Chapter I: Part 1

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE LABYRINTHULIDEA: "From each cyst ultimately emerges a
single amoeba, or more rarely four (figs. 6, 7)." 'amoeba' amended
from 'amoebae'.

ARTICLE LACE: "... upon the lace-making industry in
Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire contains many
illustrations of laces made in these counties from the 17th century
to the present time." 'Bedfordshire' amended from 'Bedforshire'.

ARTICLE LACONIA: "The coast, especially on the east, is rugged and
dangerous." 'especially' amended from 'expecially'.

ARTICLE LA FARGE, JOHN: "Hokusai: A Talk about Hokusai (New York,
1897), and An Artist's Letters from Japan (New York, 1897)."
'Hokusai' amended from 'Hoksuai'.

ARTICLE LAMELLIBRANCHIA: "The series of oval holes on the back of
the lamella are the water-pores which open between the filaments in
irregular rows separated horizontally by the transverse
inter-filamentar junctions." 'filamentar' amended from 'filmentar'.

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
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_All rights reserved_

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XVI
L to LORD ADVOCATE

New York

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

VOLUME XVI, SLICE I

L to Lamellibranchia

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

L LA FARINA, GIUSEPPE
LAACHER SEE LA FAYETTE, GILBERT MOTIER DE
LAAGER LA FAYETTE, LOUISE DE
LAAS, ERNST LA FAYETTE, ROCH GILBERT DU MOTIER
LA BADIE, JEAN DE LA FAYETTE, PIOCHE DE LA VERGNE
LABEL LAFAYETTE
LABEO, MARCUS ANTISTIUS LA FERTÉ
LABERIUS, DECIMUS LA FERTÉ-BERNARD
LABIATAE LA FERTÉ-MILON
LABICANA, VIA LAFFITTE, JACQUES
LABICHE, EUGÈNE MARIN LAFFITTE, PIERRE
LABICI LA FLÈCHE
LABID LAFONT, PIERRE CHÉRI
LABIENUS LA FONTAINE, JEAN DE
LABLACHE, LUIGI LAFONTAINE, SIR LOUIS HIPPOLYTE
LABOR DAY LAFOSSE, CHARLES DE
LA BOURBOULE LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE
LABOUR CHURCH, THE LAGASH
LA BOURDONNAIS, FRANÇOIS LAGHMAN
LABOUR EXCHANGE LAGOON
LABOUR LEGISLATION LAGOS (province of Nigeria)
LABOUR PARTY LAGOS (seaport of Nigeria)
LABRADOR LAGOS (seaport of Portugal)
LABRADORITE LA GRÂCE
LABRADOR TEA LA GRAND' COMBE
LABRUM LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS
LA BRUYÈRE, JEAN DE LAGRANGE-CHANCEL, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH
LABUAN LA GRANJA
LABURNUM LAGRENÉE, LOUIS JEAN FRANÇOIS
LABYRINTH LA GUAIRA
LABYRINTHULIDEA LA GUÉRONNIÈRE, DUBREUIL HÉLION
LAC LAGUERRE, JEAN HENRI GEORGES
LACAILLE, NICOLAS LOUIS DE LAGUNA
LACAITA, SIR JAMES LA HARPE, JEAN FRANÇOIS DE
LA CALLE LAHIRE, LAURENT DE
LA CALPRENÈDE, COSTES LAHN
LA CARLOTA LAHNDA
LACCADIVE ISLANDS LA HOGUE, BATTLE OF
LACCOLITE LAHORE
LACE LA HOZ Y MOTA, JUAN CLAUDIO DE
LACE-BARK TREE LAHR
LACEDAEMON LAIBACH
LACÉPÈDE, BERNARD DE LA VILLE LAIDLAW, WILLIAM
LACEWING-FLY LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON
LA CHAISE, FRANÇOIS DE LAING, DAVID
LA CHAISE-DIEU LAING, MALCOLM
LA CHALOTAIS, DE CARADEUC DE LAING, SAMUEL
LA CHARITÉ LAING'S NEK
LA CHAUSSÉE, NIVELLE DE LAIRD, MACGREGOR
LACHES LAÏS
LACHINE LAISANT, CHARLES ANNE
LACHISH LAI-YANG
LACHMANN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM LAKANAL, JOSEPH
LACINIUM, PROMUNTURIUM LAKE, GERARD LAKE
LA CIOTAT LAKE
LA CLOCHE, JAMES DE LAKE CHARLES
LA CONDAMINE, CHARLES MARIE DE LAKE CITY
LACONIA (Peloponnese district) LAKE DISTRICT
LACONIA (New Hampshire, U.S.A.) LAKE DWELLINGS
LACONICUM LAKE GENEVA
LACORDAIRE, JEAN BAPTISTE HENRI LAKE OF THE WOODS
LACQUER LAKE PLACID
LACRETELLE, PIERRE LOUIS DE LAKEWOOD
LACROIX, ANTOINE FRANÇOIS ALFRED LAKH
LACROIX, PAUL LAKHIMPUR
LACROMA LAKSHMI
LA CROSSE LALAING, JACQUES DE
LACROSSE LALANDE, JOSEPH JÉRÔME LEFRANÇAIS DE
LA CRUZ, RAMÓN DE LALÍN
LACRYMATORY LA LINEA
LACTANTIUS FIRMIANUS LALITPUR
LACTIC ACID LALLY, THOMAS ARTHUR
LACTONES LALLY-TOLLENDAL, TROPHIME GÉRARD
LA CUEVA, JUAN DE LALO, EDOUARD
LACUNAR LA MADDALENA
LACUZON LAMAISM
LACY, FRANZ MORITZ LAMALOU-LES-BAINS
LACY, HARRIETTE DEBORAH LAMA-MIAO
LACY, MICHAEL ROPHINO LAMAR, LUCIUS QUINTUS CINCINNATUS
LACYDES OF CYRENE LAMARCK, ANTOINE DE MONET
LADAKH AND BALTISTAN LA MARGHERITA, CLEMENTE SOLARO
LADD, GEORGE TRUMBULL LA MARMORA, ALFONSO FERRERO
LADDER LAMARTINE, LOUIS DE PRAT DE
LADING LAMB, CHARLES
LADISLAUS I LAMB
LADISLAUS IV. LAMBALLE, LOUISE OF SAVOY-CARIGNANO
LADISLAUS V. LAMBALLE
LA DIXMERIE, NICOLAS BRICAIRE DE LAMBAYEQUE
LADO ENCLAVE LAMBEAUX, JEF
LADOGA LAMBERMONT, AUGUSTE
LADY LAMBERT, DANIEL
LADYBANK LAMBERT, FRANCIS
LADYBRAND LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH
LADY-CHAPEL LAMBERT, JOHN (English martyr)
LADY DAY LAMBERT, JOHN (English general)
LADYSMITH LAMBERT OF HERSFELD
LAELIUS LAMBESSA
LAENAS LAMBETH
LAER, PIETER VAN LAMBETH CONFERENCES
LAESTRYGONES LAMBINUS, DIONYSIUS
LAETUS, JULIUS POMPONIUS LAMBOURN
LAEVIUS LAMECH
LAEVULINIC ACID LAMEGO
LA FARGE, JOHN LAMELLIBRANCHIA

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XVI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. Ch.
A. B. CHATWOOD, B.SC., A.M.INST.C.E., M.INST.ELEC.E.

