Chapter VII: Front Matter (7)

It is impossible, in considering Du Maurier's work, to avoid comparing it with that of Leech and Keene, the more so that in his little book on _Social Pictorial Satire_ he himself has set forth or suggested the points both of resemblance and of difference. Like Keene, though Keene's marvellous technique was his despair, Du Maurier was a much more finished draughtsman than John Leech, but in other respects he had less in common with the younger than with the older humorist. He shows himself, in the best sense, a man of feeling in all his work. He is clearly himself in love with "his pretty woman," as he calls her--every pen-stroke in his presentment of her is a caress. How affectionate, too, are his renderings of his fond young mothers and their big, handsome, simple-minded husbands; his comely children and neat nurserymaids; even his dogs--his elongated dachshunds and magnificent St Bernards! And how he scorns the snobs and philistines--Sir Gorgius Midas and Sir Pompey Bedell, Grigsby and Cadby, Soapley and Toadson! How merciless is his ridicule of the aesthetes of the 'eighties--Maudle and Postlethwaite and Mrs Cimabue Brown! Even to Mrs Ponsonby de Tomkyns, his most conspicuous creation, his satire is scarcely tempered, despite her prettiness. He shows up unsparingly all her unscrupulous little ways, all her cynical, cunning little wiles. Like Leech, he revelled in the lighter aspects of life--the humours of the nursery, the drawing-room, the club, the gaieties of the country house and the seaside--without being blind to the tragic and dramatic. Just as Leech could rise to the height of the famous cartoon "General Fevrier turned Traitor," so it was Du Maurier who inspired Tenniel in that impressive drawing on the eve of the Franco-German War, in which the shade of the great Napoleon is seen warning back the infatuated emperor from his ill-omened enterprise. In his tender drawings in _Once a Week_, also, and in his occasional excursions into the grotesque in _Punch_, such as his picture of "Old Nickotin stealing away the brains of his devotees," he has given ample proof of his faculty for moving and impressive art. The technique of Du Maurier's work in the 'eighties and the 'nineties, though to the average man it seems a marvel of finish and dexterity, is considered by artists a falling off from what was displayed in some of his earlier _Punch_ drawings, and especially in his contributions to the _Cornhill Magazine_ and _Once a Week_. His later work is undoubtedly more mannered, more "finicking," less simple, less broadly effective. But it is to his fellow-craftsmen only and to experts that this is noticeable.

A quaint tribute has been paid to the literary talent shown in Du Maurier's inscriptions to his drawings by Mr F. Anstey (Guthrie), author of _Vice Versa_, and Du Maurier's colleague on the staff of _Punch_. "In these lines of letterpress," says Mr Anstey, "he has brought the art of precis-writing to perfection." They are indeed singularly concise and to the point. It is the more curious, therefore, to note that in his novels, and even in his critical essays, Du Maurier reveals very different qualities: the precis-writer has become an _improvisatore_, pouring out his stories and ideas in full flood, his style changing with every mood--by turn humorous, eloquent, tender, gay, sometimes merely "skittish," sometimes quite solemn, but never for long; sometimes, again, breaking into graceful and haunting verse. He writes with apparent artlessness; but, in his novels at least, on closer examination, it is found that he has in fact exerted all his ingenuity to give them--what such flagrantly untrue tales most require--verisimilitude. It is hard to say which of the three stories is the more impossible: that of Trilby, the tone-deaf artist's model who becomes a _prima donna_, that of Barty Josselin and his guardian angel from Mars, or that of the dream-existence of Peter Ibbetson and the duchess of Towers. They are all equally preposterous, and yet plausible. The drawings are cunningly made to serve the purpose of evidence, circumstantial and direct. These books cannot be criticized by the ordinary canons of the art of fiction. They are a _genre_ by themselves, a blend of unfettered day-dream and rose-coloured reminiscence. For the dramatic version of _Trilby_ by Mr Paul Potter Du Maurier would accept no credit. The play was produced in 1895 by Herbert Beerbohm Tree, at the Haymarket, with immense popular success.

Some striking examples of Du Maurier's work for _Once a Week_ and the
_Cornhill Magazine_ are included in Gleeson White's _English
Illustrators of the Sixties_. The following is a list of the chief
works which he illustrated: Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_ (1865), Mrs
Gaskell's _Wives and Daughters_ (1866), Jerrold's _Story of a Feather_
(1867), Owen Meredith's _Lucile_ (1868), _The Book of Drawing room
Plays_, by H. Dalton (1868), _Sooner or Later_, by C.A.G. Brooke
(1868), Thackeray's _Esmond_ (1869 and 1879), and _Ballads_ (1879),
_Misunderstood_, by Florence Montgomery (1874), _Round about the
Islands_, by C.W. Scott (1874), _Hurlock Chase_, by G.E. Sargent
(1876), _Songs of many Seasons_, by J. Browne (in collaboration)
(1876), _Pegasus Re-saddled_, by H.C. Pennell (1877), _Ingoldsby
Legends_ (in collaboration), by R. Barham (1877), _Prudence_, by L.C.
Lillie (1882), _As in a Looking-glass_ by F.C. Phillips (1889), _Luke
Ashleigh_, by A. Elwes (1891), and his own three novels, which
appeared serially in _Harper's Magazine_: _Peter Ibbetson_ (1892),
_Trilby_ (1894), _The Martian_ (1897), and published after his death.
In 1897 also there was published, under the title _English Society_,
with an introduction by W.D. Howells, a collection of full page
drawings which he had contributed regularly to _Harper's Magazine_.

Some of his _Punch_ drawings have been reproduced also in _The
Collections of Mr Punch_ (1880), _Society Pictures from Punch_ (1890),
_A Legend of Camelot_ (1890). To his _Social Pictorial Satire_ (1890)
reference has been made. He contributed two essays upon book
illustration to the _Magazine of Art_ (1890). See also the _Magazine
of Art_ for 1892, for an article upon his work by W. Delaplaine Scull,
with illustrations. Other volumes containing information about his
life and work are: _The History of Punch_ by M.H. Spielmann, _In
Bohemia with Du Maurier_, by Felix Moscheles, Henry James's "Du
Maurier and London Society," _Century Magazine_ (1883), and "Du
Maurier," _Harper's Magazine_ (September 1897, June 1899). See also
Ruskin's _Art of England_ Lecture 5, Pennell's _Pen-Drawing and
Pen-Draughtsmen_, and Muther's _Modern Painting_ vol. ii.
(F. W. W.)

