Chapter XL: Part 40

The year 1 began 16 July 622, Old Style, or 19 July 622, according to the New or Gregorian Style. Now the day of the year answering to the 19th of July is 200, which, in parts of the solar year, is 0.5476, and the number of years elapsed = Y - 1. Therefore, as the intercalary days are distributed with considerable regularity in both calendars, the date of commencement of the year Y expressed in Gregorian years is

0.970224 (Y - 1) + 622.5476,
or 0.970224 Y + 621.5774.

This formula gives the following rule for calculating the date of the commencement of any year of the Hegira, according to the Gregorian or New Style.

_Rule._--Multiply 970224 by the year of the Hegira, cut off six decimals from the product, and add 621.5774. The sum will be the year of the Christian era, and the day of the year will be found by multiplying the decimal figures by 365.

The result may sometimes differ a day from the truth, as the intercalary days do not occur simultaneously; but as the day of the week can always be accurately obtained from the foregoing table, the result can be readily adjusted.

_Example._--Required the date on which the year 1362 of the Hegira begins.

970224
1362
--------
1940448
5821344
2910672
970224
-----------
1321.445088
621.5774
-----------
1943.0225
365
----
1125
1350
675
------
8.2125

Thus the date is the 8th day, or the 8th of January, of the year 1943.

To find, as a test, the accurate day of the week, the proposed year of the Hegira, divided by 30, gives 45 cycles, and remainder 12, the year of the current cycle.

Also 45, divided by 7, leaves a remainder 3 for the number of the period.

Therefore, referring to 3 at the top of the table, and 12 on the left, the required day is Friday.

The tables, page 571, show that 8th January 1943 is a Friday, therefore the date is exact.

For any other date of the Mahommedan year it is only requisite to know the names of the consecutive months, and the number of days in each; these are--

Muharram . . . . . . . 30
Saphar . . . . . . . . 29
Rabia I. . . . . . . . 30
Rabia II. . . . . . . . 29
Jomada I. . . . . . . . 30
Jomada II. . . . . . . 29
Rajab . . . . . . . . . 30
Shaaban . . . . . . . . 29
Ramadan . . . . . . . . 30
Shawall (Shawwal) . . . 29
Dulkaada (Dhu'l Qa'da) 30
Dulheggia (Dhu'l Hijja) 29 )
and in intercalary )
years . . . . . . . . 30 )

The ninth month, Ramad[=a]n, is the month of Abstinence observed by the Moslems.

The Moslem calendar may evidently be carried on indefinitely by successive addition, observing only to allow for the additional day that occurs in the bissextile and intercalary years; but for any remote date the computation according to the preceding rules will be most efficient, and such computation may be usefully employed as a check on the accuracy of any considerable extension of the calendar by induction alone.

The following table, taken from Woolhouse's _Measures, Weights and Moneys of all Nations_, shows the dates of commencement of Mahommedan years from 1845 up to 2047, or from the 43rd to the 49th cycle inclusive, which form the whole of the seventh period of seven cycles. Throughout the next period of seven cycles, and all other like periods, the days of the week will recur in exactly the same order. All the tables of this kind previously published, which extend beyond the year 1900 of the Christian era, are erroneous, not excepting the celebrated French work, _L'Art de vérifier les dates_, so justly regarded as the greatest authority in chronological matters. The errors have probably arisen from a continued excess of 10 in the discrimination of the intercalary years.