Lock.

A. B. R.
ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.SC, F.R.S., F.L.S.

Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of _Text Book
on Classification of Flowering Plants, &c._

Leaf.

A. C. F.
ALEXANDER CAMPBELL FRASER, LL.D.

See the biographical article: FRASER, A. C.

Locke, John.

A. C. S.
ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.

See the biographical article: SWINBURNE, A. C.

Landor.

A. D.
HENRY AUSTIN DOBSON, LL.D.

See the biographical article: Dobson, HENRY AUSTIN.

Locker-Lampson.

A. Fi.
PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTE FILON.

See the biographical article: FILON, P. M. A.

Labiche.

A. F. P.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow
of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant editor of the Dictionary
of National Biography, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892;
Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the Protector
Somerset_; _Henry VIII._; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

Lambert, Francis;
Lambert, Nicholson.

A. Gl.
ARNOLD GLOVER, M.A., LL.B. (d. 1905)

Trinity College, Cambridge; Joint-editor of _Beaumont and
Fletcher_ for the Cambridge University Press.

Layard.

A. Go.*
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer in Church History in the University of Manchester.

Laurentius, Paul;
Libertines.

A. G. D.
ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S.,
F.R.S.(Canada).

Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of
Canada. Author of _The Cradle of New France_; &c. Joint editor of
_Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada_.

Lafontaine.

A. H. S.
REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, LITT.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article: SAYCE, A. H.

Laodicea.

A. J. G.
REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.

Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United
Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
University, and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

Logos (_in part_).

A. J. L.
ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of
the _Rio News_ (Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.

Lima (_Peru_).

A. L.
ANDREW LANG.

See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW.

La Cloche.

A. M. An.
ADELAIDE MARY ANDERSON, M.A.

H.M. Principal Lady Inspector of Factories, Home Office. Clerk to
the Royal Commission on Labour, 1892-1894. Gamble Gold Medallist,
Girton College, Cambridge, 1893. Author of various articles on
Industrial Life and Legislation, &c.

Labour Legislation.

A. M. C.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.

See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.

Lagrange;
Laplace;
Leverrier.

A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

Lämmergeyer;
Lapwing;
Lark;
Linnet;
Loom.

A. P. C.
ARTHUR PHILEMON COLEMAN, M.A., PH.D., F.R.S.

Professor of Geology in the University of Toronto. Geologist,
Bureau of Mines, Toronto, 1893-1910. Author of _Reports of the
Bureau of Mines of Ontario_.

Labrador (_in part_).

A. P. Lo.
ALBERT PETER LOW.

Deputy Minister of Department of Mines, Canada. Member of
Geological Survey of Canada. Author of _Report on the Exploration
in the Labrador Peninsula_; &c.

Labrador (_in part_).

A. Se.*
ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.

Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and
Technology, London. Fellow, and formerly Tutor, of Trinity
College, Cambridge. Professor of Zoology in the University of
Cambridge, 1907-1909.

Larval Forms.

A. Sl.
ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.

Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of _The
London Water-Supply_; _Industrial Efficiency_; _Drink, Temperance
and Legislation_.

Liquor Laws.

A. So.
ALBRECHT SOCIN, PH.D. (1844-1899).

Formerly Professor of Semitic Philology in the Universities of
Leipzig and Tübingen. Author of _Arabische Grammatik_; &c.

Lebanon (_in part_).

A. S. C.
ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.

Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Author
of _Ancient Needle Point and Pillow Lace_; _Embroidery and Lace_;
_Ornament in European Silks_; &c.

Lace.

A. St H. G.
ALFRED ST HILL GIBBONS.

Major, East Yorkshire Regiment. Explorer in South Central Africa.
Author of _Africa from South to North through Marotseland._

Lewanika.

A. S. M.
ALEXANDER STUART MURRAY, LL.D.

See the biographical article: MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART.

Lamp.

A. S. W.
AUGUSTUS SAMUEL WILKINS, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D. (1843-1905).

Professor of Latin, Owens College, Manchester, 1869-1905. Author
of _Roman Literature_; &c.

Latin Language (_in part_).

A. T. T.
A. T. THORSON.

Official in Life Saving Service, U.S.A.

Life-boat: _United States_.

A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900.

Leopold I. (_Roman Emperor_);
Levellers.

A. W. Hu.
REV. ARTHUR WOLLASTON HUTTON, M.A.

Rector of Bow Church, Cheapside. Librarian National Liberal Club,
1889-1899. Author of _Life of Cardinal Newman_; _Life of Cardinal
Manning_; &c.

Leo XIII.

A. W. R.
ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
_Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

Landlord and Tenant;
Letters Patent;
Lodger and Lodgings.

A. W. W.
ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article: WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM.

Lodge, Thomas.

B. D. J.
BENJAMIN DAYDON JACKSON, PH.D.

General Secretary of the Linnean Society. Secretary to
Departmental Committee of H.M. Treasury on Botanical Work,
1900-1901. Author of _Glossary of Botanic Terms_; &c.

Linnaeus.

C.
THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF CREWE.

See the biographical article: CREWE, 1ST EARL OF.

Laprade.

C. C. W.
CHARLES CRAWFORD WHINERY, A.M.

Cornell University. Assistant editor 11th Edition of the
_Encyclopaedia Britannica_.

La Salle;
Lincoln, Abraham (_in part_).

C. Di.
CHARLES DIBDIN. F.R.G.S.

Secretary of the Royal National Life-boat Institution. Hon.
Secretary of the Civil Service Life-boat Fund, 1870-1906.

Life-boat: _British_.

C. D. W.
HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON WRIGHT.

See the biographical article: WRIGHT, HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON.

Labour Legislation: _United States_.

C. E.*
CHARLES EVERITT. M.A., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.

Formerly Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.

Light: _Introduction and History_.

C. F. A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour_.

Long Island (_Battle_).

C. F.-Br.
CHARLES FORTESCUE-BRICKDALE.

Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Registrar of the Office of the
Land Registry, Lincoln's Inn Fields. Author of _Registration of
Title to Land_; _The Practice of the Land Registry_; _Land
Transfer in Various Countries_; &c.

Land Registration.

C. H.*
SIR CHARLES HOLROYD.

See the biographical article: HOLROYD, SIR CHARLES.

Legros.

C. H. Ha.
CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York
City. Member of the American Historical Association.

Leo I.-X. (_Popes_).

C. J. B.*
REV. CHARLES JAMES BALL, M.A.

University Lecturer in Assyriology, Oxford. Author of _Light from
the East_.

Lamentations.

C. L. K.
CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, MA., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary, Board of Education. Author of _Life of Henry
V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_ and Stow's _Survey of
London_.

Lancaster, John of Gaunt, duke of.

C. M.
CARL THEODOR MIRBT, D.TH.

Professor of Church History in the University of Marburg. Author
of _Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregor VII._; _Quellen zur Geschichte
des Papstthums_; &c.

Lateran Councils.

C. Mo.
WILLIAM COSMO MONKHOUSE.

See the biographical article: MONKHOUSE, W. C.

Leighton, Lord.

C. R. B.
CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of Modem History in the University of Birmingham.
Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer
in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889.
Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_;
_The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.

Leif Ericsson;
Leo, Johannes.

De B.
HENRI G. S. A. DE BLOWITZ.

