Chapter XVIII: Part 18

Kaulbach matured, after the example of the masters of the Middle Ages, the practice of mural or monumental decoration; he once more conjoined painting with architecture, and displayed a creative fertility and readiness of resource scarcely found since the era of Raphael and Michelangelo. Early in the series of his multitudinous works came the famous Narrenhaus, the appalling memories of a certain madhouse near Dusseldorf; the composition all the more deserves mention for points of contact with Hogarth. Somewhat to the same category belong the illustrations to _Reineke Fuchs_. These, together with occasional figures or passages in complex pictorial dramas, show how dominant and irrepressible were the artist's sense of satire and enjoyment of fun; character in its breadth and sharpness is depicted with keenest relish, and at times the sardonic smile bursts into the loudest laugh. Thus occasionally the grotesque degenerates into the vulgar, the grand into the ridiculous, as in the satire on "the Pigtail Age" in a fresco outside the New Pinakothek. Yet these exceptional extravagances came not of weakness but from excess of power. Kaulbach tried hard to become Grecian and Italian; but he never reached Phidias or Raphael; in short the blood of Durer, Holbein and Martin Schongauer ran strong in his veins. The art products in Munich during the middle of the 19th century were of a quantity to preclude first-rate quality, and Kaulbach contracted a fatal facility in covering wall and canvas by the acre. He painted in the Hofgarten, the Odeon, the Palace and on the external walls of the New Pinakothek. His perspicuous and showy manner also gained him abundant occupation as a book illustrator: in the pages of the poets his fancy revelled; he was glad to take inspiration from Wieland, Goethe, even Klopstock; among his engraved designs are the Shakespeare gallery, the Goethe gallery and a folio edition of the Gospels. With regard to these examples of "the Munich school," it was asserted that Kaulbach had been unfortunate alike in having found Cornelius for a master and King Louis for a patron, that he attempted "subjects far beyond him, believing that his admiration for them was the same as inspiration"; and supplied the lack of real imagination by "a compound of intellect and fancy."

Nevertheless in such compositions as the Destruction of Jerusalem and the Battle of the Huns Kaulbach shows creative imagination. As a dramatic poet he tells the story, depicts character, seizes on action and situation, and thus as it were takes the spectator by storm. The manner may be occasionally noisy and ranting, but the effect after its kind is tremendous. The cartoon, which, as usual in modern German art, is superior to the ultimate picture, was executed in the artist's prime at the age of thirty. At this period, as here seen, the knowledge was little short of absolute; subtle is the sense of beauty; playful, delicate, firm the touch; the whole treatment artistic.

Ten or more years were devoted to what the Germans term a "cyclus"--a series of pictures depicting the Tower of Babel, the Age of Homer, the Destruction of Jerusalem, the Battle of the Huns, the Crusades and the Reformation. These major tableaux, severally 30 ft. long, and each comprising over one hundred figures above life-size, are surrounded by minor compositions making more than twenty in all. The idea is to congregate around the world's historic dramas the prime agents of civilization; thus here are assembled allegoric figures of Architecture and other arts, of Science and other kingdoms of knowledge, together with lawgivers from the time of Moses, not forgetting Frederick the Great. The chosen situation for this imposing didactic and theatric display is the Treppenhaus or grand staircase in the new museum, Berlin; the surface is a granulated, absorbent wall, specially prepared; the technical method is that known as "water-glass," or "liquid flint," the infusion of silica securing permanence. The same medium was adopted in the later wall-pictures in the Houses of Parliament, Westminster.

The painter's last period brings no new departure; his ultimate works stand conspicuous by exaggerations of early characteristics. The series of designs illustrative of Goethe, which had an immense success, were melodramatic and pandered to popular taste. The vast canvas, more than 30 ft. long, the Sea Fight at Salamis, painted for the Maximilianeum, Munich, evinces wonted imagination and facility in composition; the handling also retains its largeness and vigour; but in this astounding scenic uproar moderation and the simplicity of nature are thrown to the winds, and the whole atmosphere is hot and feverish.

Kaulbach's was a beauty-loving art. He is not supreme as a colourist;
he belongs in fact to a school that holds colour in subordination; but
he laid, in common with the great masters, the sure foundation of his
art in form and composition. Indeed, the science of composition has
seldom if ever been so clearly understood or worked out with equal
complexity and exactitude; the constituent lines, the relation of the
parts to the whole, are brought into absolute agreement; in modern
Germany painting and music have trodden parallel paths, and Kaulbach
is musical in the melody and harmony of his compositions. His
narrative too is lucid, and moves as a stately march or royal triumph;
the sequence of the figures is unbroken; the arrangement of the groups
accords with even literary form; the picture falls into incident,
episode, dialogue, action, plot, as a drama. The style is eclectic; in
the Age of Homer the types and the treatment are derived from Greek
marbles and vases; then in the Tower of Babel the severity of the
antique gives place to the suavity of the Italian renaissance; while
in the Crusades the composition is let loose into modern romanticism,
and so the manner descends into the midst of the 19th century. And yet
this scholastically compounded art is so nicely adjusted and smoothly
blended that it casts off all incongruity and becomes homogeneous as
the issue of one mind. But a fickle public craved for change; and so
the great master in later years waned in favour, and had to witness,
not without inquietude, the rise of an opposing party of naturalism
and realism. (J. B. A.)