TABLE IX.--_Mahommedan Years._

43rd Cycle. 46th Cycle. (continued.)
Year of Commencement Year of Commencement
Hegira. (1st of Muharram). Hegira. (1st of Muharram).
1261 Frid. 10 Jan. 1845 1365 Thur. 6 Dec. 1945
1262* Tues. 30 Dec. 1845 1366* Mon. 25 Nov. 1946
1263 Sun. 20 Dec. 1846 1367 Sat. 15 Nov. 1947
1264 Thur. 9 Dec. 1847 1368* Wed. 3 Nov. 1948
1265* Mon. 27 Nov. 1848 1369 Mon. 24 Oct. 1949
1266 Sat. 17 Nov. 1849 1370 Frid. 13 Oct. 1950
1267* Wed. 6 Nov. 1850 1371* Tues. 2 Oct. 1951
1268 Mon. 27 Oct. 1851 1372 Sun. 21 Sept. 1952
1269 Frid. 15 Oct. 1852 1373 Thur. 10 Sept. 1953
1270* Tues. 4 Oct. 1853 1374* Mon. 30 Aug. 1954
1271 Sun. 24 Sept. 1854 1375 Sat. 20 Aug. 1955
1272 Thur. 13 Sept. 1855 1376* Wed. 8 Aug. 1956
1273* Mon. 1 Sept. 1856 1377 Mon. 29 July 1957
1274 Sat. 22 Aug. 1857 1378 Frid. 18 July 1958
1275 Wed. 11 Aug. 1858 1379* Tues. 7 July 1959
1276* Sun. 31 July 1859 1380 Sun. 26 June 1960
1277* Frid. 20 July 1860
1278* Tues. 9 July 1861 47th Cycle.
1279 Sun. 29 June 1862 1381 Thur. 15 June 1961
1280 Thur. 18 June 1863 1382* Mon. 4 June 1962
1281* Mon. 6 June 1864 1383 Sat. 25 May 1963
1282 Sat. 27 May 1865 1384 Wed. 13 May 1964
1283 Wed. 16 May 1866 1385* Sun. 2 May 1965
1284* Sun. 5 May 1867 1386 Frid. 22 April 1966
1285 Frid. 24 April 1868 1387* Tues. 11 April 1967
1286* Tues. 13 April 1869 1388 Sun. 31 Mar. 1968
1287 Sun. 3 April 1870 1389 Thur. 20 Mar. 1969
1288 Thur. 23 Mar. 1871 1390* Mon. 9 Mar. 1970
1289* Mon. 11 Mar. 1872 1391 Sat. 27 Feb. 1971
1290 Sat. 1 Mar. 1873 1392 Wed. 16 Feb. 1972
1393* Sun. 4 Feb. 1973
44th Cycle. 1394 Frid. 25 Jan. 1974
1291 Wed. 18 Feb. 1874 1395 Tues. 14 Jan. 1975
1292* Sun. 7 Feb. 1875 1396* Sat. 3 Jan. 1976
1293 Frid. 28 Jan. 1876 1397 Thur. 23 Dec. 1976
1294 Tues. 16 Jan. 1877 1398* Mon. 12 Dec. 1977
1295* Sat. 5 Jan. 1878 1399 Sat. 2 Dec. 1978
1296 Thur. 26 Dec. 1878 1400 Wed. 21 Nov. 1979
1297* Mon. 15 Dec. 1879 1401* Sun. 9 Nov. 1980
1298 Sat. 4 Dec. 1880 1402 Frid. 30 Oct. 1981
1299 Wed. 23 Nov. 1881 1403 Tues. 19 Oct. 1982
1300* Sun. 12 Nov. 1882 1404* Sat. 8 Oct. 1983
1301 Frid. 2 Nov. 1883 1405 Thur. 27 Sept. 1984
1302 Tues. 21 Oct. 1884 1406* Mon. 16 Sept. 1985
1303* Sat. 10 Oct. 1885 1407 Sat. 6 Sept. 1986
1304 Thur. 30 Sept. 1886 1408 Wed. 26 Aug. 1987
1305 Mon. 19 Sept. 1887 1409* Sun. 14 Aug. 1988
1306* Frid. 7 Sept. 1888 1410 Frid. 4 Aug. 1989
1307 Wed. 28 Aug. 1889
1308* Sun. 17 Aug. 1890 48th Cycle.
1309 Frid. 7 Aug. 1891 1411 Tues. 24 July 1990
1310 Tues. 26 July 1892 1412* Sat. 13 July 1991
1311* Sat. 15 July 1893 1413 Thur. 2 July 1992
