Chapter IX: Part 9

STREPSIPTERA.--Much difference of opinion has prevailed with regard to
the curious, tiny, parasitic insects included in this division, some
authorities considering that they should be referred to a distinct
order, while others would group them in the family _Meloidae_ just
described. While from the nature of their life-history there is no
doubt that they have a rather close relationship to the _Meloidae_,
their structure is so remarkable that it seems advisable to regard
them as at least a distinct tribe of Coleoptera.

They may be comprised in a single family, the _Stylopidae_. The males
are very small, free-flying insects with the prothorax, mesothorax and
elytra greatly reduced, the latter appearing as little, twisted
strips, while the metathorax is relatively large, with its wings broad
and capable of longitudinal folding. The feelers are branched and the
jaws vestigial. The female is a segmented, worm-like creature,
spending her whole life within the body of the bee, wasp or bug on
which she is parasitic. One end of her body protrudes from between two
of the abdominal segments of the host; it has been a subject of
dispute whether this protruded end is the head or the tail, but there
can be little doubt that it is the latter. While thus carried about by
the host-insect, the female is fertilized by the free-flying male, and
gives birth to a number of tiny triungulin larvae. The chief points in
the life-history of _Stylops_ and _Xenos_, which are parasitic on
certain bees (_Andrena_) and wasps (_Polistes_), have been
investigated by K. T. E. von Siebold (1843) and N. Nassonov (1892).
The little triungulins escape on to the body of the bee or wasp; then
those that are to survive must leave their host for a non-parasitized
insect. Clinging to her hairs they are carried to the nest, where they
bore into the body of a bee or wasp larva, and after a moult become
soft-skinned legless maggots. The growth of the parasitic larva does
not stop the development of the host-larva, and when the latter
pupates and assumes the winged form, the stylopid, which has completed
its transformation, is carried to the outer world. The presence of a
_Stylops_ causes derangement in the body of its host, and can be
recognized by various external signs. Other genera of the family are
parasitic on Hemiptera--bugs and frog-hoppers--but nothing is known as
to the details of their life-history.

LAMELLICORNIA.--This is a very well-marked tribe of beetles,
characterized by the peculiar elongation and flattening of three or
more of the terminal antennal segments, so that the feeler seems to
end in a number of leaf-like plates, or small comb-teeth (fig. 26, b,
c). The wings are well developed for flight, and there is a tendency
in the group, especially among the males, towards an excessive
development of the mandibles or the presence of enormous, horn-like
processes on the head or pronotum. There are four malpighian tubes.
The larvae are furnished with large heads, powerful mandibles and
well-developed legs, but the body-segments are feebly chitinized, and
the tail-end is swollen. They feed in wood or spend an underground
life devouring roots or animal excrement.

The _Lucanidae_ or stag beetles (figs. 1 and 25) have the terminal
antennal segments pectinate, and so arranged that the comb-like part
of the feeler cannot be curled up, while the elytra completely cover
the abdomen. There are about 600 species in the family, the males
being usually larger than the females, and remarkable for the size of
their mandibles. In the same species, however, great variation occurs
in the development of the mandibles, and the breadth of the head
varies correspondingly, the smallest type of male being but little
different in appearance from the female. The larvae of _Lucanidae_
live within the wood of trees, and may take three or four years to
attain their full growth. The _Passalidae_ are a tropical family of
beetles generally considered to be intermediate between stag-beetles
and chafers, the enlarged segments of the feeler being capable of
close approximation.

The _Scarabaeidae_ or chafers are an enormous family of about 15,000
species. The plate-like segments of the feeler (fig. 26, b, c) can be
brought close together so as to form a club-like termination; usually
the hinder abdominal segments are not covered by the elytra. In this
family there is often a marked divergence between the sexes; the
terminal antennal segments are larger in the male than in the female,
and the males may carry large spinous processes on the head or
prothorax, or both. These structures were believed by C. Darwin to be
explicable by sexual selection. The larvae have the three pairs of
legs well developed, and the hinder abdominal segments swollen. Most
of the _Scarabaeidae_ are vegetable-feeders, but one section of the
family--represented in temperate countries by the dor-beetles
(_Geotrupes_) (fig. 28) and _Aphodius_, and in warmer regions by the
"sacred" beetles of the Egyptians (_Scarabaeus_) (fig. 27), and allied
genera--feed both in the adult and larval stages, on dung or decaying
animal matter. The heavy grubs of _Geotrupes_, their swollen tail-ends
black with the contained food-material, are often dug up in numbers in
well-manured fields. The habits of _Scarabaeus_ have been described in
detail by J. H. Fabre. The female beetle in spring-time collects dung,
which she forms into a ball by continuous rolling, sometimes assisted
by a companion. This ball is buried in a suitable place, and serves
the insect as a store of food. During summer the insects rest in their
underground retreats, then in autumn they reappear to bury another
supply of dung, which serves as food for the larvae. Fabre states that
the mother-insect carefully arranges the food-supply so that the most
nutritious and easily digested portion is nearest the egg, to form the
first meal of the young larva. In some species of _Copris_ it is
stated that the female lays only two or three eggs at a time, watching
the offspring grow to maturity, and then rearing another brood.

Among the vegetable-feeding chafers we usually find that while the
perfect insect devours leaves, the larva lives underground and feeds
on roots. Such are the habits of the cockchafer (_Melolontha
vulgaris_) and other species that often cause great injury to farm and
garden crops (see CHAFER). Many of these insects, such as the species
of _Phanaeus_ (fig. 29) and _Cetonia_ (fig. 30), are adorned with
metallic or other brilliant colours. The African "goliath-beetles"
(fig. 31) and the American "elephant-beetles" (_Dynastes_) are the
largest of all insects.

