Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE LEGGE, HENRY: "Twelve months later he returned to his post
at the exchequer in the administration of Pitt and the 4th duke of
Devonshire, retaining office until April 1757 when he shared both
the dismissal and the ensuing popularity of Pitt." 'Twelve' amended
from 'Twleve'.

ARTICLE LEGUMINOSAE: "... Wisteria sinensis, a native of China, is
a well-known climbing shrub; ..." 'Wisteria' amended from
'Wistaria'.

ARTICLE LEIBNITZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM: "... R. Zimmermann, Leibnitz
und Herbart: eine Vergleichung ihrer Monadologien (Vienna, 1849);
..." 'Monadologien' amended from 'Monadologieen'.

ARTICLE LENS: "The question now arises as to how far this
assumption is justified for spherical lenses." 'as' amended from
'so'.

ARTICLE LEO: "Leo at another synod held in Rome in 810 admitted the
dogmatic correctness of the filioque, but deprecated its
introduction into the creed." 'filioque' amended from 'filoque'.

ARTICLE LEONIDAS: "Our knowledge of the circumstances is too slight
to enable us to judge of Leonidas's strategy, but his heroism and
devotion secured him an almost unique place in the imagination not
only of his own but also of succeeding times." 'is' amended from
'it'.

ARTICLE LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM: "The two men were mutually
attracted, and a warm affection sprang up between them." 'between'
amended from 'betweem'.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE
AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XVI, SLICE IV

Lefebvre, Tanneguy to Letronne, Jean Antoine

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

LEFEBVRE, TANNEGUY LENS (town of France)
LEFEBVRE-DESNOËTTES, CHARLES LENS (in optics)
LE FÈVRE, JEAN LENT
LEG LENTHALL, WILLIAM
LEGACY LENTIL
LE GALLIENNE, RICHARD LENTULUS
LEGARÉ, HUGH SWINTON LENZ, JAKOB MICHAEL REINHOLD
LEGAS LEO (popes)
LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW LEO (emperors of the East)
LEGATE LEO (disciple of St Francis)
LEGATION LEO, HEINRICH
LEGEND LEO, JOHANNES
LEGENDRE, ADRIEN MARIE LEO, LEONARDO
LEGENDRE, LOUIS LEO (sign of the zodiac)
LEGERDEMAIN LEOBEN
LEGGE, HENRY LEOBSCHÜTZ
LEGGE, JAMES LEOCHARES
LEGHORN LEOFRIC
LEGION LEOMINSTER (Herefordshire, England)
LEGITIM LEOMINSTER (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)
LEGITIMACY, and LEGITIMATION LEÓN, LUIS PONCE DE
LEGITIMISTS LEON, MOSES DE
LEGNAGO (town of Venetia) LEON OF MODENA
LEGNANO (town of Lombardy) LEÓN (Mexico)
LEGOUVÉ, GABRIEL ERNEST WILFRID LEON (Nicaragua)
LEGROS, ALPHONSE LEON (Spanish province)
LEGUMINOSAE LEON (Spanish city)
LÈGYA LEONARDO DA VINCI
LEH LEONARDO OF PISA
LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB LEONCAVALLO, RUGGIERO
LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA LEONIDAS
LEHNIN LEONTIASIS OSSEA
LEHRS, KARL LEONTINI
LEIBNITZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEONTIUS
LEICESTER, EARLS OF LEOPARD
LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY LEOPARDI, GIACOMO
LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY LEOPARDO, ALESSANDRO
LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE LEOPOLD
LEICESTER LEOPOLD I. (Roman emperor)
LEICESTERSHIRE LEOPOLD II. (Roman emperor)
LEIDEN LEOPOLD I. (king of the Belgians)
LEIDY, JOSEPH LEOPOLD II. (king of the Belgians)
LEIF ERICSSON LEOPOLD II. (of Habsburg-Lorraine)
LEIGH, EDWARD LEOPOLD II. (lake)
LEIGH LEOTYCHIDES
LEIGHTON, FREDERICK LEIGHTON LEOVIGILD
LEIGHTON, ROBERT LEPANTO, BATTLE OF
LEIGHTON BUZZARD LE PAUTRE, JEAN
LEININGEN LEPCHA
LEINSTER LE PELETIER, LOUIS MICHE
LEIPZIG LEPIDOLITE
LEIRIA LEPIDOPTERA
LEISLER, JACOB LEPIDUS
LEISNIG LE PLAY, PIERRE GUILLAUME FRÉDÉRIC
LEITH LEPROSY
LEITMERITZ LEPSIUS, KARL RICHARD
LEITNER, GOTTLIEB WILHELM LEPTINES
LEITRIM LEPTIS
LEIXÕES LE PUY
LEJEUNE, LOUIS FRANÇOIS LERDO DE TEJADA, SEBASTIAN
LEKAIN LERICI
LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY LÉRIDA (province of Spain)
LELAND, JOHN (English antiquary) LÉRIDA (city of Spain)
LELAND, JOHN (English divine) LERMA, FRANCISCO DE SANDOVAL Y ROJAS
LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY LERMONTOV, MIKHAIL YUREVICH
LELEGES LEROUX, PIERRE
LELEWEL, JOACHIM LEROY-BEAULIEU, BAPTISTE ANATOLE
LELONG, JACQUES LEROY-BEAULIEU, PIERRE PAUL
LELY, SIR PETER LERWICK
LE MAÇON, ROBERT LE SAGE, ALAIN RENÉ
LE MAIRE DE BELGES, JEAN LES ANDELYS
LEMAÎTRE, FRANÇOIS ÉLIE JULES LES BAUX
LE MANS LESBONAX
LE MARCHANT, JOHN GASPARD LESBOS
LEMBERG LESCHES
LEMERCIER, LOUIS JEAN NÉPOMUCÉNE LESCURE, LOUIS MARIE JOSEPH
LEMERY, NICOLAS LESDIGUIÈRES, FRANÇOIS DE BONNE
LEMERY LESGHIANS
LEMGO LESINA
LEMIERRE, ANTOINE MARIN LESION
LEMIRE, JULES AUGUSTE LESKOVATS
LEMMING LESLEY, JOHN
LEMNISCATE LESLEY, J. PETER
LEMNOS LESLIE, CHARLES
LEMOINNE, JOHN ÉMILE LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT
LEMON, MARK LESLIE, FRED
LEMON LESLIE, SIR JOHN
LEMONNIER, ANTOINE LOUIS CAMILLE LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE
LEMONNIER, PIERRE CHARLES LESLIE (Scotland)
LEMOYNE, JEAN BAPTISTE LESPINASSE, JEANNE JULIE ÉLÉONORE DE
LEMPRIÈRE, JOHN LES SABLES D'OLONNE
LEMUR LES SAINTES-MARIES
LENA LESSE
LE NAIN LESSEPS, FERDINAND DE
LENAU, NIKOLAUS LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM
LENBACH, FRANZ VON LESSON
LENCLOS, NINON DE LESTE
LENFANT, JACQUES L'ESTRANGE, SIR ROGER
LENKORAN LESUEUR, DANIEL
LENNEP, JACOB VAN LE SUEUR, EUSTACHE
LENNEP LESUEUR, JEAN FRANÇOIS
LENNOX LE TELLIER, MICHEL
LENNOX, CHARLOTTE LETHAL
LENNOX, MARGARET LETHARGY
LENO, DAN LETHE
LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS LE TRÉPORT
LENOX LETRONNE, JEAN ANTOINE

