Diego Collado's Grammar of the Japanese Language

Chapter IV: Book III (1)

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The Written Language 67-75
The Various Kinds of Names 75v-98v

Of particular interest in the context of Collado's grammar is the manner in which Rodriguez displays the verbal system. While the _Ars Grammaticae_ presents the verbal system as a series of alterational rules to be applied to the base forms, the _Arte Breve_ goes even further than the _Arte_ to differentiate the formational rules from the conjugational displays. Rodriguez tries several devices to elucidate his material. For example, Charts A and B below represent very early attempts to use a bordered format for linguistic description.

In order to indicate the differences to be found between the descriptions presented by Rodriguez and Collado, I have extracted the formational rules from the _Arte Breve_ and, setting aside only two short appendices dealing with variant forms, present them here in their entirety.

_THE CONJUGATION AND FORMATION OF THE TENSES AND MOODS OF THE VERBS_

_All the verbs of this language may be reduced _(se reduzem)_ to four affirmative and three negative conjugations. This is because the negative conjugation of the adjectival verb, which we discussed before,[11] agrees with the second of the three conjugations; and the conjugation of the substantive verb _S[vo]rai_, _S[vo]r[vo]_, or _soro_, which is an abbreviated form of _Samburai_, _sambur[vo]_[12] both in the affirmative and the negative is reduced to the third conjugation. At this point we will treat the three affirmative and three negative ordinary conjugations of the regular personal verbs.[13] Following this, and on account of its particular usage and formation, we will discuss the conjugation of the adjectival verb._

_The verbs of this language do not change _(naõ f[~e] variedade)_ to show person and number as do those of Latin; rather, one form _(voz)_ {15} is used for all persons, singular and plural. Number and person are understood according to the subject _(Naminativo [_sic_])_, or pronoun, which is joined to the verb. The moods of the verb, which in this language have distinct forms for the tenses, are indicative, imperative, conjunctive, conditional, and preterit participle. The remaining moods are made up of these forms joined to certain particles. Each mood has but three tenses which have distinct forms; these are preterit, present, and future. These forms are signified by the Japanese terms _(vocabulos)_ _Quaco_, _ghenzai_, _mirai_. The preterit imperfect and pluperfect are made up of the present, preterit, and preterit participle together with the substantive verb, as will be seen below in the conjugations._

_Concerning the formation of the tenses and moods of the verbs in general, one is reminded that to understand the actual root _(raiz)_ and the natural formation of all the tenses and moods, both affirmative and negative, it is extremely important to take notice of the usage of the _Goyn_,[14] which are the five vowels _(cinco letras vogaes)_ in the syllables which are below each aforementioned formation; and that it is also important to understand _Canadzucai_,[15] which is the way to write with _Firagana_ as well as the way one joins together syllables, or letters, to form other words _(palauras)_, while noticing which syllable is changed by which, what constitutes long, short, or diphthongal syllables, which combinations cause contraction _(sincope)_, which cause augmentation _(incremento)_ of the verb, whether one makes a syllable liquid _(liquescit)_[16] or not, and how the tenses of the moods are written with the same _Cana_.[17] The term _Goyn_, not only indicates the syllables, or _Cana_, which are transformed to others, such as _Fa_, _Fe_, _Fi_, _Fo_, _Fu_, which are changed to the closely related sounds _Ba_, _Be_, _Bi_, _Bo_, _Bu_ and _Pa_, _Pe_, _Pi_, _Po_, _Pu_; but it also indicates another kind of change from one sound to another in the same order _(ordem)_, as happens among the syllables _Fa_, _Fe_, _Fi_, _Fo_, _Fu_. _Ba_, _Be_, _Bi_, _Bo_, _Bu_. _Ma_, _Me_, _Mi_, _Mo_, _Mu_, {16} etc. where often by rule _(regna)_ _Ma_ is changed to _Mi_; or to the contrary _Bu_ to _Ba_ and _Bi_ to _Ba_, and likewise for others. The greater part of the formation of the tenses of each mood is confined to such changes, as is clearly seen in the way one writes the tense forms with _Cana_. It is to this that another change belongs. That which exists among those syllables having a certain relationship and rapport between them, as _Ma_, _Fa_, _Ba_, _Pa_; _Me_, _Fe_, _Be_, _Pe_; _Mi_, _Fi_, _Bi_, _Pi_; _Mo_, _Fo_, _Bo_, _Po_; _Mu_, _Fu_, _Bu_, _Pu_; with _Mu_ and _V_. Thus, what is written _Vma_ in _Cana_ is written _Muma_, and _Mume_ written for _Vme_ in order to conform more closely to its pronunciation.[18] Also _Mu_ is written for _Bu_[19] so that all the harmony _(armonia)_ in the formations of this language are contained in the rules for _Goyn_ and _Canadzucai_. Those who are informed see, as native speakers, how the tenses are formed for any mood, and which letter, or syllable, must be changed to another to affect a formation. Concerning this matter there is a booklet[20] which teaches _Canadzucai_, and the general rules on the subject. Teachers should have this booklet to teach more easily and advantageously those students who are learning _Cana_. Lacking a knowledge of _Goyn_ and _Canadzucai_, some of the rules which until now have been used in the formation of verbs (some of which I have let remain as they were), are not the original and natural rules as are the _Goyn_.[21] They are rather devices, some forming affirmative tenses and moods from negative forms and others forming them from yet other more remote sources, which appear to correspond to formational rules, but for which the proper rules are not known. The fact is that the affirmative as well as negative are formed from the affirmative, beginning with the root, as will be seen below._

_Speaking in general of the formation of the verb, the forms of the indicative and imperative moods of all three conjugations are formed from the root of the verb. The rest of the tenses in the other affirmative moods are formed from either the indicative or imperative forms. In the same way, the negative indicative present is formed from the root of the verb and the other tenses of the indicative are formed from {17} the present form. The other negative moods are formed from the indicative forms._

FORMATION OF THE TENSES FOR THE INDICATIVE AND IMPERATIVE MOODS OF THE VERBS OF THE FIRST AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION

_The final syllables of the roots of the first affirmative conjugation, by which the verbs conjugated here are known, and from which the tenses of the indicative will be formed, end in _E_, with the exception of the verb "to do," _Xi_, or _Ii_, with its compounds and certain other verbs which end in _I_. The verbs which belong to the first conjugation, are as follows [in Charts A & B]._

_The verb _Xi_ "to do," with its compounds ending in _Xi_ or _Ii_, follows the formation of the verbs of the first conjugation. _Ii_ is _Xi_ which has been changed _(alterado)_ to _Ii_ because it follows the letter _N_. _Xi_ conforms to the rules for the syllables which are changed _(se mudam)_ to others. Thus:_

Xi _In the present change _Xi_ to Suru, xita, xeô, ôzu, ôzuru,
_Suru_. In the preterit add xeyo, xenu, _or_ zu.
Faixi _Ta_ to the root. In the future Faisuru, faixita, faixeô,
change _Xi_ to _Xeô_. In the faixeyo, faixenu.
Tayxi[22] imperative change _Xi_ to _Xe_ Tassuru, taxxita, taxxeò,
and add _Yo_, _i_, or _sai_. In taxxeyo, taxxenu.
Gaxxi the negative add _Nu_, or _zu_ Gassuru, gaxxita, gaxxeô,
to _Xe_._ gaxxeyo, gaxxenu.