1312 Thur. 5 July 1894 1414 Mon. 21 June 1993
1313 Mon. 24 June 1895 1415* Frid. 10 June 1994
1314* Frid. 12 June 1896 1416 Wed. 31 May 1995
1315 Wed. 2 June 1897 1417* Sun. 19 May 1996
1316* Sun. 22 May 1898 1418 Frid. 9 May 1997
1317 Frid. 12 May 1899 1419 Tues. 28 April 1998
1318 Tues. 1 May 1900 1420* Sat. 17 April 1999
1319* Sat. 20 April 1901 1421 Thur. 6 April 2000
1320 Thur. 10 April 1902 1422 Mon. 26 Mar. 2001
1423 Frid. 15 Mar. 2002
45th Cycle. 1424 Wed. 5 Mar. 2003
1321 Mon. 30 Mar. 1903 1425 Sun. 22 Feb. 2004
1322* Frid. 18 Mar. 1904 1426* Thur. 10 Feb. 2005
1323 Wed. 8 Mar. 1905 1427 Tues. 31 Jan. 2006
1324 Sun. 25 Feb. 1906 1428* Sat. 20 Jan. 2007
1325 Thur. 14 Feb. 1907 1429 Thur. 10 Jan. 2008
1326 Tues. 4 Feb. 1908 1430 Mon. 29 Dec. 2008
1327* Sat. 23 Jan. 1909 1431* Frid. 18 Dec. 2009
1328 Thur. 13 Jan. 1910 1432 Wed. 8 Dec. 2010
1329 Mon. 2 Jan. 1911 1433 Sun. 27 Nov. 2011
1330* Frid. 22 Dec. 1911 1434* Thur. 15 Nov. 2012
1331 Wed. 11 Dec. 1912 1435 Tues. 5 Nov. 2013
1332 Sun. 30 Nov. 1913 1436* Sat. 25 Oct. 2014
1333* Thur. 19 Nov. 1914 1437 Thur. 15 Oct. 2015
1334 Tues. 9 Nov. 1915 1438 Mon. 3 Oct. 2016
1335 Sat. 28 Oct. 1916 1439* Frid. 22 Sept. 2017
1336* Wed. 17 Oct. 1917 1440 Wed. 12 Sept. 2018
1337 Mon. 7 Oct. 1918
[v.04 p.1003]
1338* Frid. 26 Sept. 1919 49th Cycle.
1339 Wed. 15 Sept. 1920 1441 Sun. 1 Sept. 2019
1340 Sun. 4 Sept. 1921 1442* Thur. 20 Aug. 2020
1341* Thur. 24 Aug. 1922 1443 Tues. 10 Aug. 2021
1342 Tues. 14 Aug. 1923 1444 Sat. 30 July 2022
1343 Sat. 2 Aug. 1924 1445* Wed. 19 July 2023
1344* Wed. 22 July 1925 1446 Mon. 8 July 2024
1345 Mon. 12 July 1926 1447* Frid. 27 June 2025
1346* Frid. 1 July 1927 1448 Wed. 17 June 2026
1347 Wed. 20 June 1928 1449 Sun. 6 June 2027
1348 Sun. 9 June 1929 1450* Thur. 25 May 2028
1349* Thur. 29 May 1930 1451 Tues. 15 May 2029
1350 Tues. 19 May 1931 1452 Sat. 4 May 2030
1453* Wed. 23 April 2031
46th Cycle. 1454 Mon. 12 April 2032
1351 Sat. 7 May 1932 1455 Frid. 1 April 2033
1352* Wed. 26 April 1933 1456* Tues. 21 Mar. 2034
1353 Mon. 16 April 1934 1457 Sun. 11 Mar. 2035
1354 Frid. 5 April 1935 1458* Thur. 28 Feb. 2036
1355* Tues. 24 Mar. 1936 1459 Tues. 17 Feb. 2037
1356 Sun. 14 Mar. 1937 1460 Sat. 6 Feb. 2038
1357* Thur. 3 Mar. 1938 1461* Wed. 26 Jan. 2039
1358 Tues. 21 Feb. 1939 1462 Mon. 16 Jan. 2040
1359 Sat. 10 Feb. 1940 1463 Frid. 4 Jan. 2041
1360* Wed. 29 Jan. 1941 1464* Tues. 24 Dec. 2041
1361 Mon. 19 Jan. 1942 1465 Sun. 14 Dec. 2042
1362 Frid. 8 Jan. 1943 1466* Thur. 3 Dec. 2043
1363* Tues. 28 Dec. 1943 1467 Tues. 22 Nov. 2044
1364 Sun. 17 Dec. 1944 1468 Sat. 11 Nov. 2045