DUMBARTON, a royal, municipal and police burgh, seaport, and county town of Dumbartonshire, Scotland, situated on the river Leven, near its confluence with the Clyde, 15-1/2 m. W. by N. of Glasgow by the North British and Caledonian railways. Pop. (1891) 17,625, (1901) 19,985. The Alcluith ("hill of the Clyde") of the Britons, and Dunbreatan ("fort of the Britons") of the Celts, it was the capital of the district of Strathclyde. Here, too, the Romans had a naval station which they called Theodosia. Although thus a place of great antiquity, the history of the town practically centres in that of the successive fortresses on the Rock of Dumbarton, a twin peaked mount, 240 ft. high and a mile in circumference at the base. The fortress was often besieged and sometimes taken, the Picts seizing it in 736 and the Northmen in 870, but the most effectual surprise of all was that accomplished, in the interests of the young King James VI., by Thomas Crawford of Jordanhill on March 31, 1571. The castle was held by Queen Mary's adherents, and as it gave them free communication with France, its capture was deemed essential. Crawford decided to climb the highest point, concluding that, owing to its imagined security, it would be carelessly guarded. Favoured with a dark and foggy night the party of 150 men and a guide reached the first ledge of rock undiscovered. In scaling the second precipice one of the men was seized with an epileptic fit on the ladder. Crawford bound him to the ladder and then turned it over and was thus enabled to ascend to the summit. At this moment the alarm was given, but the sentinel and the sleepy soldiers were slain and the cannon turned on the garrison. Further resistance being useless, the castle was surrendered. During the governorship of Sir John Menteith, William Wallace was in 1305 imprisoned within its walls before he was removed to London. The higher of the two peaks is known as Wallace's seat, a tower, perhaps the one in which he was incarcerated, being named after him. On the portcullis gateway may still be seen rudely carved heads of Wallace and his betrayer, the latter with his finger in his mouth. Queen Mary, when a child, resided in the castle for a short time. It is an ugly barrack-like structure, defended by a few obsolete guns, although by the Union Treaty it is one of the four fortresses that must be maintained. The rock itself is basalt, with a tendency to columnar formation, and some parts of it have a magnetic quality.

The town arms are the elephant and castle, with the motto _Fortitudo et fidelitas_. Dumbarton was of old the capital of the earldom of Lennox, but was given up by Earl Maldwyn to Alexander II., by whom it was made a royal burgh in 1221 and declared to be free from all imposts and burgh taxes. Later sovereigns gave it other privileges, and the whole were finally confirmed by a charter of James VI. It had the right to levy customs and dues on all vessels on the Clyde between Loch Long and the Kelvin. "Offers dues" on foreign ships entering the Clyde were also exacted. In 1700 these rights were transferred to Glasgow by contract, but were afterwards vested in a special trust created by successive acts of parliament.

Most of the town lies on the left bank of the Leven, which almost converts the land here into a peninsula, but there is communication with the suburb of Bridgend on the right bank by a five-arched stone bridge, 300 ft. long. The public buildings include the Burgh Hall, the academy (with a graceful steeple), the county buildings, the Denny Memorial, a Literary and a Mechanics' institute, Masonic hall, two cottage hospitals, a fever hospital, a public library and the combination poorhouse. There are two public parks--Broad Meadow (20 acres), part of ground reclaimed in 1859, and Levengrove (32 acres), presented to the corporation in 1885 by Peter Denny and John McMillan, two ship-builders who helped lay the foundation of the town's present prosperity. The old parish kirkyard was closed in 1856, but a fine cemetery was constructed in its place outside the town. Dumbarton is controlled by a provost and a council. With Port-Glasgow, Renfrew, Rutherglen and Kilmarnock it unites in returning one member to parliament. The principal industry is shipbuilding. The old staple trade of the making of crown glass, begun in 1777, lapsed some 70 years afterwards when the glass duty was abolished. There are several great engineering works, besides iron and brass foundries, saw-mills, rope-yards and sail-making works. There are quays, docks and a harbour at the mouth of the Leven, and a pier for river steamers runs out from the Castle rock. The first steam navigation company was established in Dumbarton in 1815, when the "Duke of Wellington" (built in the town) plied between Dumbarton and Glasgow. But it was not till 1844, consequent on the use of iron for vessels, that shipbuilding became the leading industry.

DUMBARTONSHIRE, a western county of Scotland, bounded N. by Perthshire, E. by Stirlingshire, S.E. by Lanarkshire, S. by the Clyde and its estuary, and W. by Loch Long and Argyllshire. There is also a detached portion, comprising the parish of Kirkintilloch and part of that of Cumbernauld enclosed between the shires of Stirling and Lanark. This formerly formed part of Stirlingshire, but was annexed in the 14th century when the earl of Wigtown, to whom it belonged, became heritable sheriff of Dumbartonshire. Dumbartonshire has an area of 170,762 acres or 267 sq. m. The north-west and west are mountainous, the chief summits being Ben Vorlich (3092 ft.), Ben Vane (3004), Doune Hill (2409), Beinn Chaorach (2338), Beinn a Mhanaich (2328), Beinn Eich (2302), Cruach ant Suthein (2244), Ben Reoch (2168), Beinn Tharsuinn (2149), Beinn Dubh (2018), Balcnock (2092) and Tullich Hill (2075). In the south are the Kilpatrick Hills, their highest points being Duncomb and Fynloch (each 1313 ft.). The Clyde, the Kelvin and the Leven are the only rivers of importance. The Leven flows out of Loch Lomond at Balloch and joins the Clyde at Dumbarton after a serpentine course of about 7 m. Most of the other streams are among the mountains, whence they find their way to Loch Lomond, the principal being the Inveruglas, Douglas, Luss, Finlas and Fruin. Nearly all afford good sport to the angler. Of the inland lakes by far the largest and most magnificent is Loch Lomond (q.v.). The boundary between the shires of Dumbarton and Stirling follows an imaginary line through the lake from the mouth of Endrick Water to a point opposite the isle of Vow, giving about two-thirds of the loch to the former county. Loch Sloy on the side of Ben Vorlich is a long, narrow lake, 812 ft. above the sea amid wild scenery. From its name the Macfarlanes took their slogan or war-cry. The shores of the Gareloch, a salt-water inlet 6-1/2 m. long and 1 m. wide, are studded with houses of those whose business lies in Glasgow. Garelochhead has grown into a favourite summer resort; Clynder is famed for its honey. The more important salt-water inlet, Loch Long, is 17 m. in length and varies in width from 2 m. at its mouth to about 1/2 a mile in its upper reach. It is the dumping-place for the dredgers which are constantly at work preserving the tide-way of the Clyde from Dumbarton to the Broomielaw--its use for this purpose being a standing grievance to anglers. The scenery on both shores is very beautiful. Only a mile separates Garelochhead from Loch Long, and at Arrochar the distance from Tarbet on Loch Lomond is barely 1-3/4 m. Nearly all the glens are situated in the Highland part of the shire, the principal being Glen Sloy, Glen Douglas, Glen Luss and Glen Fruin. The last is memorable as the scene of the bloody conflict in 1603 between the Macgregors and the Colquhouns, in which the latter were almost exterminated. It was this savage encounter that led to the proscription of the Macgregors, including the famous Rob Roy.