Zonji _In the present _Ii_ is changed Zonzuru, zonjita, zonjeô,
to _Zuru_. In the preterit _Ta_ ôzu, ôzuru, zonjeyo,
is added to the root. In the zonjenu.
Caronji future _Ii_ is changed to _Ieô_, Caronzuru, caronjita,
etc._ _etc._

Vomonji Vomonzuru, vomonjita.
Sanji Sanzuru, sanjita.
Goranji Goranzuru, goranjita.
Soranji Soranzuru, soranjita.
Ganji Canzuru, canjita.
Manji Manzuru, manjita.

_Many of these verbs have another, less used, form made by adding _Ru_ to the root; e.g., _Abi, abiru_; _Mochiy, mochiyru_; _xiy, xiyru_. Among these are some that have only this second form and lack the first; e.g., _Mi, miru_; _Ni, niru_; _Fi, firu_; _Cagammi, cagammiru_; _Ki, kiru_ "to dress," as distinct from _Ki, kuru_ "to come"; and _y, yru_._

{18}

CHART A

[The Formation of First Conjugation Verbs Ending in _E_]

{19}

CHART B

{20}

FORMATION OF THE OPTATIVE, CONJUNCTIVE, AND CONDITIONAL MOODS, AND THE PARTICIPLE

_The optative mood does not have forms of its own but compensates for this in part by adding to the imperative certain particles which indicate desire, in part by adding to the future indicative particles which show regret for not doing something, and in part by circumlocutions with the conditional mood and certain particles, as will be seen in the conjugations._

_The conjunctive mood has two sorts of proper forms. The first is the common and ordinary form ending in _Eba_, corresponding to the Latin _cum_. The other ends in _Domo_, corresponding to the particle "although _(posto que)_." The other verbs of this mood do not have their own forms, but are expressed by circumlocutions as we shall see.[24]_

_The present tense of the first conjunctive is formed from the present indicative by changing the final _Ru_ to _Reba_; e.g., _Motomureba_. For the preterit _Reba_ is added to the preterit indicative; e.g., _Motometareba_. For the future the final _Ru_ of the third form of the future indicative is changed to _Reba_; e.g., _Motomeôzureba_. For a second form of the future the syllable _R[vo]_ is added to the indicative preterit perfect; e.g., _Motometar[vo]_. This particle is _Ran_ in the written language; e.g., _Motometaran_.[25] An utterance _(oraçam)_ does not end in this form, but must be followed by a noun.[26]_

_The present tense of the second conjunctive is formed by changing the final _Ru_ of the present indicative to _Redomo_; e.g., _Motomuredomo_. For the preterit _Redomo_ is added to the indicative preterit perfect; e.g., _Motometaredomo_. Strictly speaking this form is _Motomete aredomo_, losing the _E_ of the participle. Furthermore, _Motometa_, together with the other preterit forms in _Ta_ is from _Motometearu_ which is first elided to _Motometaru_ and then by common usage _(pratica)_ to _Motometa_. All of which is seen in its _Canadzucai_. For the future, the final _Ru_ of the future indicative is changed to _Redomo_; e.g., _Motomeôzuredomo_._

_The conditional mood, for the present tense, is formed by adding the syllable _Ba_ to the root of the verb and _Naraba_ or _Ni voiteua_ to the {21} present tense form; e.g., _Motomeba_, _motomuru naraba_, and _motomuruni voiteua_. For the preterit, _Raba_, _Naraba_, or _Ni voiteua_ are added to the indicative preterit; e.g., _Motometaraba_, which is in reality _Motomete araba_, _motometa naraba_, and _motometani voiteua_. For the future _Naraba_ or _Ni voiteua_ are added to the future forms; e.g., _Motomeô naraba_ and _motomeôni voiteua_. The present tense forms are also used for the future._

VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION THAT END IN I

_There are some irregular verbs ending in _I_ which follow the formational rules of the first conjugation, both affirmative and negative. There are a precise number of them. Those which have been found to date are shown below. They are formed for the present indicative by changing _I_ to _Uru_, for the preterit by adding _Ta_ to the root of the verb, and for the future by adding long _û_, _ûzu_, or _ûzuru_ to the same root. For the present conditional _Ba_ is added to the root, for the preterit _Raba_ is added to the preterit indicative, and for the future _Naraba_ is added to the future indicative. For the present conjunctive the _Ru_ of the present indicative is changed to _Reba_, for the preterit _Reba_ is added to the same preterit indicative, and for the future the final _Ru_ of the future is changed to _Reba_. All the other forms are formed as has been stated for the formation of the first conjugation. Thus:[27]_

{ Abi, aburu, abita, abiû, ûzu, ûzuru, abiyo, _or_ sai, abiba,
{ taraba.
{ Cabi, caburu, cabita, cabiû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, sai, biba,
{ bitaraba.
Abi { Carabi, caraburu, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, sai, biba, taraba.
{ Sabi, saburu, sabita, sabiû, ûzu, ûzuru, sabiyo, bisai, biba,
{ taraba.
{ Vabi, vaburu, vabita, vabiû, ûzu, ûzuru, yo, sai, biba,
{ bitaraaba.

{ Nobi, buru, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
{ Corobi, buru, bita, biû, biûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba,
{ bitaraba.
Obi { Forobi, buru, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
{ Fitobi, bu, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
{ Fokorobi, bu, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.

Ubi { Furubi, bu, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.

{22}

Vochi, { Chi _to_ } Votçuru, chita, chiû, chiyo, chiba, tçureba.
Cuchi, { Tçuru } Cutçuru, chita, chiû, chiyo, chiba, tçureba.

Fagi, { _Change_ } Fadzuru, fagita, giû, giyo, giba, gitaraba.
Vogi, { Gi _to_ } Vodzuru, gita, giû, giyo, giba, gitaraba.
Negi, { Dzu } Nedzuru, gita, giû, giyo, giba, gitaraba.