TABLE X.--_Principal Days of the Hebrew Calendar._

Tisri 1, New Year, Feast of Trumpets.
" 3,[1] Fast of Guedaliah.
" 10, Fast of Expiation.
" 15, Feast of Tabernacles.
" 21, Last Day of the Festival.
" 22, Feast of the 8th Day.
" 23, Rejoicing of the Law.
Kislev 25, Dedication of the Temple.
Tebet 10, Fast, Siege of Jerusalem.
Adar 13,[2] Fast of Esther, } In embolismic
" 14, Purim, } years, Veadar.
Nisan 15, Passover.
Sivan 6, Pentecost.
Tamuz 17,[1] Fast, Taking of Jerusalem.
Ab 9.[1] Fast, Destruction of the Temple.

[1] If Saturday, substitute Sunday immediately following.

[2] If Saturday, substitute Thursday immediately preceding.

TABLE XI.--_Principal Days of the Mahommedan Calendar._

Muharram 1, New Year.
" 10, Ashura.
Rabia I. 11, Birth of Mahomet.
Jornada I. 20, Taking of Constantinople.
Rajab 15, Day of Victory.
" 20, Exaltation of Mahomet.
Shaaban 15, Borak's Night.
Shawall 1,2,3, Kutshuk Bairam.
Dulheggia 10, Qurban Bairam.

TABLE XII.--_Epochs, Eras, and Periods._

Name. Christian Date of Commencement.

Grecian Mundane era 1 Sep. 5598 B.C.
Civil era of Constantinople 1 Sep. 5508 "
Alexandrian era 29 Aug. 5502 "
Ecclesiastical|era of Antioch 1 Sep. 5492 "
Julian Period 1 Jan. 4713 "
Mundane era Oct. 4008 "
Jewish Mundane era Oct. 3761 "
Era of Abraham 1 Oct. 2015 "
Era of the Olympiads 1 July 776 "
Roman era 24 April 753 "
Era of Nabonassar 26 Feb. 747 "
Metonic Cycle 15 July 432 "
Grecian or Syro-Macedonian era 1 Sep. 312 "
Tyrian era 19 Oct. 125 "
Sidonian era Oct. 110 "
Caesarean era of Antioch 1 Sep. 48 "
Julian year 1 Jan. 45 "
Spanish era 1 Jan. 38 "
Actian era 1 Jan. 30 "
Augustan era 14 Feb. 27 "
Vulgar Christian era 1 Jan. 1 A.D.
Destruction of Jerusalem 1 Sep. 69 "
Era of Maccabees 24 Nov. 166 "
Era of Diocletian 17 Sep. 284 "
Era of Ascension 12 Nov. 295 "
Era of the Armenians 7 July 552 "
Mahommedan era of the Hegira 16 July 622 "
Persian era of Yezdegird 16 June 632 "

For the Revolutionary Calendar see FRENCH REVOLUTION _ad fin._

The principal works on the calendar are the following:--Clavius, _Romani Calendarii a Gregorio XIII. P.M. restituti Explicatio_ (Rome, 1603); _L'Art de vérifier les dates_; Lalande, _Astronomie_ tome ii.; _Traité de la sphère et du calendrier_, par M. Revard (Paris, 1816); Delambre, _Traité de l'astronomie théorique et pratique_, tome iii.; _Histoire de l'astronomie moderne; Methodus technica brevis, perfacilis, ac perpetua construendi Calendarium Ecclesiasticum, Stylo tam novo quam vetere, pro cunctis Christianis Europae populis, &c._, auctore Paulo Tittel (Gottingen, 1816); _Formole analitiche pel calcolo delta Pasgua, e correzione di quello di Gauss, con critiche osservazioni sù quanta ha scritto del calendario il Delambri_, di Lodovico Ciccolini (Rome, 1817); E.H. Lindo, _Jewish Calendar for Sixty-four Years_ (1838); W.S.B. Woolhouse, _Measures, Weights, and Moneys of all Nations_ (1869).

(T. G.; W. S. B. W.)