ANCHISTOPODA.--The families of beetles included by Kolbe in this group
are distinguished by the possession of six malpighian tubes, and a
great reduction in one or two of the tarsal segments, so that there
seem to be only four or three segments in each foot; hence the names
_Tetramera_ and _Trimera_ formerly applied to them. The larvae have
soft-skinned bodies sometimes protected by rows of spiny tubercles,
the legs being fairly developed in some families and greatly reduced
or absent in others. As might be expected, degeneration in larval
structure is correlated with a concealed habit of life.

The _Coccinellidae_, or ladybirds (fig. 32), are a large family of
beetles, well known by their rounded convex bodies, usually shining
and hairless. They have eleven segments to the feeler, which is
clubbed at the tip, and apparently three segments only in each foot.
Ladybirds are often brightly marked with spots and dashes, their
coloration being commonly regarded as an advertisement of inedibility.
The larvae have a somewhat swollen abdomen, which is protected by
bristle-bearing tubercles. Like the perfect insects, they are
predaceous, feeding on plant-lice (_Aphidae_) and scale insects
(_Coccidae_). Their role in nature is therefore beneficial to the
cultivator. The _Endomychidae_ (fig. 33), an allied family, are mostly
fungus-eaters. In the _Erotylidae_ and a few other small related
families the feet are evidently four-segmented.

The _Chrysomelidae_, or leaf-beetles (figs. 34, 35), are a very large
family, with "tetramerous" tarsi; there seem to be only four segments
to the foot, but there are really five, the fourth being greatly
reduced. The mandibles are strong, adapted for biting the vegetable
substances on which these beetles feed, and the palps of the second
maxillae have three segments. Most of the _Chrysomelidae_ are metallic
in colour and convex in form; in some the head is concealed beneath
the prothorax, and the so-called "tortoise" beetles (_Cassidinae_)
have the elytra raised into a prominent median ridge. The most active
form of larva found in this family resembles in shape that of a
ladybird, tapering towards the tail end, and having the trunk segments
protected by small firm sclerites. Such larvae, and also many with
soft cuticle and swollen abdomen--those of the notorious "Colorado
beetle," for example--feed openly on foliage. Others, with soft,
white, cylindrical bodies, which recall the caterpillars of moths,
burrow in the leaves or stems of plants. The larvae of the
tortoise-beetles have the curious habit of forming an umbrella-like
shield out of their own excrement, held in position by the upturned
tail-process. The larvae of the beautiful, elongate, metallic
_Donaciae_ live in the roots and stems of aquatic plants, obtaining
thence both food and air. The larva pierces the vessels of the plant
with sharp processes at the hinder end of its body. In this way it is
believed that the sub-aqueous cocoon in which the pupal stage is
passed becomes filled with air.

The _Cerambycidae_, or longhorn beetles, are recognizable by their
slender, elongate feelers, which are never clubbed and rarely serrate.
The foot has apparently four segments, as in the _Chrysomelidae_. The
beetles are usually elongate and elegant in form, often adorned with
bright bands of colour, and some of the tropical species attain a very
large size (figs. 36, 37). The feelers are usually longer in the male
than in the female, exceeding in some cases by many times the length
of the body. The larvae have soft, fleshy bodies, with the head and
prothorax large and broad, and the legs very much reduced. They live
and feed in the wood of trees. Consequently, beetles of this family
are most abundant in forest regions, and reach their highest
development in the dense virgin forests of tropical countries, South
America being particularly rich in peculiar genera.

The _Bruchidae_, or seed-beetles, agree with the two preceding
families in tarsal structure; the head is largely hidden by the
pronotum, and the elytra are short enough to leave the end of the
abdomen exposed (fig. 38). The development of the pea and bean-beetles
has been carefully studied by C. V. Riley, who finds that the young
larva, hatched from the egg laid on the pod, has three pairs of legs,
and that these are lost after the moult that occurs when the grub has
bored its way into the seed. In Great Britain the beetle, after
completing its development, winters in the seed, waiting to emerge and
lay its eggs on the blossom in the ensuing spring.

RHYNCHOPHORA.--The _Rhynchophora_ are a group of beetles easily
recognized by the elongation of the head into a beak or snout, which
carries the feelers at its sides and the jaws at its tip. The third
tarsal segment is broad and bi-lobed, and the fourth is so small that
the feet seem to be only four-segmented. There are six malpighian
tubes. The ventral sclerite of the head-skeleton (gula), well
developed in most families of beetles, is absent among the
_Rhynchophora_, while the palps of the maxillae are much reduced. The
larvae have soft, white bodies and, with very few exceptions, no legs.

Of the four families included in this group, the _Anthribidae_ (fig.
39) have jointed, flexible palps, feelers--often of excessive
length--with a short basal segment, and the three terminal segments
forming a club, and, in some genera, larvae with legs. There are
nearly 1000 known species, most of which live in tropical countries.
The _Brenthidae_ are a remarkable family almost confined to the
tropics; they are elongate and narrow in form (fig. 40), with a
straight, cylindrical snout which in some male beetles of the family
is longer than the rest of the body.