Mochiy, } _the_ { Mochiyuru, mochiyta, chiyû, yûzu, ûzuru, iyo,
} _final_ { yba, yttaraba.
Xiy, } Y { Xiyuru, xiyta, yû iyo, yba ytaraba.
Mimixiy, } _to_ { Mimixiyta, mimixiyte, _Defective_.
Mexiy, } Yuru { Mexiytaru, mexiyte, _Defective_.

Y, yru, yta, yû, ûzu, ûzuru, yyo, yba, yreba. _To be_
Ki, kiru, kita kiû, kiyo, _&c._ _To wear_
Ki, kuru, kita, kô, kôzu, kôzuru, koyo _or_ koi. _To Come_
Coru, coruru, corita, coriû, _&c._
Furi, fururu, furita, furiû, _&c._
Iki, ikuru, ikita, ikiû, _&c._
Ideki, idekuru, idekita, idekiû, _&c._
Deki, dekuru, dekita, dekiû, _&c._
Voki, vokuru, vokita, vokiû, _&c._
Tçuki, tçukuru, tçukita, tçukiû, _&c._
Vori, voruru, vorita, voriû, _&c._
Vrami, vramuru, vramita, vramiû, _&c._
Cagammi, cagammiru, cagammita, cagammiû, _&c._
Mi, miru, mita, miû, _&c._
Ni, niru, nita, niû, _&c._
Sughi, sughuru, sughita, sughiû, _&c._

FORMATION OF THE VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION

_All the roots of second conjugation verbs end in_ I. _There are eight final syllables for these verbs; i.e._, Bi, Chi, Ghi, Ki, Mi, Ni, Ri, Xi. _It is by these syllables that the verbs of the second conjugation (except for those mentioned above as being in the first conjugation) are recognized, and from which the tenses are formed._

_The roots ending in the syllables_ Bi, Ghi, Ki, Mi, _and_ Ri _change the_ I _to_ V _for the present tense; e.g._, Tobi, tobu; Coghi, coghu; Caki, caku; Yomi, yomu; Kiri, kiru.

_Those ending in_ Chi _change to_ Tçu _for the present; e.g._, Mochi, motçu; Cachi, catçu; Tachi, tatçu.

_Those ending in_ Ni _change to_ Nuru _for the present; e.g._, Xini, xinuru; Yni, ynuru.[28]

{23}

_Those ending in _Xi_ change to _Su_ for the present; e.g., _Fanaxi, fanasu_; _Cudaxi, cudasu_; _Taraxi, tarasu_._

_For the preterit those ending _Obi_ and _Omi_ change to _ôda_; e.g., _Yomi, yôda_; _Tobi, tôda_; _Yobi, yôda_; _Yorocobi, yorocôda_. _Tomi_ becomes _tonda_._

_Those ending in _Abi_ and _Ami_ change to _[vo]da_; e.g., _Yerabi, yer[vo]da_; _Vogami, vog[vo]da_; _Yami, y[vo]da_._

_Those ending in _Imi_ change to _ûda_; e.g., _Najimi, naj[vu]da_; _Nijimi, nij[vu]da_; _Ximi, xûda_.[29]_

_Those ending in _Umi_ and _Ubi_ change their endings to _Vnda_ or in some instances _ûda_. While some have two forms others have only one form which is seen in use, the more general is _Vnda_; e.g., _Musubi, musunda_; _Susumi, susunda_ or _susûda_; _Nusumi, nusunda_ or _nusûda_; _Sumi, sunda_ or _sûda_; _Cumi, cunda_ only._

_Those ending in _Ebi_ and _Emi_ change to _Eôda_; e.g., _Sakebi, sakeôda_; _Sonemi, soneôda_._

_Those ending in _Ghi_ change to _Ida_; e.g., _Auoghi, auoida_; _Voyoghi, voyoida_; _Coghi, coida_._

_Those ending in _Ni_ change to _Inda_; e.g., _Xini, xinda_; _Yni, ynda_._

_Those ending in _Chi_ and _Ri_ change to _Tta_; e.g., _Machi, matta_; _Cachi, catta_; _Tachi, tatta_; _Kiri, kitta_; _Chiri, chitta_; _Cari, catta_._

_Those ending in _Ki_ and _Xi_ change to _Ita_; e.g., _Caki, caita_; _Faki, faita_; _Nuki, nuita_; _Todoki, todoita_; _Sosoki, sosoita_; _Saxi, saita_; _Fataxi, fataita_; _Maxi, maita_ or _maxita_; _Coxi, coita_ or _ oxita_. The following add _Ta_ to the root; e.g., _Moxi, moxita_; _Muxi, muxita_; _Fuxi, fuxita_; _Mexi, mexita_._

_The future can be formed in two ways. The first and more common way is to change _I_ to _[vo]_, _[vo]zu_, or _[vo]zuru_; e.g., _Yomi, yom[vo], yom[vo]zu, yom[vo]zuru_; _Yerabi, yerab[vo]_, etc.; _Kiri, kir[vo]_; _Xini, xin[vo]_; _Auoghi, auog[vo]_.[30] Those ending in _Chi_ change to _T[vo]_; e.g., _Cachi, cat[vo]_, etc.; _machi, mat[vo]_. Those ending in _Xi_ change to _S[vo]_; e.g., _M[vo]xi, m[vo]s[vo]_; _Nagaxi, nagas[vo]_; _Mexi, mes[vo]_; _Coxi, cos[vo]_, etc. The other way, which is easy too, is to change the final _V_ of the present indicative to _[vo]_; e.g., _Yomu, yom[vo]_; _Kiku, kik[vo]_; _M[vo]su, m[vo]s[vo]_; _Mesu, mes[vo]_. Those ending in {24} _çu_ change to _T[vo]_; e.g., _Tatçu, tat[vo]_; _Catçu, cat[vo]_. Those ending in _Nuru_ change to _N[vo]_; e.g., _Xinuru, xin[vo]_; _Ynuru, yn[vo]_. This second rule seems to be more naturally in accord with the rules for the Japanese language._

_The imperative changes the final _I_ of the root to _E_. Those ending in _Chi_ change to _Te_; e.g., _Yome_; _Kike_; _Tamochi, tamote_; _Vchi, ute_; _Machi, mate_._

_The present conjunctive is formed by adding _Ba_ to the imperative; e.g., _Yomeba_; _Tateba_.[31] For the preterit, _Reba_ is added to the preterit indicative; e.g., _Yôdarebe_.[32] For the future the final _Ru_ of the future indicative is changed to _Reba_; e.g., _Yom[vo]zureba_. The conjunctive in _Domo_ is formed in the same manner; e.g., _Yomedomo, yôdaredomo, yom[vo]zuredomo_._

_The conditional is formed from the future indicative by changing the _[vo]_ to _Aba_; e.g., _Yomaba_; _Tataba_.[33] The preterit is formed by adding _Raba_ to the indicative preterit; e.g., _Yôdaraba_; _Tattaraba_.[34]_

