Chapter XXIV: Appendix: The Sources

_A._—PHILOSOPHERS

[Sidenote: Plato.]

1. It is not very often that Plato allows himself to dwell upon the history of philosophy as it was before the rise of ethical and epistemological inquiry; but when he does, his guidance is simply invaluable. His artistic gift and his power of entering into the thoughts of other men enabled him to describe the views of early philosophers in a thoroughly objective manner, and he never, except in a playful and ironical way, sought to read unthought-of meanings into the words of his predecessors. Of special value for our purpose are his contrast between Empedokles and Herakleitos (_Soph._ 242 d), and his account of the relation between Zeno and Parmenides (_Parm._ 128 a).

See Zeller, “Plato’s Mittheilungen über frühere und gleichzeitige Philosophen” (_Arch._ v. pp. 165 sqq.); and Index, _s.v._ Plato.

[Sidenote: Aristotle.]

2. As a rule, Aristotle’s statements about early philosophers are less historical than Plato’s. Not that he failed to understand the facts, but he nearly always discusses them from the point of view of his own system. He is convinced that his own philosophy accomplishes what all previous philosophers had aimed at, and their systems are therefore regarded as “lisping” attempts to formulate it (_Met._ Α, 10. 993 a 15). It is also to be noted that Aristotle regards some systems in a much more sympathetic way than others. He is distinctly unfair to the Eleatics, for instance.

It is often forgotten that Aristotle derived much of his information from Plato, and we must specially observe that he more than once takes Plato’s irony too literally.

See Emminger, _Die Vorsokratischen Philosophen nach den Berichten des Aristoteles_, 1878. Index, _s.v._ Aristotle.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: Stoics.]

3. The Stoics, and especially Chrysippos, paid great attention to early philosophy, but their way of regarding it was simply an exaggeration of Aristotle’s. They did not content themselves with criticising their predecessors from their own point of view; they seem really to have believed that the early poets and thinkers held views hardly distinguishable from theirs. The word συνοικειοῦν, which Cicero renders by _accommodare_, was used by Philodemos to denote this method of interpretation,[1030] which has had serious results upon our tradition, especially in the case of Herakleitos (p. 157).

Footnote 1030:

Cf. Cic. _De nat. D._ i. 15, 41: “Et haec quidem (Chrysippus) in primo
libro de natura deorum, in secundo autem vult Orphei, Musaei, Hesiodi
Homerique fabellas accommodare ad ea quae ipse primo libro de deis
immortalibus dixerat, ut etiam veterrimi poetae, qui haec ne suspicati
quidem sunt, Stoici fuisse videantur.” Cf. Philod. _de piet. fr._ c.
13, ἐν δὲ τῷ δευτέρῳ τά τε εἰς Ὀρφέα καὶ Μουσαῖον ἀναφερόμενα καὶ τὰ
παρ’ Ὁμήρῳ καὶ Ἡσιόδῳ καὶ Εὐριπίδῃ καὶ ποιηταῖς ἄλλοις, ὡς καὶ
Κλεάνθης, πειρᾶται συνοικειοῦν ταῖς δόξαις αὐτῶν.

[Sidenote: Skeptics.]

4. The same remarks apply _mutatis mutandis_ to the Skeptics. The interest of such a writer as Sextus Empiricus in early philosophy is to show that skepticism went back to an early date—as far as Xenophanes, in fact. But what he tells us is often of value; for he frequently quotes early views as to knowledge and sensation in support of his thesis.

[Sidenote: Neoplatonists.]

5. Under this head we have chiefly to consider the commentators on Aristotle in so far as they are independent of the Theophrastean tradition. Their chief characteristic is what Simplicius calls εὐγνωμοσύνη, that is, a liberal spirit of interpretation, which makes all early philosophers agree with one another in upholding the doctrine of a Sensible and an Intelligible World. It is, however, to Simplicius more than any one else that we owe the preservation of the fragments. He had, of course, the library of the Academy at his disposal.

_B._—DOXOGRAPHERS

[Sidenote: The _Doxographi graeci_.]

6. The _Doxographi graeci_ of Professor Hermann Diels (1879) threw an entirely new light upon the filiation of the later sources; and we can only estimate justly the value of statements derived from these if we bear constantly in mind the results of his investigation. Here it will only be possible to give an outline which may help the reader to find his way in the _Doxographi graeci_ itself.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: The “Opinions” of Theophrastos]

7. By the term _doxographers_ we understand all those writers who relate the opinions of the Greek philosophers, and who derive their material, directly or indirectly, from the great work of Theophrastos, Φυσικῶν δοξῶν ιηʹ (Diog. v. 46). Of this work, one considerable chapter, that entitled Περὶ αἰσθήσεων, has been preserved (_Dox._ pp. 499-527). And Usener, following Brandis, further showed that there were important fragments of it contained in the commentary of Simplicius (sixth cent. A.D.) on the First Book of Aristotle’s Φυσικὴ ἀκρόασις (Usener, _Analecta Theophrastea_, pp. 25 sqq.). These extracts Simplicius seems to have borrowed in turn from Alexander of Aphrodisias (_c._ 200 A.D.); cf. _Dox._ p. 112 sqq. We thus possess a very considerable portion of the First Book, which dealt with the ἀρχαί as well as practically the whole of the last Book.

From these remains it clearly appears that the method of Theophrastos was to discuss in separate books the leading topics which had engaged the attention of philosophers from Thales to Plato. The chronological order was not observed; the philosophers were grouped according to the affinity of their doctrine, the differences between those who appeared to agree most closely being carefully noted. The First Book, however, was in some degree exceptional; for in it the order was that of the successive schools, and short historical and chronological notices were inserted.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: Doxographers.]