The _Curculionidae_, or weevils (q.v.), comprising 23,000 species, are
by far the largest family of the group. The maxillary palps are short
and rigid, and there is no distinct labrum, while the feelers are
usually of an "elbowed" form, the basal segment being very elongate
(figs. 41, 42). They are vegetable feeders, both in the perfect and
larval stages, and are often highly injurious. The female uses her
snout as a boring instrument to prepare a suitable place for
egg-laying. The larvae (fig. 3) of some weevils live in seeds; others
devour roots, while the parent-beetles eat leaves; others, again, are
found in wood or under bark. The _Scolytidae_, or bark-beetles, are a
family of some 1500 species, closely allied to the _Curculionidae_,
differing only in the feeble development of the snout. They have
clubbed feelers, and their cylindrical bodies (fig. 43) are well
adapted for their burrowing habits under the bark of trees. Usually
the mother-beetle makes a fairly straight tunnel along which, at short
intervals, she lays her eggs. The grubs, when hatched, start galleries
nearly at right angles to this, and when fully grown form oval cells
in which they pupate; from these the young beetles emerge by making
circular holes directly outward through the bark.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--In addition to what may be found in numerous important
works on the Hexapoda (q.v.) as a whole, such as J. O. Westwood's
_Modern Classification of Insects_, vol. i. (London, 1838); J. H.
Fabre's _Souvenirs Entomologiques_ (Paris, 1879-1891); D. Sharp's
contribution to the Cambridge Natural History (vol. vi., London,
1899); and L. C. Miall's _Aquatic Insects_ (London, 1895), the special
literature of the _Coleoptera_ is enormous. Classical anatomical
memoirs are those of L. Dufour (_Ann. Sci. Nat._ ii., iii., iv., vi.,
viii., xiv., 1824-1828); _Ib._ (ser. 2, Zool.) i., 1834; and H. E.
Strauss-Durkheim, _Anatomie comparee des animaux articulees_ (Paris,
1828).

The wings of _Coleoptera_ (including the elytra) are described and
discussed by F. Meinert (_Entom. Tijdsk._ v., 1880); C. Hoffbauer
(_Zeit. f. wissen. Zool._ liv., 1892); J. H. Comstock and J. G.
Needham (_Amer. Nat._ xxxii., 1898); and W. L. Tower (_Zool. Jahrb.
Anat._ xvii., 1903). The morphology of the abdomen, ovipositor and
genital armature is dealt with by K. W. Verhoeff (_Ent. Nachtr._ xx.,
1894, and _Arch. f. Naturg._ lxi., lxii., 1895-1896); and B.
Wandolleck (_Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ xxii., 1905).

Luminous organs are described by H. von Wielowiejski (_Zeits. f.
wissen. Zool._ xxxvii., 1882); C. Heinemann (_Arch. f. mikr. Anat._
xxvii., 1886); and R. Dubois (_Bull. soc. zool. France_, 1886); and
stridulating organs by C. J. Gahan (_Trans. Entom. Soc._, 1900). See
also C. Darwin's _Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex_
(London, 1871).

Many larvae of _Coleoptera_ are described and beautifully figured by
J. C. Schiodte (_Naturh. Tidsskr._ i.-xiii., 1861-1872).
Hypermetamorphosis in the _Meloidae_ is described by G. Newport
(_Trans. Linn. Soc._ xx., xxi., 1851-1853); C. V. Riley (_Rep. U.S.
Entom. Comm._ i., 1878); J. H. Fabre (_Ann. Sci. Nat._ (4), ix., xix.,
1848-1853); H. Beauregard (_Les Insectes vesicants_, Paris, 1890); and
A. Chabaud (_Ann. Soc. Ent. France_, lx., 1891); in the _Bruchidae_ by
Riley (_Insect Life_, iv., v., 1892-1893); and in the _Strepsiptera_
(_Stylopidae_) by K. T. E. von Siebold (_Arch. f. Naturg._ ix., 1843);
N. Nassonov (_Bull. Univ. Narsovie_, 1892); and C. T. Brues (_Zool.
Jahrb. Anat._ xiii., 1903).

For various schemes of classification of the _Coleoptera_ see E. L.
Geoffroy (_Insectes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris_, Paris,
1762); A. G. Olivier (_Coleopteres_, Paris, 1789-1808); W. S. MacLeay
(_Annulosa Javanica_, London, 1825); the general works of Westwood and
Sharp, mentioned above; M. Gemminger and B. de Harold (_Catalogus
Coleopterorum_, 12 vols., Munich, 1868-1872); T. Lacordaire and F.
Chapuis (_Genera des Coleopteres_, 10 vols., Paris, 1854-1874); J. L.
Leconte and G. H. Horn (_Classification of Coleoptera of N. America_,
Washington, Smithsonian Inst., 1883); L. Ganglbauer (_Die Kafer von
Mitteleuropa_, Vienna, 1892, &c.); A. Lameere (_Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg._
xliv., xlvii., 1900-1903); and H. J. Kolbe (_Arch. f. Naturg._ lxvii.,
1901).

For the British species, W. W. Fowler (_Coleoptera of the British
Islands_, 5 vols., London, 1887-1891) is the standard work; and W. F.
Johnson and J. N. Halbert's "Beetles of Ireland" (_Proc. R. Irish
Acad._, 3, vi., 1902) is valuable faunistically. Among the large
number of systematic writers on the order generally, or on special
families, may be mentioned D. Sharp, T. V. Wollaston, H. W. Bates, G.
C. Champion, E. Reitter, G. C. Crotch, H. S. Gorham, M. Jacoby, L.
Fairmaire and C. O. Waterhouse. (G. H. C.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] Instar is a convenient term suggested by D. Sharp to indicate a
stage in the life-history of an insect between two successive
castings of the cuticle.

COLEPEPER, JOHN COLEPEPER (or CULPEPPER), 1ST BARON (d. 1660), English politician, was the only son of Sir John Colepeper of Wigsell, Sussex. He began his career in military service abroad, and came first into public notice at home through his knowledge of country affairs, being summoned often before the council board to give evidence on such matters. He was knighted, and was elected member for Kent in the Long Parliament, when he took the popular side, speaking against monopolies on the 9th of November 1640, being entrusted with the impeachment of Sir Robert Berkeley on the 12th of February 1641, supporting Stafford's attainder, and being appointed to the committee of defence on the 12th of August 1641. He separated, however, from the popular party on the Church question, owing to political rather than religious objections, fearing the effect of the revolutionary changes which were now contemplated. He opposed the London petition for the abolition of episcopacy, the project of religious union with the Scots, and the Root and Branch Bill, and on the 1st of September he moved a resolution in defence of the prayer-book. In the following session he opposed the militia bill and the Grand Remonstrance, and finally on the 2nd of January 1642 he joined the king's party, taking office as chancellor of the exchequer. He highly disapproved of the attempt upon the five members, which was made without his knowledge, but advised the enterprise against Hull. On the 25th of August 1642 he appeared at the bar of the House of Commons to deliver the king's final proposals for peace, and was afterwards present at Edgehill, where he took part in Prince Rupert's charge and opposed the retreat of the king's forces from the battlefield. In December he was made by Charles master of the rolls. He was a leading member of the Oxford Parliament, and was said, in opposition to the general opinion, to have counselled considerable concessions to secure peace. His influence in military affairs caused him to be much disliked by Prince Rupert and the army, and the general animosity against him was increased by his advancement to the peerage on the 21st of October 1644 by the title of Baron Colepeper of Thoresway in Lincolnshire.