KAUNITZ-RIETBURG, WENZEL ANTON, PRINCE VON (1711-1794), Austrian chancellor and diplomatist, was born at Vienna on the 2nd of February 1711. His father, Max Ulrich, was the third count of Kaunitz, and married an heiress, Maria Ernestine Franziska von Rietburg. The family was ancient, and was believed to have been of Slavonic origin in Moravia. Wenzel Anton, being a second son, was designed for the church, but on the death of his elder brother he was trained for the law and for diplomacy, at Vienna, Leipzig and Leiden, and by travel. His family had served the Habsburgs with some distinction, and Kaunitz had no difficulty in obtaining employment. In 1735 he was a _Reichshofrath_. When the Emperor Charles VI. died in 1740, he is said to have hesitated before deciding to support Maria Theresa. If so, his hesitation did not last long, and left no trace on his loyalty. From 1742 to 1744 he was minister at Turin, and in the latter year was sent as minister with the Archduke Charles of Lorraine, the governor of Belgium. He was therefore an eye-witness of the campaigns in which Marshal Saxe overran Belgium. At this time he was extremely discouraged, and sought for his recall. But he had earned the approval of Maria Theresa, who sent him as representative of Austria to the peace congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. His tenacity and dexterity established his reputation as a diplomatist. He confirmed his hold on the regard and confidence of the empress by the line he took after the conclusion of the peace. In 1749 Maria Theresa appealed to all her counsellors for advice as to the policy Austria ought to pursue in view of the changed conditions produced by the rise of Prussia. The great majority of them, including her husband Francis I., were of opinion that the old alliance with the sea Powers, England and Holland, should be maintained. Kaunitz, either because he was really persuaded that the old policy must be given up, or because he saw that the dominating idea in the mind of Maria Theresa was the recovery of Silesia, gave it as his opinion that Frederick was now the "most wicked and dangerous enemy of Austria," that it was hopeless to expect the support of Protestant nations against him, and that the only way of recovering Silesia was by an alliance with Russia and France. The empress eagerly accepted views which were already her own, and entrusted the adviser with the execution of his own plans. An ambassador to France from 1750 to 1752, and after 1753 as "house, court and state chancellor," Kaunitz laboured successfully to bring about the alliance which led to the Seven Years' War. It was considered a great feat of diplomacy, and established Kaunitz as the recognized master of the art. His triumph was won in spite of personal defects and absurdities which would have ruined most men. Kaunitz had manias rarely found in company with absolute sanity. He would not hear of death, nor approach a sick man. He refused to visit his dying master Joseph II. for two whole years. He would not breathe fresh air. On the warmest summer day he kept a handkerchief over his mouth when out of doors, and his only exercise was riding under glass, which he did every morning for exactly the same number of minutes. He relaxed from his work in the company of a small dependent society of sycophants and buffoons. He was consumed by a solemn, garrulous and pedantic vanity. When in 1770 he met Frederick the Great at Mahrisch-Neustadt, he came with a summary of political principles, which he called a catechism, in his pocket, and assured the king that he must be allowed to speak without interruption. When Frederick, whose interest it was to humour him, promised to listen quietly, Kaunitz rolled his mind out for two hours, and went away with the firm conviction that he had at last enlightened the inferior intellect of the king of Prussia as to what politics really were. Within a very short time Frederick had completely deceived and out-manoeuvred him. With all his pomposity and conceit, Kaunitz was astute, he was laborious and orderly; when his advice was not taken he would carry out the wishes of his masters, while no defeat ever damped his pertinacity.

To tell his history from 1750 till his retirement in 1792 would be to tell part of the internal history of Austria, and all the international politics of eastern and central Europe. His governing principle was to forward the interests of "the august house of Austria," a phrase sometimes repeated at every few lines of his despatches. In internal affairs he in 1758 recommended, and helped to promote, a simplification of the confused and subdivided Austrian administration. But his main concern was always with diplomacy and foreign policy. Here he strove with untiring energy, and no small measure of success, to extend the Austrian dominions. After the Seven Years' War he endeavoured to avoid great risks, and sought to secure his ends by alliances, exchanges and claims professing to have a legal basis, and justified at enormous length by arguments both pedantic and hypocritical. The French Revolution had begun to alter all the relations of the Powers before his retirement. He never understood its full meaning. Yet the circular despatch which he addressed to the ambassadors of the emperor on the 17th of July 1794 contains the first outlines of Metternich's policy of "legitimacy," and the first proposal for the combined action of the powers, based on the full recognition of one another's rights, to defend themselves against subversive principles. Kaunitz died at his house, the Garten Palast, near Vienna, on the 27th of June 1794. He married on the 6th of May 1736, Maria Ernestine von Starhemberg, who died on the 6th of September 1754. Four sons were born of the marriage.

See Hormayr, _Oesterreichischer Plutarch_ (Vienna, 1823), for a
biographical sketch based on personal knowledge. Also see Brunner,
_Joseph II.: Correspondance avec Cobenzl et Kaunitz_ (Mayence, 1871);
A. Beer, _Joseph II., Leopold II. und Kaunitz_ (Vienna, 1873).

KAUP, JOHANN JAKOB (1803-1873), German naturalist, was born at Darmstadt on the 10th of April 1803. After studying at Gottingen and Heidelberg he spent two years at Leiden, where his attention was specially devoted to the amphibians and fishes. He then returned to Darmstadt as an assistant in the grand ducal museum, of which in 1840 he became inspector. In 1829 he published _Skizze zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der europaischen Thierwelt_, in which he regarded the animal world as developed from lower to higher forms, from the amphibians through the birds to the beasts of prey; but subsequently he repudiated this work as a youthful indiscretion, and on the publication of Darwin's _Origin of Species_ he declared himself against its doctrines. The extensive fossil deposits in the neighbourhood of Darmstadt gave him ample opportunities for palaeontological inquiries, and he gained considerable reputation by his _Beitrage zur naheren Kenntniss der urweltlichen Saugethiere_ (1855-1862). He also wrote _Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel_ (1844), and, with H. G. Brown (1800-1862) of Heidelberg, _Die Gavial-artigen Reste aus dem Lias_ (1842-1844). He died at Darmstadt on the 4th of July 1873.