8. A work of this kind was, of course, a godsend to the epitomators and compilers of handbooks, who flourished more and more as the Greek genius declined. These either followed Theophrastos in arranging the subject-matter under heads, or else they broke up his work, and rearranged his statements under the names of the various philosophers to whom they applied. This latter class form the natural transition between the doxographers proper and the biographers, so I have ventured to distinguish them by the name of _biographical doxographers_.

I. DOXOGRAPHERS PROPER

[Sidenote: The _Placita_ and Stobaios.]

9. These are now represented by two works, viz. the _Placita Philosophorum_, included among the writings ascribed to Plutarch, and the _Eclogae Physicae_ of John Stobaios (_c._ 470 A.D.). The latter originally formed one work with the _Florilegium_ of the same author, and includes a transcript of some epitome substantially identical with the pseudo-Plutarchean _Placita_. It is, however, demonstrable that neither the _Placita_ nor the doxography of the _Eclogae_ is the original of the other. The latter is usually the fuller of the two, and yet the former must be earlier; for it was used by Athenagoras for his defence of the Christians in 177 A.D. (_Dox._ p. 4). It was also the source of the notices in Eusebios and Cyril, and of the _History of Philosophy_ ascribed to Galen. From these writers many important corrections of the text have been derived (_Dox._ pp. 5 sqq.).

Another writer who made use of the _Placita_ is Achilles (_not_ Achilles Tatius). Extracts from his Εἰσαγωγή to the _Phaenomena_ of Aratos are included in the _Uranologion_ of Petavius, pp. 121-164. His date is uncertain, but probably he belongs to the third century A.D. (_Dox._ p. 18).

[Sidenote: Aetios.]

10. What, then, was the common source of the _Placita_ and the _Eclogae_? Diels has shown that Theodoret (_c._ 445 A.D.) had access to it; for in some cases he gives a fuller form of statements made in these two works. Not only so, but he also names that source; for he refers us (_Gr. aff. cur._ iv. 31) to Ἀετίου τὴν περὶ ἀρεσκόντων συναγωγήν. Diels has accordingly printed the _Placita_ in parallel columns with the relevant parts of the _Eclogae_, under the title of _Aetii Placita_. The quotations from “Plutarch” by later writers, and the extracts of Theodoret from Aetios, are also given at the foot of each page.

[Sidenote: The _Vetusta Placita_.]

11. Diels has shown further, however, that Aetios did not draw directly from Theophrastos, but from an intermediate epitome which he calls the _Vetusta Placita_, traces of which may be found in Cicero (_infra_, § 12), and in Censorinus (_De die natali_), who follows Varro. The _Vetusta Placita_ were composed in the school of Poseidonios, and Diels now calls them the Poseidonian Ἀρέσκοντα (_Über das phys. System des Straton_, p. 2). There are also traces of them in the “Homeric Allegorists.”

It is quite possible, by discounting the somewhat unintelligent additions which Aetios made from Epicurean and other sources, to form a pretty accurate table of the contents of the _Vetusta Placita_ (_Dox._ pp. 181 sqq.), and this gives us a fair idea of the arrangement of the original work by Theophrastos.

[Sidenote: Cicero.]

12. So far as what he tells us of the earliest Greek philosophy goes, Cicero must be classed with the doxographers, and not with the philosophers; for he gives us nothing but extracts at second or third hand from the work of Theophrastos. Two passages in his writings fall to be considered under this head, namely, “Lucullus” (_Acad._ ii.), 118, and _De natura Deorum_, i. 25-41.

(_a_) _Doxography of the “Lucullus.”_—This contains a meagre and inaccurately-rendered summary of the various opinions held by philosophers with regard to the ἀρχή (_Dox._ pp. 119 sqq.), and would be quite useless if it did not in one case enable us to verify the exact words of Theophrastos (Chap. I. p. 52, _n._ 2). The doxography has come through the hands of Kleitomachos, who succeeded Karneades in the headship of the Academy (129 B.C.).

(_b_) _Doxography of the “De natura Deorum.”_—A fresh light was thrown upon this important passage by the discovery at Herculaneum of a roll containing fragments of an Epicurean treatise, so like it as to be at once regarded as its original. This treatise was at first ascribed to Phaidros, on the ground of the reference in _Epp. ad Att._ xiii. 39. 2; but the real title, Φιλοδήμου περὶ εὐσεβείας, was afterwards restored (_Dox._ p. 530). Diels, however, has shown (_Dox._ pp. 122 sqq.) that there is much to be said for the view that Cicero did not copy Philodemos, but that both drew from a common source (no doubt Phaidros, Περὶ θεῶν) which itself went back to a Stoic epitome of Theophrastos. The passage of Cicero and the relevant fragments of Philodemos are edited in parallel columns by Diels (_Dox._ pp. 531 sqq.).

II. BIOGRAPHICAL DOXOGRAPHERS

[Sidenote: Hippolytos.]

13. Of the “biographical doxographies,” the most important is Book I. of the _Refutation of all Heresies_ by Hippolytos. This had long been known as the _Philosophoumena_ of Origen; but the discovery of the remaining books, which were first published at Oxford in 1854, showed finally that it could not belong to him. It is drawn mainly from some good epitome of Theophrastos, in which the matter was already rearranged under the names of the various philosophers. We must note, however, that the sections dealing with Thales, Pythagoras, Herakleitos, and Empedokles come from an inferior source, some merely biographical compendium full of apocryphal anecdotes and doubtful statements.

[Sidenote: The _Stromateis_.]

14. The fragments of the pseudo-Plutarchean _Stromateis_, quoted by Eusebios in his _Praeparatio Evangelica_, come from a source similar to that of the best portions of the _Philosophoumena_. So far as we can judge, they differ chiefly in two points. In the first place, they are mostly taken from the earliest sections of the work, and therefore most of them deal with the primary substance, the heavenly bodies and the earth. In the second place, the language is a much less faithful transcript of the original.

[Sidenote: “Diogenes Laertios.”]