He was despatched with Hyde in charge of the prince of Wales to the West in March 1645, and on the 2nd of March 1646, after Charles's final defeat, embarked with the prince for Scilly, and thence to France. He strongly advocated the gaining over of the Scots by religious concessions, a policy supported by the queen and Mazarin, but opposed by Hyde and other leading royalists, and constantly urged this course upon the king, at the same time deprecating any yielding on the subject of the militia. He promoted the mission of Sir John Berkeley in 1647 to secure an understanding between Charles and the army. In 1648 he accompanied the prince in his unsuccessful naval expedition, and returned with him to the Hague, where violent altercations broke out among the royalist leaders, Colepeper going so far, on one occasion in the council, as to challenge Prince Rupert, and being himself severely assaulted in the streets by Sir Robert Walsh. He continued after the execution of the king to press the acceptance on Charles II. of the Scottish proposals. He was sent to Russia in 1650, where he obtained a loan of 20,000 roubles from the tsar, and, soon after his return, to Holland, to procure military assistance. By the treaty, agreed to between Cromwell and Mazarin, of August 1654, Colepeper was obliged to leave France, and he appears henceforth to have resided in Flanders. He accompanied Charles II. to the south of France in September 1659, at the time of the treaty of the Pyrenees. At the Restoration he returned to England, but only survived a few weeks, dying on the 11th of June 1660.

Several contemporary writers agree in testifying to Colepeper's great debating powers and to his resources as an adviser, but complain of his want of stability and of his uncertain temper. Clarendon, with whom he was often on ill terms, speaks generally in his praise, and repels the charge of corruption levelled against him. That he was gifted with considerable political foresight is shown by a remarkable letter written on the 20th of September 1658 on the death of Cromwell, in which he foretells with uncommon sagacity the future developments in the political situation, advises the royalists to remain inactive till the right moment and profit by the division of their opponents, and distinguishes Monck as the one person willing and capable of effecting the Restoration (_Clarendon State Papers_, iii. 412). Colepeper was twice married, (1) to Philippa, daughter of Sir John Snelling, by whom he had one son, who died young, and a daughter, and (2) to Judith, daughter of Sir J. Colepeper of Hollingbourn, Kent, by whom he had seven children. Of these Thomas (d. 1719; governor of Virginia 1680-1683) was the successor in the title, which became extinct on the death of his younger brother Cheney in 1725. (P. C. Y.)

COLERAINE, a seaport and market town of Co. Londonderry, Ireland, in the north parliamentary division, on the Bann, 4 m. from its mouth, and 61-1/2 m. N.W. by N. from Dublin by the Northern Counties (Midland) railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 6958. The town stands upon both sides of the river, which is crossed by a handsome stone bridge, connecting the town and its suburb, Waterside or Killowen. The principal part is on the east bank, and consists of a central square called the Diamond, and several diverging streets. Among institutions may be mentioned the public schools founded in 1613 and maintained by the Honourable Irish Society, and the Academical Institution, maintained by the Irish Society and the London Clothworkers' Company. The linen trade has long been extensively carried on in the town, from which, indeed, a fine description of cloth is known as "Coleraines." Whisky-distilling, pork-curing, and the salmon and eel fisheries are prosecuted. The mouth of the river was formerly obstructed by a bar, but piers were constructed, and the harbours greatly improved by grants from the Irish Society of London and from a loan under the River Bann Navigation Act 1879. Coleraine ceased to return one member to the Imperial parliament in 1885; having previously returned two to the Irish parliament until the Union. It was incorporated by James I. It owed its importance mainly to the Irish Society, which was incorporated as the Company for the New Plantation of Ulster in 1613. Though fortified only by an earthen wall, it managed to hold out against the rebels in 1641. There are no remains of a former priory, monastery and castle. A rath or encampment of large size occupies Mount Sandel, 1 m. south-east.

COLERIDGE, HARTLEY (1796-1849), English man of letters, eldest son of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was born on the 19th of September 1796, near Bristol. His early years were passed under Southey's care at Greta Hall, Keswick, and he was educated by the Rev. John Dawes at Ambleside. In 1815 he went to Oxford, as scholar of Merton College. His university career, however, was very unfortunate. He had inherited the weakness of purpose, as well as the splendid conversational powers, of his father, and lapsed into habits of intemperance. He was successful in gaining an Oriel fellowship, but at the close of the probationary year (1820) was judged to have forfeited it. The authorities could not be prevailed upon to reverse their decision; but they awarded to him a free gift of L300. Hartley Coleridge then spent two years in London, where he wrote short poems for the _London Magazine_. His next step was to become a partner in a school at Ambleside, but this scheme failed. In 1830 a Leeds publisher, Mr. F. E. Bingley, made a contract with him to write biographies of Yorkshire and Lancashire worthies. These were afterwards republished under the title of _Biographia Borealis_ (1833) and _Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancashire_ (1836). Bingley also printed a volume of his poems in 1833, and Coleridge lived in his house until the contract came to an end through the bankruptcy of the publisher. From this time, except for two short periods in 1837 and 1838 when he acted as master at Sedbergh grammar school, he lived quietly at Grasmere and (1840-1849) Rydal, spending his time in study and wanderings about the countryside. His figure was as familiar as Wordsworth's, and his gentleness and simplicity of manner won for him the friendship of the country-people. In 1839 appeared his edition of Massinger and Ford, with biographies of both dramatists. The closing decade of Coleridge's life was wasted in what he himself calls "the woeful impotence of weak resolve." He died on the 6th of January 1849. The prose style of Hartley Coleridge is marked by much finish and vivacity; but his literary reputation must chiefly rest on the sanity of his criticisms, and above all on his _Prometheus_, an unfinished lyric drama, and on his sonnets. As a sonneteer he achieved real excellence, the form being exactly suited to his sensitive genius. _Essays and Marginalia_, and _Poems_, with a memoir by his brother Derwent, appeared in 1851.