LEFEBVRE, TANNEGUY (TANAQUILLUS FABER) (1615-1672), French classical scholar, was born at Caen. After completing his studies in Paris, he was appointed by Cardinal Richelieu inspector of the printing-press at the Louvre. After Richelieu's death he left Paris, joined the Reformed Church, and in 1651 obtained a professorship at the academy of Saumur, which he filled with great success for nearly twenty years. His increasing ill-health and a certain moral laxity (as shown in his judgment on Sappho) led to a quarrel with the consistory, as a result of which he resigned his professorship. Several universities were eager to obtain his services, and he had accepted a post offered him by the elector palatine at Heidelberg, when he died suddenly on the 12th of September, 1672. One of his children was the famous Madame Dacier. Lefebvre, who was by no means a typical student in dress or manners, was a highly cultivated man and a thorough classical scholar. He brought out editions of various Greek and Latin authors--Longinus, Anacreon and Sappho, Virgil, Horace, Lucretius and many others. His most important original works are: _Les Vies des poètes Grecs_ (1665); _Méthode pour commencer les humanités Grecques et Latines_ (2nd ed., 1731), of which several English adaptations have appeared; _Epistolae Criticae_ (1659).

In addition to the _Mémoires pour ... la vie de Tanneguy Lefebvre_, by
F. Graverol (1686), see the article in the _Nouvelle biographie
générale_, based partly on the MS. registers of the Saumur Académie.

LEFEBVRE-DESNOËTTES, CHARLES, COMTE (1773-1822), French cavalry general, joined the army in 1792 and served with the armies of the North, of the Sambre-and-Meuse and Rhine-and-Moselle in the various campaigns of the Revolution. Six years later he had become captain and aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte. At Marengo he won further promotion, and at Austerlitz became colonel, serving also in the Prussian campaigns of 1806-1807. In 1808 he was made general of brigade and created a count of the Empire. Sent with the army into Spain, he conducted the first and unsuccessful siege of Saragossa. The battlefield of Tudela showed his talents to better advantage, but towards the end of 1808 he was taken prisoner in the action of Benavente by the British cavalry under Paget (later Lord Uxbridge, and subsequently Marquis of Anglesey). For over two years he remained a prisoner in England, living on parole at Cheltenham. In 1811 he escaped, and in the invasion of Russia in 1812 was again at the head of his cavalry. In 1813 and 1814 his men distinguished themselves in most of the great battles, especially La Rothière and Montmirail. He joined Napoleon in the Hundred Days and was wounded at Waterloo. For his part in these events he was condemned to death, but he escaped to the United States, and spent the next few years farming in Louisiana. His frequent appeals to Louis XVIII. eventually obtained his permission to return, but the "Albion," the vessel on which he was returning to France, went down off the coast of Ireland with all on board on the 22nd of May 1822.