_The preterit participle is formed from the preterit by changing the _A_ to _E_; e.g., _Yôde_; _Kite_; _Tatte_. The present participle, in _Te_, is formed by adding _Te_ ['hand'] to the root of any verb. This is properly a substantive and thus governs the genitive as do the other substantives. It does not indicate tense; e.g., _Yomite_; _Cakite_; _Machite_, etc._

_The negative present can be formed in two ways. The first, and that which accords with the rules for _Canadzucai_, is formed by changing _I_ of the root to _Anu_ or _Azu_; e.g., _Corobi, corobanu, corobazu_; _Yomi, yomanu_, etc.; _Coghi, coghanu_; _Caki, cacanu_;[35] _Kiri, kiranu_; _ini, inanu_. Those ending in _Chi_ change to _Tanu_; e.g., _Tachi, tatanu_. Those ending in _Xi_ change to _Sanu_; e.g., _Fanasanu_. Another formation common to all is made with the future indicative by changing _[vo]_ to _Anu_ or _Azu_; e.g., _Corob[vo], corobanu, corobazu_; _Yom[vo], yomanu_, etc.; _Cogh[vo], coghanu_; _Cak[vo], cakanu_; _Kir[vo], kiranu_; _In[vo], inanu_; _Tat[vo], tatanu_; _Mat[vo], matanu_; _Fanas[vo], fanasanu_. This rule is common to all three conjugations by changing the affirmative future indicative _[vo]_ to _Anu_ and the _ô_ {25} and _û_ to _Nu_ or _Zu_;[36] e.g., _Todomeô, todomenu, todomezu_; _Saxeô, saxenu_, etc.; _Tateô, tatenu_; _Miû, minu_; _Yom[vo], yomanu_; _Tat[vo], tatanu_; _Fanas[vo], fanasanu_; _Narau[vo], narananu_; _Vomou[vo], vomouanu_; _Furuuo, furuuanu_. For the second conjugation preterit, those in _Nu_ are changed to _Nanda_: e.g., _Yomananda_. For the preterit participle _Da_ is changed to _De_; e.g., _Yomanande_. For the second form of the negative participle, the _Nu_ is changed to _Ide_; e.g., _Yomaide, Corobaide_, _Tataide_, _Totonouaide_. For the future the particle _majij_[37] or _mai_ is added to the affirmative present indicative; e.g., _Yomumajij, yomumai_; _Matçumajij, matçumai_._

FORMATION OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION AND THE ROOTS FROM WHICH THE TENSES ARE FORMED

_The final syllables of the third conjugation are the diphthongs _Ai_, _Oi_, _Vi_. By these syllables the verbs are known to belong to this conjugation, and from them the tenses are formed. The present indicative is formed by changing _Ai_ to _[vo]_, _Oi_ to _ô_, and _Vi_ to _û_; e.g., _Narai, nar[vo]_; _Vomoi, vomô_; _furui, furû_. The preterit is formed by adding the syllable _Ta_ to the present; e.g., _Nar[vo]ta_, _Vomôta_, _Furûta_. The future is formed by changing the final _I_ of the root to _V[vo], v[vo]zu, v[vo]zuru_; e.g., _Narau[vo], narau[vo]zu_, etc.; _Vomou[vo], vomou[vo]zu_, etc.; _Furuu[vo], furuu[vo]zu_, etc. The present imperative is formed by changing the final _I_ to _Ye_; e.g., _Naraye_, _Vomoye_, _Furuye_._

_For the present conjunctive _Ba_ or _Domo_ is added to the imperative; e.g., _Narayeba, narayedomo_; _Vomoyeba, vomoyedomo_; _Furuyeba, furuyedomo_. For the preterit _Reba_ or _Redamo_[38] is added to the indicative preterit; e.g., _Nar[vo]tareba, nar[vo]taredomo_; _Vomôtareba, vomôtaredomo_; _Furûtareba, furûtaredomo_._

_The present conditional is formed by changing _[vo]_ of the future to _Aba_; e.g., _Narauaba_, _Vomouaba_, _Furuuaba_. The preterit is formed by adding _Raba_ to the indicative preterit; e.g., _Nar[vo]taraba_, _Vomôtaraba_, _Furûtaraba_._

{26}

_The negative present is formed by changing the _I_ of the root to _Vanu_ or _vazu_; e.g., _Narai, narauanu, narauazu_; _Vomoi, vomouanu_, etc.; _Furui, Furuuana_, etc. This form can also be formed from the future by changing the _[vo]_ to _Anu_ or _azu_; e.g., _Narau[vo], narananu_, etc. For the preterit the _Nu_ is changed to _Nanda_; e.g., _Narauananda_. For the preterit participle the _Da_ is changed to _De_; e.g., _Narauanande_. For the second form the _Nu_ of the present is changed to _Ide_; e.g., _Narauaide_, _Vomouaide_, _Furuuaide_. For the future the particle _Majii_,[39] _maji_, or _mai_ is added to the affirmative present indicative; _e.g._, _Nar[vo]majii, nar[vo]maji, nar[vo]mai_; _Vomômajii, ji_, or _mai_; _Furûmajii, ji_, or _mai_._

_The verb _Yy_ 'to speak' becomes _Yû, yûta, yu[vo], yye, yuanu_. _Yei_ or _yoi_ 'to become sick' becomes _Yô, yôta, you[vo], yoye, yonanu_. The substantive verb _Saburai_, which also belongs to this conjugation, becomes _Sabur[vo], saburauanu_; and _S[vo]rai_ becomes _S[vo]r[vo], soro, s[vo]raite, s[vo]raye, sorouanu_._

Rodriguez follows these formational rules with a full display of all the forms of the three conjugations. In his display he, like Alvarez before him, recapitulates the appropriate rules for each form. Collado nowhere presents his conjugational system as a paradigm but does, as we shall see, include a full complement of example sentences in his description, something which Rodriguez does not do in the _Arte Breve_.

_Bibliography_

In the examination of any portion of the Christian materials certain works are indispensable. Father Johannes Laures, S.J., _Kirishitan Bunko_ (Tokyo, 1957) remains the basic bibliographic source for the study of all sources of the Christian Century, while Hashimoto Shinkichi, _Kirishitan ky[=o]gi no kenky[=u]_ (Tokyo, 1929) and Doi Tadao, _Kirishitan gogaku no kenky[=u]_ (Tokyo, 1942) serve as indespensible guides to our understanding of the linguistic aspects of the field. A later contribution to the general bibliography has been made by Fukushima Kunimichi, _Kirishitan shiry[=o] to kokugo kenky[=u]_ (Tokyo, 1973).

