Chapter IV: Act 1903: ). It is to be noted, however, that in these states the mere (1)

fact of the parents marrying does not legitimate the child; indeed, the parents may marry, yet the child remain illegitimate. In order to legitimate the child it is necessary for the father to make application for its registration; in South Australia, the application must be made by both parents; so also in Victoria, if the mother is living, if not, application by the father will suffice. In New Zealand, Queensland and New South Wales, registration may be made at any time after the marriage; in Victoria, within six months from the date of the marriage; in South Australia, by the act of 1898, registration was permissible only within thirty days before or after the marriage, but by the amending act of 1902 it is allowed at any time more than thirty days after the marriage, provided the applicants prove before a magistrate that they are the parents of the child. In all cases the legitimation is retrospective, taking effect from the birth of the child. Legitimation by subsequent marriage exists also in the following states of the American Union: Maine, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Minnesota, California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, N. and S. Dakota, Idaho, Montana and New Mexico. In Massachusetts, Vermont, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Colorado, Idaho, Wyoming, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Arizona, in addition to the marriage the father must recognize or acknowledge the illegitimate child as his. In New Hampshire, Connecticut and Louisiana both parents must acknowledge the child, either by an authentic act before marriage or by the contract of marriage. In some states (California, Nevada, N. and S. Dakota and Idaho) if the father of an illegitimate child receives it into his house (with the consent of his wife, if married), and treats it as if it were legitimate, it becomes legitimate for all purposes. In other states (N. Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and New Mexico) the putative father can legitimize the child by process in court. Those states of the United States which have not been mentioned follow the English common law, which also prevails in Ireland, some of the West Indies and part of Canada. In Scotland, on the other hand, the principle of the civil law is followed. In Scotland, bastards could be legitimized in two ways: either by the subsequent intermarriage of the mother of the child with the father, or by letters of legitimation from the sovereign. With respect to the last, however, it is to be observed that letters of legitimation, be their clauses ever so strong, could not enable the bastard to succeed to his natural father; for the sovereign could not, by any prerogative, cut off the private right of third parties. But by a special clause in the letters of legitimation, the sovereign could renounce his right to the bastard's succession, failing legitimate descendants, in favour of him who would have been the bastard's heir had he been born in lawful wedlock, such renunciation encroaching upon no right competent to any third person.

The question remains, how far, if at all, English law recognizes the legitimacy of a person born out of wedlock. Strictly speaking, English law does not recognize any such person as legitimate (though the supreme power of an act of parliament can, of course, confer the rights of legitimacy), but under certain circumstances it will recognize, for purposes of succession to property, a legitimated person as legitimate. The general maxim of law is that the status of legitimacy must be tried by the law of the country where it originates, and where the law of the father's domicile at the time of the child's birth, and of the father's domicile at the time of the subsequent marriage, taken together, legitimize the child, English law will recognize the legitimacy. For purposes of succession to real property, however, legitimacy must be determined by the _lex loci rei sitae_; so that, for example, a legitimized Scotsman would be recognized as legitimate in England, but not legitimate so far as to take lands as heir (_Birtwhistle_ v. _Vardill_, 1840). The conflict of laws on the subject yields some curious results. Thus, a domiciled Scotsman had a son born in Scotland and then married the mother in Scotland. The son died possessed of land in England, and it was held that the father could not inherit from the son. On the other hand, where an unmarried woman, domiciled in England died intestate there, it was held that her brother's daughter, born before marriage, but whilst the father was domiciled in Holland, and legitimized by the parents' marriage while they were still domiciled in Holland, was entitled to succeed to the personal property of her aunt (_In re Goodman's Trusts_, 1880). _In re Grey's Trusts_ (1892) decided that, where _real estate_ was bequeathed to the children of a person domiciled in a foreign country and these children were legitimized by the subsequent marriage in that country of their father with their mother, that they were entitled to share as legitimate children in a devise of English realty. It is to be noted that this decision does not clash with that of _Birtwhistle_ v. _Vardill_.

See J. A. Foote, _Private International Law_; A. V. Dicey, _Conflict
of Laws_; L. von Bar, _Private International Law_; Story, _Conflict of
Laws_; J. Westlake, _International Law_.

LEGITIMISTS (Fr. _légitimistes_, from _légitime_, lawful, legitimate), the name of the party in France which after the revolution of 1830 continued to support the claims of the elder line of the house of Bourbon as the legitimate sovereigns "by divine right." The death of the comte de Chambord in 1883 dissolved the _parti légitimiste_, only an insignificant remnant, known as the _Blancs d'Espagne_, repudiating the act of renunciation of Philip V. of Spain and upholding the rights of the Bourbons of the line of Anjou. The word _légitimiste_ was not admitted by the French Academy until 1878; but meanwhile it had spread beyond France, and the English word legitimist is now applied to any supporter of monarchy by hereditary right as against a parliamentary or other title.