COLERIDGE, JOHN DUKE COLERIDGE, 1ST BARON (1820-1894), lord chief justice of England, was the eldest son of Sir John Taylor Coleridge. He was born at Heath's Court, Ottery St Mary, on the 3rd of December 1820. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar. He was called to the bar in 1846, and went the western circuit, rising steadily, through more than twenty years of hard work, till in 1865 he was returned as member for Exeter in the Liberal interest. The impression which he made on the heads of his party was so favourable that they determined, early in the session of 1867, to put him forward as the protagonist of their attack on the Conservative government. But that move seemed to many of their staunchest adherents unwise, and it was frustrated by the active opposition of a section, including Hastings Russell (later ninth duke of Bedford), his brother Arthur, member for Tavistock, Alexander Mitchell of Stow, A. W. Kinglake and Henry Seymour. They met to deliberate in the tea-room of the House, and were afterwards sometimes confounded with the tea-room party which was of subsequent formation and under the guidance of a different group. The protest was sufficient to prevent the contemplated attack being made, but the Liberals returned to power in good time with a large majority behind them in 1868. Coleridge was made, first solicitor-, and then attorney-general.

As early as 1863 a small body of Oxford men in parliament had opened fire against the legislation which kept their university bound by ecclesiastical swaddling clothes. They had made a good deal of progress in converting the House of Commons to their views before the general election of 1865. That election having brought Coleridge into parliament, he was hailed as a most valuable ally, whose great university distinction, brilliant success as an orator at the bar, and hereditary connexion with the High Church party, entitled him to take the lead in a movement which, although gathering strength, was yet very far from having achieved complete success. The clerically-minded section of the Conservative party could not but listen to the son of Sir John Coleridge, the godson of Keble, and the grand-nephew of the man who had been an indirect cause of the Anglican revival of 1833,--for John Stuart Mill was right when he said that the poet Coleridge and the philosopher Bentham were, so far as England was concerned, the leaders of the two chief movements of their times: "it was they who taught the teachers, and who were the two great seminal minds."

Walking up one evening from the House of Commons to dine at the Athenaeum with Henry Bruce (afterwards Lord Aberdare) and another friend, Coleridge said: "There is a trial coming on which will be one of the most remarkable _causes celebres_ that has ever been heard of." This was the Tichborne case, which led to proceedings in the criminal courts rising almost to the dignity of a political event. The Tichborne trial was the most conspicuous feature of Coleridge's later years at the bar, and tasked his powers as an advocate to the uttermost, though he was assisted by the splendid abilities and industry of Charles (afterwards Lord) Bowen. In November 1873 Coleridge succeeded Sir W. Bovill as chief justice of the common pleas, and was immediately afterwards raised to the peerage as Baron Coleridge of Ottery St Mary. In 1880 he was made lord chief justice of England on the death of Sir Alexander Cockburn.

In jury cases his quickness in apprehending facts and his lucidity in arranging them were very remarkable indeed. He was not one of the most learned of lawyers, but he was a great deal more learned than many people believed him to be, and as an ecclesiastical lawyer had perhaps few or no superiors. His fault--a natural fault in one who had been so successful as an advocate--was that of being too apt to take one side. He allowed, also, certain political or personal prepossessions to colour the tone of his remarks from the bench. A game-preserving landlord had not to thank the gods when his case, however buttressed by generally accepted claims, came before Coleridge. Towards the end of his life his health failed, and he became somewhat indolent. On the whole, he was not so strong a man in his judicial capacity as Campbell or Cockburn; but it must be admitted that his scholarship, his refinement, his power of oratory, and his character raised the tone of the bench while he sat upon it, and that if it has been adorned by greater judicial abilities, it has hardly ever known a greater combination of varied merits. It is curious to observe that of all judges the man whom he put highest was one very unlike himself, the great master of the rolls, Sir William Grant. Coleridge died in harness on the 14th of June 1894.

Coleridge's work, first as a barrister, and then as a judge, prevented his publishing as much as he otherwise would have done, but his addresses and papers would, if collected, fill a substantial volume and do much honour to his memory. One of the best, and one most eminently characteristic of the man, was his inaugural address to the Philosophical Institution at Edinburgh in 1870; another was a paper on Wordsworth (1873). He was an exceptionally good letter-writer. Of travel he had very little experience. He had hardly been to Paris; once, quite near the end of his career, he spent a few days in Holland, and came back a willing slave to the genius of Rembrandt; but his longest absence from England was a visit, which had something of a representative legal character, to the United States. It is strange that a man so steeped in Greek and Roman poetry, so deeply interested in the past, present and future of Christianity, never saw Rome, or Athens, or the Holy Land. A subsidiary cause, no doubt, was the fatal custom of neglecting modern languages at English schools. He felt himself at a disadvantage when he passed beyond English-speaking lands, and cordially disliked the situation. No notice of Coleridge should omit to make mention of his extraordinary store of anecdotes, which were nearly always connected with Eton, Oxford, the bar or the bench. His exquisite voice, considerable power of mimicry, and perfect method of narration added greatly to the charm. He once told, at the table of Dr Jowett, master of Balliol, anecdotes through the whole of dinner on Saturday evening, through the whole of breakfast, lunch and dinner the next day, through the whole journey on Monday morning from Oxford to Paddington, without ever once repeating himself. He was frequently to be seen at the Athenaeum, was a member both of Grillion's and The Club, as well as of the Literary Society, of which he was president, and whose meetings he very rarely missed. Bishop Copleston is said to have divided the human race into three classes,--men, women and Coleridges. If he did so, he meant, no doubt, to imply that the family of whom the poet of _Christabel_ was the chief example regarded themselves as a class to themselves, the objects of a special dispensation. John Duke Coleridge was sarcastic and critical, and at times over-sensitive. But his strongest characteristics were love of liberty and justice. By birth and connexions a Conservative, he was a Liberal by conviction, and loyal to his party and its great leader, Mr Gladstone.