See the biographical article: BLOWITZ, H. DE.

Lesseps, Ferdinand de.

D. F. T.
DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.

Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_: comprising _The Classical
Concerto_, _The Goldberg Variations_, and analysis of many other
classical works.

Lasso, Orlando.

D. G. H.
DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A.

Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen
College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at
Paphos, 1888; Naucratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905;
Assiut, 1906-1907; Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900;
Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.

Latakia;
Lebanon (_in part_).

D. H.
DAVID HANNAY.

Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short
History of the Royal Navy_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.

La Hogue, Battle of;
Lauria, Roger de;
Lepanto, Battle of;
Lissa.

D. Ll. T.
DANIEL LLEUFER THOMAS.

Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Stipendiary Magistrate at
Pontypridd and Rhondda.

Llantwit Major.

D. Mn.
REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A.

Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Author of
_Constructive Congregational Ideals_; &c.

Leighton, Robert (_in part_).

D. M. W.
SIR DONALD MACKENZIE WALLACE, K.C.I.E., K.C.V.O.

Extra Groom of the Bedchamber to H.M. King George V. Director of
the Foreign Department of _The Times_, 1891-1899. Member of the
Institut de Droit International and Officier de l'Instruction
Publique (France). Joint-editor of New Volumes (10th ed.) of the
_Encyclopaedia Britannica_. Author of _Russia_; _Egypt and the
Egyptian Question_; _The Web of Empire_; &c.

Lobánov-Rostovski.

E. B.*
ERNEST CHARLES FRANÇOIS BABELON.

Professor at the Collège de France. Keeper of the department of
Medals and Antiquities at the Bibliothèque Nationale. Member of
the Académie des Inscriptions et de Belles Lettres, Paris.
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Descriptions
Historiques des Monnaies de la République Romaine_; _Traités des
Monnaies Grecques et Romaines_; _Catalogue des Camées de la
Bibliothèque Nationale_.

Leptis.

E. C. B.
EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., M.A., D.LITT. (Dublin).

Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of
Palladius," in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_, vol. vi.

Leo, Brother.

E. Da.
EDWARD GEORGE DANNREUTHER (1844-1905).

Member of Board of Professors, Royal College of Music, 1895-1905.
Conducted the first Wagner Concerts in London, 1873-1874. Author
of _The Music of the Future_; &c. Editor of a critical edition of
Liszt's _Etudes_.

Liszt.

E. D. J. W.
EDWARD D. J. WILSON.

Formerly Leader-writer on _The Times_.

Londonderry, 2nd Marquess of.

E. G.
EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND.

Lampoon;
Lie, Jonas L. E.

E. Ga.
EMILE GARCKE, M.INST.E.E.

Managing Director of British Electric Traction Co., Ltd. Author of
_Manual of Electrical Undertakings_; &c.

Lighting: _Electric (Commercial Aspects)_.

E. He.
EDWARD HEAWOOD, M.A.

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Librarian of the Royal
Geographical Society, London.

Livingstone Mountains.

E. J. D.
EDWARD JOSEPH DENT, M.A., MUS.BAC.

Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Author of _A.
Scarlatti: his Life and Works_.

Leo, Leonardo.

E. O.*
EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC.

Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the
Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London. Chevalier of the
Legion of Honour. Late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of
Cambridge, London and Durham. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for
Senior Students_.

Liver: _Surgery of Liver and Gall Bladder_.

E. Pr.
EDGAR PRESTAGE.

Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of
Manchester. Examiner in Portuguese in the Universities of London,
Manchester, &c. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago.
Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon
Geographical Society, &c. Author of _Letters of a Portuguese Nun_;
_Azurara's Chronicle of Guinea_; &c.

Lobo, F. R.;
Lopes, Fernão.

E. R. L.
SIR EDWIN RAY LANKESTER, K.C.B., F.R.S., D.SC.

Hon. Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. Director of the Natural
History Departments of the British Museum, 1898-1907. President of
the British Association, 1906. Professor of Zoology and
Comparative Anatomy in University College, London, 1874-1890.
Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford, 1891-1898.
Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1896. Romanes Lecturer at
Oxford, 1905. Author of _Degeneration_; _The Advancement of
Science_; _The Kingdom of Man_; &c.

Lamellibranchia (_in part_).

E. V. L.
EDWARD VERRALL LUCAS.

Editor of _Works of Charles Lamb_. Author of _Life of Charles
Lamb_.

Lamb, Charles.

F. E. B.
FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.

Prosector of Zoological Society, London. Formerly Lecturer in
Biology at Guy's Hospital, London. Naturalist to "Challenger"
Expedition Commission, 1882-1884. Author of _Monograph of the
Oligochaeta_; _Animal Colouration_; &c.

Leech.

F. E. W.
REV. FREDERICK EDWARD WARREN, M.A., B.D., F.S.A.

Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John's College,
Oxford, 1865-1882. Author of _The Old Catholic Ritual done into
English and compared with the Corresponding Offices in the Roman
and Old German Manuals_; _The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic
Church_; &c.

Lection, Lectionary;
Lector;
Litany;
Liturgy.

F. G. M. B.
FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.

Lombards (_in part_).

F. G. P.
FREDERICK GYMER PARSONS, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., F.R.ANTHROP.INST.

Vice-President, Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Lecturer on Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital and the London School
of Medicine for Women. Formerly Hunterian Professor at the Royal
College of Surgeons.

Liver: _Anatomy_.

F. J. H.
FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford.
Fellow of Brasenose College. Ford's Lecturer, 1906-1907. Fellow of
the British Academy. Author of Monographs on Roman History,
especially Roman Britain; &c.

Legion (_in part_);
Limes Germanicus.

F. L.*
SIR FRANKLIN LUSHINGTON, M.A.

Formerly Chief Police Magistrate for London. Author of Wagers of
Battle.

Lear, Edward.

F. V. B.
F. VINCENT BROOKS.

Lithography.

F. v. H.
BARON FRIEDRICH VON HÜGEL.

Member of Cambridge Philological Society; Member of Hellenic
Society. Author of _The Mystical Element of Religion_.

Loisy.

F. Wa.
FRANCIS WATT, M.A.

Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Author of _Law's Lumber Room_;
_Scotland of to-day_; &c.

Law, John.

F. W. R.*
FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London,
1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.

Labradorite;
Lapis Lazuli.

F. W. Ra.
FRANCIS WILLIAM RAIKES, K.C., LL.D. (1842-1906).

Judge of County Courts, Hull, 1898-1906. Joint-author of _The New
Practice_; &c.

Lien.

G. A. Gr.
GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., D.LITT. (Dubl.).

Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903. In charge of
Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902. Gold Medallist, Royal
Asiatic Society, 1909. Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic
Society. Formerly Fellow of Calcutta University. Author of _The
Languages of India_; &c.

Lahnda.

G. E.
REV. GEORGE EDMUNDSON. M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Ford's
Lecturer, 1909-1910. Employed by British Government in preparation
of the British Case in the British Guiana-Venezuelan and British
Guiana-Brazilian boundary arbitrations.

Limburg.

G. F. B.
GEORGE FREDERICK BARWICK.

Assistant-Keeper of Printed Books and Superintendent of
Reading-room, British Museum.

Lavigerie.