15. The scrap-book which goes by the name of Diogenes Laertios, or Laertios Diogenes (cf. Usener, _Epicurea_, pp. 1 sqq.), contains large fragments of two distinct doxographies. One is of the merely biographical, anecdotic, and apophthegmatic kind used by Hippolytos in his first four chapters; the other is of a better class, more like the source of Hippolytos’ remaining chapters. An attempt is made to disguise this “contamination” by referring to the first doxography as a “summary” (κεφαλαιωδής) account, while the second is called “particular” (ἐπὶ μέρους).

[Sidenote: Patristic doxographies.]

16. Short doxographical summaries are to be found in Eusebios (_P. E._ x., xiv., xv.), Theodoret (_Gr. aff. cur._ ii. 9-11), Irenæus (_C. haer._ ii. 14), Arnobius (_Adv. nat._ ii. 9), Augustine (_Civ. Dei_, viii. 2). These depend mainly upon the writers of “Successions,” whom we shall have to consider in the next section.

_C._—BIOGRAPHERS

[Sidenote: Successions.]

17. The first to write a work entitled _Successions of the Philosophers_ was Sotion (Diog. ii. 12; R. P. 4 a), about 200 B.C. The arrangement of his work is explained in _Dox._ p. 147. It was epitomised by Herakleides Lembos. Other writers of Διαδοχαί were Antisthenes, Sosikrates, and Alexander. All these compositions were accompanied by a very meagre doxography, and made interesting by the addition of unauthentic apophthegms and apocryphal anecdotes.

[Sidenote: Hermippos.]

18. The peripatetic Hermippos of Smyrna, known as Καλλιμάχειος (_c._ 200 B.C.), wrote several biographical works which are frequently quoted. The biographical details are very untrustworthy indeed; but sometimes bibliographical information is added, which doubtless rests upon the Πίνακες of Kallimachos.

[Sidenote: Satyros.]

19. Another peripatetic, Satyros, the pupil of Aristarchos, wrote (_c._ 160 B.C.) _Lives of Famous Men_. The same remarks apply to him as to Hermippos. His work was epitomised by Herakleides Lembos.

[Sidenote: “Diogenes Laertios.”]

20. The work which goes by the name of Laertios Diogenes is, in its biographical parts, a mere patchwork of all earlier learning. It has not been digested or composed by any single mind at all. It is little more than a collection of extracts made at haphazard, possibly by more than one successive possessor of the MS. But, of course, it contains much that is of the greatest value.

_D._—CHRONOLOGISTS

[Sidenote: Eratosthenes and Apollodoros.]

21. The founder of ancient chronology was Eratosthenes of Kyrene (275-194 B.C.); but his work was soon supplanted by the metrical version of Apollodoros (_c._ 140 B.C.), from which most of our information as to the dates of early philosophers is derived. See Diels’ paper on the Χρονικά of Apollodoros in _Rhein. Mus._ xxxi.; and Jacoby, _Apollodors Chronik_ (1902).

The method adopted is as follows:—If the date of some striking event in a philosopher’s life is known, that is taken as his _floruit_ (ἀκμή), and he is assumed to have been forty years old at that date. In default of this, some historical era is taken as the _floruit_. Of these the chief are the eclipse of Thales 586/5 B.C., the taking of Sardeis in 546/5 B.C., the accession of Polykrates in 532/1 B.C., and the foundation of Thourioi in 444/3 B.C. Further details will easily be found by reference to the Index, _s.v._ Apollodoros.

INDEXES

I. ENGLISH

Aahmes, 22, 46 Abaris, 87, 97 _n._ 205 Abdera, school of, 381 Abstinence, Orphic and Pythagorean, 102 sq., 104 sq.; Empedoklean, 289 Academy, 35 Achilles and the Tortoise, 367 Aether. _See_ αἰθήρ Aetios, App. § 10 Aigospotamos, meteoric stone of, 292, 312, 413 sq. Air, 77, 78, 79 _n._ 154, 120, 173, 214, 224, 263, 309, 336, 341, 411 sq. See ἀήρ Akousmata, 105 sq., 328 Akousmatics, 96, 103 Akragas, 228 sqq. Akron, 231 Alexander Aetolus, 295 Alexander Aphrodisiensis, 139, 209 Alkidamas, 229 _n._ 504, 231 _n._ 5, 235, 297 _n._ 675, 321 _n._ 739, 360 Alkmaion, 123 _n._ 263, 223 sq., 236, 327, 344, 350 Amasis, 39 Ameinias, 193 Anaxagoras, 290 sqq.; and Perikles, 294 sqq.; and Euripides, 295; relation to Ionic school, 292; and Zeno, 362 Anaxagoreans, 35 _n._ 50, 415 Anaximander, 52 sqq. Anaximenes, 75 sqq.; School of, 83, 292, 408 _n._ 997 Androkydes, 328 Andron of Ephesos, 93 Animals, Anaximander, 72 sqq.; Empedokles, 279 sqq.; Anaxagoras, 315 sqq.; Diogenes of Apollonia, 414 Antichthon, 344, 349 sqq. Antonius Diogenes, 92 Apollo Hyperboreios, 93 _n._ 189, 97 _n._ 205, 232 Apollodoros, App. § 21, 43, 52, 75, 94 _n._ 192, 125, 143, 192 sq., 228 sq., 290 sq., 358, 370 Apollonios of Tyana, 90, 92 Apophthegms, 51, 127 Archelaos, 415 sqq. Archippos, 99, 319 Archytas, 110, 319, 328, 346 Aristarchos of Samos, 349 Aristeas of Prokonnesos, 87, 97 _n._ 205 Aristophanes, 75, 296 _n._ 669, 381, 408 Aristotle, App. § 2; on Egypt, 18, 23; on Thales, 47 sqq., 50; on Anaximander, 57 sqq.; on Pythagoras, 93 _n._ 189, 100, 107 _n._ 226; on Xenophanes, 137 sq., 139 sq.; on Herakleitos, 160 _n._ 373, 162, 177, 179; on Parmenides, 193, 203, 207, 208, 213; on Alkmaion, 223; on Empedokles, 177 _n._ 401, 228 _n._ 502, 231 _n._ 511, 234, 237, 253 _n._ 565, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 274 _n._ 606, 278, 280, 281, 397 _n._ 962; on Anaxagoras, 263 _n._ 582, 291, 303, 305, 306, 309, 310; on the Pythagoreans, 100 _n._ 208, 110, 111 _n._ 232, 119, 331 sqq., 353 sqq.; on Zeno, 361, 365 sqq.; on Melissos, 374 sq., 377, 378; on Leukippos, 380, 385 sq., 387, 397 _n._ 962; on Hippon, 49 _n._ 2, 406; on the _galeus levis_, 74 _n._ 141; on the theoretic life, 90, 108; on the mysteries, 91 [Aristotle] _de Mundo_, 185 [Aristotle] _de Plantis_, 279 _n._ 618, 298 _n._ 677, 315 Aristoxenos on Pythagoras, 92, 94 _n._ 191, 95, 96 _n._ 201, 3, 98 sq., 102, 109 _n._ 231; on the Pythagoreans, 107, 319, 334, 353; Πυθαγορικαὶ ἀποφάσεις, 100 _n._ 209, 325; on Hippon, 406 _n._ 988; on Plato, 323 sqq. Arithmetic, Egyptian, 22, 111 _n._ 233; Pythagorean, 109 sq. Arithmetical symbolism, 111 Astronomy, Babylonian and Greek, 25 sqq. _See_ Heavenly bodies, Sun, Moon, Planets, Stars, Earth, Eclipses, Geocentric and Heliocentric hypothesis Atheism, 51, 75, 141 Athens, Parmenides and Zeno at, 192; Anaxagoras at, 294 Atomism. _See_ Leukippos Atoms, 387 sqq.

