Chapter D: S. M

DUGALD SUTHERLAND MACCOLL, M.A., LL.D.

Keeper of the National Gallery of British Art (Tate Gallery).
Lecturer on the History of Art, University College, London; Fellow
of University College, London. Author of Nineteenth Century Art;
&c.

Impressionism.

E. A. M.
EDWARD ALFRED MINCHIN, M.A., F.Z.S.

Professor of Protozoology in the University of London. Formerly
Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; and Lecturer on Comparative
Anatomy in the University of Oxford. Author of "Sponges and
Sporozoa" in Lankester's _Treatise on Zoology_; &c.

Hydromedusae;
Hydrozoa.

E. Br.
ERNEST BARKER, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Modern History, St John's College, Oxford.
Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.

Imperial Chamber.

E. Bra.
EDWIN BRAMWELL, M.B., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. (Edin.).

Assistant Physician, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh.

Hysteria (_in part_).

E. C. B.
RIGHT REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., D.LITT.

Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of
Palladius" in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_.

Imitation of Christ.

E. C. Q.
EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A.

Fellow, Lecturer in Modern History, and Monro Lecturer in Celtic,
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Ireland: _Early History_.

E. F. S.
EDWARD FAIRBROTHER STRANGE.

Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.
Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art
subjects. Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series.

Illustration: _Technical Developments_.

E. F. S. D.
LADY DILKE.

See the biographical article: DILKE, SIR C. W., BART.

Ingres.

E. G.
EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D.

See the biographical article, GOSSE, EDMUND.

Huygens, Sir Constantijn;
Ibsen;
Idyl.

E. Hü.
EMIL HÜBNER.

See the biographical article, HÜBNER, EMIL.

Inscriptions: _Latin_ (_in part_).

E. H. B.
SIR EDWARD HERBERT BUNBURY, BART., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895).

M.P. for Bury St Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of a _History of
Ancient Geography_; &c.

Ionia (_in part_).

E. H. M.
ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A.

Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly Fellow, Pembroke
College, Cambridge University Lecturer in Palaeography.

Iazyges;
Issedones.

E. H. P.
EDWARD HENRY PALMER, M.A.

See the biographical article, PALMER, E. H.

Ibn Khaldun (_in part_).

E. K.
EDMUND KNECHT, PH.D., M.SC.TECH.(Manchester), F.I.C.

Professor of Technological Chemistry, Manchester University. Head
of Chemical Department, Municipal School of Technology,
Manchester. Examiner in Dyeing, City and Guilds of London
Institute. Author of _A Manual of Dyeing_; &c. Editor of J_ournal
of the Society of Dyers and Colourists_.

Indigo.

E. L. H.
THE RIGHT REV. THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN (EDWARD LEE HICKS).

Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Formerly Canon
Residentiary of Manchester. Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi
College. Author of _Manual of Greek Historical Inscriptions_; &c.

Inscriptions: Greek (_in part_).

Ed. M.
EDUARD MEYER, PH.D., D.LITT.(Oxon.), LL.D.

Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author
of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_;
_Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme_.

Hystaspes;
Iran.

E. M. T.
SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, G.C.B., I.S.O., D.C.L., LITT.D., LL.D.

Director and Principal Librarian, British Museum, 1898-1909.
Sandars Reader in Bibliography, Cambridge, 1895-1896. Hon. Fellow
of University College, Oxford. Correspondent of the Institute of
France and of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Author of
_Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography_. Editor of _Chronicon
Angliae_. Joint-editor of publications of the Palaeographical
Society, the New Palaeographical Society, and of the Facsimile of
the Laurentian Sophocles.

Illuminated MSS.

E. O.*
EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC.

Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the
Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street; late Examiner in Surgery
at the Universities of Cambridge, Durham and London. Author of _A
Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.

Hydrocephalus.

F. A. F.
FRANK ALBERT FETTER, PH.D.

Professor of Political Economy and Finance, Cornell University.
Member of the State Board of Charities. Author of _The Principles
of Economics_; &c.

Interstate Commerce.

F. C. C.
FREDERICK CORNWALLIS CONYBEARE, M.A., D.TH.(Giessen).

Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University
College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of
Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c.

Iconoclasts;
Image Worship.

F. G. M. B.
FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.

Hwicce.

F. J. H.
FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford.
Fellow of Brasenose College. Fellow of the British Academy.
Formerly Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church,
Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1906-1907. Author of Monographs on Roman
History, especially Roman Britain; &c.

Icknield Street.