G. F. K.
GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, A.M., PH.D., D.SC.

Gem Expert to Messrs Tiffany & Co., New York. Hon. Curator of
Precious Stones, American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Fellow of Geological Society of America. Author of _Precious
Stones of North America_; &c. Senior Editor of _Book of the
Pearl_.

Lapidary and Gem-cutting.

G. H. C.
GEORGE HERBERT CARPENTER, B.SC.

Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin.
Author of _Insects: Their Structure and Life_.

Lepidoptera.

G. Sa.
GEORGE SAINTSBURY, D.C.L., LL.D.

See the biographical article: SAINTSBURY, GEORGE E. B.

La Bruyère;
La Fontaine;
Lamartine;
La Rochefoucauld;
Le Sage.

G. S. L.
GEORGE SOMES LAYARD.

Trinity College, Cambridge. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Author
of _Charles Keene_; _Shirley Brooks_; &c.

Linton, William James.

G. W. T.
REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew
and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Labid.

H. A. L.
HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ.

Professor of Physics in the University of Leiden. Author of _La
théorie electromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps
mouvants_.

Light: _Nature of_.

H. B. W.*
HENRY BENJAMIN WHEATLEY, F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary, Royal Society of Arts, 1879-1909. President
of the Samuel Pepys Club, 1903-1910. Vice-President of the
Bibliographical Society, 1908-1910. Author of _The Story of
London_; _London Past and Present_; &c.

London: _History_.

H. B. Wo.
HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S.

Formerly Assistant Director of the Geological Survey of England
and Wales. President Geologists' Association, 1893-1894. Wollaston
Medallist, 1908.

Logan, Sir William E.;
Lonsdale, William.

H. Ch.
HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the
11th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; Co-editor of the
10th edition.

Lloyd George, D.

H. De.
REV. HIPPOLYTE DELEHAYE, S.J.

Bollandist. Joint-author of the _Acta Sanctorum_.

Lawrence, St;
Linus.

H. F. G.
HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, M.A., F.R.S., PH.D.

Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of
Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_ (Cambridge Natural
History).

Lizard.

H. F. P.
HENRY FRANCIS PELHAM, LL.D.

See the biographical article: PELHAM, H. F.

Livy (_in part_).

H. H. J.
SIR HENRY HAMILTON JOHNSTON, K.C.B., G.C.M.G.

See the biographical article: JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON.

Liberia.

H. M. S.
HENRY MORSE STEPHENS, M.A., LITT.D.

Professor of History and Director of University Extension,
University of California. Author of _History of the French
Revolution_; _Revolutionary Europe_; &c.

Littré.

H. R. T.
HENRY RICHARD TEDDER, F.S.A.

Secretary and Librarian of the Athenaeum Club, London.

Libraries (_in part_).

H. St.
HENRY STURT, M.A.

Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and
_Personal Idealism_.

Lange, Friedrich Albert.

H. T. A.
REV. HERBERT THOMAS ANDREWS.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, New College, London. Author
of the "Commentary on Acts," in the _Westminster New Testament_;
_Handbook on the Apocryphal Books_ in the "Century Bible."

Logia.

H. W. B.*
HERBERT WILLIAM BLUNT, M.A.

Student, Tutor, and Librarian, Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly
Fellow of All Souls' College.

Logic: _History_.

H. W. C. D.
HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls'
College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of _Charlemagne_; _England
under the Normans and Angevins_; &c.

Lanfranc;
Langton, Stephen.

H. Y.
SIR HENRY YULE, K.C.S.I.

See the biographical article: YULE, SIR HENRY.

Lhasa (_in part_).

I. A.
ISRAEL ABRAHAMS.

Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature in the University of
Cambridge. Formerly President, Jewish Historical Society of
England. Author of _A Short History of Jewish Literature_; _Jewish
Life in the Middle Ages_; _Judaism_; &c.

Lazarus, Emma;
Leon, Moses;
Leon of Modena.

J. An.
JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D.

Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant
Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind
Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892. Editor of Drummond's _Ancient
Scottish Weapons_; &c.

Lake Dwellings.

J. A. F.
JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Pender Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of
London. Fellow of University College, London. Formerly Fellow of
St John's College, Cambridge. Vice-President of the Institution of
Electrical Engineers. Author of _The Principles of Electric Wave
Telegraphy_; _Magnets and Electric Currents_; &c.

Leyden Jar;
Lighting: _Electric_.

J. A. F. M.
JOHN ALEXANDER FULLER MAITLAND, M.A., F.S.A.

Musical critic of _The Times_. Author of _Life of Schumann_; _The
Musician's Pilgrimage_; _Masters of German Music_; _English Music
in the Nineteenth Century_; _The Age of Bach and Handel_. Editor
of _Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians_; &c.

Lind, Jenny.

J. A. H.
JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London.
Author of _The Geology of Building Stones_; &c.

Lias;
Llandovery Group.

J. Dr.
SIR JAMES DEWAR, F.R.S., LL.D.

See the biographical article: DEWAR, SIR J.

Liquid Gases.

J. D. B.
JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S.

King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in
South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of
Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order
of St Alexander of Bulgaria.

Larissa.

J. D. Br.
JAMES DUFF BROWN.

Borough Librarian, Islington Public Libraries. Vice-President of
the Library Association. Author of _Guide to Librarianship_; &c.

Libraries (_in part_).

J. F.-K.
JAMES FITZMAURICE-KELLY, LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S.

Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool
University. Norman McColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow
of the British Academy. Member of the Royal Spanish Academy.
Knight Commander of the Order of Alphonso XII. Author of _A
History of Spanish Literature_; &c.

La Cueva;
Larra;
Literature.

J. F. St.
JOHN FREDERICK STENNING, M.A.

Dean and Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. University Lecturer in
Aramaic, Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew at Wadham College.

Leviticus.

J. Ga.
JAMES GAIRDNER, C.B., LL.D.

See the biographical article: GAIRDNER, JAMES.

Lancaster, House of;
Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of.

J. G. F.
SIR JOSHUA GIRLING FITCH, LL.D.

See the biographical article: FITCH, SIR J. G.

Lancaster, Joseph.

J. G. N.
JOHN GEORGE NICOLAY (1832-1901).

Marshal of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1872-1887. Joint-author of
_Abraham Lincoln_: &c.

Lincoln, Abraham (_in part_).

J. G. P.*
JAMES GORDON PARKER, D.SC., F.C.S.

Principal of Leathersellers Technical College, London. Gold
Medallist, Society of Arts. Author of _Leather for Libraries_;
_Principles of Tanning_; &c.

Leather.

J. G. R.
JOHN GEORGE ROBERTSON, M.A., PH.D.

Professor of German Language and Literature, University of London.
Editor of the _Modern Language Journal_. Author of _History of
German Literature_; _Schiller after a Century_; &c.

Lessing (_in part_).

J. Hn.
JUSTUUS HASHAGEN, PH.D.

Privat-dozent in Medieval and Modern History, University of Bonn.
Author of _Das Rheinland unter der französische Herrschaft_.

Lang, Karl Heinrich;
Ledochowski;
Leo, Heinrich.

J. H. F.
JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A.

Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

Leo VI. (_Emperor of the East_).

J. Hl. R.
JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D.

Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local
Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic
Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of
Pitt_; &c.

Las Casas.