Babylonian language, 21 _n._ 29;
astronomy, 25 sqq.;
eclipse cycle, 41;
μαθηματικοί, 350 _n._ 834
Beans, 102
Biology. _See_ Animals, Plants
Blood, Empedokles, 286, 288;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 414
Brain, Alkmaion, 224;
Empedokles, 235;
Sicilian school of medicine, 288 _n._ 645
Breath. _See_ Respiration.
Breath of the World, 79, 120

Cave, Orphic, 257 _n._ 571 Chaos, 8, 9 _n._ 7 Chronos, 10 Cicero, App. § 12; on Thales, 50; on Anaximander, 64; on Anaximenes, 82; on Parmenides, 220, 221 _n._ 482; on Atomism, 393 _n._ 953, 394 _n._ 956 Clement of Alexandria, 19 Comic poets on Pythagoreans, 103 _n._ 218 Condensation. _See_ Rarefaction Conflagration. _See_ ἐκπύρωσις Continuity, 369 Copernicus, 349 Corporealism, 15 sq., 206, 227, 357, 377 Cosmogonies, 8 sqq. Croesus, 28, 37, 38 Çulvasūtras, 24

Damasias, 43 _n._ 68 Damaskios, 9 _n._ 10, 232 Darkness, 79, 121, 173, 214 Death, Herakleitos, 171 sqq.; Parmenides, 222; Alkmaion, 225; Empedokles, 283 Dekad, 113 Demetrios Phalereus, 290, 408 Demokritos, 2 _n._ 1; date, 381; on Egyptian mathematics, 24; on Anaxagoras, 291, 381; primitive astronomy of, 345, 392; and Leukippos, 381 Diagonal and Square, 116 Dialectic, 361 Dikaiarchos on Pythagoras, 92, 96 _n._ 202, 100 Diogenes of Apollonia, 381, 407 sqq. Divisibility, 304, 306, 362, 365, 376 Dodecahedron, 341 sqq. Doric dialect, 325, 327 sq.

Earth, a sphere, 26;
Thales, 47 sqq.;
Anaximander, 70, 72;
Anaximenes, 80, 81, 83 _n._ 167;
Xenophanes, 136;
Anaxagoras, 313;
Pythagoreans, 344 sqq.;
Leukippos, 401;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 413
Echekrates, 343
Eclipses, Thales, 40 sqq.;
Anaximander, 67;
Anaximenes, 82;
Herakleitos, 164;
Alkmaion, 224;
Empedokles, 276;
Anaxagoras, 299;
Pythagoreans, 349 sq.;
Leukippos, 401
Ecliptic. _See_ Obliquity
Effluences. _See_ ἀπορροαί
Egypt, 39;
Thales in Egypt, 43;
Pythagoras and Egypt, 94 sq.
Egyptian arithmetic, 22 sq.;
geometry, 23 sq., 44 sq.
Ekphantos, 338 _n._ 794, 387 _n._ 939
Elea, era of, 125 _n._ 270, 127, 192
Eleatics (_see_ Parmenides, Zeno, Melissos), 35 _n._ 49;
Leukippos and, 382 sqq.
Elements (_see_ στοιχεῖα, Roots, Seeds, ἰδέα, εἶδος, μορφή), 56 _n._
103, 57, 59, 235, 263 sqq., 265 _n._ 586, 339 sqq.
Eleusinia, 86
Embryology, Parmenides, 203 _n._ 448;
Empedokles, 282
Empedokles, 227 sqq.;
relation to Leukippos, 236, 383, 392;
on Xenophanes, 138, 246 _n._ 555;
on Pythagoras, 232, 259 _n._ 577;
on Parmenides, 239, 261
Ephesos, 143 sqq.
Epicurus and Leukippos, 380 sq., 388 _n._ 940, 391 _n._ 949, 394 sq.
Epimenides, 9, 87
Equinoxes, precession of, 25, 347 _n._ 824
Eratosthenes, App. § 21, 228 _n._ 502
Eros, 9, 219
Euclid, 116, 117
Eudemos on Thales, 44 sq.;
on Pythagoras, 115 _n._ 241, 116 _n._ 243;
on Parmenides, 203 _n._ 449;
on Zeno, 363, 366 _n._ 889;
on the term στοιχεῖον, 263 _n._ 580
Eudoxos, 118, 216, 342
Eukleides of Megara, 355
Euripides (fr. inc. 910), 12 _n._ 14, 14 _n._ 18;
and Anaxagoras, 295 sq.
Eurytos, 110 sq., 320, 322
Eusebios, 19
Euthymenes, 44
Even and Odd, 333 sqq.
Evolution, Anaximander, 73 sq.;
Empedokles, 281;
Anaxagoras, 315
Examyes, 40
Experiment, 31 sq., 274