LE FÈVRE, JEAN (c. 1395-1468), Burgundian chronicler and seigneur of Saint Remy, is also known as Toison d'or from his long connexion with the order of the Golden Fleece. Of noble birth, he adopted the profession of arms and with other Burgundians fought in the English ranks at Agincourt. In 1430, on the foundation of the order of the Golden Fleece by Philip III. the Good, duke of Burgundy, Le Fèvre was appointed its king of arms and he soon became a very influential person at the Burgundian court. He frequently assisted Philip in conducting negotiations with foreign powers, and he was an arbiter in tournaments and on all questions of chivalry, where his wide knowledge of heraldry was highly useful. He died at Bruges on the 16th of June 1468.

Le Fèvre wrote a _Chronique_, or _Histoire de Charles VI., roy de
France_. The greater part of this chronicle is merely a copy of the
work of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, but Le Fèvre is an original
authority for the years between 1428 and 1436 and makes some valuable
additions to our knowledge, especially about the chivalry of the
Burgundian court. He is more concise than Monstrelet, but is equally
partial to the dukes of Burgundy. The _Chronique_ has been edited by
F. Morand for the Société de l'histoire de France (Paris, 1876). Le
Fèvre is usually regarded as the author of the _Livre des faites de
Jacques de Lalaing_.

LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian _leggr_, cf. Swed. _lägg_, Dan. _laég_; the O. Eng. word was _sceanca_, shank), the general name for those limbs in animals which support and move the body, and in man for the lower limbs of the body (see ANATOMY, _Superficial and Artistic_; Skeleton, _Appendicular_; MUSCULAR SYSTEM). The word is in common use for many objects which resemble the leg in shape or function. As a slang term, "leg," a shortened form of "blackleg," has been in use since the end of the 18th century for a swindler, especially in connexion with racing or gambling. The term "blackleg" is now also applied by trade-unionists to a workman who, during a strike or lockout, continues working or is brought to take the place of the withdrawn workers.

LEGACY (Lat. _legatum_), in English law, some particular thing or things given or left by a testator in his will, to be paid or performed by his executor or administrator. The word is primarily applicable to gifts of personalty or gifts charged upon real estate; but if there is nothing else to which it can refer it may refer to realty; the proper word, however, for gifts of realty is _devise_.

Legacies may be either specific, general or demonstrative. A _specific legacy_ is "something which a testator, identifying it by a sufficient description and manifesting an intention that it should be enjoyed in the state and condition indicated by that description, separates in favour of a particular legatee from the general mass of his personal estate," e.g. a gift of "my portrait by X," naming the artist. A _general legacy_ is a gift not so distinguished from the general mass of the personal estate, e.g. a gift of £100 or of a gold ring. A _demonstrative legacy_ partakes of the nature of both the preceding kinds of legacies, e.g. a gift of £100 payable out of a named fund is a specific legacy so far as the fund named is available to pay the legacy; after the fund is exhausted the balance of the legacy is a general legacy and recourse must be had to the general estate to satisfy such balance. Sometimes a testator bequeaths two or more legacies to the same person; in such a case it is a question whether the later legacies are in substitution for, or in addition to, the earlier ones. In the latter case they are known as _cumulative_. In each case the intention of the testator is the rule of construction; this can often be gathered from the terms of the will or codicil, but in the absence of such evidence the following rules are followed by the courts. Where the same specific thing is bequeathed twice to the same legatee or where two legacies of equal amount are bequeathed by the same instrument the second bequest is mere repetition; but where legacies of equal amounts are bequeathed by different instruments or of unequal amounts by the same instruments they are considered to be cumulative.

If the estate of the testator is insufficient to satisfy all the legacies these must abate, i.e. be reduced rateably; as to this it should be noticed that specific and demonstrative legacies have a prior claim to be paid in full out of the specific fund before general legacies, and that general legacies abate rateably _inter se_ in the absence of any provision to the contrary by the testator. Specific legacies are liable to ademption where the specific thing perishes or ceases to belong to the testator, e.g. in the instance given above if the testator sells the portrait the legatee will get nothing by virtue of the legacy. As a general rule, legacies given to persons who predecease the testator do not take effect; they are said to lapse. This is so even if the gift be to A and his executors, administrators and assigns, but this is not so if the testator has shown a contrary intention, thus, a gift to A _or_ his personal representative will be effective even though A predecease the testator; further, by the Wills