J. J. L.*
REV. JOHN JAMES LIAS, M.A.

Chancellor of Llandaff Cathedral. Formerly Hulsean Lecturer in
Divinity and Lady Margaret Preacher, University of Cambridge.

Langen.

J. K. I.
JOHN KELLS INGRAM, LL.D.

See the biographical article: INGRAM, J. K.

Leslie, Thomas E. C.

J. Le.
REV. JAMES LEGGE, M.A.

See the biographical article: LEGGE, JAMES.

Lâo-Tsze.

J. L. M.
JOHN LINTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S.

Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford.
Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Ancient
Geography, University of Liverpool. Lecturer in Classical
Archaeology in University of Oxford.

Leleges;
Locri (_Greece_).

J. L. W.
JESSIE LAIDLAY WESTON.

Author of _Arthurian Romances unrepresented in Malory_.

Lancelot.

J. Mu.
SIR JOHN MURRAY, K.C.B., F.R.S.

See the biographical article: MURRAY, SIR JOHN.

Lake.

J. M. C.
REV. JAMES M. CROMBIE.

Author of _Braemar: its Topography and Natural History_; _Lichenes
Britannici_.

Lichens (_in part_).

J. M. G.
JOHN MILLER GRAY (1850-1894).

Art Critic and Curator of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery,
1884-1894. Author of _David Scott, R.S.A._; _James and William
Tassie_.

Leech, John.

J. P. E.
JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHÉMAR ESMEIN.

Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion
of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author of _Cours
élémentaire d'histoire du droit français_; &c.

Lettres de Cachet.

J. P. P.
JOHN PERCIVAL POSTGATE, M.A., LITT.D.

Professor of Latin in the University of Liverpool. Fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Editor
of the _Classical Quarterly_. Editor-in-chief of the _Corpus
Poetarum Latinorum_; &c.

Latin Literature (_in part_).

J. P. Pe.
REV. JOHN PUNNETT PETERS, PH.D., D.D.

Canon Residentiary, P. E. Cathedral of New York. Formerly
Professor of Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of
the University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of
_Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_;
_Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian_.

Lagash;
Larsa.

J. S.
JAMES SULLY, LL.D.

See the biographical article: SULLY, JAMES.

Lewes, George Henry (_in part_).

J. Si.
JAMES SIME, M.A. (1843-1895).

Author of _A History of Germany_; &c.

Lessing (_in part_).

J. S. F.
JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S.

Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on
Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society
of London.

Laccolite;
Lamprophyres;
Laterite;
Leucite: _Leucite Rocks_;
Limestone.

J. S. K.
JOHN SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D., F.S.S., F.S.A. (Scot.).

Secretary, Royal Geographical Society. Hon. Member, Geographical
Societies of Paris, Berlin, Rome, &c. Editor of the _Statesman's
Year Book_. Editor of the _Geographical Journal_.

Livingstone.

J. S. W.
JOHN STEPHEN WILLISON, LL.D., F.R.S. (Canada).

Editor of _The News_ (Toronto). Canadian Correspondent of _The
Times_. Author of _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; &c.

Laurier.

J. T. Be.
JOHN THOMAS BEALBY.

Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the
_Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's
_Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.

Ladoga (_in part_);
Livonia (_in part_);
Lop-nor.

J. T. Br.
J. TAYLOR BROWN.

Leighton, Robert (_in part_).

J. T. C.
JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S.

Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London.
Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor
of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to
the Marine Biological Association.

Lamellibranchia (_in part_).

J. T. S.*
JAMES THOMSON SHOTWELL, PH.D.

Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City.

Languedoc.

J. V.*
JULES VIARD.

Archivist at the National Archives, Paris. Officer of Public
Instruction. Author of _La France sous Philippe VI. de Valois_;
&c.

Le Maçon.

J. W. D.
CAPTAIN J. WHITLY DIXON, R.N.

Nautical Assessor to the Court of Appeal.

Log.

J. W. He.
JAMES WYCLIFFE HEADLAM, M.A.

Staff Inspector of Secondary Schools under the Board of Education.
Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Professor of Greek
and Ancient History at Queen's College, London. Author of
_Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire_; &c.

Lasker.

J. W. L. G.
JAMES WHITBREAD LEE GLAISHER, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Formerly President of the
Cambridge Philosophical Society, and the Royal Astronomical
Society. Editor of _Messenger of Mathematics_ and the _Quarterly
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics_.

Legendre, A. M.;
Logarithm.

K. H.
KILLINGWORTH HEDGES, M.INST.C.E., M.INST.ELECT.E.

Hon. Secretary of the Lightning Research Committee. Author of
_Modern Lightning Conductors_; &c.

Lightning Conductor.

K. S.
KATHLEEN SCHLESINGER.

Editor of _The Portfolio of Musical Archaeology_. Author of _The
Instruments of the Orchestra_.

Lituus.

L. A. W.
LAURENCE AUSTINE WADDELL, C.B., C.I.E., LL.D., M.B.

Lieut.-Colonel I.M.S. (retired). Author of _Lhasa and its
Mysteries_; &c.

Lhasa (_in part_).

L. B.
LAURENCE BINYON.

See the biographical article: BINYON, L.

Lawson, Cecil Gordon.

L. D.*
LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER DUCHESNE.

See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L. M. O.

Liberius.

L. J. S.
LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A.

Assistant in the Department of Mineralogy, British Museum.
Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness
Scholar. Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.

Leadhillite;
Lepidolite;
Leucite (_in part_);
Liroconite.

L. T. D.
SIR LEWIS TONNA DIBDIN, M.A., D.C.L., F.S.A.

Dean of the Arches; Master of the Faculties; and First Church
Estates Commissioner. Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. Author of
_Monasticism in England_; &c.

Lincoln Judgment, The.

L. V.*
LUIGI VILLARI.

Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Dept.). Formerly Newspaper
Correspondent in east of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New
Orleans, 1906, Philadelphia, 1907, and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910.
Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; &c.

Leopold II. (_Grand Duke of Tuscany_).

M. Br.
MARGARET BRYANT.

Landor: _Bibliography_;
La Sale.

M. Ca.
MORITZ CANTOR, PH.D.

Honorary Professor of Mathematics in the University of Heidelberg.
Author of _Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Mathematik_; &c.

Leonardo of Pisa.

M. H. S.
MARION H. SPIELMANN, F.S.A.

Formerly Editor of the _Magazine of Art_. Member of Fine Art
Committee of International Exhibitions of Brussels, Paris, Buenos
Aires, Rome, and the Franco-British Exhibition, London. Author of
_History of "Punch"_; _British Portrait Painting to the Opening of
the Nineteenth Century_; _Works of G. F. Watts, R.A._; _British
Sculpture and Sculptors of To-day_; _Henriette Ronner_; &c.

Line Engraving (_in part_).

M. N. T.
MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in
Epigraphy. Joint-author of _Catalogue of the Sparta Museum_.

Laconia;
Leonidas;
Leotychides.

M. O. B. C.
MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK CASPARI, M.A.

Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek
at Birmingham University, 1905-1908.

Leo I.-V. (_Emperors of the East_);
Lesbos;
Leuctra.

M. P.*
LEON JACQUES MAXIME PRINET.

Formerly Archivist to the French National Archives. Auxiliary of
the Institute of France (Academy of Moral and Political Sciences).

L'Aubespine.

N. G. G.
NICHOLAS G. GEDYE.

Chief Engineer to the Tyne Improvement Commission.