CALENDER, (1) (Fr. _calendre_, from the Med. Lat. _calendra_, a corruption of the Latinized form of the Gr. [Greek: kulindros], a cylinder), a machine consisting of two or more rollers or cylinders in close contact with each other, and often heated, through which are passed cotton, calico and other fabrics, for the purpose of having a finished smooth surface given to them; the process flattens the fibres, removes inequalities, and also gives a glaze to the surface. It is similarly employed in paper manufacture (_q.v._). (2) (From the Arabic _qalandar_), an order of dervishes, who separated from the Baktashite order in the 14th century; they were vowed to perpetual travelling. Other forms of the name by which they are known are Kalenderis, Kalenderites, and Qalandarites (see DERVISH).

CALENUS, QUINTUS FUFIUS, Roman general. As tribune of the people in 61 B.C., he wa$ chiefly instrumental in securing the acquittal of the notorious Publius Clodius when charged with having profaned the mysteries of Bona Dea (Cicero, _Ad. Att._ i. 16). In 59 Calenus was praetor, and brought forward a law that the senators, knights, and tribuni aerarii, who composed the judices, should vote separately, so that it might be known how they gave their votes (Dio Cassius xxxviii. 8). He fought in Gaul (51) and Spain (49) under Caesar, who, after he had crossed over to Greece (48), sent Calenus from Epirus to bring over the rest of the troops from Italy. On the passage to Italy, most of the ships were captured by Bibulus and Calenus himself escaped with difficulty. In 47 he was raised to the consulship through the influence of Caesar. After the death of the dictator, he joined Antony, whose legions he afterwards commanded in the north of Italy. He died in 41, while stationed with his army at the foot of the Alps, just as he was on the point of marching against Octavianus.

Caesar, _B.G._ viii. 39; _B.C._ i. 87, iii. 26; Cic. _Philippicae_, viii. 4.

CALEPINO, AMBROGIO (1435-1511), Italian lexicographer, born at Bergamo in 1435, was descended of an old family of Calepio, whence he took his name. Becoming an Augustinian monk, he devoted his whole life to the composition of a polyglott dictionary, first printed at Reggio in 1502. This gigantic work was afterwards augmented by Passerat and others. The most complete edition, published at Basel in 1590, comprises no fewer than eleven languages. The best edition is that published at Padua in seven languages in 1772. Calepino died blind in 1511.

CALES (mod. _Calvi_), an ancient city of Campania, belonging Originally to the Aurunci, on the Via Latina, 8 m. N.N.W. of Casilinum. It was taken by the Romans in 335 B.C., and, a colony with Latin rights of 2500 citizens having been established there, it was for a long time the centre of the Roman dominion in Campania, and the seat of the quaestor for southern Italy even down to the days of Tacitus.[1] It was an important base in the war against Hannibal, and at last refused further contributions for the war. Before 184 more settlers were sent there. After the Social War it became a _municipium_. The fertility of its territory and its manufacture of black glazed pottery, which was even exported to Etruria, made it prosperous. At the end of the 3rd century it appears as a colony, and in the 5th century it became an episcopal see, which (jointly with Teano since 1818) it still is, though it is now a mere village. The cathedral, of the 12th century, has a carved portal and three apses decorated with small arches and pilasters, and contains a fine pulpit and episcopal throne in marble mosaic. Near it are two grottos [v.04 p.1004] which have been used for Christian worship and contain frescoes of the 10th and 11th centuries (E. Bertaux, _L'Art dans l'Italie méridionale_ (Paris, 1904), i. 244, &c.). Inscriptions name six gates of the town: and there are considerable remains of antiquity, especially of an amphitheatre and theatre, of a supposed temple, and other edifices. A number of tombs belonging to the Roman necropolis were discovered in 1883.

See C. Hülsen in Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencyclopädie_, iii. 1351 (Stuttgart, 1899).

(T. AS.)

[1] To the period after 335 belong numerous silver and bronze coins with the legend _Caleno_.

CALF. (1) (A word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. German _Kalb_, and Dutch _kalf_), the young of the family of _Bovidae_, and particularly of the domestic cow, also of the elephant, and of marine mammals, as the whale and seal. The word is applied to a small island close to a larger one, like a calf close to its mother's side, as in the "Calf of Man," and to a mass of ice detached from an iceberg. (2) (Of unknown origin, possibly connected with the Celtic _calpa_, a leg), the fleshy hinder part of the leg, between the knee and the ankle.