KAURI PINE, in botany, _Agathis australis_, a conifer native of New Zealand where it is abundant in forests in the North Island between the North Cape and 38 deg. south latitude. The forests are rapidly disappearing owing to use as timber and to destruction by fires. It is a tall resiniferous tree, usually ranging from 80 to 100 ft. in height, with a trunk 4 to 10 ft. in diameter, but reaching 150 ft., with a diameter of 15 to 22 ft.; it has a straight columnar trunk and a rounded bushy head. The thick resiniferous bark falls off in large flat flakes. The leaves, which persist for several years, are very thick and leathery; on young trees they are lance-shaped 2 to 4 in. long and 1/4 to 1/2 in. broad, becoming on mature trees linear-oblong or obovate-oblong and 3/4 to 1(1/2) in. long. The ripe cones are almost spherical, erect, and 2 to 3 in. in diameter; the broad, flat, rather thin cone-scales fall from the axis when ripe. Each scale bears a single compressed seed with a membranous wing. The timber is remarkable for its strength, durability and the ease with which it is worked. The resin, kauri-gum, is an amber-like deposit dug in large quantities from the sites of previous forests, in lumps generally varying in size from that of a hen's egg to that of a man's head. The colour is of a rich brown or amber yellow, or it may be almost colourless and translucent. It is of value for varnish-making.

KAVA (CAVA or AVA), an intoxicating, but non-alcoholic beverage, produced principally in the islands of the South Pacific, from the roots or leaves of a variety of the pepper plant (_Piper methysticum_). The method of preparation is somewhat peculiar. The roots or leaves are first chewed by young girls or boys, care being taken that only those possessing sound teeth and excellent general health shall take part in this operation. The chewed material is then placed in a bowl, and water or coco-nut milk is poured over it, the whole is well stirred, and subsequently the woody matter is removed by an ingenious but simple mechanical manipulation. The resulting liquid, which has a muddy or _cafe-au-lait_ appearance, or is of a greenish hue if made from leaves, is now ready for consumption. The taste of the liquid is at first sweet, and then pungent and acrid. The usual dose corresponds to about two mouthfuls of the root. Intoxication (but this apparently only applies to those not inured to the use of the liquor) follows in about twenty minutes. The drunkenness produced by kava is of a melancholy, silent and drowsy character. Excessive drinking is said to lead to skin and other diseases, but _per contra_ many medicinal virtues are ascribed to the preparation. There appears to be little doubt that the active principle in this beverage is a poison of an alkaloidal nature. It seems likely that this substance is not present as such (i.e. as a free alkaloid) in the plant, but that it exists in the form of a glucoside, and that by the process of chewing this glucoside is split up by one of the ferments in the saliva into the free alkaloid and sugar.

See _Pharm. Journ_. iii. 474; iv. 85; ix. 219; vii. 149; _Comptes
Rendus_, l. 436, 598; lii. 206; _Journ. de Pharm._ (1860) 20; (1862)
218; Seeman, _Flora Vitiensis_, 260; Beachy, _Voyage of the
"Blossom,"_ ii. 120.

KAVADH (KABADES, KAUADES), a Persian name which occurs first in the mythical history of the old Iranian kingdom as Kai Kobadh (Kaikobad). It was borne by two kings of the Sassanid dynasty.

(1) KAVADH I., son of Peroz, crowned by the nobles in 488 in place of his uncle Balash, who was deposed and blinded. At this time the empire was utterly disorganized by the invasion of the Ephthalites or White Huns from the east. After one of their victories against Peroz, Kavadh had been a hostage among them during two years, pending the payment of a heavy ransom. In 484 Peroz had been defeated and slain with his whole army. Balash was not able to restore the royal authority. The hopes of the magnates and high priests that Kavadh would suit their purpose were soon disappointed. Kavadh gave his support to the communistic sect founded by Mazdak, son of Bamdad, who demanded that the rich should divide their wives and their wealth with the poor. His intention evidently was, by adopting the doctrine of the Mazdakites, to break the influence of the magnates. But in 496 he was deposed and incarcerated in the "Castle of Oblivion (Lethe)" in Susiana, and his brother Jamasp (Zamaspes) was raised to the throne. Kavadh, however, escaped and found refuge with the Ephthalites, whose king gave him his daughter in marriage and aided him to return to Persia. In 499 he became king again and punished his opponents. He had to pay a tribute to the Ephthalites and applied for subsidies to Rome, which had before supported the Persians. But now the emperor Anastasius refused subsidies, expecting that the two rival powers of the East would exhaust one another in war. At the same time he intervened in the affairs of the Persian part of Armenia. So Kavadh joined the Ephthalites and began war against the Romans. In 502 he took Theodosiopolis in Armenia, in 503 Amida (Diarbekr) on the Tigris. In 505 an invasion of Armenia by the western Huns from the Caucasus led to an armistice, during which the Romans paid subsidies to the Persians for the maintenance of the fortifications on the Caucasus. When Justin I. (518-527) came to the throne the conflict began anew. The Persian vassal, Mondhir of Hira, laid waste Mesopotamia and slaughtered the monks and nuns. In 531 Belisarius was beaten at Callinicum. Shortly afterwards Kavadh died, at the age of eighty-two, in September 531. During his last years his favourite son Chosroes had had great influence over him and had been proclaimed successor. He also induced Kavadh to break with the Mazdakites, whose doctrine had spread widely and caused great social confusion throughout Persia. In 529 they were refuted in a theological discussion held before the throne of the king by the orthodox Magians, and were slaughtered and persecuted everywhere; Mazdak himself was hanged. Kavadh evidently was, as Procopius (_Pers._ i. 6) calls him, an unusually clear-sighted and energetic ruler. Although he could not free himself from the yoke of the Ephthalites, he succeeded in restoring order in the interior and fought with success against the Romans. He built some towns which were named after him, and began to regulate the taxation.