The basic grammatical study of the period, based upon the _sh[=o]mono_ materials, is Yuzawa K[=o]kichir[=o], _Muromachi jidai gengo no kenky[=u]_ {27} (Tokyo, 1958). More closely related to the language reflected in the text is his "Amakusabon Heike monogatari no goh[=o]," in _Ky[=o]iku ronbunsh[=u]_ (no. 539, Jan. 1929). An English treatment of the grammatical system of the period is to be found in R. L. Spear, "A Grammatical Study of _Esopo no Fabulas_," an unpublished doctoral thesis (Michigan, 1966). The phonology has been carefully analyzed by [=O]tomo Shin'ichi, _Muromachi jidai no kokugo onsei no kenky[=u]_ (Tokyo, 1963), with a valuable contribution made in English by J. F. Moran, "A Commentary on the _Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapao_ of João Rodriguez, S.J., with Particular Reference to Pronunciation," an unpublished doctoral thesis (Oxford, 1971). This latter work presents an exhaustive examination of the phonological system reflected in the _Arte Breve_ of 1620 within the framework of Berhard Bloch's phonemic theory.

Two lexical works have been used as basic references in this translation. The _Vocabulario de Lingoa de Iapam_ (hereafter the _Vocabulario_) produced by the Jesuit Mission Press at Nagasaki in the years 1603 and 04. In a carefully annotated version by Professor Doi, under the title _Nippo jisho_ (Tokyo, 1960), this work is the most important single source for the vocabulary of the period. The second work is the _Dictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae Compendium_ (hereafter the _Dictionarium_) which is the companion piece to the present text. This dictionary has been carefully edited and cross-referenced by [=O]tsuka Mitsunobu, under the title _Koriyaado Ra Su Nichi jiten_ (Tokyo, 1966). In this form it has served as a constant aid to the translator in the determination of the proper glosses for the lexical items in the text.

The aforementioned _Arte_ of 1604-08 by Rodriguez, has been the single most frequently used tool in the preparation of this translation.[40] As the most significant influence upon Collado's work and the source for most of his material, both theoretical and practical, I have related the two works at every point in the translation. In its Japanese version by Professor Doi, _Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten_ (Tokyo, 1950), this work has been invaluable in gaining a clearer understanding of many of the passages which might have otherwise been obscure.

Rodriguez' _Arte Breve_ of 1620, while having no influence upon the preparation of the _Ars Grammaticae_, is nevertheless of fundamental {28} importance as a work against which Collado's treatment of Japanese grammar is to be judged. This shorter grammar is as yet to be fully translated into English--Moran having limited his study to the treatment of the phonology.

With respect to the text itself I have made this translation on the basis of the facsimile edition published by the Tenri Central Library in 1972 as part of its _Classica Japonica_ series. [=O]tsuka Takanobu, _Koiyaado-cho Nihongo bunten_ (Tokyo, 1934) and its revised edition under the title of _Koriyaado Nihon bunten_ (Tokyo, 1957) have served as invaluable aids at every step of the translation.

[=O]tsuka's second edition is of invaluable scholarly importance because it contains a cross-reference to the Spanish manuscript from which Collado prepared the printed Latin edition as well as a concordance to the Japanese vocabulary.[41] This translation attempts to supplement [=O]tsuka's invaluable contribution by relating the Latin text of this grammar with Rodriguez' _Arte_.

_Editorial Conventions_

The Latin matrix of the text is printed in italic letters while the Japanese is in roman. For this translation I have reversed the convention. (In footnotes where the text is quoted the style of the original is followed.) In making editorial corrections in the Japanese material the corrected version is presented in brackets with periods to indicate the general location;

e.g., _mairu mai queredomo_ [... qeredomo]

(The only exception to this rule is the correcting of a missing open _o_, q.v.) Sentences that have been taken from the _Arte_ are indicated by the parenthetical recording of the leaf number of the citation immediately after the sentence;

e.g., _xô tame no chôqui gia_ (22) 'it is....

Shorter sentences and specific words that in all likelihood have been taken from the _Arte_ are not listed if they are to be found in the section elsewhere noted as being the source of the material covered. Any {29} significant alteration in the form of the source is noted. Since the _Arte_ is numbered by the leaf, _v_ is added to the number to indicate the _verso_.

All the corrections made by the _errata_ (on page 75 of the text) have been applied to the text without notation unless the correction is itself in error.

The punctuation follows the text with the following exceptions;

1. In translating from Latin the English follows modern rules of punctuation.

2. Single quotes have been introduced into the text to mark glosses and translations.

3. In transcribing the Japanese citations any alteration of the original punctuation is noted.

4. The spacing of words in Japanese--a relatively casual matter in the text--has been regularized on the basis of the predominant pattern.

5. Two specific rules, based upon Collado's more or less consistent usage, are followed in the citing of verb forms:

a. In the most frequent citation of verbs, where the root form is
followed by the present indicative ending, a comma is used;

e.g., _ari,u_; _ague,uru_; _mochi,tçu_

b. In an alternate form of citation, where the two forms are given in
their entirety, a colon is used;

e.g., _ari:aru_; _ague:aguru_; _mochi:motçu_

Spelling and accentuation are treated in the following manner:

1. The _long-s_ in all instances is represented by _s_.

2. The usage of _v_ and _u_ has been regularized: the _v_ serves as the consonant; and _u_ as the vowel, semi-vowel, and orthographic symbol; e.g., _vaga_, _uie_, _quan_, and _agueta_.

3. The predictable nasalization--marked by a tilde in the text--has not been included in the translation unless the presence of nasalization is morphologically significant; e.g., _tobu:tõda_. {30}

4. The accent grave--which appears in no discernible pattern--is not transcribed in the translation.

5. The accent acute is used in the translation to mark the long _ú_ [u:] and the long, open _ó_ [[IPA: Open-mid back rounded vowel]:], in those places where the length is marked by Collado. Since the most frequent typographical error in the text is the failure to mark the presence of these long syllables, I follow the convention of correcting the absence of this feature in the Latin text by using the inverted caret in the translation. Thus, the appearance in the translation of _mósu_ indicates that Collado recorded the length of this word, either by an accent acute (e.g., _mósu_), or an inverted caret (e.g., _m[vo]su_). The appearance of _m[vo]su_ indicates that he did not, and that its absence is being corrected. The form _m[vo]su_ in the translation is therefore the shorthand equivalent for what would more regularly be _mosu_ [_mósu_].

6. The circumflex, which indicates the long, closed _ô_ [o:], is corrected as other errors by placing the corrected version of the item in brackets; e.g., _roppio_ [_roppiô_].

* * * * *

ARS GRAMMATICAE IAPONICAE LINGVAE

IN GRATIAM ET ADIVTORIVM eorum, qui prædicandi Euangelij causa ad Iaponiæ Regnum se voluerint conferre.

