Shah_a_da, 356

Shaf_a_‘a, 174, 296, 307, 311, 349

Ash-Sh_a_fi‘_i_, 67, 103-111, 173, 187

Sh_a_fi‘ites, 110, 115

Sh_a_hs of Persia, 38

Shakk, 332

Shar’, 345

Ash-Sha‘r_a_n_i_, 279, 281, 283, 285

Ash-Sh_a_hrast_a_n_i_, 213, 224, 291, 293

Shar_i_‘a, 282

Shar_if_s of Mecca, 58, 265

Shar_if_s of Morocco, 35, 59, 247

Shar_i_k, 300, 321, 326;
cf. shirk, mushrik

Shay’, 159, 314, 322

Shaykh, 177

Shaykh al-Isl_a_m, 113

Shaykh ‘_I_lw_a_n, 268

Shay_ta_ns, 304

Shem, 43

Ash-Shibl_i_, 176, 177, 225

Shih_a_b ad-D_i_n as-Suhraward_i_, 241

Sh_i_‘ites, Sh_i_‘a, 5, 13, 19, 26-36, 39-41, 48, 51, 52, 56, 59, 115,
116, 121, 123, 131, 159, 165, 184, 185, 193-195, 212, 247, 249, 292,
298

Shirk, 123, 127;
cf. shar_i_k, mushrik

Shirka, 354

Shu‘ayb, 346

Shuf‘a, 354

A_s_-_S_idd_i_q, 313

_S_idq, 347

_S_ifa nafs_i_ya, 319

_S_if_a_t, 136, 151, 291, 309

_S_if_a_t adh-dh_a_t, 291

_S_if_a_t al-fi‘l, 291, 338

_S_if_a_t al-ma‘_a_n_i_, 337

_S_if_a_t ‘aql_i_ya, 190

_S_if_a_t at-ta’th_i_r, 333

_S_if_a_t ma‘naw_i_ya, 337

_S_if_a_t salab_i_ya, 328

Sijist_a_n, 171

A_s_-_S_ir_at_, 296, 306, 311, 349

_S_iy_a_m, 353

Solomon, 286

Spain, 33, 82, 132, 194, 209, 246

Spanish Isl_a_m, 132

Stephen bar Sudaili, 181

Stewart (Balfour) and Tait, 235

Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, 48

_Su_f, 130

_Su_f_i_, _Su_f_i_ism, 130, 172, 173, 176-178, 185, 213, 216-219, 222,
225-229, 232, 235, 236, 239, 248, 250, 252, 253, 261, 262, 264, 267,
268, 274, 276-278, 282, 284, 309

S_u_fis_t_iq_i_ya, 308

_Su_f_i_ya, 173

Sufy_a_n ath-Thawr_i_, 97, 98

_S_ughr_a_ of as-San_u_s_i_, 341

As-Suhraward_i_; see Shih_a_b ad-D_i_n

Sulaym_a_n the Great, 54

_S_ul_h_, 354

Sunna, 74, 75, 88, 190, 282, 293, 297, 298, 307, 345

Sunan, 75, 81

Sunnites, 19, 35, 38, 51, 52, 59, 116, 194, 247, 298

_Su_ra, 232

Suso, the mystic, 180

Syria, 21-23, 28, 45, 46, 49, 50, 82, 84, 98, 131, 226

Ta‘addud, 339

Ta‘allaqa, 328

Ta’alluqu-l-qab_d_ati, 329

Tab‘, 328, 339

Tabarist_a_n, 36

Tabi‘_i_y_u_n, 161, 221, 293, 346

Tabl_i_gh, 347

Tabor, Mount, 178

Tadb_i_r, 357

Ta_d_l_i_l, 292

Taf_si_l_i_, 316

At-Taft_a_z_a_n_i_, 242, 269, 308, 318, 345, 346

Tah_a_fut of al-Ghazz_a_l_i_, 229, 237, 240, 257, 286

_T_ah_a_ra, 351

A_t_-_T_a_ha_w_i_, 187, 193

Ta_h_l_i_l, 276

Ta_h_s_i_n, 292

Tajs_i_m, 209, 246

Takallam, 147

Takf_i_r, 292

Takl_i_f, 137, 310

Takw_i_n, 310, 338

_T_al_a_q, 355

_T_al_h_a, 21, 25

Ta‘l_i_l, 339

Ta‘l_i_m, 197

Ta‘l_i_mites, 197, 219, 224, 228

Tanj_i_z_i_, 328

Taqb_ih_, 292

Taq_i_ya, 126

Taql_i_d, 209, 217, 246, 261, 270, 286, 316, 318, 323, 350

_T_ar_i_qa, 282

Tasalsul, 201, 322

Tasd_i_q, 312, 350

Tawallud, 142, 144

Tawakkul, 179, f.