(2) KAVADH II. SHEROE (Siroes), son of Chosroes II., was raised to the throne in opposition to his father in February 628, after the great victories of the emperor Heraclius. He put his father and eighteen brothers to death, began negotiations with Heraclius, but died after a reign of a few months. (Ed. M.)

KAVALA, or CAVALLA, a walled town and seaport of European Turkey in the vilayet of Salonica, on the Bay of Kavala, an inlet of the Aegean Sea. Pop. (1905), about 5000. Kavala is built on a promontory stretching south into the bay, and opposite the island of Thasos. There is a harbour on each side of the promontory. The resident population is increased in summer by an influx of peasantry, of whom during the season 5000 to 6000 are employed in curing tobacco and preparing it for export. The finest Turkish tobacco is grown in the district, and shipped to all parts of Europe and America, to the annual value of about L1,250,000. Mehemet Ali was born here in 1769, and founded a Turkish school which still exists. His birthplace, an unpretentious little house in one of the tortuous older streets, can be distinguished by the tablet which the municipal authorities have affixed to its front wall. Numerous Roman remains have been found in the neighbourhood, of which the chief is the large aqueduct on two tiers of arches which still serves to supply the town and dilapidated citadel with water from Mount Pangeus.

Kavala has been identified with Neapolis, at which St Paul landed on
his way from Samothrace to Philippi (Acts xvi. 11). Neapolis was the
port of Philippi, as Kavala now is of Seres; in the bay on which it
stands the fleet of Brutus and Cassius was stationed during the battle
of Philippi. Some authorities identify Neapolis with Datum ([Greek:
Daton]), mentioned by Herodotus as famous for its gold mines.

KAVANAGH, ARTHUR MACMORROUGH (1831-1889), Irish politician, son of Thomas Kavanagh, M.P., who traced his descent to the ancient kings of Leinster, was born in Co. Carlow, Ireland, on the 25th of March 1831. He had only the rudiments of arms and legs, but in spite of these physical defects had a remarkable career. He learnt to ride in the most fearless way, strapped to a special saddle, and managing the horse with the stumps of his arms; and also fished, shot, drew and wrote, various mechanical contrivances being devised to supplement his limited physical capacities. He travelled extensively in Egypt, Asia Minor, Persia and India between 1846 and 1853, and after succeeding to the family estates in the latter year, he married in 1855 his cousin, Miss Frances Mary Leathley. Assisted by his wife, he was a most philanthropic landlord, and was an active county magistrate and chairman of the board of guardians. A Conservative and a Protestant, he sat in Parliament for Co. Wexford from 1866 to 1868, and for Co. Carlow from 1868 to 1880. He was opposed to the disestablishment of the Irish Church, but supported the Land Act of 1870, and sat on the Bessborough Commission. In 1886 he was made a member of the Privy Council in Ireland. He died of pneumonia on the 25th of December 1889, in London. It is supposed that his extraordinary career suggested the idea of "Lucas Malet's" novel, _The History of Sir Richard Calmady_.

KAVANAGH, JULIA (1824-1877), British novelist, was born at Thurles in Tipperary, Ireland, in 1824. She was the daughter of Morgan Peter Kavanagh (d. 1874), author of various worthless philological works and some poems. Julia spent several years of her early life with her parents in Normandy, laying there the foundation of a mastery of the French language and insight into French modes of thought, which was perfected by her later frequent and long residences in France. Miss Kavanagh's literary career began with her arrival in London about 1844, and her uneventful life affords few incidents to the biographer. Her first book was _Three Paths_ (1847), a story for the young; but her first work to attract notice was _Madeleine, a Tale of Auvergne_ (1848). Other books followed: _A Summer and Winter in the Two Sicilies_ (1858); _French Women of Letters_ (1862); _English Women of Letters_ (1862); _Woman in France during the 18th Century_ (1850); and _Women of Christianity_ (1852). The scenes of her stories are almost always laid in France, and she handles her French themes with fidelity and skill. Her style is simple and pleasing rather than striking; and her characters are interesting without being strongly individualized. Her most popular novels were perhaps _Adele_ (1857), _Queen Mab_ (1863), and _John Dorrien_ (1875). On the outbreak of the Franco-German War Julia Kavanagh removed with her mother from Paris to Rouen. She died at Nice on the 28th of October 1877.

KAVASS, or CAVASS (adapted from the Turkish _qawwas_, a bow-maker; Arabic _qaws_, a bow), a Turkish name for an armed police-officer; also for a courier such as it is usual to engage when travelling in Turkey.