_Composita, & Sacræ de Propaganda Fide Congregationi dicata à Fr. Didaco Collado Ordinis Prædicatorum per aliquot annos in prædicto Regno Fidei Catholicæ propagationis Ministro._

ROMÆ, Typis & impensis Sac. Congr. de Propag. Fide. MDCXXXII. _SVPERIORVM PERMISSV_.

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* * * * *

A Grammar of the Japanese Language

FOR THE SAKE AND HELP of those who wish to go to the Kingdom of Japan to preach the Gospel.

Composed and dedicated to the Blessed Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith by Brother Didico Collado, O.P., who was for many years in that Kingdom as a Minister for the Propagation of the Catholic Faith.

Printed by the Blessed Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. 1632 BY PERMISSION OF THE SUPERIORS.

{106}

* * * * *

It may be published if it please the Most Reverend Father,
Master of the Holy Apostolic Palace.
For the Archbishop of Umbria. The Vicar General.

It may be published.

Brother Nicolaus Riccardius, Master of the Holy Apostolic Palace,
Order of Preachers.

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* * * * *

Prologue to the Reader

_With Some Advice on the Correct Pronunciation of the Japanese Language_

Long ago, at the beginning of the establishment of our orthodox faith in the Japanese kingdom, a grammar of this language was made by Father Ioannus Rodriguez of the Society of Jesus.[42] However, since things rarely turn out perfect at first attempt, and, because of the passing years that have made it difficult to find a copy of this grammar; I thought that it would honor God and the ministers who preach the faith (which cannot be taught without the use of language) if I were to select examples (and there are many) that are useful to this language, neglect those not accepted by the experts of the language, add, with the help of God (who gives words to the evangelists), the words that I have learned from experience, practice, and continuous reading, and by such means offer up a handbook of the Japanese language in which I would bring together in a brief span these examples with those precepts which the preachers (for whom I began this work) need to learn of the Japanese language. This is done because examples are necessary with the rules and precepts so that it is possible to demonstrate the rule which has just been explained. Not only have these examples been selected for the greater help and enjoyment of the students, but also their explanation has been added in Latin (which is the language most common to theologians); thus the teacher will have very little left to be desired. Even if all the elements included in this grammar, as in the dictionary (which with the help of God I plan to publish shortly),[43] are polished enough and sure enough to be used with trust; I would still want them to be submitted to the judgement of the reader so that the preaching of the faith, carried on with a more correct language, may become more fruitful.

When two vowels follow each other in any Japanese word, they are not pronounced as in the Latin word _valeo_ or in the Spanish, _vaca_, but each is pronounced independently; _v_, _a_; _v_, _o_; _v_, _i_.

{108}

The letter _s_ is pronounced as _sç_; e.g., _susumuru_, _sçusçumuru_.

The letter _j_ is pronounced smoothly (_blande_), as in the Portuguese _joaõ_ and _judeo_.

The letter _x_ is also pronounced smoothly, as in the Portuguese (4 _queixumes_.

When there is the sign ^ over the letter _o_ it is pronounced _ou_ with the lips almost closed and the mouth partly closed; e.g., _buppô_.

When there is the sign v or ´ over the letter _o_ it is pronounced with the mouth open as if there were two letters, _oo_; e.g., _tenxó_ or _gacux[vo]_.[44]

If the signs we have just shown are over the letter _u_, it is pronounced long as if there were two letters, _uu_; e.g., _taifú_ or _aia[vu]_.

When the sign ~ is over the vowel, the sign should be pronounced like an _n_, not strongly but swiftly (_cursim_) and softly (_leniter_); e.g., _vãga_.[45]

_Qe_ and _Qi_ are written without _u_, because when _u_ follows _q_ or _c_ both letters are pronounced as a _sinalepha_;[46] e.g., _quódai_ or _quainin_.

When _u_ follows _g_ and immediately after the _u_ is the letter _e_ or _i_, it should be pronounced as in the Spanish word _guenin_; but if the letter _e_ or _i_ follows _g_ immediately without the _u_, it should be pronounced as in the Italian word _giorno_; e.g., _xitãgi_.

The letter _z_ is pronounced with the same strength as in the Spanish word _zumbar_; e.g., _mizu_.

But if there are two _zz_ then they are pronounced more strongly; _e.g._, _mizzu_.

When there are two _tt_, _xx_, _zz_, _qq_, _cq_, _ij_, or _pp_[47] it is important to persist in order to obtain perfect pronunciation and the exact value of the word; for _mizu_ means 'honey' and _mizzu_ means 'water.' Therefore, if the words are said with the same strength or the same gentleness they can mean either 'water' or 'honey.'

When _ch_ comes before a vowel it is pronounced as in the Spanish _chimera_; e.g., _fochó_.

{109}

But if _nh_ comes before a vowel it is pronounced as in the Spanish _maña_; e.g., _nhuva_.

The letter _f_ is pronounced in various regions of Japan as it is in Latin. In others it is pronounced as if it were an imperfect _h_. For both pronunciations the lips and the mouth should be nearly, but not completely, closed.

When _tç_ is in a word (and it appears quite frequently) the student should pray that God have mercy on his pronunciation because the word is very difficult, and its pronunciation is not to be found (5 in any other language. It is not truly pronounced _tç_, nor as _s_, nor as _c_ alone, but rather by striking the tongue violently against the teeth in order to pronounce both _t_ and _ç_, but with more _ç_ than _t_ seeming to be sounded; e.g., _tçutçumu_.

The letter _r_ is said smoothly and softly everywhere it is found, either at the beginning or in the middle of a word; e.g., _ranguió_, or _cutabiruru_.

_Ya_, _ye_, _yo_, and _yu_ are pronounced as in Spanish.[48]

When words ending in _i_ or _u_ are pronounced by the Japanese, the last letter is almost not heard by the student. For instance, if he hears _gozaru_ he will think he hears _gozar_, if he hears _fitotçu_ he will believe he hears only _fitotç_, and when he hears _axi no fara_ he will perceive only _ax no fara_.

When a word ending in a vowel is followed immediately by a consonant, particularly _b_ or _s_,[49] between that vowel and consonant is pronounced the letter _n_, not perfectly, but softly; e.g., _sonõ gotoqu._

I have given special care to the accenting of words.[50] This has been done so that the signs that have been placed correctly over the accented letter will allow the listener to understand the meaning of the words and the sentences of the speaker. For instance, _qèixèi_ has the accent on both _èè_; _fìbicàxi_ has it on the first _i_ and on the a.[51] This same {110} arrangement will be respected in the dictionary, with the accent being written with the same degree of correctness as is able to be achieved with great attention. If at times I have made mistakes, I am prepared to correct them immediately. Concerning what has been explained too briefly or left out of this grammar and the dictionary, learned people will be able to do that when they add a third dictionary and a third grammar, since it is easy to supply this material. Because I wish neither to be criticized by the Head of our Order (_pater familias_) and the Lord our God, nor do I wish this knowledge to be wrapped up in a handkerchief;[52] I want by these two works to help and to cooperate in the salvation of the Japanese not only by preaching but also by offering to the preachers, if I can, the tools of the language and chiefly the method by which they might better learn the Japanese language, a task made very difficult by the persecutions in Japan. Farewell, Reader, and be of good cheer. Madrid, 30 August 1631.