_Geology._--Like the other counties along the eastern border of the
Highlands, Dumbartonshire is divided geologically into two areas, the
boundary between the two being defined by a line extending from
Rossdhu on Loch Lomond south-west by Row and Roseneath to Kilcreggan.
The mountainous region lying to the north of this line is composed of
rocks belonging to the metamorphic series of the Eastern Highlands and
representing several of the groups met with in the adjoining counties
of Perth and Argyll. Immediately to the north of the Highland border
the Aberfoyle slates and grits appear, repeated by isoclinal folds
trending north-east and south-west and dipping towards the north-west.
These are followed by a great development of the Ben Ledi grits and
schists--the representatives of the Beinn Bheula grits and ablite
schists of Argyllshire, which, by means of rapid plication, spread
over the high grounds northwards to beyond the head of Loch Lomond.
Along the line of section between Luss and Ardlui important evidence
is obtained of the gradual increase of metamorphism as we proceed
northwards from the Highland border. The original clastic characters
of the strata are obscured and the rocks between Arrochar and
Inverarnan in Glen Falloch merge into quartz-biotite gneisses and
albite schists. In the extreme north between Ardlui and the head of
Glen Fyne in Argyllshire there is a large development of plutonic
rocks piercing the Highland schists and producing marked contact
metamorphism. These range from acid to ultrabasic types and include
granite, augite-diorite, picrite and serpentine. On the hill-slopes to
the west of Ardlui and Inverarnan the diorite appears, while farther
west, between the watershed and Glen Fyne, there is a large mass of
granite. Boulders of plutonic rocks from this area have been widely
distributed by the ice during the glacial period. Immediately to the
south of the Highland border line there is a belt of Upper Old Red
Sandstone strata which stretches from the shores of Loch Lomond
westwards by Helensburgh and Roseneath Castle to Kilcreggan. These
sandstones and conglomerates are succeeded by the sandstones, shales,
clays and cementstones at the base of the Carboniferous formation
which occupy a narrow strip between Loch Lomond and Gareloch and are
cut off by a fault along their south-east margin. East of this
dislocation there is a belt of Lower Old Red Sandstone strata
extending from the mouth of the Endrick Water south-westwards by
Balloch to the shore of the Clyde west of Cardross, which is bounded
on either side by the upper division of that system. Still farther
east beyond Dumbarton the Upper Old Red Sandstone is again surmounted
by the representatives of the Cementstone group, which are followed by
the lavas, tuffs and agglomerates of the Kirkpatrick Hills,
intercalated in the Calciferous Sandstone series. Here the terraced
features of the volcanic plateau, produced by the denudation of the
successive flows is well displayed. Eastwards by Kilpatrick and
Bearsden to the margin of the county near Maryhill the rocks of
Calciferous Sandstone age are followed in normal order by the
Carboniferous Limestone series; the Hurlet Limestone and Hurlet Coal
of the lower limestone group being prominently developed. In the
detached portion of the county between Kirkintilloch and Cumbernauld
there is an important coalfield embracing the seams in the middle or
coal-bearing group of the Carboniferous Limestone series. In this
county there are several striking examples of the east and west
dolerite dykes which are probably of late Carboniferous age. These
traverse the Highland schists between Loch Long and Loch Lomond, the
Old Red Sandstone area between Alexandria and the Blane Valley, and
the Carboniferous tract near Cumbernauld. The ice which radiated from
the Dumbartonshire Highlands moved south-east and east towards the
central plain of Carboniferous rocks. Hence the boulder clay of the
lowland districts is abundantly charged with boulders of schistose
grit, slate, gneiss and granite derived from areas lying far to the
north-west. Along the shores of the Clyde the broad terraced features
indicate the limits of successive raised beaches.

_Climate and Agriculture._--There is excessive rainfall in the Highlands, averaging 53 in. at Helensburgh up to nearly 70 in. in the north. The temperature, with an average for the year of 47-1/2 deg. F., varies from 38 deg. in January to 58 deg. in July, but in the valleys the heat in midsummer is often oppressive. The prevailing winds are from the west and south-west, but easterly winds are frequent in the spring. Frosts are seldom severe, and, except on the mountains, snow never lies long. The arable lands extend chiefly along the Clyde and the Leven, and are composed of rich black loam, gravelly soil and clay. From the proximity to Glasgow and other large towns the farmers have the double advantage of good manure and a ready market for all kinds of stock and produce, and under this stimulus high farming and dairying on a considerable scale prosper. Black-faced sheep and Highland cattle are pastured on the hilly lands and Cheviots and Ayrshires on the low grounds. Oats and wheat are the principal cereals, but barley and potatoes in abundance, and turnips and beans are also grown.