Lighthouse (_in part_).

O. Hr.
OTTO HENKER, PH.D.

On the Staff of the Carl Zeiss Factory, Jena, Germany.

Lens.

P. A. K.
PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN.

See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, PRINCE P. A.

Ladoga (_in part_);
Lithuanians and Letts: _History_;
Livonia (_in part_).

P. C. M.
PETER CHALMERS MITCHELL, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC., LL.D.

Secretary to the Zoological Society of London. University
Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre
Professor at Oxford, 1888-1891. Lecturer on Biology at Charing
Cross Hospital, 1892-1894; at London Hospital, 1894. Examiner in
Biology to the Royal College of Physicians, 1892-1896, 1901-1903.
Examiner in Zoology to the University of London, 1903.

Life;
Longevity.

P. C. Y.
PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A.

Magdalen College, Oxford.

Laud, Archbishop;
Lauderdale, Duke of;
Leeds, 1st Duke of.

P. G.
PERCY GARDNER. LITT.D., LL.D., F.S.A.

See the biographical article: GARDNER, PERCY.

Leochares.

P. Gi.
PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D.

Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and
University Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the
Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative
Philology_; &c.

L.

P. G. H.
PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON.

See the biographical article: Hamerton, PHILIP GILBERT.

Line Engraving (_in part_).

R. A. S. M.
ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A.

St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the
Palestine Exploration Fund.

Lachish.

R. G.
RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.

See the biographical article: GARNETT, RICHARD.

Leopardi.

R. I. P.
REGINALD INNES POCOCK, F.Z.S.

Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, London.

Leaf-insect;
Locust (_in part_).

R. J. M.
RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A.

Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the
_St James's Gazette_, London.

Lawn Tennis;
Leicester, R. Sidney, earl of;
Lockhart, George.

R. K. D.
SIR ROBERT KENNAWAY DOUGLAS.

Formerly Professor of Chinese, King's College, London. Keeper of
Oriental Printed Books and MSS. at British Museum, 1892-1907.
Member of the Chinese Consular Service, 1858-1865. Author of _The
Language and Literature of China_; _Europe and the Far East_; &c.

Li Hung Chang.

R. L.*
RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.

Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882.
Author of _Catalogue of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in the
British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_; _The Game Animals of
Africa_; &c.

Langur;
Lemming (_in part_);
Lemur;
Leopard (_in part_);
Lion (_in part_);
Litopterna.

R. M'L.
ROBERT M'LACHLAN.

Editor of the _Entomologists' Monthly Magazine_.

Locust (_in part_).

R. M. B.
ROBERT MICHAEL BALLANTYNE.

See the biographical article: BALLANTYNE, R. M.

Life-boat: _British (in part)_.

R. N. B.
ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909).

Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of
_Scandinavia: the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden,
1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613-1725_; _Slavonic Europe: the
Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c.

Ladislaus I. and IV. of Hungary;
Laski.

R. S. C.
ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.).

Professor of Latin and Indo-European Philology in the University
of Manchester. Formerly Professor of Latin in University College,
Cardiff; and Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
Author of _The Italic Dialects_.

Latin Language (_in part_);
Liguria: _Archaeology and Philology_.

R. We.
RICHARD WEBSTER, A.M.

Formerly Fellow in Classics, Princeton University. Editor of _The
Elegies of Maximianus_; &c.

Long Island.

R. W. C.
THE VERY REV. R. W. CHURCH, D.D.

See the biographical article: CHURCH, R. W.

Lombards: _The Kingdom in Italy_.

S. A. C.
STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A.

Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and
Caius College, Cambridge. Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund.
Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908.
Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses
and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament
History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c.

Levites.

S. C.
SIDNEY COLVIN, LL.D.

See the biographical article: COLVIN, SIDNEY.

Leonardo da Vinci.

St C.
VISCOUNT ST CYRES.

See the biographical article: IDDESLEIGH, 1ST EARL OF.

Liguori.

S. D. F. S.
REV. STEWART DINGWALL FORDYCE SALMON, M.A., D.D. (1838-1905).

Professor of Systematic Theology and Exegesis of the Epistles,
U.F.C. College Aberdeen, 1876-1905. Author of _The Parables of our
Lord_; &c. Editor of _The International Library of Theology_; &c.

Logos (_in part_).

S. N.
SIMON NEWCOMB, LL.D., D.SC.

See the biographical article: NEWCOMB, SIMON.

Latitude;
Light: _Velocity_.

T. As.
THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT., F.S.A.

Director of the British School of Archaeology at Rome.
Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archaeological
Institute. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven
Fellow, Oxford, 1897. Author of _The Classical Topography of the
Roman Campagna_; &c.

Labicana, Via;
Labici;
Lampedusa;
Lanciano;
Lanuvium;
Larino;
Latina, Via;
Latium;
Laurentina, Via;
Lavinium;
Lecce;
Leghorn;
Leontini;
Licodia Eubea;
Ligures Baebiani;
Liguria: _History_;
Locri: _Italy_.

T. A. I.
THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D.

Trinity College, Dublin.

Livery Companies;
London: _Finance_.

T. Ca.
THOMAS CASE, M.A.

President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Formerly Waynflete
Professor of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy at Oxford and
Fellow of Magdalen College. Author of _Physical Realism_; &c.

Logic.

T. C. A.
SIR THOMAS CLIFFORD ALLBUTT, K.C.B., M.A., M.D., D.SC., LL.D.,
F.R.S.

Regius Professor of Physic in the University of Cambridge.
Physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. Fellow of Gonville
and Caius College, Cambridge. Editor of _Systems of Medicine_.

Lister, 1st Baron.

T. Da.
THOMAS DAVIDSON, LL.D.

Longfellow.

T. F. C.
THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown,
Mass., U.S.A.

Laodicea, Synod of.

T. F. H.
THOMAS F. HENDERSON.

Author of _Mary Queen of Scots and the Casket Letters_; &c.

Latimer.

T. H. H.*
SIR THOMAS HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., D.SC., F.R.G.S.

Colonel in the Royal Engineers. Superintendent, Frontier Surveys,
India, 1892-1898. Gold Medallist, R.G.S. (London), 1887. H.M.
Commissioner for the Perso-Beluch Boundary, 1896. Author of _The
Indian Borderland_; _The Gates of India_; &c.

Ladakh and Baltistan

T. K.
THOMAS KIRKUP, M.A., LL.D.

Author of _An Inquiry into Socialism_; _Primer of Socialism_; &c.

Lassalle.

T. Mo.
THOMAS MOORE, F.L.S. (1821-1887).

Curator of the Garden of the Apothecaries Company at Chelsea,
1848-1887. Editor of the _Gardeners' Magazine of Botany_; Author
of _Handbook of British Ferns_; _Index Filicum_; _Illustrations of
Orchidaceous Plants_.

Labyrinth.

T. M. L.
REV. THOMAS MARTIN LINDSAY, LL.D., D.D.

Principal of the United Free Church College, Glasgow. Formerly
Assistant to the Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the
University of Edinburgh. Author of _History of the Reformation_;
_Life of Luther_; &c.

Lollards.

T. Se.
THOMAS SECCOMBE, M.A.

Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University
of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of
_Dictionary of National Biography_, 1891-1900. Author of _The Age
of Johnson_; &c.

Lever, Charles.