LEGNAGO, a fortified town of Venetia, Italy, in the province of Verona, on the Adige, 29 m. by rail E. of Mantua, 52 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1906) 2731 (town), 17,000 (commune). Legnago is one of the famous Quadrilateral fortresses. The present fortifications were planned and made in 1815, the older defences having been destroyed by Napoleon I. in 1801. The situation is low and unhealthy, but the territory is fertile, rice, cereals and sugar being grown. Legnago is the birthplace of G. B. Cavalcaselle, the art historian (1827-1897). A branch line runs hence to Rovigo.

LEGNANO, a town of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Milan, 17 m. N.W. of that city by rail, 682 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1881) 7153, (1901) 18,285. The church of S. Magno, built in the style of Bramante by G. Lampugnano (1504-1529), contains an altar-piece considered one of Luini's best works. There are also remains of a castle of the Visconti. Legnano is the seat of important cotton and silk industries, with machine-shops, boiler-works, and dyeing and printing of woven goods, and thread. Close by, the Lombard League defeated Frederick Barbarossa in 1176; a monument in commemoration of the battle was erected on the field in 1876, while there is another by Butti erected in 1900 in the Piazza Federico Barbarossa.

LEGOUVÉ, GABRIEL JEAN BAPTISTE ERNEST WILFRID (1807-1903), French dramatist, son of the poet Gabriel Legouvé (1764-1812), who wrote a pastoral _La Mort d'Abel_ (1793) and a tragedy of _Epicharis et Néron_, was born in Paris on the 5th of February 1807. His mother died in 1810, and almost immediately afterwards his father was removed to a lunatic asylum. The child, however, inherited a considerable fortune, and was carefully educated. Jean Nicolas Bouilly (1763-1842) was his tutor, and early instilled into the young Legouvé a passion for literature, to which the example of his father and of his grandfather, J. B. Legouvé (1729-1783), predisposed him. As early as 1829 he carried away a prize of the French Academy for a poem on the discovery of printing; and in 1832 he published a curious little volume of verses, entitled _Les Morts Bizarres_. In those early days Legouvé brought out a succession of novels, of which _Edith de Falsen_ enjoyed a considerable success. In 1847 he began the work by which he is best remembered, his contributions to the development and education of the female mind, by lecturing at the College of France on the moral history of women: these discourses were collected into a volume in 1848, and enjoyed a great success. Legouvé wrote considerably for the stage, and in 1849 he collaborated with A. E. Scribe in _Adrienne Lecouvreur_. In 1855 he brought out his tragedy of _Médée_, the success of which had much to do with his election to the French Academy. He succeeded to the fauteuil of J. A. Ancelot, and was received by Flourens, who dwelt on the plays of Legouvé as his principal claim to consideration. As time passed on, however, he became less prominent as a playwright, and more so as a lecturer and propagandist on woman's rights and the advanced education of children, in both of which directions he was a pioneer in French society. His _La Femme en France au XIX^me siècle_ (1864), reissued, much enlarged, in 1878; his _Messieurs les enfants_ (1868), his _Conférences Parisiennes_ (1872), his _Nos filles et nos fils_ (1877), and his _Une Éducation de jeune fille_ (1884) were works of wide-reaching influence in the moral order. In 1886-1887 he published, in two volumes, his _Soixante ans de souvenirs_, an excellent specimen of autobiography. He was raised in 1887 to the highest grade of the Legion of Honour, and held for many years the post of inspector-general of female education in the national schools. Legouvé was always an advocate of physical training. He was long accounted one of the best shots in France, and although, from a conscientious objection, he never fought a duel, he made the art of fencing his life-long hobby. After the death of Désiré Nisard in 1888, Legouvé became the "father" of the French Academy. He died on the 14th of March 1903.