F. Ll. G.
FRANCIS LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A.

Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Editor of the
Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports of the Egypt
Exploration Fund. Fellow of Imperial German Archaeological
Institute.

Hyksos;
Isis.

F. P.*
FREDERICK PETERSON, M.D., PH.D.

Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University. President of New
York State Commission in Lunacy, 1902-1906. Author of _Mental
Diseases_; &c.

Insanity: _Hospital Treatment._

F. S. P.
FRANCIS SAMUEL PHILBRICK, A.M., PH.D.

Formerly Fellow of Nebraska State University, and Scholar and
Resident Fellow of Harvard University. Member of American
Historical Association.

Independence, Declaration of.

F. Wa.
FRANCIS WATT, M.A.

Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Author of _Law's Lumber Room_.

Inn and Innkeeper.

F. W. R.*
FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London,
1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.

Hyacinth
Iolite.

F. Y. P.
FREDERICK YORK POWELL, D.C.L., LL.D.

See the biographical article, POWELL, FREDERICK YORK.

Iceland: _History_, and _Ancient Literature_.

G. A. B.
GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., D.SC., PH.D.

In charge of the collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of
Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society
of London.

Ichthyology (_in part_).

G. A. Gr.
GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., D.LITT.(Dublin).

Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903. In charge of
Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902. Gold Medallist, Royal
Asiatic Society, 1909. Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic
Society. Formerly Fellow of Calcutta University. Author of _The
Languages of India_; &c.

Indo-Aryan Languages.

G. A. J. C.
GRENVILLE ARTHUR JAMES COLE.

Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Professor of
Geology, Royal College of Science for Ireland, Dublin. Author of
_Aids in Practical Geology_; &c.

Ireland: _Geology_.

G. B.
SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER MOLESWORTH BIRDWOOD, K.C.I.E.

See the biographical article, BIRDWOOD, SIR G. C. M.

Incense.

G. F. H.*
GEORGE FRANCIS HILL, M.A.

Assistant in Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum.
Author of _Sources for Greek History 478-431_ B.C.; _Handbook of
Greek and Roman Coins_; &c.

Inscriptions: Greek (_in part_).

G. G. Co.
GEORGE GORDON COULTON, M.A.

Birkbeck Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, Trinity College,
Cambridge. Author of _Medieval Studies_; _Chaucer and his
England_; &c.

Indulgence.

G. H. C.
GEORGE HERBERT CARPENTER, B.SC. (Lond.).

Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin.
Author of _Insects: their Structure and Life_.

Hymenoptera;
Ichneumon-Fly;
Insect.

G. I. A.
GRAZIADIO I. ASCOLI.

Senator of the Kingdom of Italy. Professor of Comparative Grammar
at the University of Milan. Author of _Codice Islandese_; &c.

Italian Language (_in part_).

G. J.
GEORGE JAMIESON, C.M.G., M.A.

Formerly Consul-General at Shanghai, and Consul and Judge of the
Supreme Court, Shanghai.

Hwang Ho.

G. K.
GUSTAV KRÜGER, PH.D.

Professor of Church History in the University of Giessen. Author
of _Das Papstthum_; &c.

Irenaeus.

G. P. M.
GEORGE PERCIVAL MUDGE, A.R.C.S., F.Z.S.

Lecturer on Biology, London Hospital Medical College, and London
School of Medicine for Women, University of London. Author of _A
Text Book of Zoology_; &c.

Incubation and Incubators.

G. W. K.
VERY REV. GEORGE WILLIAM KITCHIN, M.A., D.D., F.S.A.

Dean of Durham, and Warden of the University of Durham. Hon.
Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Fellow of King's College,
London. Dean of Winchester, 1883-1894. Author of _A History of
France_; &c.

Hutten, Ulrich von.

G. W. T.
REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew
and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford. Author of
a _Commentary on Judges_; _An Arabic Grammar_; &c.

Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi;
Ibn 'Arabi;
Ibn Athir;
Ibn Duraid;
Ibn Faradi;
Ibn Farid;
Ibn Hazm;
Ibn Hisham;
Ibn Ishaq;
Ibn Jubair;
Ibn Khaldun (_in part_);
Ibn Khallikan;
Ibn Qutaiba;
Ibn Sa'd;
Ibn Tufail;
Ibn Usaibi'a;
Ibrahim Al-Mausili.

H. Ch.
HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor the
11th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; Co-editor of the
10th edition.

Iron Mask;
Ismail.

H. C. R.
SIR HENRY CRESWICKE RAWLINSON, BART., K.C.B.

See the biographical article, RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE.