T. W. R. D.
THOMAS WILLIAM RHYS DAVIDS, LL.D., PH.D.

Professor of Comparative Religion, Manchester University.
Professor of Pali and Buddhist Literature, University College,
London, 1882-1904. President of the Pali Text Society. Fellow of
the British Academy. Secretary and Librarian of Royal Asiatic
Society, 1885-1902. Author of _Buddhism_; _Sacred Books of the
Buddhists_; _Early Buddhism_; _Buddhist India_; _Dialogues of the
Buddha_; &c.

Lamaism.

T. Wo.
THOMAS WOODHOUSE.

Head of the Weaving and Textile Designing Department, Technical
College, Dundee.

Linen and Linen Manufactures.

V. B. L.
VIVIAN BYAM LEWES, F.I.C., F.C.S.

Professor of Chemistry, Royal Naval College. Chief Superintendent
Gas Examiner to the Corporation of the City of London.

Lighting: _Oil and Gas_.

V. H. B.
VERNON HERBERT BLACKMAN, M.A., D.SC.

Professor of Botany in the University of Leeds. Formerly Fellow of
St John's College, Cambridge.

Lichens (_in part_).

W. A. B. C.
REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S.

Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History,
St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide to
Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor of
_The Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889.

Lausanne;
Leuk;
Liechtenstein;
Linth;
Locarno;
Locle, Le.

W. A. P.
WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.

Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St
John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.

Laibach, Congress of;
Lights, Ceremonial use of.

W. E. Co.
THE RT. REV. WILLIAM EDWARD COLLINS, M.A., D.D.

Bishop of Gibraltar. Formerly Professor of Ecclesiastical History,
King's College, London. Lecturer of Selwyn and St John's Colleges,
Cambridge. Author of _The Study of Ecclesiastical History_;
_Beginnings of English Christianity_; &c.

Libellatici.

W. F. I.
WILLIAM FERGUSSON IRVINE, HON. M.A. (Liverpool).

Hon. Secretary and General Editor of Historical Society of
Lancashire and Cheshire. Hon. Local Secretary for Cheshire of the
Society of Antiquaries. Author of _Liverpool in the reign of
Charles II._; _Old Halls of Wirral_; &c.

Liverpool.

W. H. Be.
WILLIAM HENRY BENNETT, M.A., D.D., D.LITT. (Cantab.).

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in New and Hackney Colleges,
London. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Lecturer
in Hebrew at Firth College, Sheffield. Author of _Religion of the
Post-Exilic Prophets_; &c.

Lamech.

W. H. F.
SIR WILLIAM HENRY FLOWER, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: FLOWER, SIR W. H.

Lemming (_in part_);
Leopard (_in part_);
Lion (_in part_).

W. M. R.
WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI.

See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL.

Lely, Sir Peter;
Lippi.

W. P. T.
WILLIAM PETERFIELD TRENT, LL.D., D.C.L.

Professor of English Literature. Columbia University. Author of
_English Culture in Virginia_; _A Brief History of American
Literature_; &c.

Lanier.

W. R. So.
WILLIAM RITCHIE SORLEY, M.A., LITT.D., LL.D.

Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge.
Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British
Academy. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College. Author of _The Ethics
of Naturalism_; _The Interpretation of Evolution_; &c.

Leibnitz.

W. R. S.-R.
WILLIAM RALSTON SHEDDEN-RALSTON, M.A.

Formerly Assistant in the Department of Printed Books, British
Museum. Author of _Russian Folk Tales_; &c.

Lermontov.

W. T. Ca.
WILLIAM THOMAS CALMAN. D.SC., F.Z.S.

Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South
Kensington. Author of "Crustacea" in _A Treatise on Zoology_,
edited by Sir E. Ray Lankester.

Lobster.

W. T. D.
WILLIAM TREGARTHEN DOUGLASS, M.INST.C.E., M.I.M.E.

Consulting Engineer to Governments of Western Australia, New South
Wales, Victoria, Cape of Good Hope, &c. Erected the Eddystone and
Bishop Rock Lighthouses. Author of _The New Eddystone Lighthouse_;
&c.

Lighthouse (_in part_).

W. W. R.*
WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL, LIC.THEOL.

Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary,
New York.

Leo XI. and XII. (_popes_).

W. W. S.
WALTER WILLIAM SKEAT, LITT.D., LL.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article: SKEAT, W. W.

Layamon.

W. Y. S.
WILLIAM YOUNG SELLAR, LL.D.

See the biographical article: SELLAR, WILLIAM YOUNG.

Latin Literature (_in part_).

PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES

Labiatae. Larch. Leprosy.
Lacrosse. Lead Poisoning. Libel.
Lagos. Leeds. Liberal Party.
Lahore. Legitimacy. Liliaceae.
Lake District. Leguminosae. Lille.
Lambeth Conferences. Leicestershire. Lily.
Lanarkshire. Leipzig. Limitation, Statutes of.
Lancashire. Leith. Lincoln.
Lantern. Lemnos. Lincolnshire.
Lapland. Lemon. Lippe.
Larceny. Lent. Lisbon.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in
the final volume.

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XVI

L a letter which was the twelfth letter of the Phoenician alphabet. It has in its history passed through many changes of form, ending curiously enough in its usual manuscript form with a shape almost identical with that which it had about 900 B.C. ([symbol] L). As was the case with B and some other letters the Greeks did not everywhere keep the symbol in the position in which they had borrowed it [symbol]. This, which was its oldest form in Attica and in the Chalcidian colonies of Italy, was the form adopted by the Romans, who in time converted it into the rectangle L, which passed from them to the nations of western Europe. In the Ionic alphabet, however, from which the ordinary Greek alphabet is derived it appeared as [symbol]. A still more common form in other parts of Greece was [symbol], with the legs of unequal length. The editors of Herodotus have not always recognized that the name of Labda, the mother of Cypselus, in the story (v. 92) of the founding of the great family of Corinthian despots, was derived from the fact that she was lame and so suggested the form of the Corinthian [symbol]. Another form [symbol] or [symbol] was practically confined to the west of Argolis. The name of the Greek letter is ordinarily given as _Lambda_, but in Herodotus (above) and in Athenaeus x. p. 453 _e_, where the names of the letters are given, the best authenticated form is _Labda_. The Hebrew name, which was probably identical with the Phoenician, is _Lamed_, which, with a final vowel added as usual, would easily become _Lambda_, _b_ being inserted between m and another consonant. The pronunciation of _l_ varies a great deal according to the point at which the tongue makes contact with the roof of the mouth. The contact, generally speaking, is at the same point as for _d_, and this accounts for an interchange between these sounds which occurs in various languages, e.g. in Latin _lacrima_ from the same root as the Greek [Greek: dakru] and the English _tear_. The change in Latin occurs in a very limited number of cases and one explanation of their occurrence is that they are borrowed (Sabine) words. In pronunciation the breath may be allowed to escape at one or both sides of the tongue. In most languages _l_ is a fairly stable sound. Orientals, however, have much difficulty in distinguishing between _l_ and _r_. In Old Persian _l_ is found in only two foreign words, and in Sanskrit different dialects employ _r_ and _l_ differently in the same words. Otherwise, however, the interchanges between _r_ and _l_ were somewhat exaggerated by the older philologists. Before other consonants _l_ becomes silent in not a few languages, notably in French, where it is replaced by _u_, and in English where it has occasionally been restored in recent times, e.g. in _fault_ which earlier was spelt without _l_ (as in French whence it was borrowed), and which Goldsmith could still rhyme with _aught_. In the 15th century the Scottish dialect of English dropped _l_ largely both before consonants and finally after _a_ and _u_, _a'_ = all, _fa'_ = fall, _pu'_ = pull, _'oo'_ = wool, _bulk_ pronounced like _book_, &c., while after _o_ it appears as _w_, _row_ (pronounced _rau_) = roll, _know_ = knoll, &c. It is to be observed that L = 50 does not come from this symbol, but was an adaptation of [symbol], the western Greek form of [chi], which had no corresponding sound in Latin and was therefore not included in the ordinary alphabet. This symbol was first rounded into [symbol] and then changed first to [symbol], and ultimately to L. (P. Gi.)