LEGROS, ALPHONSE (1837- ), painter and etcher, was born at Dijon on the 8th of May 1837. His father was an accountant, and came from the neighbouring village of Veronnes. Young Legros frequently visited the farms of his relatives, and the peasants and landscapes of that part of France are the subjects of many of his pictures and etchings. He was sent to the art school at Dijon with a view to qualifying for a trade, and was apprenticed to Maître Nicolardo, house decorator and painter of images. In 1851 Legros left for Paris to take another situation; but passing through Lyons he worked for six months as journeyman wall-painter under the decorator Beuchot, who was painting the chapel of Cardinal Bonald in the cathedral. In Paris he studied with Cambon, scene-painter and decorator of theatres, an experience which developed a breadth of touch such as Stanfield and Cox picked up in similar circumstances. At this time he attended the drawing-school of Lecoq de Boisbaudran. In 1855 Legros attended the evening classes of the École des Beaux Arts, and perhaps gained there his love of drawing from the antique, some of the results of which may be seen in the Print Room of the British Museum. He sent two portraits to the Salon of 1857: one was rejected, and formed part of the exhibition of protest organized by Bonvin in his studio; the other, which was accepted, was a profile portrait of his father. This work was presented to the museum at Tours by the artist when his friend Cazin was curator. Champfleury saw the work in the Salon, and sought out the artist to enlist him in the small army of so-called "Realists," comprising (round the noisy glory of Courbet) all those who raised protest against the academical trifles of the degenerate Romantics. In 1859 Legros's "Angelus" was exhibited, the first of those quiet church interiors, with kneeling figures of patient women, by which he is best known as a painter. "Ex Voto," a work of great power and insight, painted in 1861, now in the museum at Dijon, was received by his friends with enthusiasm, but it only obtained a mention at the Salon. Legros came to England in 1863, and in 1864 married Miss Frances Rosetta Hodgson. At first he lived by his etching and teaching. He then became teacher of etching at the South Kensington School of Art, and in 1876 Slade Professor at University College, London. He was naturalized as an Englishman in 1881, and remained at University College seventeen years. His influence there was exerted to encourage a certain distinction, severity and truth of character in the work of his pupils, with a simple technique and a respect for the traditions of the old masters, until then somewhat foreign to English art. He would draw or paint a torso or a head before the students in an hour or even less, so that the attention of the pupils might not be dulled. As students had been known to take weeks and even months over a single drawing, Legros ordered the positions of the casts in the Antique School to be changed once every week. In the painting school he insisted upon a good outline, preserved by a thin rub in of umber, and then the work was to be finished in a single painting, "_premier coup_." Experiments in all varieties of art work were practised; whenever the professor saw a fine example in the museum, or when a process interested him in a workshop, he never rested until he had mastered the technique and his students were trying their 'prentice hands at it. As he had casually picked up the art of etching by watching a comrade in Paris working at a commercial engraving, so he began the making of medals after a walk in the British Museum, studying the masterpieces of Pisanello, and a visit to the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris. Legros considered the traditional journey to Italy a very important part of artistic training, and in order that his students should have the benefit of such study he devoted a part of his salary to augment the income available for a travelling studentship. His later works, after he resigned his professorship in 1892, were more in the free and ardent manner of his early days--imaginative landscapes, castles in Spain, and farms in Burgundy, etchings like the series of "The Triumph of Death," and the sculptured fountains for the gardens of the duke of Portland at Welbeck.

Pictures and drawings by Legros, besides those already mentioned, may
be seen in the following galleries and museums: "Amende Honorable,"
"Dead Christ," bronzes, medals and twenty-two drawings, in the
Luxembourg, Paris; "Landscape," "Study of a Head," and portraits of
Browning, Burne-Jones, Cassel, Huxley and Marshall, at the Victoria
and Albert Museum, Kensington; "Femmes en prière," National Gallery of
British Art; "The Tinker," and six other works from the Ionides
Collection, bequeathed to South Kensington; "Christening,"
"Barricade," "The Poor at Meat," two portraits and several drawings
and etchings, collection of Lord Carlisle; "Two Priests at the Organ,"
"Landscape" and etchings, collection of Rev. Stopford Brooke; "Head of
a Priest," collection of Mr Vereker Hamilton; "The Weed-burner," some
sculpture and a large collection of etchings and drawings, Mr Guy
Knowles; "Psyche," collection of Mr L. W. Hodson; "Snow Scene,"
collection of Mr G. F. Watts, R.A.; thirty-five drawings and etchings,
the Print Room, British Museum; "Jacob's Dream" and twelve drawings of
the antique, Cambridge; "Saint Jerome," two studies of heads and some
drawings, Manchester; "The Pilgrimage" and "Study made before the
Class," Liverpool Walker Art Gallery; "Study of Heads," Peel Park
Museum, Salford.

See Dr Hans W. Singer, "Alphonse Legros," _Die graphischen Künste_
(1898); Léonce Bénédite, "Alphonse Legros," _Revue de l'art_ (Paris,
1900); Cosmo Monkhouse, "Professor Legros," _Magazine of Art_ (1882).
(C. H.*)

LEGUMINOSAE, the second largest family of seed-plants, containing about 430 genera with 7000 species. It belongs to the series Rosales of the Dicotyledons, and contains three well-marked suborders, Papilionatae, Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae. The plants are trees, shrubs or herbs of very various habit. The British representatives, all of which belong to the suborder Papilionatae, include a few shrubs, such as _Ulex_ (gorse, furze), _Cytisus_ (broom) and _Genista_, but the majority, and this applies to the suborder as a whole, are herbs, such as the clovers, _Medicago_, _Melilotus_, &c., sometimes climbing by aid of tendrils which are modified leaf-structures, as in _Lathyrus_ and the vetches (_Vicia_). Scarlet runner (_Phaseolus multiflorus_) has a herbaceous twining stem. Woody climbers (lianes) are represented by species of _Bauhinia_ (Caesalpinioideae), which with their curiously flattened twisted stems are characteristic features of tropical forests, and _Entada scandens_ (Mimosoideae) also common in the tropics; these two suborders, which are confined to the warmer parts of the earth, consist chiefly of trees and shrubs such as _Acacia_ and _Mimosa_ belonging to the Mimosoideae, and the Judas tree of southern Europe (_Cercis_) and tamarind belonging to the Caesalpinioideae. The so-called acacia of European gardens (_Robinia Pseudacacia_) and laburnum are examples of the tree habit in the Papilionatae. Water plants are rare, but are represented by _Aeschynomene_ and _Neptunia_, tropical genera. The roots of many species bear nodular swellings (tubercles), the cells of which contain bacterium-like bodies which have the power of fixing the nitrogen of the atmosphere in such a form as to make it available for plant food. Hence the value of these plants as a crop on poor soil or as a member of a series of rotation of crops, since they enrich the soil by the nitrogen liberated by the decay of their roots or of the whole plant if ploughed in as green manure.

