Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE HUSS: "This appointment had a deep influence on the already
vigorous religious life of Huss himself ..." 'appointment' amended
from 'appoinment'.

ARTICLE HYACINTH: "... the wild hyacinth of western North America,
Camassia esculenta." 'America' amended from 'Amercia'.

ARTICLE HYDRAULICS: "Fig. 74 shows an arrangement designed for the
Manchester water works. The water enters from the reservoir at
chamber A, the object of which is to still the irregular motion of
the water." 'at' amended from 'a'.

ARTICLE HYDRAULICS: "But the velocity at this point was probably
from Howden's statements 16.58 × 40/26 = 25.5 ft. per second, an
agreement as close as the approximate character of the data would
lead us to expect." Added 'per second'.

ARTICLE HYDRAULICS: "... as the velocity and area of cross section
are different in different states of the river." 'different'
amended from 'differest'.

ARTICLE HYDROGEN: "... for example, formic, glycollic, lactic,
tartaric, malic, benzoic and other organic acids are readily
oxidized in the presence of ferrous sulphate ..." 'glycollic'
amended from 'glygollic'.

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

_All rights reserved_

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XIV
HUSBAND to ITALIC

New York

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

VOLUME XIV, SLICE I

Husband to Hydrolysis

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

HUSBAND HYADES
HUSBAND AND WIFE HYATT, ALPHEUS
HUSHI HYBLA
HUSKISSON, WILLIAM HYBRIDISM
HUSS HYDANTOIN
HUSSAR HYDE (17th century English family)
HUSSITES HYDE, THOMAS
HUSTING HYDE (market town)
HUSUM HYDE DE NEUVILLE, JEAN GUILLAUME
HUTCHESON, FRANCIS HYDE PARK
HUTCHINSON, ANNE HYDERABAD (city of India)
HUTCHINSON, JOHN (puritan soldier) HYDERABAD (state of India)
HUTCHINSON, JOHN (theological writer) HYDERABAD (capital of Hyderabad)
HUTCHINSON, SIR JONATHAN HYDER ALI
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS HYDRA (island of Greece)
HUTCHINSON (Kansas, U.S.A.) HYDRA (legendary monster)
HUTTEN, PHILIPP VON HYDRA (constellation)
HUTTEN, ULRICH VON HYDRACRYLIC ACID
HUTTER, LEONHARD HYDRANGEA
HUTTON, CHARLES HYDRASTINE
HUTTON, JAMES HYDRATE
HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT HYDRAULICS
HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY HYDRAZINE
HUY HYDRAZONE
HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN HYDROCARBON
HUYGENS, SIR CONSTANTIJN HYDROCELE
HUYSMANS (Flemish painters) HYDROCEPHALUS
HUYSMANS, JORIS KARL HYDROCHARIDEAE
HUYSUM, JAN VAN HYDROCHLORIC ACID
HWANG HO HYDRODYNAMICS
HWICCE HYDROGEN
HYACINTH (flower) HYDROGRAPHY
HYACINTH (gem-stone) HYDROLYSIS
HYACINTHUS

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. Ba.
ADOLFO BARTOLI (1833-1894).

Formerly Professor of Literature at the Istituto di studi
superiori at Florence. Author of Storia della letteratura
Italiana; &c.

Italian Literature (_in part_).

A. Bo.*
AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.

Professor of Canon Law at the Catholic University of Paris.
Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste contemporain_.

Index Librorum Prohibitorum;
Infallibility.

A. Cy.
ARTHUR ERNEST COWLEY, M.A., LITT.D.

Sub-Librarian of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen
College.

Ibn Gabirol;
Inscriptions: _Semitic_.

A. C. G.
ALBERT CHARLES LEWIS GOTTHILF GÜNTHER, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.R.S.

Keeper of Zoological Department, British Museum, 1875-1895. Gold
Medallist, Royal Society, 1878. Author of _Catalogues of Colubrine
Snakes, Batrachia Salientia, and Fishes in the British Museum_;
_Reptiles of British India_; _Fishes of Zanzibar_; _Reports on the
"Challenger" Fishes_; &c.

Ichthyology (_in part_).

A. E. G.*
REV. ALFRED ERNEST GARVIE, M.A., D.D.

Principal of New College, Hampstead. Member of the Board of
Theology and the Board of Philosophy, London University. Author of
_Studies in the inner Life of Jesus_; &c.

Immortality;
Inspiration.

A. E. H. L.
AUGUSTUS EDWARD HOUGH LOVE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of
Oxford. Hon. Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford; formerly Fellow of
St John's College, Cambridge. Secretary to the London Mathematical
Society.

Infinitesimal Calculus.

A. F. C.
ALEXANDER FRANCIS CHAMBERLAIN, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Clark University, Worcester,
Massachusetts. Member of American Antiquarian Society; Hon. Member
of American Folk-lore Society. Author of _The Child and Childhood
in Folk Thought_.

Indians, North American.

A. G.
MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908).

H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of
Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c.

Identification.

A. Ge.
SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D.

See the biographical article, GEIKIE, SIR A.

Hutton, James.

A. Go.*
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Illuminati.

A. G. G.
SIR ALFRED GEORGE GREENHILL, M.A., F.R.S.

Formerly Professor of Mathematics in the Ordnance College,
Woolwich. Author of _Differential and Integral Calculus with
Applications_; _Hydrostatics_; _Notes on Dynamics_; &c.

Hydromechanics.

A. H.-S.
SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

Isfahan (_in part_).

A. M. C.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.

See the biographical article, CLERKE, A. M.

Huygens, Christiaan.

A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.

Ibis;
Icterus.

A. So.
ALBRECHT SOCIN, PH.D. (1844-1899).

Formerly Professor of Semitic Philology in the Universities of
Leipzig and Tübingen. Author of _Arabische Grammatik_; &c.

Irak-Arabi (_in part_).

A. S. Wo.
ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD, LL.D., F.R.S.

Keeper of Geology, Natural History Museum, South Kensington.
Secretary of the Geological Society, London.

Ichthyosaurus;
Iguanodon.

A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900.

Imperial Cities;
Instrument of Government.

A. W. Po.
ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD, M.A.

Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of
King's College, London. Hon. Secretary Bibliographical Society.
Editor of _Books about Books_ and _Bibliographica_. Joint-editor
of The Library. Chief Editor of the "Globe" _Chaucer_.

Incunabula.

A. W. R.
ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.

Puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
_Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

Inebriety, Law of;
Insanity: _Law_.

C. F. A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour_.

Infantry;
Italian Wars.

C. G.
COLONEL CHARLES GRANT.

Formerly Inspector of Military Education in India.

India: _Costume_.

C. H. Ha.
CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History at Columbia University, New York
City. Member of the American Historical Association.

Innocent V., VIII.

C. Ll. M.
CONWAY LLOYD MORGAN, LL.D., F.R.S.

Professor of Psychology at the University of Bristol. Principal of
University College, Bristol, 1887-1909. Author of _Animal Life and
Intelligence_; _Habit and Instinct_.

Instinct;
Intelligence in Animals.

C. R. B.
CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham.
Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; and University Lecturer
in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889.
Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_;
_The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.

Ibn Batuta (_in part_);
Idrisi.

C. S.*
CARLO SALVIONI.

Professor of Classical and Romance Languages, University of Milan.

Italian Language (_in part_).