Figures, numerical, 110 sq., 337 Fire, 121, 160 sq., 215 Fire, central, 218, 344 sqq. Forgeries, 46, 113 _n._ 235, 185 Fossils, 136

Galen, 234 _Galeus levis_, 74 _n._ 141 Geocentric hypothesis, 31, 123, 218 Geometry, Egyptian, 23 sq.; of Thales, 45 sq.; of Pythagoras, 115 sq. Glaukos of Rhegion, 228 _n._ 503 Gnomon (the instrument), 31 _n._ 4, 53 Gnomon (in geometry and arithmetic), 114 _n._ 238 Gods, Thales, 50; Anaximander, 64, 74; Anaximenes, 82; Xenophanes, 140 sq.; Herakleitos, 188 sq.; Empedokles, 264, 272, 288 sq.; Diogenes of Apollonia, 410 _n._ 1005 Gorgias, 229 _n._ 504, 231, 234, 256 _n._ 569, 287 _n._ 642, 417 Great Year, 25, 175

Harmonics, 118
“Harmony of the Spheres,” 122, 351.
_See_ ἁρμονία and Soul
Harpedonapts, 24, 116
Hearing, Empedokles, 285;
Anaxagoras, 317
Heart, 235, 288 _n._ 645
Heavenly bodies, Anaximander, 66 sqq.;
Anaximenes, 80, 81;
Pythagoras, 122 sq.;
Xenophanes, 133 sqq.;
Herakleitos, 165 sqq.;
Parmenides, 215;
Empedokles, 274 sq.;
Anaxagoras, 312;
Leukippos, 401;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 413
Hekataios, 20, 44, 46, 53
Heliocentric hypothesis, 27, 347 _n._ 825, 348 sq.
Herakleides of Pontos, on Pythagoras, 104, 105, 108, 321 _n._ 739, 387
_n._ 939;
on Empedokles, 228 _n._ 502, 3, 233 _n._ 520, 236 _n._ 532;
heliocentric hypothesis of, 349
Herakleiteans, 35 _n._ 48, 140, 417
Herakleitos, 143 sqq.;
on Homer, 182, 185;
on Pythagoras, 94, 107, 143;
on Xenophanes, 143
Hermodoros, 143
Herodotos, on Homer and Hesiod, 8;
on Egyptian influence, 17;
on geometry, 23;
on Orphicism, 95 _n._ 195;
on Solon, 28;
on Lydian influence, 38;
on Thales, 38, 39, 40, 43 sq., 46;
on Pythagoras, 93, 94 _n._ 191, 95 _n._ 195, 2, 107
Hesiod, 6 sqq.
Hieron, 125
Hippasos, 103 _n._ 217, 117, 121, 156, 215, 341, 343, 354
Hippokrates, 235 _n._ 528, 405 _n._ 987, 411 _n._ 1008;
Περὶ ἀέρων ὑδάτων τόπων, 79 _n._ 154
[Hippokrates] Περὶ διαίτης, 167 _n._ 383, 183 _n._ 413, 305 _n._ 695,
307 _n._ 699, 405 _n._ 986
Hippokrates, lunules of, 343
Hippolytos, App. § 13, 156
Hippon of Samos, 49, 58 _n._ 109, 406 sqq.
Hippys of Rhegion, 121 _n._ 260
Homer, 5 sqq.
Hylozoism, 15
Hypotenuse, 116

Iamblichos, _V. Pyth._, 92 _n._ 186 Ibykos, 220 _n._ 482 Idaios of Himera, 58 _n._ 109, 407 Ideas, theory of, 354 sqq. Immortality, 91, 172 sq., 225 Incommensurability, 116 sq. Indian philosophy, 21. _See_ Transmigration Infinity, Anaximander, 59 sqq.; Xenophanes, 137 sq.; Parmenides, 207; Melissos, 375. _See_ Divisibility, ἄπειρον Injustice, 56, 71, 160, 226 Ionic dialect, 327 sq., 408

Justice, 32, 161 _n._ 374

Kebes and Simmias, 320, 343, 354, 355 Kebes, Πίναξ, 194 Kratinos, 406 Kratylos, 417 Kritias, 288 _n._ 645 Kroton, 95 _n._ 198, 222 Kylon, 97 _n._ 204, 98

Lampsakos, 297, 415 Leukippos, 380 sqq.; and the Eleatics, 382, 384 sqq.; and Empedokles, 236, 383, 392; and Anaxagoras, 383 sq., 392; and the Pythagoreans, 387, 389, 392; and Demokritos, 381, 389 sqq., 401 _n._ 979 Light, Empedokles, 276. _See_ Moon Lightning and Thunder, 68, 70, 401 _n._ 979 Limit, 121, 215, 333 sqq. Lives, the three, 108, 109 _n._ 229, 154 _n._ 362 Love. _See_ Eros, Love and Strife, 266 sqq. Lucretius, on Empedokles, 237; on Anaxagoras, 306 _n._ 696 Lydia, 37 sqq. Lysis, 99, 319, 326