The leaves are alternate in arrangement and generally compound and stipulate. A common form is illustrated by the trefoil or clovers, which have three leaflets springing from a common point (digitately trifoliate); pinnate leaves are also frequent as in laburnum and _Robinia_. In Mimosoideae the leaves are generally bipinnate (figs. 1, 2, 3). Rarely are the leaves simple as in _Bauhinia_. Various departures from the usual leaf-type occur in association with adaptations to different functions or environments. In leaf-climbers, such as pea or vetch, the end of the rachis and one or more pairs of leaflets are changed into tendrils. In gorse the leaf is reduced to a slender spine-like structure, though the leaves of the seedling have one to three leaflets. In many Australian acacias the leaf surface in the adult plant is much reduced, the petiole being at the same time flattened and enlarged (fig. 1), frequently the leaf is reduced to a petiole flattened in the vertical plane; by this means a minimum surface is exposed to the intense sunlight. In the garden pea the stipules are large and foliaceous, replacing the leaflets, which are tendrils; in _Robinia_ the stipules are spiny and persist after leaf-fall. In some acacias (q.v.) the thorns are hollow, and inhabited by ants as in _A. sphaerocephala_, a central American plant (fig. 2) and others. In some species of _Astragalus_, _Onobrychis_ and others, the leaf-stalk persists after the fall of the leaf and becomes hard and spiny.

FIG. 2.--_Acacia sphaerocephala._

I, Leaf and part of stem; D, hollow thorns in which the ants live; F,
food bodies at the apices of the lower pinnules; N, nectary on the
petiole. (Reduced.)
II, Single pinnule with food-body, F. (Somewhat enlarged.)]

Leaf-movements occur in many of the genera. Such are the
sleep-movement in the clovers, runner bean (_Phaseolus_), _Robinia_
and acacia, where the leaflets assume a vertical position at
nightfall. Spontaneous movements are exemplified in the
telegraph-plant (_Desmodium gyrans_), native of tropical Asia, where
the small lateral leaflets move up and down every few minutes. The
sensitive plant (_Mimosa pudica_) is an example of movement in
response to contact, the leaves assuming a sleep-position if touched.
The seat of the movement is the swollen base of the leaf-stalk, the
so-called pulvinus (fig. 3).

The stem of the lianes shows some remarkable deviations from the
normal in form and structure. In Papilionatae anomalous secondary
thickening arises from the production of new cambium zones outside the
original ring (_Mucuna_, _Wistaria_) forming concentric rings or
transverse or broader strands; where, as in _Rhyncosia_ the successive
cambiums are active only at two opposite points, a flat ribbon-like
stem is produced. The climbing _Bauhinias_ (Caesalpinioideae) have a
flattened stem with basin-like undulations; in some growth in
thickness is normal, in others new cambium-zones are found
concentrically, while in others new and distinct growth-centres, each
with its cambium-zone, arise outside the primary zone. The climbing
Mimosoideae show no anomalous growth in thickness, but in some cases
the stem becomes strongly winged. Gum passages in the pith and
medullary rays occur, especially in species of acacia and
_Astragalus_; gum-arabic is an exudation from the branches of _Acacia
Senegal_, gum-tragacanth from _Astragalus gummifer_ and other species.
Logwood is the coloured heartwood of _Haematoxylon campechianum_; red
sandalwood of _Pterocarpus santalinus_.

The flowers are arranged in racemose inflorescences, such as the simple raceme (_Laburnum_, _Robinia_), which is condensed to a head in _Trifolium_; in _Acacia_ and _Mimosa_ the flowers are densely crowded (fig. 4). The flower is characterized by a hypogynous or slightly perigynous arrangement of parts, the anterior position of the odd sepal, the free petals, and the single median carpel with a terminal style, simple stigma and two alternating rows of ovules on the ventral suture of the ovary which faces the back of the flower.

1, Part of stem with leaf and its subtended inflorescence, about
natural size.
2, Flower, much enlarged.
3, Floral diagram of _Acacia latifolia_. (After Eichler.)]