CALF, THE GOLDEN, a molten image made by the Israelites when Moses had ascended the Mount of Yahweh to receive the Law (Ex. xxxii.). Alarmed at his lengthy absence the people clamoured for "gods" to lead them, and at the instigation of Aaron, they brought their jewelry and made the calf out of it. This was celebrated by a sacred festival, and it was only through the intervention of Moses that the people were saved from the wrath of Yahweh (cp. Deut. ix. 19 sqq.). Nevertheless 3000 of them fell at the hands of the Levites who, in answer to the summons of Moses, declared themselves on the side of Yahweh. The origin of this particular form of worship can scarcely be sought in Egypt; the Apis which was worshipped there was a live bull, and image-worship was common among the Canaanites in connexion with the cult of Baal and Astarte (_qq.v._). In early Israel it was considered natural to worship Yahweh by means of images (cp. the story of Gideon, Judg. viii. 24 sqq.), and even to Moses himself was attributed the bronze-serpent whose cult at Jerusalem was destroyed in the time of Hezekiah (2 Kings xviii. 4, Num. xxi. 4-9). The condemnation which later writers, particularly those imbued with the spirit of the Deuteronomic reformation, pass upon all image-worship, is in harmony with the judgment upon Jeroboam for his innovations at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings xii. 28 sqq., xvi. 26, &c.). But neither Elijah nor Elisha raised a voice against the cult; then, as later, in the time of Amos, it was nominally Yahweh-worship, and Hosea is the first to regard it as the fundamental cause of Israel's misery.

See further, W.R. Smith, _Prophets of Israel_, pp. 175 sqq.; Kennedy, Hastings' _Dict. Bib._ i. 342; and HEBREW RELIGION.

(S. A. C.)

CALGARY, the oldest city in the province of Alberta. Pop. (1901) 4091; (1907) 21,112. It is situated in 114° 15' W., and 51° 4½' N., on the Bow river, which flows with its crystal waters from the pass in the Rocky Mountains, by which the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway crosses the Rocky Mountains. The pass proper--Kananaskis--penetrates the mountains beginning 40 m. west of Calgary, and the well-known watering-place, Banff, lies 81 m. west of it, in the Canadian national park. The streets are wide and laid out on a rectangular system. The buildings are largely of stone, the building stone used being the brown Laramie sandstone found in the valley of the Bow river in the neighbourhood of the city. Calgary is an important point on the Canadian Pacific railway, which has a general superintendent resident here. It is an important centre of wholesale dealers, and also of industrial establishments. Calgary is near the site of Fort La Jonquiere founded by the French in 1752. Old Bow fort was a trading post for many years though now in ruins. The present city was created by the building of the Canadian Pacific railway about 1883.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed original.

p. 795, Bülow, Hans Guido von: "married in his twenty-eighth year": 'twenty-eight' in original.

p. 843, Internal Communications: "a great deal of road construction": 'constuction' in original.

p. 854, "Italian work Saggi sul Ristabilimento...": 'Saggj' in original.

p. 884, 6th para: "Throughout the whole of the Analogy it is manifest": 'manfest' in original.

p. 894, Buys Ballot's Law: "takes its name from C.H.D. Buys Ballot": 'Ballott' in original.

p. 904, 4th para: "additions to already existing types": 'exsiting' in original.

p. 905, Biographies etc: Prisoner of Chillon and other Poems, edited by E. Kölbing (1896): '1869' in original, the place in this list implies 1896 and other sources support this.

p. 914, Cabasilas, Nicolaus: "a speech against usurers": 'againt' in original.

p. 970, 3rd para: "coloured by cobalt": 'colbalt' in original.

p. 976, 1st equation: "P = ½ l²/c w": the = sign is printed vertically in original.

p. 979, 11th piece of text: "A_2 is proportional to the roll of W_2": 'roll of w_2' in original: but properly W_2 is the wheel, w_2 is the measure of its roll.

p. 996, Table III: column 11 begins 20-17-19-17-16 in original, this should be 20-19-18-17-16 (as described earlier, the columns are arranged in the order of the natural numbers, beginning at the bottom and proceeding to the top of the column.)

p. 997, Table IV: Nov 27. contains "25'24" in original: according to the text, 25 beside 24 should not be accented.

p. 999 Condition "When E < 24": 'When < 24' in original.

p. 1000, Table VII: 5620 shown starting "29 Sept. 1858" in original: must be 1859.