* * * * *

{111} (6

IN THIS GRAMMAR WE HAVE FOR THE MOST PART OBSERVED THE ARRANGEMENT WHICH ANTONIUS NEBRISSENSIS AND OTHERS HAVE FOLLOWED IN LATIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF SENTENCES, NAMELY NOUNS, PRONOUNS, ETC.

_The Noun--Its Declension and Its Gender_

In the Japanese language there are no case declensions as there are in Latin; but there are certain particles, which when suffixed to nouns, determine the differences between the cases for both common and proper nouns. The particles which form the nominative are five; _va_, _ga_, _cara_, _no_, and _iori_. The particle _va_ is used when we want to give a sort of reduplicative[53] and specific turn to the person or thing that is signified by such a noun. It indicates either the first, second, or third person; e.g., _Vatacuxi va mairanu_ 'I, or those related to me, will not come.' The particle _no_ is suffixed to the second and third person, especially if they are inferior in rank or in a sentence where there is a relative construction which does not indicate a transitive action; e.g., _sonata no móxita coto_ 'that which you said.' The particle _no_ is also used when some indefinite form is used; e.g., _iie no aru ca miió_ [... _miio_] 'see if there are houses.' The particle _ga_ is used usually for the first and third persons of inferior status as well as for the second person when he is the most lowly or is to be humiliated; e.g., _Pedro ga qita_ 'Peter came.' This particle is also used to indicate something indefinite, as has been said of the particle _no_; e.g., _coco ni va iie ga nai ca?_ 'aren't the houses here?' It is also used in sentences that have a relative construction which does not indicate a transitive action. If the reference is to something of inferior or humble status the particle _ga_ is also used; e.g., _soregaxi ga caita fumi_ 'the letter which I wrote,' _sochi ga iúta coto_ 'what you said.' The particles _cara_ and _iori_ are used to form the {112} nominative case when the sentence shows a transitive action, especially if the sentence contains a relative construction; e.g., _Deus iori cudasareta gracia_ 'the mercy which God gave,' _tono cara core vo vôxe tçuqerareta_ 'the Lord taught this.' Sometimes the words are in the nominative case without any particle; e.g., _Pedro Ioaõ vo iobareta_ 'Peter called (7 John.' There are two particles for the genitive; i.e., _no_ and _ga_. The particle _no_ is used for all persons of superior rank; e.g., _Padre no võ qiru mono_ 'the priest's clothes, or habit.' The particle _ga_ is used for people of inferior rank; e.g., _Pedro ga fumi_ 'Peter's letter,' _sochi ga mono_ 'your thing,' _are ga cane_ 'your money,' _tono va iocu ga fucai fito gia_ 'the Lord is of great cupidity, that is to say he is very eager.' Sometimes the particle _to_ is suffixed to the genitive; e.g., _Pedro no to degozaru_ 'it belongs to Peter.' But since this is not a perfect way of speaking, it is better not to use it. I have cited it so that if you hear it you will understand. When two nouns are joined to form a single word, the one which is like an adjective does not require the genitive particle; e.g., _cocuxu_ 'the Lord of the kingdom.' According to the ordinary rule we should say _cocu no xu_. This way of forming the genitive is very common in Japanese; e.g., _Maria coto_ 'Mary's thing.'

Two particles form the dative; i.e., _ni_ and _ie_. For example, _Pedro ni móxita_ 'I told Peter,' _Padre ie ague maraxita_ 'I gave, or offered, it to the priest.'

There are five particles which form the accusative case; i.e., _vo_, _voba_, _va_, _ie_, and _ga_. The first, _vo_, is the most used; e.g., _Pedro vo iobe_ 'call Peter.' _Va_ is used when one wishes to express in particular a noun in the accusative; e.g., _niffon guchi va xiranu_[54] 'I don't know Japanese.' The ending _voba_ is the same as _vo va_, changing the second _v_ to _b_ they use it as _va_; e.g., _fune voba nori sutete; cane bacari tori maraxita_ 'abandoning ship, I took only money, or gold, with me.' _Ie_ is used to indicate the place to which one goes; e.g., _Roma ie mairó_ 'I go to Rome.' _Ga_ is used for nouns which indicate non-living or humble things; e.g., _are ie gozare, mono ga móxitai_ 'go there! I have something to tell you.' The accusative is also formed without any particle, as has {113} been shown in the example second before last, where the second accusative is without a particle.

The vocative is formed with the particle _icani_. It is not suffixed to words as are the other particles but it is prefixed instead; e.g., _icani qimi core vo goronjerarei_ 'look at this, My Lord.'[55] Usually, however, the vocative is formed without any particle; e.g., _Padre sama_ (8 _qicaxerareio_ 'listen, Reverend Father.'

There are three particles for the ablative; i.e., _iori_, _cara_, and _ni_. The third indicates the place in which; e.g., _iglesia ni gozaru_ 'he is in church.' Sometimes _ni_ is used after _no_; e.g., _sonata no ni xi aru ca?_ 'are you going to make it yours, or take it for yours?' But this seems much more a dative than an ablative. The particles _cara_ and _iori_ are more common in the formation of the ablative; e.g., _Madrid cara maitta_ 'I came from Madrid,' _Pedro iori corosareta_ 'he was killed by Peter.'

There are four particles used to form the plural. They are placed immediately after the noun they pluralize and before the particles which indicate case. These four particles are _tachi_, _xu_, _domo_, and _ra_. The first, _tachi_, forms the plural of those noble things which one wishes to honor; e.g., _tono tachi_ 'lords.' The particle _xu_ forms the plural for noble things but not those of the highest rank; e.g., _samurai xu_ 'nobles (_nobiles_), but not lords (_domini_).' The particle _domo_ is suffixed to words which indicate humble things, either abstract, animate, or inanimate; e.g., _fiacuxó domo_ 'farmer,' _ixi domo_ 'stones,' _mma domo_ 'horses.' The particle _ra_ forms the plural of nouns which indicate very low things which are to be despised; e.g., _Iudeo ra_ 'Jews.'[56] The case particles which are required by the sentence are placed after the pluralizing particles; e.g., _tono tachi no coto domo vo varú iú na_ 'don't speak badly about the Lords' affairs.'