_Other Industries_.--Turkey-red dyeing has long been the distinctive industry of the county. The water of the Leven being not only constant but also singularly soft and pure, dyers and bleachers have constructed works at many places in the Vale of Leven. Bleaching has been carried on since the early part of the 18th century, and cotton-printing at Levenfield dates from 1768. The establishments at Alexandria, Bonhill, Jamestown, Renton and other towns for all the processes connected with the bleaching, dyeing and printing of cottons, calicoes and other cloths, besides yarns, are conducted on the largest scale. At Milton the first power-loom mill was erected. The engineering works and shipbuilding yards at Clydebank are famous, and at Dumbarton there are others almost equally busy. The extensive Singer sewing-machine works are at Kilbowie, and the Clyde Trust barge-building shops are at Dalmuir. There are distilleries and breweries at Duntocher, Bowling, Dumbarton, Milngavie (pronounced _Milguy_) and other towns. In fact the Vale of Leven and the riverside towns east of Dumbarton form a veritable hive of industry. In the detached portion, Kirkintilloch and Cumbernauld are seats of great activity in the mining of coal and ironstone, and there are besides chemical works and saw-mills in the former town. There is some fishing at Helensburgh and along the Gareloch.

The populous districts of the county are served almost wholly by the North British railway. From Helensburgh to Inverarnan the Highland railway runs through scenery of the most diversified and romantic character. The Caledonian railway has access to Balloch from Glasgow, and its system also traverses the detached portion. Portions of the Forth and Clyde Canal, which connects with the Clyde at Bowling, and was opened for traffic in 1775, pass through the shire. There is regular steamer communication between Glasgow and the towns and villages on the coast, and on Loch Lomond steamers call at several points between Balloch and Ardlui.

_Population and Government._--The population of Dumbartonshire in 1891 was 98,014 and in 1901 113,865, of whom 3101 spoke both Gaelic and English and 14 Gaelic only. The principal towns, with populations in 1901, are--Alexandria (8007), Bonhill (3333), Clydebank (21,591), Dumbarton (19,985), Duntocher (2122), Helensburgh (8554), Jamestown (2080), Kirkintilloch (11,681), Milngavie (3481), New Kilpatrick or Bearsden (2705) and Renton (5067). The county returns one member to parliament. Dumbarton, the county town, is the only royal burgh, and belongs to the Kilmarnock group of parliamentary burghs. The municipal and police burghs are Clydebank, Cove and Kilcreggan, Dumbarton, Helensburgh, Kirkintilloch and Milngavie. Dumbartonshire forms a sheriffdom with the counties of Stirling and Clackmannan, and there is a resident sheriff-substitute at Dumbarton, who sits also at Kirkintilloch. The shire is under school-board jurisdiction, but there are several voluntary schools, besides St Peter's Roman Catholic College in New Kilpatrick. Science, art and technical classes are subsidized out of the whole of the county "residue" and, if necessary, out of part of the burgh "residue" also. Agricultural lectures and the travelling expenses and fees of county students at Glasgow Technical College are also paid for from the same source.

_History._--The country is rich in antiquities connected with the aborigines and also with the Romans. The Caledonians and Picts have left their traces in rude forts and tumuli, but of greater interest are remains in several places of the wall of Antoninus, built from the Forth to the Clyde, and running along the north of the detached portion of the shire and through the south-eastern corner of the county to Kilpatrick. Other Roman relics have been found at Duntocher, Cumbernauld and elsewhere. The shire forms part of the old Scottish territory of Lennox (_Levenachs_, "fields of the Leven"), which embraced the Vale of the Leven and the basin of Loch Lomond, or all modern Dumbartonshire, most of Stirling and parts of the shires of Renfrew and Perth. It gave the title of the earldom created in 1174 by William the Lion and of the dukedom conferred by Charles II. on his natural son, Charles, duke of Richmond and Lennox. In 1702 the Lennox estates were sold to the marquis of Montrose. The captive Wallace was conveyed in chains to Dumbarton Castle, whence he was taken to his death in London. Robert Bruce is said to have mustered his forces at Dullatur prior to the battle of Bannockburn, and died at Cardross Castle in 1329. The Covenanters in their flight from the bloody field of Kilsyth, where in 1645 Montrose had defeated them with great slaughter, made their way through the southern districts. When the Forth and Clyde Canal was being excavated swords, pistols, and other weapons dropped by the fugitives were found at Dullatur, together with skeletons of men and horses. In the Highland country the clans of Macgregor and Macfarlane made their home in the fastnesses, whence they descended in raids upon the cattle, the goods and sometimes the persons of their Lowland neighbours.

See J. Irving, _History of Dumbartonshire_ (Dumbarton, 1860); _Book of
Dumbartonshire_ (Edinburgh, 1879); Sir W. Fraser, _Chiefs of
Colquhoun_ (Edinburgh, 1869); _The Lennox_ (Edinburgh, 1874); D.
Macleod, _Castle and Town of Dumbarton_ (Dumbarton, 1877); _Dumbarton_
(Dumbarton, 1884); _Dumbarton: Ancient and Modern_ (Glasgow, 1893);
_Ancient Records of Dumbarton_ (Dumbarton, 1896); J. Glen, _History of
Dumbarton_ (Dumbarton, 1876).

DUMB WAITER,[1] a small oblong or circular table to hold reserve plates, knives and forks, and other necessaries for a meal. This piece of furniture originated in England towards the end of the 18th century, and some exceedingly elegant examples were designed by Sheraton and his school. They were usually circular, with three diminishing tiers, sometimes surrounded by a continuous or interrupted pierced gallery in wood or brass. The smaller varieties are now much used in England for the display of small silver objects in drawing-rooms.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The term "dumb," strictly meaning mute or destitute of speech
(see DEAF AND DUMB), is applied in this and other analogous cases
(e.g. dumb-bell, dumb-barge) as connoting the absence of some normal
capacity in the term with which it is associated.

DUM-DUM, a town and cantonment in British India at the head of an administrative subdivision in the district of the Twenty-four Parganas, in the presidency division of Bengal, with a station on the Eastern Bengal railway, 4-1/2 m. N.E. of Calcutta. It was the headquarters of the Bengal artillery from 1783 to 1853, when they were transferred to Meerut as a more central station; and its possession of a cannon foundry and a percussion-cap factory procured for it the name of the Woolwich of India. The barracks--still occupied by small detachments--are brick-built and commodious; and among the other buildings are St Stephen's Protestant church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a European and native hospital, a large bazaar and an English school. The population in 1901 of North Dum-Dum was 9916, and of South Dum-Dum 10,904. It was at Dum-Dum that the treaty of 1757 was signed by which the nawab of Bengal ratified the privileges of the English, allowed Calcutta to be fortified, and bestowed freedom of trade. On the 7th of December 1908 a serious explosion occurred by accident at the Dum-Dum arsenal, resulting in death or serious injury to about 50 native workmen.