Isfahan: _History_.

H. L. H.
HARRIET L. HENNESSY, M.D., (Brux.) L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I.

Infancy;
Intestinal Obstruction.

H. M. H.
HENRY MARION HOWE, A.M., LL.D.

Professor of Metallurgy, Columbia University. Author of
_Metallurgy of Steel_; &c.

Iron and Steel.

H. N. D.
HENRY NEWTON DICKSON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.G.S.

Professor of Geography, University College, Reading. Author of
_Elementary Meteorology_; _Papers on Oceanography_; &c.

Indian Ocean.

H. O.
HERMANN OELSNER, M.A., PH.D.

Taylorian Professor of the Romance Languages in University of
Oxford. Member of Council of the Philological Society. Author of
_A History of Provencal Literature_; &c.

Italian Literature (_in part_).

H. St.
HENRY STURT, M.A.

Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and
_Personal Idealism_.

Induction.

H. T. A.
REV. HERBERT THOMAS ANDREWS.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, New College, London. Author
of the "Commentary on Acts" in the _Westminster New Testament_;
_Handbook on the Apocryphal Books_ in the "Century Bible."

Ignatius.

H. Y.
SIR HENRY YULE, K.C.S.I., C.B.

See the biographical article, YULE, SIR HENRY.

Ibn Batuta (_in part_).

I. A.
ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A.

Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature in the University of
Cambridge. Formerly President, Jewish Historical Society in
England. Author of _A Short History of Jewish Literature_; _Jewish
Life in the Middle Ages_; &c.

Ibn Tibbon;
Immanuel Ben Solomon.

J. A. F.
JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC.

Pender Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of
London. Fellow of University College, London. Formerly Fellow of
St John's College, Cambridge, and Lecturer on Applied Mechanics in
the University. Author of _Magnets and Electric Currents_.

Induction Coil.

J. Bs.
JAMES BURGESS, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.(Edin.), F.R.G.S.,
HON.A.R.I.B.A.

Formerly Director General of Archaeological Survey of India.
Author of _Archaeological Survey of Western India_. Editor of
Fergusson's _History of Indian Architecture_.

Indian Architecture.

J. B. T.
SIR JOHN BATTY TUKE, KT., M.D., F.R.S.(Edin.), D.SC., LL.D.

President of the Neurological Society of the United Kingdom.
Medical Director of New Saughton Hall Asylum, Edinburgh. M.P. for
the Universities of Edinburgh and St Andrews, 1900-1910.

Hysteria (_in part_);
Insanity: _Medical._

J. C. H.
RIGHT REV. JOHN CUTHBERT HEDLEY, O.S.B., D.D.

R.C. Bishop of Newport. Author of _The Holy Eucharist_; &c.

Immaculate Conception.

J. C. Van D.
JOHN CHARLES VAN DYKE.

Professor of the History of Art, Rutgers College, New Brunswick,
N.J. Formerly Editor of _The Studio and Art Review_. Author of
_Art for Art's Sake_; _History of Painting_; _Old English
Masters_; &c.

Inness, George.

J. C. W.
JAMES CLAUDE WEBSTER.

Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple.

Inns of Court.

J. D. B.
JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S.

King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in
South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of
Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order
of St Alexander of Bulgaria.

Ionian Islands.

J. F. F.
JOHN FAITHFULL FLEET, C.I.E., PH.D.

Commissioner of Central and Southern Divisions of Bombay,
1891-1897. Author of _Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings_; &c.

Inscriptions: _Indian_.

J. F.-K.
JAMES FITZMAURICE-KELLY, LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S.

Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool
University. Norman McColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow
of the British Academy. Member of the Royal Spanish Academy.
Knight Commander of the Order of Alphonso XII. Author of A History
of Spanish Literature; &c.

Isla, J. F. de.

J. G. K.
JOHN GRAHAM KERR, M.A., F.R.S.

Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly
Demonstrator in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge.
Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham
Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1904.

Ichthyology (_in part_).

J. G. Sc.
SIR JAMES GEORGE SCOTT, K.C.I.E.

Superintendent and Political Officer, Southern Shan States. Author
of _Burma, a Handbook_; _The Upper Burma Gazetteer_; &c.

Irrawaddy.

J. H. A. H.
JOHN HENRY ARTHUR HART, M.A.

Fellow, Theological Lecturer and Librarian, St John's College,
Cambridge.

Hyrcanus.