Man, Anaximander, 73; Herakleitos, 168 sqq. Maoris, 9 Map, Anaximander’s, 53 Materialism, 208 Matter. _See_ ὕλη Measures, 167 sq., 181, 410, 413 Medicine, history of, 222, 225, 226, 234, 236, 265 sq., 288 _n._ 645, 322, 344, 405, 411, 414 Megarians, 355 Melissos, 369 sqq. _Melissos, Xenophanes and Gorgias_, 138 sqq. Menon, Ἰατρικά, 49 _n._ 85, 235 _n._ 527, 322 _n._ 742, 327 _n._ 763, 340 _n._ 799, 406 _n._ 988 Metapontion, 95 _n._ 199, 97 _n._ 205 Metempsychosis. _See_ Transmigration Meteorological interest, 49, 70 Miletos, 37 sqq., 76, 380, 382 Milky Way, 69, 220, 314 Milo, 99, 222 Mochos of Sidon, 19 _n._ 27 Monism, 206, 227 Monotheism, 141 sqq. Moon, 68; light of, 202 _n._ 446, 275, 276, 299, 314 Motion, eternal, 15, 61; denied by Parmenides, 207; explained by Empedokles, 267; Anaxagoras, 309; criticised by Zeno, 366; denied by Melissos, 376; reaffirmed by Leukippos, 392 sq. Mysteries, 90, 190

Necessity. _See_ Ἀνάγκη Nikomachos, 92, 112 _n._ 234 Nile, 43 sq., 313 Noumenios, 19 Nous, 309 sq. Numbers, Pythagorean, 331 sqq.; triangular, square, and oblong, 114

Obliquity of the ecliptic (zodiac), 52, 82, 401 Observation, 29 sq., 73 sq. Octave, 118 Opposites, 56, 186 sq., 225, 235, 266, 305 Oriental influences, 17 sqq. Orphicism, 5, 9 sqq., 87 sq., 95 _n._ 195, 109 _n._ 229, 194, 221, 232, 257 _n._ 571, 258 _n._ 573

Parmenides, 192 sqq.;
on Herakleitos, 143, 198 _n._ 438, 204 sq., 210;
and Pythagoreanism, 210 sqq.
Pausanias, 234 _n._ 523, 238
Pentagram, 343
Perception, Parmenides, 202 _n._ 447, 222;
Alkmaion, 223 sq.;
Empedokles, 284 sq.;
Anaxagoras, 316 sq.;
Leukippos, 401 sq.;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 414
Perikles and Zeno, 193;
and Anaxagoras, 294 sq.;
and Melissos, 369
Petron, 65, 121
Pherekydes of Syros, 9, 87
Philistion, 234 _n._ 523, 235 _n._ 526 and 527, 266 _n._ 587, 288 _n._
645, 356 _n._ 850
Philo of Byblos, 19 _n._ 27
Philo Judaeus, 18, 158, 185
Philodemos, 50 _n._ 89, 64, 221 _n._ 483
Philolaos, 319, 320 sqq.
Philosophy as κάθαρσις, 89;
Pythagorean use of the word, 89 sqq., 194, 321 _n._ 739, 359;
synonymous with asceticism, 18
Phleious, 89 _n._ 178, 94 _n._ 191, 109 _n._ 229, 320
Phoenician influence, 18, 19 _n._ 27, 39
Physiology, Parmenides, 221 sq.;
Alkmaion, 223;
Empedokles, 282;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 411
Pindar, 232
Planets, names of, 26 _n._ 40, 220;
distinguished from fixed stars, 26, 82, 276, 392, 401;
motion of, 122 sq., 225, 350, 353;
system of, 344 sq.
Plants, Empedokles, 277 sq.;
Anaxagoras, 315 sq.
Plato, App. § 1;
on Egyptians and Phoenicians, 17, 20, 27 _n._ 41;
on Egyptian arithmetic, 22;
on schools of philosophy, 35;
on Pythagoras, 96 _n._ 202;
on Xenophanes, 140;
on Herakleitos, 140, 159, 162, 176, 178;
on Herakleiteans, 161 _n._ 373, 188 _n._ 418;
on Parmenides, 192, 207, 221;
on Empedokles, 159, 178, 269 _n._ 593;
on Anaxagoras, 291 _n._ 655, 295, 297 sq., 309;
on Philolaos, 319;
on Pythagoreans, 121, 124;
on incommensurables, 117 _n._ 245;
on Zeno, 192, 358, 360, 361;
on Melissos, 379 _n._ 919;
_Phaedo_, 89 _n._ 178, 91 _n._ 183, 108 _n._ 228, 109 _n._ 229, 172
_n._ 391,182 _n._ 411, 320 sq., 342, 343, 345, 354;
_Cratylus_, 417 _n._ 1027;
_Theaetetus_, 117 _n._ 245, 263 _n._ 580, 338 _n._ 794, 417 _n._
1027;
_Sophist_, 356 _n._ 849, 358 _n._ 853;
_Politicus_, 280 _n._ 621;
_Parmenides_, 358 _n._ 852, 359, 360 sq.;
_Philebus_, 323;
_Symposium_, 221, 281 _n._ 625;
_Phaedrus_, 295;
_Gorgias_, 321;
_Meno_, 234 _n._ 524;
_Republic_, 25 _n._ 39, 90 _n._ 181, 177 _n._ 400, 216, 219 sq., 352;
_Timaeus_, 61 _n._ 115, 79 _n._ 154, 113 _n._ 237, 118 _n._ 248, 121,
122, 225, 287, 340, 342, 345 _n._ 818, 346, 352, 396;
_Laws_, 107 _n._ 227, 117 _n._ 246, 353
Pleasure and pain, Empedokles, 285;
Anaxagoras, 317
Pliny, 42, 52
Pluralism, 227 sqq., 357
Political activity of philosophers, Thales, 46;
Pythagoras, 96 sq.;
Parmenides, 195;
Empedokles, 230 sq.;
Zeno, 358
Polybios, 99 _n._ 206
Polybos, 379
Polykrates, era of, 53 _n._ 97, 94
Pores. _See_ πόροι
Porphyry, 92 _n._ 187, 104 _n._ 219, 257 _n._ 571
Poseidonios, 19 _n._ 27, 81 _n._ 159
Precession. _See_ Equinoxes
Proclus, commentary on Euclid, 44, 115 _n._ 243
Proportion, 117 sq.
Protagoras, 188, 360
Purification. _See_ καθαρμός, κάθαρσις
Pyramids, measurement of, 45.
_See_ πυραμίς
Pythagoras, 91 sqq.;
forged writings, 325
Pythagoreans, 212 sqq., 319 sqq.