At the Dum-Dum foundry the hollow-nosed "Dum-Dum" (Mark IV.) bullets were manufactured, the supposed use of which by the British during the Boer War caused considerable comment in 1899. Their peculiarity consisted in their expanding on impact and thus creating an ugly wound, and they had been adopted in Indian frontier fighting owing to the failure of the usual type of bullets to stop the rushes of fanatical tribesmen. They were not, in fact, used during the Boer War. Other and improvised forms of expanding bullet were used in India and the Sudan, the commonest methods of securing expansion being to file down the point until the lead core was exposed and to make longitudinal slits in the nickel envelope. All these forms of bullet have come to be described colloquially, and even in diplomatic correspondence, as "dum-dum bullets," and their alleged use by Russian troops in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 formed the subject of a protest on the part of the Japanese government. The proposals made at the second Hague Conference to forbid the use of these bullets by international agreement were agreed to by all the powers except Great Britain and the United States.

DUMESNIL, MARIE FRANCOISE (1713-1803), French actress, whose real name was Marchand, was born in Paris on the 2nd of January 1713. She began her stage career in the provinces, whence she was summoned in 1737 to make her _debut_ at the Comedie Francaise as Clytemnestre in _Iphigenie en Tauride_. She at once came into the front rank, playing Cleopatre, Phedre, Athalie and Hermione with great effect, and when she created Merope (1743) Voltaire says that she kept the audience in tears for three successive acts. She retired from the stage in 1776, but lived until the 20th of February 1803. Her rival, Clairon, having spoken ill of her, she authorized the publication of a _Memoire de Marie Francoise Dumesnil, en reponse aux memoires d'Hippolyte Clairon_ (1800).

DUMFRIES (Gaelic, "the fort in the copse"), a royal and parliamentary burgh and capital of the county, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. It lies on the left bank of the Nith, about 8 m. from the Solway Firth and 81 m. S.E. of Glasgow by the Glasgow & South-Western railway. Pop. (1891) 16,675; (1901) 17,079. Dumfries is beautifully situated and is one of the handsomest county towns in Scotland. The churches and chapels of the Presbyterian and other communions are, many of them, fine buildings. St Michael's (1746), a stately pile, was the church which Robert Burns attended, and in its churchyard he was buried, his remains being transferred in 1815 to the magnificent mausoleum erected in the south-east corner, where also lie his wife, Jean Armour, and several members of his family. The Gothic church of Greyfriars (1866-1867) occupies the site partly of a Franciscan monastery and partly of the old castle of the town. On the site of St Mary's (1837-1839), also Gothic, stood the small chapel raised by Christiana, sister of Robert Bruce, to the memory of her husband, Sir Christopher Seton, who had been executed on the spot by Edward I. St Andrew's (1811-1813), in the Romanesque style, is a Roman Catholic church, which also serves as the pro-cathedral of the diocese of Galloway.

Besides numerous schools, there is an admirably equipped Academy. The old infirmary building is now occupied by St Joseph's College, a commercial academy of the Marist Brotherhood, in connexion with which there is a novitiate for the training of members of the order for missionary service at home or abroad. In the middle of the market-place stands the old town hall, with red tower and cupola, known from its situation as the Mid Steeple, built by Tobias Bachup of Alloa (1708). The new town hall and post-office are near the uppermost bridge. The county buildings, in Buccleuch Street, are an imposing example of the Scots Baronial style. To Mr Andrew Carnegie and Mr and Mrs M'Kie of Moat House was due the free library. The charitable institutions include Moorhead's hospital (1753) for reduced householders; the Dumfriesshire and Galloway royal infirmary, dating from 1778, but now housed in a fine edifice in the northern Italian style; the Crichton royal institution for the insane, founded by Dr James Crichton of Friars Carse, and supplemented in 1848 by the Southern Counties asylum; the new infirmary, a handsome building; the contagious diseases hospital, the industrial home for orphan and destitute girls and a nurses' home. The Theatre Royal, reconstructed in 1876, dates from 1787. Burns composed several prologues and epilogues for some of its actors and actresses. Among other public buildings are the assembly rooms, St George's hall, the volunteer drill hall, and the Crichton Institution chapel, completed at a cost of L30,000. The corporation owns the water supply, public baths and wash-houses and the gasworks. In front of Greyfriars church stands a marble statue of Burns, unveiled in 1882, and there is also a monument to Charles, third duke of Queensberry. The Nith is crossed by three bridges and the railway viaduct. The bridge, which is used for vehicular traffic, dates from 1790-1794. Devorgilla's bridge, below it, built of stone in 1280, originally consisted of nine arches (now reduced to three), and is reserved in spite of its massive appearance for foot passengers only, as is also the suspension bridge opened in 1875.

Dumfries, Annan, Kirkcudbright, Lochmaben and Sanquhar--the "Five Carlins" of Burns's Election Ballads--combine to return one member to Parliament. As a parliamentary burgh Dumfries includes Maxwelltown, on the opposite side of the river, which otherwise belongs to Kirkcudbrightshire.

The leading industries comprise manufactures of tweeds, hosiery, clogs, baskets and leather, besides the timber trade, nursery gardening and the making of machinery and iron implements. Dumfries markets for cattle and sheep, held weekly, and for horses, held five times annually, have always ranked with the best, and there is also a weekly market for pork during the five months beginning with November. The sea-borne trade is small compared with what it was before the railway came.