Coleridge had three sons and a daughter by his first wife, Jane Fortescue, daughter of the Rev. George Seymour of Freshwater. She was an artist of real genius, and her portrait of Cardinal Newman was considered much better than the one by Millais. She died in February 1878; a short notice of her by Dean Church of St Paul's was published in the _Guardian_, and was reprinted in her husband's privately printed collection of poems. Coleridge remained for some years a widower, but married in 1885 Amy Augusta Jackson Lawford, who survived him. He was succeeded in the peerage by his eldest son, Bernard John Seymour (b. 1851), who went to the bar and became a K.C. in 1892. In 1907 he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. The two other sons were Stephen (b. 1854), a barrister, secretary to the Anti-Vivisection Society, and Gilbert James Duke (b. 1859).

His _Life and Correspondence_, edited by E. H. Coleridge, was
published in 1904; see further E. Manson, _Builders of our Law_
(1904); and for the history of the Coleridge family see Lord
Coleridge, _The Story of a Devonshire House_ (1907). (M. G. D.)

COLERIDGE, SIR JOHN TAYLOR (1790-1876), English judge, the second son of Captain James Coleridge and nephew of the poet S. T. Coleridge, was born at Tiverton, Devon, and was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he had a brilliant career. He graduated in 1812 and was soon after made a fellow of Exeter; in 1819 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple and practised for some years on the western circuit. In 1824, on Gifford's retirement, he assumed the editorship of the _Quarterly Review_, resigning it a year afterwards in favour of Lockhart. In 1825 he published his excellent edition of _Blackstone's Commentaries_, and in 1832 he was made a serjeant-at-law and recorder of Exeter. In 1835 he was appointed one of the judges of the king's bench. In 1852 his university created him a D.C.L., and in 1858 he resigned his judgeship, and was made a member of the privy council. In 1869, although in extreme old age, he produced his pleasant _Memoir of the Rev. John Keble_, whose friend he had been since their college days, a third edition of which was issued within a year. He died on the 11th of February 1876 at Ottery St Mary, Devon, leaving two sons and a daughter; the eldest son, John Duke, 1st Baron Coleridge (q.v.), became lord chief justice of England; the second son, Henry James (1822-1893), left the Anglican for the Roman Catholic church in 1852, and became well-known as a Jesuit divine, editor of _The Month_, and author of numerous theological works. Sir John Taylor Coleridge's brothers, James Duke and Henry Nelson (husband of Sara Coleridge), are referred to in other articles; his brother Francis George was the father of Arthur Duke Coleridge (b. 1830), clerk of assizes on the midland circuit and author of _Eton in the Forties_, whose daughter Mary E. Coleridge (1861-1907) became a well-known writer of fiction.

COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834), English poet and philosopher, was born on the 21st of October 1772, at his father's vicarage of Ottery St Mary's, Devonshire. His father, the Rev. John Coleridge (1719-1781), was a man of some mark. He was known for his great scholarship, simplicity of character, and affectionate interest in the pupils of the grammar school, of which he was appointed master a few months before becoming vicar of the parish (1760), reigning in both capacities till his death. He had married twice. The poet was the youngest child of his second wife, Anne Bowdon (d. 1809), a woman of great good sense, and anxiously ambitious for the success of her sons. On the death of his father, a presentation to Christ's Hospital was procured for Coleridge by the judge, Sir Francis Buller, an old pupil of his father's. He had already begun to give evidence of a powerful imagination, and he has described in a letter to his valued friend, Tom Poole, the pernicious effect which the admiration of an uncle and his circle of friends had upon him at this period. For eight years he continued at Christ's Hospital. Of these school-days Charles Lamb has given delightful glimpses in the _Essays of Elia_. The headmaster, Bowyer (as he was called, though his name was Boyer), was a severe disciplinarian, but respected by his pupils. Middleton, afterwards known as a Greek scholar, and bishop of Calcutta, reported Coleridge to Bowyer as a boy who read Virgil for amusement, and from that time Bowyer began to notice him and encouraged his reading. Some compositions in English poetry, written at sixteen, and not without a touch of genius, give evidence of the influence which Bowles, whose poems were then in vogue, had over his mind at this time. Before he left school his constitutional delicacy of frame, increased by swimming the New River in his clothes, began to give him serious discomfort.