Rarefaction and condensation, 77 sqq., 163, 204, 403, 412 Religion, 85 sqq., 189, 294. _See_ Orphicism, Monotheism, Gods, Sacrifice Respiration, 235, 253 _n._ 565, 284 Rest. _See_ Motion Revolution, diurnal, 61, 274, 346 sq. Rhegion, 99, 220 _n._ 482, 319 Rhetoric, 86, 234 Rhind papyrus, 22 sqq. Roots, 263

Sacrifice, mystic, 104 _n._ 220; bloodless, 258 _n._ 576 Salmoxis, 93 Sanchuniathon, 19 _n._ 27 Sardeis, era of, 43 _n._ 67, 53, 75 Schools, 33 sqq., 293 Sea, Anaximander, 66, 70 sq.; Empedokles, 277; Anaxagoras, 313; Diogenes of Apollonia, 413 Seeds, 306 Seqt, 23, 46 Seven Wise Men, 39, 46, 51 Sight, Alkmaion, 224; Empedokles, 284, 287 sq.; Anaxagoras, 316 Silloi, 129 Sleep, Herakleitos, 169 sq.; Empedokles, 283 Smell, Empedokles, 285; Anaxagoras, 316 Sokrates, Parmenides and Zeno, 192 sq., 358; and Archelaos, 415 Solids, regular, 328 sq., 340 Solon. _See_ Croesus Soul, 86, 91, 168, 225, 343, 414 Space, 204, 207, 366, 389 Speusippos, 113 _n._ 236; on Parmenides, 195; on Pythagorean numbers, 321, 336 _n._ 790 Sphere, Parmenides, 207 sq.; Empedokles, 262. _See_ Earth, Eudoxos, Harmony Stars, fixed, 68, 80 Stoics, App. § 3, 157, 179 sq. Strabo, 19 _n._ 27, 194, 195 _n._ 430 Strife, Herakleitos, 184; Empedokles, 266 sqq. Sun, Anaximander, 68; Anaximenes, 80; Xenophanes, 134 sq.; Herakleitos, 165 sq., 174; Empedokles, 274 sq., 347 sq.; Anaxagoras, 314

Taras, 97 _n._ 204, 319 Taste, Empedokles, 285; Anaxagoras, 316 Tetraktys, 113 sqq. Thales, 39 sqq. Theaitetos, 117, 329 Theano, 353 Thebes, Lysis at, 99, 320; Philolaos at, 99 Theodoros of Kyrene, 117 Theogony, Hesiodic, 6 sqq.; Rhapsodic, 9 _n._ 10, 232 Theologians, 10 Theology. _See_ Gods Theon of Smyrna, 27 _n._ 41 Theophrastos, App. § 7; on schools, 33, 35, 52; on Prometheus, 39 _n._ 55; on Thales, 48; Anaximander, 54 sqq., 66; on Anaximenes, 76 sqq.; on Xenophanes, 126, 136, 137; on Herakleitos, 145, 156, 163 sqq.; on Parmenides, 209, 213, 214, 218, 220; on Empedokles, 229 _n._ 504, 236, 267 sq., 272 sqq., 278, 284; on Anaxagoras, 291, 292, 293 _n._ 660, 313 sq., 316 sq.; on Leukippos, 380 sq., 382, 384 sqq., 390 sqq., 402; on Diogenes of Apollonia, 381, 407 sq., 412; on Hippon of Samos, 406 Theoretic life, 291 Theron of Akragas, 229, 232 Thourioi, era of, 228 Timaios Lokros, 323 sqq. Timaios of Tauromenion, 228 _n._ 508, 230, 233, 237 _n._ 534 Timon of Phleious, 129, 324 Touch, Empedokles, 285; Anaxagoras, 316 Transmigration, 95, 101 sqq., 124, 289 sq. Triangle, Pythagorean, 24, 115

Unit, 337, 365

Void, Pythagorean, 120, 214, 224, 336, 383;
Parmenides, 204, 207;
Alkmaion, 224;
Atomist, 389 sq.
Vortex, Empedokles, 274;
Anaxagoras, 311;
Leukippos, 399 sqq.

Water, 48 sqq., 407
Weight, 394 sqq.
Wheels, Anaximander, 67 sq.;
Pythagoras, 122;
Parmenides, 215
Worlds, innumerable, Anaximander, 62 sqq.;
Anaximenes, 82 sq.;
Pythagoras, 121;
Xenophanes, 136;
Anaxagoras, 312;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 414;
Archelaos, 417

Xenophanes, 124 sqq.;
on Thales, 41;
on Pythagoras, 124

Year. _See_ Great Year

Zamolxis, 93 Zankle, 127 _n._ 275 Zeno, 358 sqq.; on Empedokles, 359; on Pythagoreans, 362