The arrangement of the petals and the number and cohesion of the
stamens vary in the three suborders. In Mimosoideae, the smallest of
the three, the flower is regular (fig. 4 [3]), and the sepals and
petals have a valvate aestivation, and are generally pentamerous, but
3-6-merous flowers also occur. The sepals are more or less united into
a cup (fig. 4 [2]), and the petals sometimes cohere at the base. The
stamens vary widely in number and cohesion; in _Acacia_ (fig. 4) they
are indefinite and free, in the tribe _Ingeae_, indefinite and
monadelphous, in other tribes as many or twice as many as the petals.
Frequently, as in _Mimosa_, the long yellow stamens are the most
conspicuous feature of the flower. In Caesalpinioideae (fig. 5) the
flowers are zygomorphic in a median plane and generally pentamerous.
The sepals are free, or the two upper ones united as in tamarind, and
imbricate in aestivation, rarely as in the Judas-tree (fig. 5 [2]),
valvate. The corolla shows great variety in form; it is imbricate in
aestivation, the posterior petal being innermost. In _Cercis_ (fig. 5)
it clearly resembles the papilionaceous type; the odd petal stands
erect, the median pair are reflexed and wing-like, and the lower pair
enclose the essential organs. In _Cassia_ all five petals are subequal
and spreading; in _Amherstia_ the anterior pair are small or absent
while the three upper ones are large; in _Krameria_, the anterior pair
are represented by glandular scales, and in _Tamarindus_ are
suppressed. Apetalous flowers occur in _Copaifera_ and _Ceratonia_.
The stamens, generally ten in number, are free, as in _Cercis_ (fig.
5) or more or less united as in _Amherstia_, where the posterior one
is free and the rest are united. In tamarind only three stamens are
fertile. The largest suborder, Papilionatae, has a flower zygomorphic
in the median plane (figs. 6, 7). The five sepals are generally united
(figs. 7, 9), and have an ascending imbricate arrangement (fig. 6);
the calyx is often two-lipped (fig. 9 [1]). The corolla has five
unequal petals with a descending imbricate arrangement; the upper and
largest, the standard (_vexillum_), stands erect, the lateral pair,
the wings or _alae_, are long-clawed, while the anterior pair cohere
to form the keel or _carina_, in which are enclosed the stamens and
pistil. The ten stamens are monadelphous as in gorse or broom (fig.
9), or diadelphous as in sweet pea (fig. 8) (the posterior one being
free), or almost or quite free; these differences are associated with
differences in the methods of pollination. The ten stamens here, as in
the last suborder, though arranged in a single whorl, arise in two
series, the five opposite the sepals arising first.

The carpel is sometimes stalked and often surrounded at the base by a
honey-secreting disk; the style is terminal and in the zygomorphic
flowers is often curved and somewhat flattened with a definite back
and front. Sometimes as in species of _Trifolium_ and _Medicago_ the
ovules are reduced to one. The pod or legume splits along both sutures
(fig. 10) into a pair of membranous, leathery or sometimes fleshy
valves, bearing the seeds on the ventral suture. Dehiscence is often
explosive, the valves separating elastically and twisting spirally,
thus shooting out the seeds, as in gorse, broom and others. In
_Desmodium_, _Entada_ and others the pod is constricted between each
seed, and breaks up into indehiscent one-seeded parts; it is then
called a lomentum (fig. 11); in _Astragalus_ it is divided by a
longitudinal septum.

The pods show a very great variety in form and size. Thus in the
clovers they are a small fraction of an inch, while in the common
tropical climber _Entada scandens_ they are woody structures more than
a yard long and several inches wide. They are generally more or less
flattened, but sometimes round and rod-like, as in species of
_Cassia_, or are spirally coiled as in _Medicago_. Indehiscent
one-seeded pods occur in species of clover and in _Medicago_, also in
_Dalbergia_ and allied genera, where they are winged. In _Colutea_,
the bladder-senna of gardens, the pod forms an inflated bladder which
bursts under pressure; it often becomes detached and is blown some
distance before bursting. An arillar outgrowth is often developed on
the funicle, and is sometimes brightly coloured, rendering the seed
conspicuous and favouring dissemination by birds; in such cases the
seed-coat is hard. In other cases the hard seed-coat itself is
bright-coloured as in the scarlet seeds of _Abrus precatorius_, the
so-called weather-plant. Animals also act as the agents of
distribution in the case of fleshy edible pods containing seeds with a
hard smooth testa, which will pass uninjured through the body, as in
tamarind and the fruit of the carob-tree (_Ceratonia_). In the
ground-nut (_Arachis hypogaea_), _Trifolium subterraneum_ and others,
the flower-stalks grow downwards after fertilization of the ovules and
bury the fruit in the earth. In the suborders Mimosoideae and
Papilionatae the embryo fills the seed or a small quantity of
endosperm occurs, chiefly round the radicle. In Caesalpinioideae
endosperm is absent, or present forming a thin layer round the embryo
as in the tribe _Bauhinieae_, or copious and cartilaginous as in the
_Cassieae_. The embryo has generally flat leaf-like or fleshy
cotyledons with a short radicle.

Insects play an important part in the pollination of the flowers. In the two smaller suborders the stamens and stigma are freely exposed and the conspicuous coloured stamens serve as well as the petals to attract insects; in _Mimosa_ and _Acacia_ the flowers are crowded in conspicuous heads or spikes. The relation of insects to the flower has been carefully studied in the Papilionatae, chiefly in European species. Where honey is present it is secreted on the inside of the base of the stamens and accumulated in the base of the tube formed by the united filaments round the ovary. It is accessible only to insects with long probosces, such as bees. In these cases the posterior stamen is free, allowing access to the honey. The flowers stand more or less horizontally; the large erect white or coloured standard renders them conspicuous, the wings form a platform on which the insect rests and the keel encloses the stamens and pistil, protecting them from rain and the attacks of unbidden pollen-eating insects. In his book on the fertilization of flowers, Hermann Müller distinguishes four types of papilionaceous flowers according to the way in which the pollen is applied to the bee:

1, Calyx.
2, Standard.
3, Wing.
4, Keel.
5, Monadelphous stamens and style.
6, Pistil.
7, Pod.]