In February 1791 he was entered at Jesus College, Cambridge. A school-fellow who followed him to the university has described in glowing terms evenings in his rooms, "when Aeschylus, and Plato, and Thucydides were pushed aside, with a pile of lexicons and the like, to discuss the pamphlets of the day. Ever and anon a pamphlet issued from the pen of Burke. There was no need of having the book before us;--Coleridge had read it in the morning, and in the evening he would repeat whole pages verbatim." William Frend, a fellow of Jesus, accused of sedition and Unitarianism, was at this time tried and expelled from Cambridge. Coleridge had imbibed his sentiments, and joined the ranks of his partisans. He grew discontented with university life, and in 1793, pressed by debt, went to London. Perhaps he was also influenced by his passion for Mary Evans, the sister of one of his school-fellows. A poem in the _Morning Chronicle_ brought him a guinea, and when that was spent he enlisted in the 15th Dragoons under the name of Silas Tomkyn Comberbache. One of the officers of the dragoon regiment, finding a Latin sentence inscribed on a wall, discovered the condition of the very awkward recruit. Shortly afterwards an old school-fellow (G. L. Tuckett) heard of his whereabouts, and by the intervention of his brother, Captain James Coleridge, his discharge was procured. He returned for a short time to Cambridge, but quitted the university without a degree in 1794. In the same year he visited Oxford, and after a short tour in Wales went to Bristol, where he met Southey. The French Revolution had stirred the mind of Southey to its depths. Coleridge received with rapture his new friend's scheme of Pantisocracy. On the banks of the Susquehanna was to be founded a brotherly community, where selfishness was to be extinguished, and the virtues were to reign supreme. No funds were forthcoming, and in 1795, to the chagrin of Coleridge, the scheme was dropped. In 1794 _The Fall of Robespierre_, of which Coleridge wrote the first act and Southey the other two, appeared. At Bristol Coleridge formed the acquaintance of Joseph Cottle, the bookseller, who offered him thirty guineas for a volume of poems. In October of 1795 Coleridge married Sarah Fricker, and took up his residence at Clevedon on the Bristol Channel. A few weeks afterwards Southey married a sister of Mrs Coleridge, and on the same day quitted England for Portugal.

Coleridge began to lecture in Bristol on politics and religion. He embodied the first two lectures in his first prose publication, _Conciones ad Populum_ (1795). The book contained much invective against Pitt, and in after life Coleridge declared that, with this exception, and a few pages involving philosophical tenets which he afterwards rejected, there was little or nothing he desired to retract. The first volume of _Poems_ was published by Cottle early in 1796. Coleridge projected a periodical called _The Watchman_, and in 1796 undertook a journey, well described in the _Biographic Literaria_, to enlist subscribers. _The Watchman_ had a brief life of two months, but at this time Coleridge began to think of becoming a Unitarian preacher, and abandoning literature for ever. Hazlitt has recorded his very favourable impression of a remarkable sermon delivered at Shrewsbury; but there are other accounts of Coleridge's preaching not so enthusiastic. In the summer of 1795 he met for the first time the brother poet with whose name his own will be for ever associated. Wordsworth and his sister had established themselves at Racedown in the Dorsetshire hills, and here Coleridge visited them in 1797. There are few things in literary history more remarkable than this friendship. The gifted Dorothy Wordsworth described Coleridge as "thin and pale, the lower part of the face not good, wide mouth, thick lips, not very good teeth, longish, loose, half-curling, rough, black hair,"--but all was forgotten in the magic charm of his utterance. Wordsworth, who declared, "The only wonderful man I ever knew was Coleridge," seems at once to have desired to see more of his new friend. He and his sister removed in July 1797 to Alfoxden, near Nether Stowey, to be in Coleridge's neighbourhood, and in the most delightful and unrestrained intercourse the friends spent many happy days. It was the delight of each one to communicate to the other the productions of his mind, and the creative faculty of both poets was now at its best. One evening, at Watchett on the British Channel, _The Ancient Mariner_ first took shape. Coleridge was anxious to embody a dream of a friend, and the suggestion of the shooting of the albatross came from Wordsworth, who gained the idea from Shelvocke's _Voyage_ (1726). A joint volume was planned. Wordsworth was to show the real poetry that lies hidden in commonplace subjects, while Coleridge was to treat supernatural subjects to illustrate the common emotions of humanity. From this sprang the _Lyrical Ballads_, to which Coleridge contributed _The Ancient Mariner_, the _Nightingale_ and two scenes from _Osorio_, and after much cogitation the book was published in 1798 at Bristol by Cottle, to whose reminiscences, often indulging too much in detail, we owe the account of this remarkable time. A second edition of the _Lyrical Ballads_ in 1800 included another poem by Coleridge--_Love_, to which subsequently the sub-title was given of _An Introduction to the Tale of the Dark Ladie_. To the Stowey period belong also the tragedy of _Osorio_ (afterwards known as _Remorse_), _Kubla Khan_ and the first part of _Christabel_. In 1798 an annuity, granted him by the brothers Wedgwood, led Coleridge to abandon his reluctantly formed intention of becoming a Unitarian minister. For many years he had desired to see the continent, and in September 1798, in company with Wordsworth and his sister, he left England for Hamburg. _Satyrane's Letters_ (republished in _Biog. Lit._ 1817) give an account of the tour.

A new period in Coleridge's life now began. He soon left the Wordsworths to spend four months at Ratzeburg, whence he removed to Gottingen to attend lectures. A great intellectual movement had begun in Germany. Coleridge was soon in the full whirl of excitement. He learnt much from Blumenbach and Eichhorn, and took interest in all that was going on around him. During his stay of nine months in Germany, he made himself master of the language to such purpose that the translation of _Wallenstein_--his first piece of literary work after his return to England--was actually accomplished in six weeks. It was published in 1800, and, although it failed to make any impression on the general public, it became at once prized by Scott and others as it deserved. It is matter for regret that a request to Coleridge that he should undertake to translate _Faust_ never received serious attention from him. During these years Coleridge wrote many newspaper articles and some poems, among them "Fire, Famine and Slaughter," for the _Morning Post_ (January 8, 1798). He had vehemently opposed Pitt's policy, but a change came over his way of thought, and he found himself separated from Fox on the question of a struggle with Napoleon. He had lost his admiration for the Revolutionists, as his "Ode to France" shows (_Morning Post_, April 16, 1798). Like many other Whigs, he felt that all questions of domestic policy must at a time of European peril be postponed. From this time, however, his value for the ordered liberty of constitutional government increased; and though never exactly to be found among the ranks of old-fashioned Constitutionalists, during the remainder of his life he kept steadily in view the principles which received their full exposition in his well-known work on _Church and State_. In the year 1800 Coleridge left London for the Lakes. Here in that year he wrote the second part of _Christabel_. In 1803 Southey became a joint lodger with Coleridge at Greta Hall, Keswick, of which in 1812 Southey became sole tenant and occupier.