LAACHER SEE, a lake of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine Province, 5 m. W. of Brohl on the Rhine, and N. of the village of Niedermendig. It occupies what is supposed to be a crater of the Eifel volcanic formation, and the pumice stone and basalt found in great quantities around it lend credence to this theory. It lies 850 ft. above the sea, is 5 m. in circumference and 160 ft. deep, and is surrounded by an amphitheatre of high hills. The water is sky blue in colour, very cold and bitter to the taste. The lake has no natural outlet and consequently is subjected to a considerable rise and fall. On the western side lies the Benedictine abbey of St Maria Laach (_Abballa Lacensis_) founded in 1093 by Henry II., count palatine of the Rhine. The abbey church, dating from the 12th century, was restored in 1838. The history of the monastery down to modern times appears to have been uneventful. In 1802 it was abolished and at the close of the Napoleonic wars it became a Prussian state demesne. In 1863 it passed into the hands of the Jesuits, who, down to their expulsion in 1873, published here a periodical, which still appears, entitled _Stimmen aus Maria Laach_. In 1892 the monastery was again occupied by the Benedictines.

LAAGER, a South African Dutch word (Dutch _leger_, Ger. _lager_, connected with Eng. "lair") for a temporary defensive encampment, formed by a circle of wagons. The English word is "leaguer," an armed camp, especially that of a besieging or "beleaguering" army. The Ger. _lager_, in the sense of "store," is familiar as the name of a light beer (see BREWING).

LAAS, ERNST (1837-1885), German philosopher, was born on the 16th of June 1837 at Fürstenwalde. He studied theology and philosophy under Trendelenburg at Berlin, and eventually became professor of philosophy in the new university of Strassburg. In _Kant's Analogien der Erfahrung_ (1876) he keenly criticized Kant's transcendentalism, and in his chief work _Idealismus und Positivismus_ (3 vols., 1879-1884), he drew a clear contrast between Platonism, from which he derived transcendentalism, and positivism, of which he considered Protagoras the founder. Laas in reality was a disciple of Hume. Throughout his philosophy he endeavours to connect metaphysics with ethics and the theory of education.

His chief educational works were _Der deutsche Aufsatz in den obern
Gymnasialklassen_ (1868; 3rd ed., part i., 1898, part ii, 1894), and
_Der deutsche Unterricht auf höhern Lehranstalten_ (1872; 2nd ed.
1886). He contributed largely to the _Vierteljahrsschr. f. wiss.
Philos._ (1880-1882); the _Litterarischer Nachlass_, a posthumous
collection, was published at Vienna (1887). See Hanisch, _Der
Positivismus von Ernst Laas_ (1902); Gjurits, _Die Erkenntnistheorie
des Ernst Laas_ (1903); Falckenberg, _Hist. of Mod. Philos._ (Eng.
trans., 1895).

LA BADIE, JEAN DE (1610-1674), French divine, founder of the school known as the Labadists, was born at Bourg, not far from Bordeaux, on the 13th of February 1610, being the son of Jean Charles de la Badie, governor of Guienne. He was sent to the Jesuit school at Bordeaux, and when fifteen entered the Jesuit college there. In 1626 he began to study philosophy and theology. He was led to hold somewhat extreme views about the efficacy of prayer and the direct influence of the Holy Spirit upon believers, and adopted Augustinian views about grace, free will and predestination, which brought him into collision with his order. He therefore separated from the Jesuits, and then became a preacher to the people, carrying on this work in Bordeaux, Paris and Amiens. At Amiens in 1640 he was appointed a canon and teacher of theology. The hostility of Cardinal Mazarin, however, forced him to retire to the Carmelite hermitage at Graville. A study of Calvin's _Institutes_ showed him that he had more in common with the Reformed than with the Roman Catholic Church, and after various adventures he joined the Reformed Church of France and became professor of theology at Montauban in 1650. His reasons for doing so he published in the same year in his _Déclaration de Jean de la Badie_. His accession to the ranks of the Protestants was deemed a great triumph; no such man since Calvin himself, it was said, had left the Roman Catholic Church. He was called to the pastorate of the church at Orange on the Rhone in 1657, and at once became noted for his severity of discipline. He set his face zealously against dancing, card-playing and worldly entertainments. The unsettled state of the country, recently annexed to France, compelled him to leave Orange, and in 1659 he became a pastor in Geneva. He then accepted a call to the French church in London, but after various wanderings settled at Middelburg, where he was pastor to the French-speaking congregation at a Walloon church. His peculiar opinions were by this time (1666) well known, and he and his congregation found themselves in conflict with the ecclesiastical authorities. The result was that la Badie and his followers established a separate church in a neighbouring town. In 1669 he moved to Amsterdam. He had enthusiastic disciples, Pierre Yvon (1646-1707) at Montauban, Pierre Dulignon (d. 1679), François Menuret (d. 1670), Theodor Untereyk (d. 1693), F. Spanheim (1632-1701), and, more important than any, Anna Maria v. Schürman (1607-1678), whose book _Eucleria_ is perhaps the best exposition of the tenets of her master. At the head of his separatist congregation, la Badie developed his views for a reformation of the Reformed Churches: the church is a communion of holy people who have been born again from sin; baptism is the sign and seal of this regeneration, and is to be administered only to believers; the Holy Spirit guides the regenerate into all truth, and the church possesses throughout all time those gifts of prophecy which it had in the ancient days; the community at Jerusalem is the continual type of every Christian congregation, therefore there should be a community of goods, the disciples should live together, eat together, dance together; marriage is a holy ordinance between two believers, and the children of the regenerate are born without original sin, marriage with an unregenerate person is not binding. They did not observe the Sabbath, because--so they said--their life was a continual Sabbath. The life and separatism of the community brought them into frequent collision with their neighbours and with the magistrates, and in 1670 they accepted Society is in Miss Edith Sichel's _Women and Men of the French Renaissance_ (1901). See also J. Favre, _Olivier de Magny_ (1885).

LABEL (a French word, now represented by _lambeau_, possibly a variant; it is of obscure origin and may be connected with a Teutonic word appearing in the English "lap," a flap or fold), a slip, ticket, or card of paper, metal or other material, attached to an object, such as a parcel, bottle, &c., and containing a name, address, description or other information, for the purpose of identification. Originally the word meant a band or ribbon of linen or other material, and was thus applied to the fillets (_infulae_) attached to a bishop's mitre. In heraldry the "label" is a mark of "cadency."