(1) Those in which the stamens and stigma return within the carina and
thus admit of repeated visits, such are the clovers, _Melilotus_ and
laburnum. (2) Explosive flowers where stamens and style are confined
within the keel under tension and the pressure of the insect causes
their sudden release and the scattering of the pollen, as in broom and
_Genista_; these contain no honey but are visited for the sake of the
pollen. (3) The piston-mechanism as in bird's-foot trefoil (_Lotus
corniculatus_), _Anthyllis_, _Ononis_ and _Lupinus_, where the
pressure of the bee upon the carina while probing for honey squeezes a
narrow ribbon of pollen through the opening at the tip. The pollen has
been shed into the cone-like tip of the carina, and the heads of the
five outer stamens form a piston beneath it, pushing it out at the tip
when pressure is exerted on the keel; a further pressure causes the
protrusion of the stigma, which is thus brought in contact with the
insect's belly. (4) The style bears a brush of hairs which sweeps
small quantities of pollen out of the tip of the carina, as in
_Lathyrus_, _Pisum_, _Vicia_ and _Phaseolus_.

FIG. 10.--Dry dehiscent Fruit. The pod (legume) of the Pea. r, The dorsal suture; b, the ventral; c, calyx; s, seeds.]

Leguminosae is a cosmopolitan order, and often affords a characteristic feature of the vegetation. Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae are richly developed in the tropical rain forests, where Papilionatae are less conspicuous and mostly herbaceous; in subtropical forests arborescent forms of all three suborders occur. In the temperate regions, tree-forms are rare--thus Mimosoideae are unrepresented in Europe; Caesalpinioideae are represented by species of _Cercis_, _Gymnocladus_ and _Gleditschia_; Papilionatae by _Robinia_; but herbaceous Papilionatae abound and penetrate to the limit of growth of seed-plants in arctic and high alpine regions. Shrubs and undershrubs, such as _Ulex_, _Genista_, _Cytisus_ are a characteristic feature in Europe and the Mediterranean area. Acacias are an important component of the evergreen bush-vegetation of Australia, together with genera of the tribe _Podalyrieae_ of Papilionatae (_Chorizema_, _Oxylobium_, &c.). _Astragalus_, _Oxytropis_, _Hedysarum_, _Onobrychis_, and others are characteristic of the steppe-formations of eastern Europe and western Asia.

The order is a most important one economically. The seeds, which are
rich in starch and proteids, form valuable foods, as in pea, the
various beans, vetch, lentil, ground-nut (_Arachis_) and others; seeds
of _Arachis_ and others yield oils; those of _Physostigma venenosum_,
the Calabar ordeal bean, contain a strong poison. Many are useful
fodder-plants, as the clovers (_Trifolium_) (q.v.), Medicago (e.g. _M.
sativa_, lucerne (q.v.), or alfalfa); _Melilotus_, _Vicia_,
_Onobrychis_ (_O. sativa_ is sainfoin, q.v.); species of _Trifolium_,
lupine and others are used as green manure. Many of the tropical trees
afford useful timber; _Crotalaria_, _Sesbania_, _Aeschynomene_ and
others yield fibre; species of _Acacia_ and _Astragalus_ yield gum;
_Copaifera_, _Hymenaea_ and others balsams and resins; dyes are
obtained from _Genista_ (yellow), _Indigofera_ (blue) and others;
_Haematoxylon campechianum_ is logwood; of medicinal value are species
of _Cassia_ (senna leaves) and _Astragalus_; _Tamarindus indica_ is
tamarind, _Glycyrrhiza glabra_ yields liquorice root. Well-known
ornamental trees and shrubs are _Cercis_ (_C. siliquastrum_ is the
Judas-tree), _Gleditschia_, _Genista_, _Cytisus_ (broom), _Colutea_
(_C. arborescens_ is bladder-senna), _Robinia_ and _Acacia_; _Wisteria
sinensis_, a native of China, is a well-known climbing shrub;
_Phaseolus multiflorus_ is the scarlet runner; _Lathyrus_ (sweet and
everlasting peas), _Lupinus_, _Galega_ (goat's-rue) and others are
herbaceous garden plants. _Ceratonia Siliqua_ is the carob-tree of the
Mediterranean, the pods of which (algaroba or St John's bread) contain
a sweet juicy pulp and are largely used for feeding stock.

The order is well represented in Britain. Thus _Genista tinctoria_ is
dyers' greenweed, yielding a yellow dye; _G. anglica_ is needle furze;
other shrubs are _Ulex_ (_U. europaeus_, gorse, furze or whin, _U.
nanus_, a dwarf species) and _Cytisus scoparius_, broom. Herbaceous
plants are _Ononis spinosa_ (rest-harrow), _Medicago_ (medick),
_Melilotus_ (melilot), _Trifolium_ (the clovers), _Anthyllis
Vulneraria_ (kidney-vetch), _Lotus corniculatus_ (bird's-foot
trefoil), _Astragalus_ (milk-vetch), _Vicia_ (vetch, tare) and
_Lathyrus_.