KAVIRONDO, a people of British East Africa, who dwell in the valley of the Nzoia River, on the western slopes of Mount Elgon, and along the north-east coast of Victoria Nyanza. Kavirondo is the general name of two distinct groups of tribes, one Bantu and the other Nilotic. Both groups are immigrants, the Bantu from the south, the Nilotic from the north. The Bantu appear to have been the first comers. The Nilotic tribes, probably an offshoot of the Acholi (q.v.), appear to have crossed the lake to reach their present home, the country around Kavirondo Gulf. Of the two groups the Bantu now occupy a more northerly position than their neighbours, and "are practically the most northerly representatives of that race" (Hobley). Their further progress north was stopped by the southward movement of the Nilotic tribes, while the Nilotic Kavirondo in their turn had their wanderings arrested by an irruption of Elgumi people from the east. The Elgumi are themselves probably of Nilotic origin. Both groups of Kavirondo are physically fine, the Nilotic stock appearing more virile than the Bantu. The Bantu Kavirondo are divided into three principal types--the Awa-Rimi, the Awa-Ware and the Awa-Kisii. By the Nilotic Kavirondo their Bantu neighbours are known as Ja-Mwa. The generic name for the Nilotic tribes is Ja-Luo. The Bantu Kavirondo call them Awa-Nyoro. The two groups have many characteristics in common. A characteristic feature of the people is their nakedness. Among the Nilotic Kavirondo married men who are fathers wear a small piece of goat-skin, which though practically useless as a covering must be worn according to tribal etiquette. Even among men who have adopted European clothing this goat-skin must still be worn underneath. Contact with whites has led to the adoption of European clothing by numbers of the men, but the women, more conservative, prefer nudity or the scanty covering which they wore before the advent of Europeans. Among the Bantu Kavirondo married women wear a short fringe of black string in front and a tassel of banana fibre suspended from a girdle behind, this tassel having at a distance the appearance of a tail. Hence the report of early travellers as to a tailed race in Africa. The Nilotic Kavirondo women wear the tail, but dispense with the fringe in front. For "dandy" they wear a goat-skin slung over the shoulders. Some of the Bantu tribes practise circumcision, the Nilotic tribes do not. Patterns are tattooed on chest and stomach for ornament. Men, even husbands, are forbidden to touch the women's tails, which must be worn even should any other clothing be wrapped round the body. The Kavirondo are noted for their independent and pugnacious nature, their honesty and their sexual morality, traits particularly marked among the Bantu tribes. There are more women than men, and thus the Kavirondo are naturally inclined towards polygamy. Among the Bantu tribes a man has the refusal of all the younger sisters of his wife as they attain puberty. Practically no woman lives unmarried all her life, for if no suitor seeks her, she singles out a man and offers herself to him at a "reduced price," an offer usually accepted, as the women are excellent agricultural labourers. The Nilotic Kavirondo incline to exogamy, endeavouring always to marry outside their clan. Girls are betrothed at six or seven, and the husband-elect continually makes small presents to his father-in-law-elect till the bride reaches womanhood. It is regarded as shameful if the girl be not found a virgin on her wedding day. She is sent back to her parents, who have to return the marriage price, and pay a fine. The wife's adultery was formerly punished with death, and the capital penalty was also inflicted on young men and girls guilty of unchastity. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the usual minimum price for a wife is forty hoes, twenty goats and one cow, paid in instalments. The Nilotic Kavirondo pay twenty sheep and two to six cows; the husband-elect can claim his bride when he has made half payment. If a woman dies without bearing children, the amount of her purchase is returnable by her father, unless the widower consents to replace her by another sister. The women are prolific and the birth of twins is common. This is considered a lucky event, and is celebrated by feasting and dances. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the mother of twins must remain in her hut for seven days. Among the Nilotic Kavirondo the parents and the infants must stay in the hut for a whole month. If a Bantu mother has lost two children in succession the next child born is taken out at dawn and placed on the road, where it is left till a neighbour, usually a woman friend who has gone that way on purpose, picks it up. She takes it to its mother who gives a goat in return. A somewhat similar custom prevails among the Nilotic tribes. Names are not male and female, and a daughter often bears her father's name.

The Kavirondo bury their dead. Among one of the Bantu tribes, the
Awa-Kisesa, a chief is buried in the floor of his own hut in a sitting
position, but at such a depth that the head protrudes. Over the head
an earthenware pot is placed, and his principal wives have to remain
in the hut till the flesh is eaten by ants or decomposes, when the
skull is removed and buried close to the hut. Later the skeleton is
unearthed, and reburied with much ceremony in the sacred burial place
of the tribe. Married women of the Bantu tribes are buried in their
hut lying on their right side with legs doubled up, the hut being then
deserted. Among the Nilotic tribes the grave is dug beneath the
verandah of the hut. Men of the Bantu tribes are buried in an open
space in the midst of their huts; in the Nilotic tribes, if the first
wife of the deceased be alive he is buried in her hut, if not, beneath
the verandah of the hut in which he died. A child is buried near the
door of its mother's hut. A sign of mourning is a cord of banana fibre
worn round the neck and waist. A chief chooses, sometimes years before
his death, one of his sons to succeed him, often giving a brass
bracelet as insignia. A man's property is divided equally among his
children.