There are some words that are plural in themselves; e.g., _tomo gara_ means 'men,' _Nan ban mono_ 'European things,' _Nan ban mono vo fomuru na_ 'don't praise European things.'

The particle _icani_, which as has been indicated above forms the vocative, is not placed after but always before the pronouns which are {114} made plural, while the particles which form the plural are placed after; e.g., _icani Padre tachi vo qiqi nasare io_ 'listen to the priests.'

But two of the four particles which form the plural, _domo_ and _ra_, are with certain words singular. _Varera_ and _midomo_ mean 'I.' Sometimes both are found together in the singular; e.g., _midomora_ 'I,' _midomora ga_ 'my, or mine.' The particles _domo_ and _ra_ are also (9 suffixed to the singular when one wishes to humiliate the thing mentioned; e.g., _hara domo ga itai_ 'I have a stomach ache,' _asu domo va aru mai_ 'tomorrow will not come,' _asu ra va naró mode_ 'tomorrow will perhaps not come.'

The particle _va_ is suffixed to singular and plural nouns which already have a particle; e.g., _coco ie va mairanu_ 'he will not come here,' _coco cara va denu_ 'he did not go out from here,' _coco ni va aru mai_ 'he will not enter here.' Sometimes _va_ replaces the particles of the declension; e.g., _fune de saie ióió tçuita ni, cachi va nacanaca naru mai_ (119v) 'I arrived with such difficulty by ship: I would undoubtedly never have arrived had I come by foot, or on foot.'[57] The particle _va_ here replaces _cara_.

Japanese does not have the genders feminine, masculine, and neuter as Latin does. There are, however, certain nouns which are feminine or masculine because of their meaning. Other nouns are common to both these genders. For things which do not have a proper gender _vo_ is placed before masculine nouns and _me_ before feminine; e.g., _voivo_ means 'male fish' and _meivo_ 'female fish,' _vojica_ means 'roe-buck,' _melica_ [_mejica_] 'roe-doe,'[58] _coma_ means 'horse,' _zoiacu_ 'mare,' _xô_ means 'male hawk,' _dai_ 'female hawk,' _cotoi_ means 'bull,' _meuxi_ 'cow,' _votoco_ means 'man,' _vonago_, _nhóbó_, or _vonna_ 'woman.' All these words are placed in the dictionary as they come to mind.

The nominal adjectives have no gender or declension but make use of the same particles as the nouns. There are however many and diverse adjectives. Certain ones end in _ai_ others in _oi_, _ei_, _ui_ and _ij_. There are other, more proper adjectives, which are formed by adding _no_ to nouns. When the first five types of adjectives are placed before nouns they are then properly adjectives and do not in any way alter the composition of {115} the sentence. But when they are placed after nouns they become more like verbs and are in fact conjugated like them; e.g., _tacai iama_ 'a high mountain,' _xiguei ideiri_ 'frequent comings and goings,' _caxicoi_ (10 _fito_ 'a wise man,' _cavaij mono_ 'a wretched thing,' _aiaui coto_ 'a dangerous thing,' _umare tçuqi no cuchi_ 'one's natural, or mother tongue.' There are also adjectives ending in _na_ which, when they are placed before nouns, do not alter the construction; e.g., _qirei na coto_ 'a clean thing.' All the adjectives, except those ending in _no_, change their form in some way when they occur before verbs. Those that end in _ai_ change to _ó_; e.g., _cono iama va tacó gozaru_ 'this mountain is lofty.' Those ending in _ei_ change to _eô_; e.g., _cono iama va xigueô gozaru_ 'these mountains are dense.' Those ending in _oi_ change to _ô_; e.g., _caxicô gozaru_ 'he is wise.' Those ending in _ui_ change to _ú_; e.g., _xei no ficú gozaru_ 'he is small in stature.' Those ending in _ii_ [_ij_] change to _iú_; e.g., _caiú gozaru_ 'it itches.'[59] Among those adjectives ending in _ij_ there are many which come from verbs; e.g., _nozomi,u_ means 'to wish,' and from it comes _nozomaxij_ 'which is to be wished for.' Other adjectives come from nouns; e.g., _varambe_ means 'a child, or infant,' and from this comes _varamberaxij_ which means 'childish.' Other examples may be found in the dictionary.

Adjectives which end in _na_ change the _na_ to _ni_ when they are placed before verbs; e.g., _fuxin ni zonzuru_ 'I think it doubtful.' The adjectives that end in _no_ sometimes change the _no_ to _na_; e.g., _bechi no fito_ changes to _bechi na fito_ 'a different man.' Sometimes when it is followed by a verb the _na_ changes to a _ni_; e.g., _bechi ni gozaru_ 'it is different.' However, the meaning remains the same whether the word ends in _na_ or _no_; e.g., _bechi no fito no cuhi cara qiita_ [... _cuchi_ ...] is the same as _bechi na fito no cuchi cara qiita_ 'I heard it from the mouth of a different person.'[60] The only difference in these forms is that when the word ends in _no_ no change occurs as a consequence of what follows. But, as has been said, those adjectives that end in _na_ change to _ni_ when they come before a verb. If a substantive verb follows an adjective, it is an elegant statement; e.g., _cono iami va tacó gozaru_ 'this mountain is high.' But if this kind of verb does not follow, the sense {116} is not altered since the adjective is used as a substantive verb. But this is not used before superiors. To them we will not say _cono iama va tacai_ but rather _cono iama va tacó gozaru_. The same is true for the other adjectives.

Adjectives usually end in _i_ but infrequently these adjectives change to _xi_ or to _qu_. _Ioi_, which means 'good,' changes to _ioqu_, or _ioxi_; e.g., _ioqu dancó xite_, which has the meaning of 'offering good (11 council.'[61] There are innumerable nouns which become adjectives if _na_ is suffixed to them; e.g., _afo_ means 'ignorance' and from it comes the word _afo na_ which means 'ignorant,' _jiiu_ means 'liberty' and _jiiu na_ means 'which is free.' Other examples are offered by the dictionary.

There are certain abstract nouns which become adjectives when they precede a vocable (_vocabulis_) with the meaning of 'man'; e.g., _jifi_ means 'pity,' but when the word _jin_ is placed after it, it becomes _jifijin_ 'a pitiable person.' _Fin_ means 'poverty,' but when the word _nin_ is suffixed to it, it becomes _finnin_ 'a poor person.' In the same way, when one suffixes _ja_ to _fin_, it makes _finja_, which also means 'a poor person.' The word _ban_ means 'watch,' but if the word _ja_ is added to it, it becomes _banja_ 'a careful person.' Many other examples can be found in the dictionary.

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