Although Dumfries was the site of a camp of the Selgovian Britons, nothing is known of its history until long after the withdrawal of the Romans. William the Lion (d. 1214) made it a royal burgh, but the oldest existing charter was granted by Robert II. in 1395. The town became embroiled in the struggles that ended in the independence of Scotland. It favoured the claims to the throne, first of John Baliol--whose mother Devorgilla, daughter of Alan, lord of Galloway, had done much to promote its prosperity by building the stone bridge over the Nith--and then of the Red Comyn, as against those of Robert Bruce, who drew his support from Annandale. When Edward I. besieged Carlaverock Castle in 1300 he lodged in the Franciscan monastery, which, six years later (10th of February 1306), was the scene of the murder of Comyn (see ROBERT THE BRUCE). From this time to nearly the close of the 16th century the burgh was exposed to frequent raids, both from freebooters on the English side and from partisans of the turbulent chiefs--Douglases, Maxwells, Johnstones. The Scottish sovereigns, however, did not wholly neglect Dumfries. James IV., James V., Mary and her son each visited it. James VI. was royally entertained on the 3rd of August 1617, and afterwards presented the seven incorporated trades with a silver gun to encourage the craftsmen in the practice of musketry. The competition for this cannon-shaped tube, now preserved in the old town hall, took place annually--with a great festival every seven years--until 1831. John Mayne (1759-1836), a native of Dumfries, commemorated the gathering in an excellent humorous poem called "The Siller Gun." Though in sympathy with the Covenanters, the town was the scene of few incidents comparable to those which took place in the northern parts of the shire. The Union with England was so unpopular that not only did the provost vote against the measure in the Scottish parliament, but the articles were burned (20th of November 1706) at the Market Cross by a body of Cameronians, amidst the approving cheers of the inhabitants. In both 1715 and 1745 Dumfries remained apathetic. Prince Charles Edward indeed occupied the town, holding his court in a building afterwards known as the Commercial Hotel, levying L2000 tribute money and requisitioning 1000 pairs of shoes for his Highlanders, by way of punishing its contumacy. But, in a false alarm, the Jacobites suddenly retreated, and a few years later the town was reimbursed by the State for the Pretender's extortions. The most interesting event in the history of Dumfries is its connexion with Burns, for the poet resided here from December 1791 till his death on the 21st of July 1796. The house in which he died is still standing.

The picturesque ruins of Carlaverock Castle--the "Ellangowan" of _Guy Mannering_--are 8 m. to the south. Above the entrance are the arms of the Maxwells, earls of Nithsdale, to whose descendant, the duchess of Norfolk, it belongs. The castle, which is in an excellent state of preservation, is built of red sandstone, on the site of a fortress supposed to have been erected in the 6th century, of which nothing now remains. In plan it is a triangle, protected by a double moat, and has round towers at the angles. Part of the present structure is believed to date from 1220 and once sheltered William Wallace. It withstood Edward I.'s siege in 1300 for two days, although garrisoned by only sixty men. In the troublous times that followed it often changed hands. In 1570 it fell into disrepair, but was restored, and in 1641 was besieged for the last time by the Covenanters.

A mile and a half to the north-west of Dumfries lies Lincluden Abbey, "an old ruin," says Burns, "in a sweet situation at the confluence of the Cluden and the Nith." Originally the abbey was a convent, founded in the 12th century, but converted two centuries later into a collegiate church by Archibald, earl of Douglas. The remains of the choir and south transept disclose rich work of the Decorated style.

DUMFRIESSHIRE, a border county of Scotland, bounded S. by the Solway Firth, S.E. by Cumberland, E. by Roxburghshire, N. by the shires of Lanark, Peebles and Selkirk, and W. by Ayrshire and Kirkcudbrightshire. Its area is 686,302 acres or 1072 sq. m. The coast line measures 21 m. The county slopes very gradually from the mountainous districts in the north down to the sea, lofty hills alternating in parts with stretches of tableland or rich fertile holms. At various points within a few miles of the Solway are tracts of moss land, like Craigs Moss, Lochar Moss and Longbridge Moor in the west, and Nutberry Moss in the east, all once under water, but now largely reclaimed. The principal mountains occur near the northern boundaries, the highest being White Coomb (2695 ft.), Hart Fell (2651), Saddle Yoke (2412), Swatte Fell (2389), Lowther Hills (2377), Queensberry (2285), which gives his secondary title to the duke of Buccleuch and the title of marquess to a branch of the house of Douglas, and Ettrick Pen (2269). The three longest rivers are the Nith, the Annan and the Esk, the basins of which form the great dales by which the county is cleft from north to south--Nithsdale, Annandale and Eskdale. From the point where it enters Dumfriesshire, 16 m. from its source near Enoch Hill in Ayrshire, the course of the Nith is mainly south-easterly till it enters the Solway, a few miles below Dumfries. Its total length is 65 m., and its chief affluents are, on the right, the Kello, Euchan, Scar, Cluden and Cargen, and, on the left, the Crawick, Carron and Campie. The Annan rises near the Devil's Beef Tub, a remarkable chasm in the far north, and after flowing about 40 m., mainly in a southerly course, it enters the Solway at Barnkirk headland. It receives, on the right, the Kinnel (reinforced by the Ae), and, on the left, the Moffat, the Dryfe and the Milk. From the confluence of the White Esk (rising near Ettrick Pen) and the Black Esk (rising near Jock's Shoulder, 1754 ft.) the Esk flows in a gradually south-easterly direction till it crosses the Border, whence it sweeps to the S.W. through the extreme north-western territory of Cumberland and falls into the Solway. Of its total course of 42 m., 12 belong to the White Esk, 20 are of the Esk proper on Scottish soil and 10 are of the stream in its English course. On the right the Wauchope is the chief affluent, and on the left it receives the Megget, Ewes, Tarras and Line--the last being an English tributary. Other rivers are the Lochar (18 m.), the Kirtle (17) and the Sark (12), all flowing into the Solway. For one mile of its course the Esk, and for 7 m. of its course the Sark, form the boundaries between Dumfriesshire and Cumberland. Loch Skene in the north (1750 ft. above the sea), the group of lochs around Lochmaben, and Loch Urr in the west, only part of which belongs to Dumfriesshire, are the principal lakes. There are few glens so named in the shire, but the passes of Dalveen, Enterkin and Menock, leading up from Nithsdale to the Lowther and other hills, yield to few glens in Scotland in the wild grandeur of their scenery. For part of the way Enterkin Pass runs between mountains rising sheer from the burn to a height of nearly 2000 ft. Loch Skene finds an outlet in Tail Burn, the water of which at a short distance from the lake leaps from a height of 200 ft. in a fine waterfall, known as the Grey Mare's Tail. A much smaller but picturesque fall of the same name, also known as Crichope Linn, occurs on the Crichope near Thornhill. Mineral waters are found at Moffat, Hartfell Spa, some three miles farther north, Closeburn and Brow on the Solway.