J. H. Mu.
JOHN HENRY MUIRHEAD, M.A., LL.D.

Professor of Philosophy in the University of Birmingham. Author of
_Elements of Ethics_; _Philosophy and Life_; &c. Editor of
_Library of Philosophy_.

Idealism.

J. H. Be.
VERY REV. JOHN HENRY BERNARD, M.A., D.D., D.C.L.

Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. Archbishop King's
Professor of Divinity and formerly Fellow of Trinity College,
Dublin. Joint-editor of the Irish _Liber Hymnorum_; &c.

Ireland, Church of.

J. H. van't H.
JACOBUS HENRICUS VAN'T HOFF, LL.D., D.SC., D.M.

See the biographical article VAN'T HOFF, JACOBUS HENRICUS.

Isomerism.

J. L. M.
JOHN LYNTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S.

Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford.
Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Ancient
Geography, University of Liverpool. Lecturer in Classical
Archaeology in University of Oxford.

Iberians;
Ionians.

J. Mn.
JOHN MACPHERSON, M.D.

Formerly Inspector-General of Hospitals, Bengal.

Insanity: _Medical_ (_in part_).

J. M. A. de L.
JEAN MARIE ANTOINE DE LANESSAN.

See the biographical article, LANESSAN, J. M. A. DE.

Indo-China, French (_in part_).

J. M. M.
JOHN MALCOLM MITCHELL.

Sometime Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics,
East London College (University of London). Joint-editor of
Grote's _History of Greece_.

Hyacinthus.

J. P. E.
JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHÉMAR ESMEIN.

Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion
of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author of _Cours
élémentaire d'histoire du droit français_; &c.

Intendant.

J. P. Pe.
REV. JOHN PUNNETT PETERS, PH.D., D.D.

Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of
Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of the
University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of _Nippur,
or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_.

Irak-Arabi (_in part_).

J. S. Bl.
JOHN SUTHERLAND BLACK, M.A., LL.D.

Assistant Editor of the 9th edition of the _Encyclopaedia
Britannica_. Joint-editor of the _Encyclopaedia Biblica_.

Huss, John.

J. S. Co.
JAMES SUTHERLAND COTTON, M.A.

Editor of the _Imperial Gazetteer of India_. Hon. Secretary of the
Egyptian Exploration Fund. Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Queen's
College, Oxford. Author of _India_; &c.

India: _Geography and Statistics (in part); History (in part)_;
Indore.

J. S. F.
JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S.

Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on
Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society
of London.

Itacolumite.

J. T. Be.
John Thomas Bealby.

Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the
_Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's
_Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.

Irkutsk (_in part_).

J. V.*
JULES VIARD.

Archivist at the National Archives, Paris. Officer of Public
Instruction. Author of _La France sous Philippe VI. de Valois_;
&c.

Isabella of Bavaria.

Jno. W.
JOHN WESTLAKE, K.C., LL.D.

Professor of International Law, Cambridge, 1888-1908. One of the
Members for the United Kingdom of International Court of
Arbitration under the Hague Convention, 1900-1906. Bencher of
Lincoln's Inn. Author of _A Treatise on Private International Law,
or the Conflict of Laws: Chapters on the Principles of
International Law_, pt. i. "Peace," pt. ii. "War."

International Law: _Private_.

L.
COUNT LÜTZOW, LITT.D. (OXON.), PH.D. (PRAGUE), F.R.G.S.

Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon.
Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian
Academy; &c. Author of _Bohemia, a Historical Sketch_; _The
Historians of Bohemia_ (Ilchester Lecture, Oxford, 1904); _The
Life and Times of John Hus_; &c.

Hussites.

L. C. B.
LEWIS CAMPBELL BRUCE, M.D., F.R.C.P.

Author of _Studies in Clinical Psychiatry_.

Insanity: _Medical_ (_in part_).

L. Ho.
LAURENCE HOUSMAN.

See the biographical article, HOUSMAN, L.

Illustration (_in part_).

L. J. S.
LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A.

Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly
Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar.
Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.

Hypersthene;
Ilmenite.

L. T. D.
SIR LEWIS TONNA DIBDIN, M.A., D.C.L., F.S.A.

Dean of the Arches; Master of the Faculties; and First Church
Estates Commissioner. Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. Author of
_Monasticism in England_; &c.

Incense: _Ritual Use._

M. Ha.
MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.SC., F.L.S.

Professor of Zoology, University College, Cork. Author of
"Protozoa" in _Cambridge Natural History_; and papers for various
scientific journals.

Infusoria.

M. Ja.
MORRIS JASTROW, JUN., PH.D.

Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Author of _Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians_; &c.

Ishtar.