II. GREEK

ἀδικία, 56, 60, 71 ἀήρ, 79 _n._ 154, 263, 264 _n._ 583, 284 _n._ 634. _See_ Air αἰθήρ, 263, 264 _n._ 583, 312 _n._ 709 ἀκούσματα, 105 sq., 328 ἀκουσματικοί, 96, 103 Ἀνάγκη, 219, 256 _n._ 569, 269 ἀναθυμίασις, 167 _n._ 382, 168 _n._ 385 ἀντέρεισις, 400 ἄντυξ, 216 ἄπειρον, 57 _n._ 105, 60 _n._ 113 ἄπνους, ἡ, 233 _n._ 520, 236 _n._ 533 ἀπορροαί, 236, 287 _n._ 642 ἀποτομή, 391 _n._ 949 ἀριθμητική dist. λογιστική, 23, 111 _n._ 233 ἁρμονία, 122, 158, 184 ἁρπεδονάπται, 24 ἀρχή, 13, 57 αὐτὸ ὃ ἔστιν, 355 _n._ 847

γαλεοί, 73 sq. γόητες, 106

δαίμων, 155 _n._ 364, 172 _n._ 391 διαστήματα, 65 _n._ 126 δίκη, 32, 161 _n._ 374 δίνη. _See_ Vortex διορίζω, 120 _n._ 254

εἶδος, 355, 388 _n._ 943 εἴδωλα, 403 εἶναι, 198 _n._ 435; τὸ ἐόν, 204 _n._ 450 ἔκθλιψις, 397 _n._ 962 ἔκκρισις, 61 ἐκπύρωσις, 178 sqq. ἕν, τὸ, 140, 363 _n._ 880, 377 ἐναντία. _See_ Opposites ἑνίζειν, 139 _n._ 306 ἐπίψαυσις, 400 ἐστώ, 330 _n._ 770

θεός, 74. _See_ Gods θεωρία, 28, 108

ἰδέα, 235 _n._ 527, 263 _n._ 580, 355, 356 _n._ 850, 388 _n._ 943 ἶδος, 243 _n._ 549, 249 _n._ 558 ἰσονομία, 225 ἰσορροπία, 398 ἱστορία, 14 _n._ 18, 28, 107 _n._ 244

καθαρμός, κάθαρσις, 88, 107 sq. κεγχρίτης λόγος, 1 _n._ 862 κλεψύδρα, 253 _n._ 565, 254 _n._ 566, 263, 309, 384 κληροῦχος, 219 κόσμος, 32, 148 _n._ 336, 182 _n._ 412 κρατέω, 310

λογιστική dist. ἀριθμητική, 23
λόγος, 146 _n._ 332, 148 _n._ 339, 152 _n._ 355, 153 _n._ 358 and _n._
359, 157;
λόγος τοῦ εἶναι, 355 _n._ 847

μεσότης, 118 μετάρσια, 296 _n._ 670 μετεμψύχωσις, 101 _n._ 212 μετενσωμάτωσις, 101 _n._ 212 μετέωρα, 32 μορφή, 263 _n._ 580, 356 _n._ 850

ὄγκοι, 338 _n._ 794, 368 _n._ 894, 387 _n._ 939 ὁλκάς, 341 _n._ 805 ὁμοιομερῆ, 306 ὅμοιος, ὁμοιότης, 72 _n._ 138 ὄργια, 88 _n._ 175 ὅρος, 115 _n._ 240 οὐρανός, 31, 140 _n._ 310; Aristotle’s πρῶτος οὐρανός, 177

πάγος, 273 _n._ 603 παλιγγενεσία, 101 _n._ 212 παλίντονος, 150 _n._ 184 παλίντροπος, 150 _n._ 347, 198 _n._ 438 πανσπερμία, 307, 389 περιαγωγή, 63 _n._ 119 περιέχω, 60 _n._ 114, 170 _n._ 389 περίστασις, 63 _n._ 119 πίλησις, 77 _n._ 151 πόροι, 224, 226 _n._ 500, 236, 269, 284 sq., 383 πρηστήρ, 69 _n._ 133, 165 πυραμίς, 25 _n._ 38

ῥαψῳδῶ, 127 _n._ 276 ῥοπή, 398

σῆμα σῶμα, 321 στασιῶται, 140 _n._ 307 στέφαναι, 215 στοιχεῖον, 54 _n._ 101, 56 _n._ 103, 263 _n._ 586, 265 _n._ 586, 306, 333, 388 _n._ 942 συνοικειῶ, 157 _n._ 370

τετρακτύς, 113 sq. τροπαί, 67 _n._ 129, 174

ὕλη, 57, 330 _n._ 770, 342 _n._ 807 ὑπόθεσις, 33 _n._ 46, 360 _n._ 866, 361 _n._ 871 ὑποτείνουσα, 116 _n._ 242

φαινόμενα, σῴζειν τὰ, 33 _n._ 46 φιλοσοφία, φιλόσοφος, φιλοσοφῶ, 28. _See_ Philosophy φύσις, 12 sq., 56, 388 _n._ 941 and _n._ 944

χώρα, 114 _n._ 238, 115 _n._ 240

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s Note

When Burnet gives the fragments of a Greek philosopher, he does so selectively, resulting in gaps in the sequence.

Some quoted and translated passages, printed as prose, also include line numbers in the right margin. These now appear in the text delimited by << >> at the place in the text where they originally appeared. These numbers should be regarded as approximate.

In note 813, the Greek phrase includes an unmatched closing bracket. This is a direct quotation from p. 234 of _Scholia in Lucianum_, edited by Hugo Rabe. The bracket was used by Rabe to separate the topic (the pentagram) from its gloss.

Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original.

75.13 according to Theophra[s]tos Added.

197.21 Look stea[fd/df]astly with thy mind Transposed.

212.26 It seem[s] to me Added.

213.18 and Theoph[astros/rastos]certainly followed Misplaced.
him

249.21 meadows of Aph[h]rodite Removed.

292.34 διήκουσε)[”] Added.

331.19 Aristotle on the Number[s]. Added.

332.32 τὰ γοῦν θεωρήματα πρ[ό/ο]σάπτουσι Replaced.

402 οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι φύσει τὰ αἰσθητ[α/ά] Replaced.

415.6 Anaxagorea[ns] Presumed.

433.5 παλίντροπ[ὸ/ο]ς Replaced.