LÈGYA, called by the Shans LAI-HKA, a state in the central division of the southern Shan States of Burma, lying approximately between 20° 15´ and 21° 30´ N. and 97° 50´ and 98° 30´ E., with an area of 1433 sq. m. The population was estimated at 30,000 in 1881. On the downfall of King Thibaw civil war broke out, and reduced the population to a few hundreds. In 1901 it had risen again to 25,811. About seven-ninths of the land under cultivation consists of wet rice cultivation. A certain amount of upland rice is also cultivated, and cotton, sugar-cane and garden produce make up the rest; recently large orange groves have been planted in the west of the state. Laihka, the capital, is noted for its iron-work, both the iron and the implements made being produced at Pang Long in the west of the state. This and lacquer-ware are the chief exports, as also a considerable amount of pottery. The imports are chiefly cotton piece-goods and salt. The general character of the state is that of an undulating plateau, with a broad plain near the capital and along the Nam Teng, which is the chief river, with a general altitude of a little under 3000 ft.

LEH, the capital of Ladakh, India, situated 4 m. from the right bank of the upper Indus 11,500 ft. above the sea, 243 m. from Srinagar and 482 m. from Yarkand. It is the great emporium of the trade which passes between India, Chinese Turkestan and Tibet. Here meet the routes leading from the central Asian khanates, Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan and Lhasa. The two chief roads from Leh to India pass via Srinagar and through the Kulu valley respectively. Under a commercial treaty with the maharaja of Kashmir, a British officer is deputed to Leh to regulate and control the traders and the traffic, conjointly with the governor appointed by the Kashmir state. Lying upon the western border of Tibet, Leh has formed the starting-point of many an adventurous journey into that country, the best-known route being that called the Janglam, the great trade route to Lhasa and China, passing by the Manasarowar lakes and the Mariam La pass into the valley of the Tsanpo. Pop. (1901) 2079. A Moravian mission has long been established here, with an efficient little hospital. There is also a meteorological observatory, the most elevated in Asia, where the average mean temperature ranges from 19.3° in January to 64.4° in July. The annual rainfall is only 3 in.

LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB (?-1767), German mineralogist and geologist, was educated at Berlin where he took his degree of doctor of medicine. He became a teacher of mineralogy and mining in that city, and was afterwards (1761) appointed professor of chemistry and director of the imperial museum at St Petersburg. While distinguished for his chemical and mineralogical researches, he may also be regarded as one of the pioneers in geological investigation. Although he accepted the view of a universal deluge, he gave in 1756 careful descriptions of the rocks and stratified formations in Prussia, and introduced the now familiar terms Zechstein and Rothes Todtliegendes (Rothliegende) for subdivisions of the strata since grouped as Permian. His chief observations were published in _Versuch einer Geschichte von Flötz-Geburgen, betreffend deren Entstehung, Lage, darinne befindliche Metallen, Mineralien und Fossilien_ (1756). He died at St Petersburg on the 22nd of January 1767.

LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA (1810-1870), Danish statesman, was born at Copenhagen on the 15th of May 1810. Although of German extraction his sympathies were with the Danish national party and he contributed to the liberal journal the _Kjöbenhavnsposten_ while he was a student of law at the university of Copenhagen, and from 1839 to 1842 edited, with Christian N. David, the _Fädrelandet_. In 1842 he was condemned to three months' imprisonment for a radical speech. He took a considerable part in the demonstrations of 1848, and was regarded as the leader of the "Eiderdänen," that is, of the party which regarded the Eider as the boundary of Denmark, and the duchy of Schleswig as an integral part of the kingdom. He entered the cabinet of Count A. W. Moltke in March 1848, and was employed on diplomatic missions to London and Berlin in connexion with the Schleswig-Holstein question. He was for some months in 1849 a prisoner of the Schleswig-Holsteiners at Gottorp. A member of the Folkething from 1851 to 1853, of the Landsthing from 1854 to 1870, and from 1856 to 1866 of the Reichsrat, he became minister of the interior in 1861 in the cabinet of K. C. Hall, retiring with him in 1863. He died at Copenhagen on the 13th of September 1870. His book _On the Causes of the Misfortunes of Denmark_ (1864) went through many editions, and his posthumous works were published in 4 vols., 1872-1874.

See Reinhardt, _Orla Lehmann og hans samtid_ (Copenhagen, 1871); J.
Clausen, _Af O. Lehmanns Papirer_ (Copenhagen, 1903).

LEHNIN, a village and health resort of Germany, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, situated between two lakes, which are connected by the navigable Emster with the Havel, 12 m. S.W. from Potsdam, and with a station on the main line Berlin-Magdeburg, and a branch line to Grosskreuz. Pop. (1900) 2379. It contains the ruins of a Cistercian monastery called Himmelpfort am See, founded in 1180 and dissolved in 1542; a handsome parish church, formerly the monasterial chapel, restored in 1872-1877; and a fine statue of the emperor Frederick III. Boat-building and saw-milling are the chief industries.