_Geology._--The greater portion of the county of Dumfries belongs to
the Silurian tableland of the south of Scotland which contains
representatives of all the divisions of that system from the Arenig to
the Ludlow rocks. By far the largest area is occupied by strata of
Tarannon and Llandovery age which cover a belt of country from 20 to
25 m. across from Drumlanrig Castle in the north to Torthorwald in the
south. Consisting of massive grits, sometimes conglomeratic,
greywackes, flags and shales, these beds are repeated by innumerable
folds frequently inverted, striking N.E. and S.W. and usually dipping
towards the N.W. In the midst of this belt there are lenticular bands
of older strata of Arenig, Llandeilo, Caradoc and Llandovery age
composed of fine sediments such as cherts, black and grey shales,
white clays and flags, which come to the surface along anticlinal
folds and yield abundant graptolites characteristic of these
divisions. These black shale bands are typically developed in
Moffatdale, indeed the three typical sections chosen by Professor
Lapworth to illustrate his three great groups--(1) the Glenkill shales
(Upper Llandeilo), (2) the Hartfell shales (Caradoc), (3) Birkhill
shales (Lower Llandovery)--occur respectively in the Glenkill Burn
north of Kirkmichael, on Hartfell and in Dobbs Linn near St Mary's
Loch in the basin of the river Annan. In the extreme N.W. of the
county between Drumlanrig Castle and Dalveen Pass in the S. and the
Spango and Kello Waters on the N., there is a broad development of
Arenig, Llandeilo and Caradoc strata, represented by Radiolarian
cherts, black shales, grits, conglomerates, greywackes and shales
which rise from underneath the central Tarannon belt and are repeated
by innumerable folds. In the cores of the arches of Arenig cherts
there are diabase lavas, tuffs and agglomerates which are typically
represented on Bail Hill E. of Kirkconnel. Along the southern margin
of the Tarannon belt, the Wenlock and Ludlow rocks follow in normal
order, the boundary between the two being defined by a line extending
from the head of the Ewes Water in Eskdale, S.W. by Lockerbie to
Mouswald. These consist of greywackes, flags and shales with bands of
dark graptolite shales, the finer sediments being often well cleaved.
They are likewise repeated by inverted folds, the axial planes being
usually inclined to the S.E. The Silurian tableland in the N.W. of the
county is pierced by intrusive igneous rocks in the form of dikes and
bosses, which are regarded as of Lower Old Red Sandstone age. Of
these, the granite mass of Spango Water, N.E. of Kirkconnel, is an
excellent example. Along the N.W. margin of the county, on the N. side
of the fault bounding the Silurian tableland, the Lower Old Red
Sandstone occurs, where it consists of sandstones and conglomerates
associated with contemporaneous volcanic rocks. The Upper Old Red
Sandstone forms a narrow strip on the south side of the Silurian
tableland, resting unconformably on the Silurian rocks and passing
upwards into the Carboniferous formation. It stretches from the county
boundary E. of the Ewes Water, S.W. by Langholm to Birrenswark. Along
this line these Upper Red sandstones and shales are overlaid by a thin
zone of volcanic rocks which point to contemporaneous volcanic action
in this region at the beginning of the Carboniferous period. Some of
the vents from which these igneous materials may have been discharged
are found along the watershed between Liddesdale and Teviotdale in
Roxburghshire. The strata of Carboniferous age are found in three
areas: (1) between Sanquhar and Kirkconnel, (2) at Closeburn near
Thornhill, (3) in the district between Liddesdale and Ruthwell. In the
first two instances (Sanquhar and Thornhill) the Carboniferous
sediments lie in hollows worn out of the old Silurian tableland. In
the Sanquhar basin the strata belong to the Coal Measures, and include
several valuable coal-seams which are probably the southern
prolongations of the members of this division in Ayrshire. At the S.E.
limit of the Sanquhar Coalfield there are patches of the Carboniferous
Limestone series, but towards the N. these are overlapped by the Coal
Measures which thus rest directly on the Silurian platform. At
Closeburn and Barjarg there are beds of marine limestone, associated
with sandstones and shales which probably represent marine bands in
the Carboniferous Limestone series. The most important development of
Carboniferous strata occurs between Liddesdale and Ruthwell. In the
valleys of the Liddel and the Esk the following zones are represented
which are given in ascending order: (1) The Whita Sandstone, (2) the
Cementstone group, (3) the Fell Sandstones, (4) the Glencartholm
volcanic group, (5) Marine limestone group with Coal seams, (6)
Millstone Grit, (7) Rowanburn coal group, (8) Byreburn coal group, (9)
Red Sandstones of Canonbie yielding plants characteristic of the Upper
Coal Measures. The coal-seams of the Rowanburn field have been chiefly
wrought, and in view of their exhaustion bores have been sunk to prove
the coals beneath the red sandstone of upper Carboniferous age. From
a palaeontological point of view the Glencartholm volcanic zone is of
special interest, as the calcareous shale associated with the tuffs
has yielded a large number of new species of fishes, decapod
crustaceans, phyllopods and scorpions. The Triassic rocks rest
unconformably on all older formations within the county. In the tract
along the Solway Firth they repose on the folded and eroded edges of
the Carboniferous strata, and when traced westwards to the Dumfries
basin they rest directly on the Silurian platform. They occur in five
areas, (1) between Annan and the mouth of the Esk, (2) the Dumfries
basin, (3) the Thornhill basin, (4) at Lochmaben and Corncockle Moor,
(5) at Moffat. The strata consist of breccias, false-bedded sandstones
and marls, the sandstones being extensively quarried for building
purposes. In the sandstones of Corncockle Moor reptilian footprints
have been obtained. In the Thornhill basin there is a thin zone of
volcanic rocks at the base of this series which are evidently on the
horizon of the lavas beneath the Mauchline sandstones in Ayrshire. In
the Sanquhar basin there are small outliers of lavas probably of this
age and several vents filled with agglomerate from which these igneous
materials in the Thornhill basin may have been derived. There are
several striking examples of basalt dikes of Tertiary age, one having
been traced from the Lead Hills south-east by Moffat, across
Eskdalemuir to the English border.