The Kavirondo are essentially an agricultural people: both men and
women work in the fields with large iron hoes. In addition to sorghum,
_Eleusine_ and maize, tobacco and hemp are both cultivated and smoked.
Both sexes smoke, but the use of hemp is restricted to men and
unmarried women, as it is thought to injure child-bearing women. Hemp
is smoked in a hubble-bubble. The Kavirondo cultivate sesamum and make
an oil from its seeds which they burn in little clay lamps. These
lamps are of the ancient saucer type, the pattern being, in Hobley's
opinion, introduced into the country by the coast people. While some
tribes live in isolated huts, those in the north have strongly walled
villages. The walls are of mud and formerly, among the Nilotic tribes,
occasionally of stone. Since the advent of the British the security of
the country has induced the Kavirondo to let the walls fall into
disrepair. Their huts are circular with conical thatched roof, and
fairly broad verandah all round. A portion of the hut is partitioned
off as a sleeping-place for goats, and the fowls sleep indoors in a
large basket. Skins form the only bedsteads. In each hut are two
fireplaces, about which a rigid etiquette prevails. Strangers or
distant relatives are not allowed to pass beyond the first, which is
near the door, and is used for cooking. At the second, which is nearly
in the middle of the hut, sit the hut owner, his wives, children,
brothers and sisters. Around this fireplace the family sleep. Cooking
pots, water pots and earthenware grain jars are the only other
furniture. The food is served in small baskets. Every full grown man
has a hut to himself, and one for each wife. The huts of the Masaba
Kavirondo of west Elgon have the apex of the roof surmounted by a
carved pole which Sir H. H. Johnston says is obviously a phallus.
Among the Bantu Kavirondo a father does not eat with his sons, nor do
brothers eat together. Among the Nilotic tribes father and sons eat
together, usually in a separate hut with open sides. Women eat apart
and only after the men have finished. The Kavirondo keep cattle,
sheep, goats, fowls and a few dogs. Women do not eat sheep, fowls or
eggs, and are not allowed to drink milk except when mixed with other
things. The flesh of the wild cat and leopard is esteemed by most of
the tribes. From _Eleusine_ a beer is made. The Kavirondo are plucky
hunters, capturing the hippopotamus with ropes and traps, and
attacking with spears the largest elephants. Fish, of which they are
very fond, are caught by line and rod or in traps. Bee-keeping is
common, and where trees are scarce the hives are placed on the roof of
the hut. Among the Bantu Kavirondo goats and sheep are suffocated, the
snout being held until the animal dies. Though a peaceful people the
Kavirondo fight well. Their weapons are spears with rather long flat
blades without blood-courses, and broad-bladed swords. Some use
slings, and most carry shields. Bows and arrows are also used;
firearms are however displacing other weapons. Kavirondo warfare was
mainly defensive and intertribal, this last a form of vendetta. When a
man had killed his enemy in battle he shaved his head on his return
and he was rubbed with "medicine" (generally goat's dung), to defend
him from the spirit of the dead man. This custom the Awa-Wanga
abandoned when they obtained firearms. The young warriors were made to
stab the bodies of their slain enemies. Kavirondo industries are
salt-making, effected by burning reeds and water-plants and passing
water through the ashes; the smelting of iron ore (confined to the
Bantu tribes); pottery and basket-work.

The Kavirondo have many tribes, divided, Sir H. H. Johnston suspects,
totemically. Their religion appears to be a vague ancestor-worship,
but the northern tribes have two gods, Awafwa and Ishishemi, the
spirits of good and evil. To the former cattle and goats are
sacrificed. The Kavirondo have great faith in divination from the
entrails of a sheep. Nearly everybody and everything is to the
Kavirondo ominous of good or evil. They have few myths or traditions;
the ant-bear is the chief figure in their beast-legends. They believe
in witchcraft and practise trial by ordeal. As a race the Kavirondo
are on the increase. This is due to their fecundity and morality.
Those who live in the low-lying lands suffer from a mild malaria,
while abroad they are subject to dysentery and pneumonia. Epidemics of
small-pox have occurred. Native medicine is of the simplest. They
dress wounds with butter and leaves, and for inflammation of the lungs
or pleurisy pierce a hole in the chest. There are no
medicine-men--the women are the doctors. Certain of the incisor teeth
are pulled out. If a man retains these he will, it is thought, be
killed in warfare. Among certain tribes the women also have incisor
teeth extracted, otherwise misfortune would befall their husbands. For
the same reason the wife scars the skin of her forehead or stomach. A
Kavirondo husband, before starting on a perilous journey, cuts scars
on his wife's body to ensure him good luck. Of dances the Kavirondo
have four--the birth dance, the death dance, that at initiation and
one of a propitiatory kind in seasons of drought. Their music is
plaintive and sometimes pretty, produced by a large lyre-shaped
instrument. They use also various drums.

The Ja-Luo women use for ear ornaments small beads attached to pieces
of brass. Like the aggry beads of West Africa these beads are not of
local manufacture nor of recent introduction. They are ancient, in
colour generally blue, occasionally yellow or green, and are picked up
in certain districts after heavy rain. By the natives they are
supposed to come down with the rain. They are identical in shape and
colour with ancient Egyptian beads and other beads obtained from
ancient cities in Baluchistan.

See C. W. Hobley, _Eastern Uganda, an Ethnological Survey_ (Anthrop.
Inst., _Occasional Papers_, No. 1, London, 1902); Sir H. H. Johnston,
_Uganda Protectorate_ (1902); J. F. Cunningham, _Uganda and its
Peoples_ (1905); Paul Kollmann, _The Victoria Nyanza_ (1899).
(T. A. J.)

KAW, or KANSA, a tribe of North American Indians of Siouan stock. They were originally an offshoot of the Osages. Their early home was in Missouri, whence they were driven to Kansas by the Dakotas. They were moved from one reservation to another, till in 1873 they were settled in Indian Territory; they have since steadily decreased, and now number some 200.