In 1801 begins the period of Coleridge's life during which, in spite of the evidence of work shown in his compositions, he sank more and more under the dominion of opium, in which he may have first indulged at Cambridge. Few things are so sad to read as the letters in which he details the consequences of his transgression. He was occasionally seen in London during the first years of the century, and wherever he appeared he was the delight of admiring circles. He toured in Scotland with the Wordsworths in 1803, visited Malta in 1804, when for ten months he acted as secretary to the governor, and stayed nearly eight months at Naples and Rome in 1805-1806. In Rome he received a hint that his articles in the _Morning Post_ had been brought to Napoleon's notice, and he made the voyage from Leghorn in an American ship. On a visit to Somersetshire in 1807 he met De Quincey for the first time, and the younger man's admiration was shown by a gift of L300, "from an unknown friend." In 1809 he started a magazine called _The Friend_, which continued only for eight months. At the same time Coleridge began to contribute to the _Courier_. In 1808 he lectured at the Royal Institution, but with little success, and two years later he gave his lectures on Shakespeare and other poets. These lectures attracted great attention and were followed by two other series. In 1812 his income from the Wedgwoods was reduced, and he settled the remainder on his wife. His friends were generous in assisting him with money. Eventually Mackintosh obtained a grant of L100 a year for him in 1824 during the lifetime of George IV., as one of the royal associates of the Society of Literature, and at different times he received help principally from Stuart, the publisher, Poole, Sotheby, Sir George Beaumont, Byron and Wordsworth, while his children shared Southey's home at Keswick. But between 1812 and 1817 Coleridge made a good deal by his work, and was able to send money to his wife in addition to the annuity she received. The tragedy of _Remorse_ was produced at Drury Lane in 1813, and met with considerable success. Three years after this, having failed to conquer the opium habit, he determined to enter the family of Mr James Gillman, who lived at Highgate. The letter in which he discloses his misery to this kind and thoughtful man gives a real insight into his character. Under judicious treatment the hour of mastery at last arrived. The shore was reached, but the vessel had been miserably shattered in its passage through the rocks. For the rest of his life he hardly ever left his home at Highgate. During his residence there, _Christabel_, written many years before, and known to a favoured few, was first published in a volume with _Kubla Khan_ and the _Pains of Sleep_ in 1816. He read widely and wisely, in poetry, philosophy and divinity. In 1816 and the following year, he gave his _Lay Sermons_ to the world. _Sibylline Leaves_ appeared in 1817; the _Biographia Literaria_ and a revised edition of _The Friend_ soon followed. Seven years afterwards his most popular prose work--_The Aids to Reflection_--first appeared. His last publication, in 1830, was the work on _Church and State_. It was not till 1840 that his _Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit_, by far his most seminal work, was posthumously published. In 1833 he appeared at the meeting of the British Association at Cambridge, but he died in the following year (25th of July 1834), and was buried in the churchyard close to the house of Mr Gillman, where he had enjoyed every consolation which friendship and love could render. Coleridge died in the communion of the Church of England, of whose polity and teaching he had been for many years a loving admirer. An interesting letter to his god-child, written twelve days before his death, sums up his spiritual experience in a most touching form.

Of the extraordinary influence which he exercised in conversation it is impossible to speak fully here. Many of the most remarkable among the younger men of that period resorted to Highgate as to the shrine of an oracle, and although one or two disparaging judgments, such as that of Carlyle, have been recorded, there can be no doubt that since Samuel Johnson there had been no such power in England. His nephew, Henry Nelson Coleridge, gathered together some specimens of the _Table Talk_ of the few last years. But remarkable as these are for the breadth of sympathy and extent of reading disclosed, they will hardly convey the impressions furnished in a dramatic form, as in Boswell's great work. Four volumes of _Literary Remains_ were published after his death, and these, along with the chapters on the poetry of Wordsworth in the _Biographia Literaria_, may be said to exhibit the full range of Coleridge's power as a critic of poetry. In this region he stands supreme. With regard to the preface, which contains Wordsworth's theory, Coleridge has honestly expressed his dissent:--"With many parts of this preface, in the sense attributed to them, and which the words undoubtedly seem to authorize, I never concurred; but, on the contrary, objected to them as erroneous in principle, and contradictory (in appearance at least) both to other parts of the same preface, and to the author's own practice in the greater number of the poems themselves." This disclaimer of perfect agreement renders the remaining portion of what he says more valuable. Coleridge was in England the creator of that higher criticism which had already in Germany accomplished so much in the hands of Lessing and Goethe. It is enough to refer here to the fragmentary series of his Shakespearian criticisms, containing evidence of the truest insight, and a marvellous appreciation of the judicial "sanity" which raises the greatest name in literature far above even the highest of the poets who approached him.

As a poet Coleridge's own place is safe. His niche in the great gallery of English poets is secure. Of no one can it be more emphatically said that at his highest he was "of imagination all compact." He does not possess the fiery pulse and humaneness of Burns, but the exquisite perfection of his metre and the subtle alliance of his thought and expression must always secure for him the warmest admiration of true lovers of poetic art. In his early poems may be found traces of the fierce struggle of his youth. The most remarkable is the _Monody on the Death of Chatterton_ and the _Religious Musings_. In what may be called his second period, the ode entitled _France_, considered by Shelley the finest in the language, is most memorable. The whole soul of the poet is reflected in the _Ode to Dejection_. The well-known lines--

"O Lady! we receive but what we give,
And in our life alone does nature live;
Ours is her wedding garment, ours her shroud,"