_Climate and Industries._--The climate is mild, with a mean yearly temperature of 48 deg. F. (January, 38.5 deg.; July, 59.5 deg.), and the average annual rainfall is 53 ins. Towards the middle of the 18th century farmers began to raise stock for the south, and a hundred years later 20,000 head of heavy cattle were sent annually to the English markets. The Galloways, which were the breed in vogue at first, have been to a large extent replaced by shorthorns and Ayrshire dairy cattle. Sheep breeding, of later origin, has attained to remarkable dimensions, the walks in the higher hilly country being given over to Cheviots, and the richer pasture of the low-lying farms being reserved for half-bred lambs, a cross of Cheviots and Leicesters or other long-woolled rams. Pig-feeding, once important, has declined before the imports of bacon from foreign countries. Horse-breeding is pursued on a considerable scale. Grain crops, of which oats are the principal, show a downward tendency. Arable farms range from 100 acres to 300 acres, and pastoral from 300 to 3000 acres.

In general the manufactures are only of local importance and mostly confined to Dumfries and a few of the larger towns. Langholm is famous for its tweeds; breweries and distilleries are found at Annan, Sanquhar and elsewhere; some shipping is carried on at Annan and Dumfries; and the salmon fisheries of the Nith and Annan and the Solway Firth are of value.

_Communications._--The Glasgow & South-Western railway from Glasgow to Carlisle runs through Nithsdale, practically following the course of the river, and lower Annandale to the Border. The Caledonian railway runs through Annandale, throwing off at Beattock a small branch to Moffat, at Lockerbie a cross-country line to Dumfries, and at Kirtlebridge a line that ultimately crosses the Solway to Bowness. From Dumfries westwards there is communication with Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbright, Newton Stewart, Stranraer and Portpatrick. The North British railway sends a short line to Langholm from Riddings Junction in Cumberland, giving access to Carlisle and, by the Waverley route, to Edinburgh. There is also coach service between various points, as from Dumfries to New Abbey and Dalbeattie, and from Langholm to Eskdalemuir.

_Population and Government._--The population in 1891 was 74,245, and in 1901, 72,571, when there were 176 persons who spoke Gaelic and English. The chief towns are Annan (pop. in 1901, 4309), Dumfries (14,444), Langholm (3142), Lockerbie (2358) and Moffat (2153). The county returns one member to parliament. Dumfries, the county town, Annan, Lochmaben and Sanquhar are royal burghs; Dumfries forms a sheriffdom with the shires of Kirkcudbright and Wigtown, and there is a resident sheriff-substitute at Dumfries, who sits also at Annan, Langholm and Lockerbie. The shire is under school-board jurisdiction, and some of the public schools earn grants for higher education. The county council and most of the borough councils give the bulk of the "residue" grant to the county committee on secondary education, which is thus enabled, besides assisting building schemes, to subsidize high schools, to provide bursaries and apparatus, and to carry on science and technical classes, embracing agriculture, dairying (at Kilmarnock Dairy school) and practical chemistry. There are academies at Dumfries, Annan, Moffat and other centres.

_History._--The British tribe which inhabited this part of Scotland was called by the Romans Selgovae. They have left many signs of their presence, such as hill forts in the north, stone circles (as in Dunscore and Eskdalemuir), camps (Dryfesdale), tumuli and cairns (Closeburn), and sculptured stones (Dornock). The country around Moffat especially is rich in remains. At Holywood, near Dumfries, there stand the relic of the grove of sacred oaks from which the place derived its name, and a stone circle known locally as the Twelve Apostles. In the parish church of Ruthwell (pron. Rivvel: the "rood, or cross, well") is preserved an ancient cross which tells in Runic characters the story of the Crucifixion. There are traces of the Roman roads which ran by Dalveen Pass into Clydesdale and up the Annan to Tweeddale, and at Birrens is one of the best-preserved examples of a Roman camp. Roman altars, urns and coins are found in many places. Upon the withdrawal of the Romans, the Selgovae were conquered by Scots from Ireland, who, however, fused with the natives. The Saxon conquest of Dumfriesshire does not seem to have been thorough, the people of Nithsdale and elsewhere maintaining their Celtic institutions up to the time of David I.

As a Border county Dumfriesshire was the scene of stirring deeds at various epochs, especially in the days of Robert Bruce. Edward I. besieged Carlaverock Castle, and the factions of Bruce (who was lord of Annandale), John Comyn and John Baliol were at constant feud. The Border clans, as haughty and hot-headed as the Gaels farther north, were always at strife. There is record of a bloody fight in Dryfesdale in 1593, when the Johnstones slew 700 Maxwells, and, overtaking the fugitives at Lockerbie, there massacred most of the remnant. These factions embroiled the dalesmen until the 18th century. The highlands of the shire afforded retreat to the persecuted Covenanters, who, at Sanquhar, published in 1680 their declaration against the king, anticipating the principles of the "glorious Revolution" by several years. Prince Charles Edward's ambition left the shire comparatively untouched, for the Jacobite sentiment made little appeal to the people.

Dumfriesshire is inseparably connected with the name of Robert Burns, who farmed at Ellisland on the Nith for three years, and spent the last five years of his life at Dumfries. Thomas Carlyle was born at Ecclefechan, in a house still standing, and was buried beside his parents in the kirkyard of the old Secession church (now the United Free). His farm of Craigenputtock was left to Edinburgh University in order to found the John Welsh bursaries in classics and mathematics.

See W. M'Dowall, _History of the Burgh of Dumfries_ (Edinburgh, 1887);
Sir Herbert Maxwell, _Dumfries and Galloway_ (Edinburgh and London,
1897); J. Macdonald and J. Barbour, _Birrens and its Antiquities_
(Dumfries, 1897); Sir William Fraser, _The Book of Carlaverock_
(Edinburgh, 1873); _The Douglas Book_ (Edinburgh, 1885); _The
Annandale Book_ (Edinburgh, 1894); G. Neilson, _Annandale under the
Bruces_ (Annan, 1887); C.T. Ramage, _Drumlanrig Castle and the
Douglases_ (Dumfries, 1876).