KAWARDHA, a feudatory state of India, within the Central Provinces; area, 798 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 57,474, showing a decrease of 37% in the decade, due to famine; estimated revenue, L7000. Half the state consists of hill and forest. The residence of the chief, who is a Raj Gond, is at Kawardha (pop. 4772), which is also the headquarters of the Kabirpanthi sect (see KABIR).

KAY, JOHN (1742-1826), Scottish caricaturist, was born near Dalkeith, where his father was a mason. At thirteen he was apprenticed to a barber, whom he served for six years. He then went to Edinburgh, where in 1771 he obtained the freedom of the city by joining the corporation of barber-surgeons. In 1785, induced by the favour which greeted certain attempts of his to etch in aquafortis, he took down his barber's pole and opened a small print shop in Parliament Square. There he continued to flourish, painting miniatures, and publishing at short intervals his sketches and caricatures of local celebrities and oddities, who abounded at that period in Edinburgh society. He died on the 21st of February 1826.

Kay's portraits were collected by Hugh Paton and published under the
title _A series of original portraits and caricature etchings by the
late John Kay, with biographical sketches and illustrative anecdotes_
(Edin., 2 vols. 4to, 1838; 8vo ed., 4 vols., 1842; new 4to ed., with
additional plates, 2 vols., 1877), forming a unique record of the
social life and popular habits of Edinburgh at its most interesting
epoch.

KAY, JOSEPH (1821-1878), English economist, was born at Salford, Lancashire, on the 27th of February 1821. Educated privately and at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1848. He was appointed judge of the Salford Hundred court of record in 1862 and in 1869 was made a queen's counsel. He is best known for a series of works on the social condition of the poor in France, Switzerland, Holland, Germany and Austria, the materials for which he gathered on a four years' tour as travelling bachelor of his university. They were _The Education of the Poor in England and Europe_ (London, 1846); _The Social Condition of the People in England and Europe_ (London, 1850, 2 vols.); _The Condition and Education of Poor Children in English and in German Towns_ (Manchester, 1853). He was also the author of _The Law relating to Shipmasters and Seamen_ (London, 1875) and _Free Trade in Land_ (1879, with a memoir). He died at Dorking, Surrey, on the 9th of October 1878.

KAYAK, or CAYAK, an Eskimo word for a fishing boat, in common use from Greenland to Alaska. It has been erroneously derived from the Arabic _caique_, supposed to have been applied to the native boats by early explorers. The boat is made by covering a light wooden framework with sealskin. A hole is pierced in the centre of the top of the boat, and the _kayaker_ (also dressed in sealskin) laces himself up securely when seated to prevent the entrance of water. The kayak is propelled like a canoe by a double-bladed paddle. The name _kayak_ is properly only applied to the boat used by an Eskimo man--that used by a woman is called an _umiak_.

KAYASTH, the writer caste of Northern India, especially numerous and influential in Bengal. In 1901 their total number in all India was more than two millions. Their claim to be Kshattriyas who have taken to clerical work is not admitted by the Brahmans. Under Mahommedan rule they learnt Persian, and filled many important offices. They are now eager students of English, and have supplied not only several judges to the high court but also the first Hindu to be a member of the governor-general's council. In Bombay their place is taken by the Prabhus, and in Assam by the Kalitas (Kolitas); in Southern India there is no distinct clerical caste.

KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1876), English military historian, was the son of Charles Kaye, a solicitor, and was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Addiscombe. From 1832 to 1841 he was an officer in the Bengal Artillery, afterwards spending some years in literary pursuits both in India and in England. In 1856 he entered the civil service of the East India Company, and when the government of India was transferred to the British crown succeeded John Stuart Mill as secretary of the political and secret department of the India office. In 1871 he was made a K.C.S.I. He died in London on the 24th of July 1876. Kaye's numerous writings include _History of the Sepoy War in India_ (London, 1864-1876), which was revised and continued by Colonel G. B. Malleson and published in six volumes in 1888-1889; _History of the War in Afghanistan_ (London, 1851), republished in 1858 and 1874; _Administration of the East India Company_ (London, 1853); _The Life and Correspondence of Charles, Lord Metcalfe_ (London, 1854); _The Life and Correspondence of Henry St George Tucker_ (London, 1854); _Life and Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm_ (London, 1856); _Christianity in India_ (London, 1859); _Lives of Indian Officers_ (London, 1867); and two novels, _Peregrine Pultney_ and _Long engagements_. He also edited several works dealing with Indian affairs; wrote _Essays of an Optimist_ (London, 1870); and was a frequent contributor to periodicals.

KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL (1845- ), German geologist and palaeontologist, was born at Konigsberg, on the 26th of March 1845. He was educated at Berlin where he took his degree of Ph.D. in 1870. In 1882 he became professor of geology in the university at Marburg. He investigated fossils of various ages and from all parts of the world, but more especially from the Palaeozoic formations, including those of South Africa, the Polar regions, and notably the Devonian fossils of Germany, Bohemia and other parts of Europe.

Among his separate works are _Lehrbuch der Geologie_ (2 vols., ii.),
_Geologische Formationskunde_ 1891 (2nd ed., 1902), and i. _Allgemeine
Geologie_ (1893), vol. ii. (the volume first issued) was translated
and edited by P. Lake, 1893, under the title _Textbook of Comparative
Geology_. Another work is _Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fauna der
Siegenschen Grauwacke_ (1892).

KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, SIR JAMES PHILLIPS, BART. (1804-1877), English politician and educationalist, was born at Rochdale, Lancashire, on the 20th of July 1804, the son of Robert Kay. At first engaged in a Rochdale bank, in 1824 he became a medical student at Edinburgh University. Settling in Manchester about 1827, he worked for the Ancoats and Ardwick Dispensary, and the experience which he thus gained of the conditions of the poor in the Lancashire factory districts, together with his interest in economic science, led to his appointment in 1835 as poor law commissioner in Norfolk and Suffolk and later in the London districts. In 1839 he was appointed first secretary of the committee formed by the Privy Council to administer the Government grant for the public education in Great Britain. He is remembered as having founded at Battersea, London, in conjunction with E. Carleton Tufnell, the first training college for school teachers (1839-1840); and the system of national school education of the present day, with its public inspection, trained teachers and its support by state as well as local funds, is largely due to his initiative. In 1842 he married Lady Janet Shuttleworth, assuming by royal licence his bride's name and arms. A breakdown in his health led him to resign his post on the committee in 1849, but subsequent recovery enabled him to take an active part in the working of the central relief committee instituted under Lord Derby, during the Lancashire cotton famine of 1861-1865. He was created a baronet in 1849. Until the end of his life he interested himself in the movements of the Liberal party in Lancashire, and the progress of education. He died in London on the 26th of May 1877. His _Physiology, Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia_ became a standard textbook, and he also wrote numerous papers on public education.

His son, Sir Ughtred James Kay-Shuttleworth (b. 1844), became a well-known Liberal politician, sitting in parliament for Hastings from 1869 to 1880 and for the Clitheroe division of Lancashire from 1885 till 1902, when he was created Baron Shuttleworth. He was chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1886, and secretary to the Admiralty in 1892-1895.

KAZALA, or KAZALINSK, a fort and town in the Russian province of Syr-darya in West Turkestan, at the point where the Kazala River falls into the Syr-darya, about 50 m. from its mouth in Lake Aral, in 45 deg. 45' N. and 62 deg. 7' E., "at the junction," to quote Schuyler, "of all the trade routes in Central Asia, as the road from Orenburg meets here with the Khiva, Bokhara and Tashkent roads." Besides carrying on an active trade with the Kirghiz of the surrounding country, it is of growing importance in the general current of commerce. Pop. (1897), 7600. The floods in the river make it an island in spring; in summer it is parched by the sun and hot winds, and hardly a tree can be got to grow. The streets are wide, but the houses, as well as the fairly strong fort, are built of mud bricks.

KAZAN, a government of middle Russia, surrounded by the governments of Vyatka, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, Nizhniy-Novgorod and Kostroma. Area 24,601 sq. m. It belongs to the basins of the Volga and its tributary the Kama, and by these streams the government is divided into three regions; the first, to the right of the main river, is traversed by deep ravines sloping to the north-east, towards the Volga, and by two ranges of hills, one of which (300 to 500 ft.) skirts the river; the second region, between the left bank of the Volga and the left bank of the Kama, is an open steppe; and the third, between the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama, resembles in its eastern part the first region, and in its western part is covered with forest. Marls, limestones and sandstones, of Permian or Triassic age, are the principal rocks; the Jurassic formation appears in a small part of the Tetyushi district in the south; and Tertiary rocks stretch along the left bank of the Volga. Mineral springs (iron, sulphur and petroleum) exist in several places. The Volga is navigable throughout its course of 200 m. through Kazan, as well as the Kama (120 m.); and the Vyatka, Kazanka, Rutka, Tsivyl, Greater Kokshaga, Ilet, Vetluga and Mesha, are not without value as waterways. About four hundred small lakes are enumerated within the government; the upper and lower Kaban supply the city of Kazan with water.

The climate is severe, the annual mean temperature being 37.8 deg. F. The rainfall amounts to 16 in. Agriculture is the chief occupation, and 82% of the population are peasants. Out of 7,672,600 acres of arable land, 4,516,500 are under crops--chiefly rye and oats, with some wheat, barley, buckwheat, lentils, flax, hemp and potatoes. But there generally results great scarcity, and even famine, in bad years. Live stock are numerous. Forests cover 35% of the total area. Bee-keeping is an important industry. Factories employ about 10,000 persons and include flour-mills, distilleries, factories for soap, candles and tallow, and tanneries. A great variety of petty trades, especially those connected with wood, are carried on in the villages, partly for export. The fairs are well attended. There is considerable shipping on the Volga, Kama, Vyatka and their tributaries. Kazan is divided into twelve districts. The chief town is Kazan (q.v.). The district capitals, with their populations in 1897 are: Cheboksary (4568), Chistopol (20,161), Kozmodemyansk (5212), Laishev (5439), Mamadyzh (4213), Spask (2779), Sviyazhsk (2363), Tetyushi (4754). Tsarevokokshaisk (1654), Tsivylsk (2337) and Yadrin (2467). Population (1879), 1,872,437; (1897), 2,190,185, of whom 1,113,555 were women, and 176,396 lived in towns. The estimated population in 1906 was 2,504,400. It consists principally of Russians and Tatars, with a variety of Finno-Turkish tribes: Chuvashes, Cheremisses, Mordvinians, Votyaks, Mescheryaks, and some Jews and Poles. The Russians belong to the Orthodox Greek Church or are Nonconformists; the Tatars are Mussulmans; and the Finno-Turkish tribes are either pagans or belong officially to the Orthodox Greek Church, the respective proportions being (in 1897): Orthodox Greek, 69.4% of the whole; Nonconformists, 1%; Mussulmans, 28.8%. (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.)