Tawba, 292, 349

Taw_hi_d, 156, 175, 176, 246, 291, 300, 315, 349;
cf. muwa_hh_id

Ta’w_i_l, 246

Tawl_i_d, 142

Tawr_a_t, 303

Tayammum, 352

Theodoras Abucara, 132

Thiqa, 293, 296

The Thousand and One Nights, 97, 286

Thum_a_ma ibn Ashras, 144

Tigris, 50, 133

At-Tirmidh_i_, 81

Toledo, 82

Tours, 82, f.

Tripolis, 62

_Tu_f_a_n, 329, f.

Tughril Beg, 52, 207, 212, f.

Turkish mysticism, 5

_Tu_s, 216, 229, 230, 267

The Twelve Tables, 85

‘Ubayd All_a_h al-Mahd_i_, 45, 46, 244

U_dh_iya, 356

‘Ulam_a_, 54, 233, 307

Ul_u_h_i_ya, 326

Ul_u_-l-‘azm, 345

‘Um_a_n, 24, 26, 59

‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Az_i_z, Umayyad Kh., 104

‘Umar ibn al-Kha_tta_b, 2nd Kh., 13-19, 23, 24, 36, 44, 56, 86, 93, 165,
275, 297, 307, 313, 346

‘Umar al-Khayy_a_m, 198, 199

‘Umar ibn al-F_a_ri_d_, 266

Umayya, 10, 16

Umayyads, 9, 17-19, 22, 25, 27, 32, 33, 53, 77, 78, 88-93, 104, 123,
131, 133, 153, 209

Umayyads of Cordova, 45

Umm walad, 357

‘Urf, 94, 113

‘Uthm_a_n ibn ‘Aff_a_n, 3rd Kh., 17-22, 25, 36, 71, 297, 307, 313, 346

Vincent of Lerins, 101

Volubilis, 35

Wa‘d, 292

Wad_i_‘a, 354

Wa_h_d_a_n_i_ya, 325

Al-Wahh_a_b, 211

Wahh_a_bites, 60-62, 109, 113, 115, 120, 273, 278, 279, 283-285

Al-W_a_hib, 211

Wa_h_y, 281

Wa‘_i_d, Wa‘_i_dites, 129, 292

W_a_jib, 73, 316, 318

Wak_a_la, 354

Wal_a_, 357

Walad, 294, 330

Wal_i_, 139, 173, 263, 267, 268, 274, 275, 281-285, 313, 326

Wal_i_ma, 355

Wal_i_ya, 173

Waqf, 354

W_a_rith, 354

W_a_sil ibn ‘At_a_, 37, 129, 135, 136, 150

Wa_si_ya, 354

Wa_si_ya of Ibn S_i_n_a_, 198, 228

Al-W_a_thiq, ‘Abb_a_sid Kh., 157

Wu_du_, 318, 352

Wuj_u_d, 159, 191, 316-319, 352

Wu_su_l, 228

Y_a_j_u_j, 315

Al-Yaman, 60, 284

Yam_i_n, 356

Ya‘q_u_b; see Jacob

Yathrib, 67

Yawm al-qiy_a_ma, 295, 349

Yaz_i_d, 19, 28

Yehuda Halevi, 237

Zabb_u_r, 304

Zab_i_d in Tih_a_ma, 285

Z_a_hid, 173, 180

Z_a_hida, 173

_Za_hir, 314

_Za_hirites, 110, 112, 208, 209, 247, 249, 252, 261, 264, 287

_Za_hr, 42

Zak_a_t, 292, 293, 353

Az-Zamakhshar_i_, 195

_Z_ann, 332

Zanzibar, 26, 59, 115

Zaydites, 36, 37, 46, 57, 59, 116, 188

_Z_ih_a_r, 355

Zin_a_, 355

Zind_i_qs, 134

Zoroastrianism, 133, 134, 183

Az-Zubayr, 21, 25

Az-Zuhr_i_, 91

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