See Heffter, _Geschichte des Klosters Lehnin_ (Brandenburg, 1851); and
Sello, _Lehnin, Beiträge zur Geschichte von Kloster und Amt_ (Berlin,
1881).

The LEHNIN PROPHECY (_Lehninsche Weissagung, Vaticinium Lehninense_), a poem in 100 Leonine verses, reputed to be from the pen of a monk, Hermann of Lehnin, who lived about the year 1300, made its appearance about 1690 and caused much controversy. This so-called prophecy bewails the extinction of the Ascanian rulers of Brandenburg and the rise of the Hohenzollern dynasty to power; each successive ruler of the latter house down to the eleventh generation is described, the date of the extinction of the race fixed, and the restoration of the Roman Catholic Church foretold. But as the narrative is only exact in details down to the death of Frederick William, the great elector, in 1688, and as all prophecies of the period subsequent to that time were falsified by events, the poem came to be regarded as a compilation and the date of its authorship placed about the year 1684. Andreas Fromm (d. 1685), rector of St Peter's church in Berlin, an ardent Lutheran, is commonly believed to have been the forger. This cleric, resisting certain measures taken by the great elector against the Lutheran pastors, fled the country in 1668 to avoid prosecution, and having been received at Prague into the Roman Catholic Church was appointed canon of Leitmeritz in Bohemia, where he died. During the earlier part of the 19th century the poem was eagerly scanned by the enemies of the Hohenzollerns, some of whom believed that the race would end with King Frederick William III., the representative of the eleventh generation of the family.

The "Vaticinium" was first published in Lilienthal's _Gelehrtes
Preussen_ (Königsberg, 1723), and has been many times reprinted. See
Boost, _Die Weissagungen des Mönchs Hermann zu Lehnin_ (Augsburg,
1848); Hilgenfeld, _Die Lehninische Weissagung_ (Leipzig, 1875);
Sabell, _Literatur der sogenannten Lehninschen Weissagung_ (Heilbronn,
1879) and Kampers, _Die Lehninsche Weissagung über das Haus
Hohenzollern_ (Münster, 1897).

LEHRS, KARL (1802-1878), German classical scholar, was born at Königsberg on the 2nd of June 1802. He was of Jewish extraction, but in 1822 he embraced Christianity. In 1845 he was appointed professor of ancient Greek philology in Königsberg University, which post he held till his death on the 9th of June 1878. His most important works are: _De Aristarchi Studiis Homericis_ (1833, 2nd ed. by A. Ludwich, 1882), which laid a new foundation for Homeric exegesis (on the Aristarchean lines of explaining Homer from the text itself) and textual criticism; _Quaestiones Epicae_ (1837); _De Asclepiade Myrleano_ (1845); _Herodiani Scripta Tria emendatiora_ (1848); _Populäre Aufsätze aus dem Altertum_ (1856, 2nd much enlarged ed., 1875), his best-known work; _Horatius Flaccus_ (1869), in which, on aesthetic grounds, he rejected many of the odes as spurious; _Die Pindarscholien_ (1873). Lehrs was a man of very decided opinions, "one of the most masculine of German scholars"; his enthusiasm for everything Greek led him to adhere firmly to the undivided authorship of the _Iliad_; comparative mythology and the symbolical interpretation of myths he regarded as a species of sacrilege.

See the exhaustive article by L. Friedländer in _Allgemeine Deutsche
Biographie_, xviii.; E. Kammer in C. Bursian's _Jahresbericht_ (1879);
A. Jung, _Zur Erinnerung an Karl Lehrs_ (progr. Meseritz, 1880); A.
Ludwich edited Lehrs' select correspondence (1894) and his _Kleine
Schriften_ (1902).

LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM (1646-1716), German philosopher, mathematician and man of affairs, was born on the 1st of July 1646 at Leipzig, where his father was professor of moral philosophy. Though the name Leibniz, Leibnitz or Lubeniecz was originally Slavonic, his ancestors were German, and for three generations had been in the employment of the Saxon government. Young Leibnitz was sent to the Nicolai school at Leipzig, but, from 1652 when his father died, seems to have been for the most part his own teacher. From his father he had acquired a love of historical study. The German books at his command were soon read through, and with the help of two Latin books--the _Thesaurus Chronologicus_ of Calvisius and an illustrated edition of Livy--he learned Latin at the age of eight. His father's library was now thrown open to him, to his great joy, with the permission, "Tolle, lege." Before he was twelve he could read Latin easily and had begun Greek; he had also remarkable facility in writing Latin verse. He next turned to the study of logic, attempting already to reform its doctrines, and zealously reading the scholastics and some of the Protestant theologians.

At the age of fifteen, he entered the university of Leipzig as a law student. His first two years were devoted to philosophy under Jakob Thomasius, a Neo-Aristotelian, who is looked upon as having founded the scientific study of the history of philosophy in Germany. It was at this time probably that he first made acquaintance with the modern thinkers who had already revolutionized science and philosophy, Francis Bacon, Cardan and Campanella, Kepler, Galileo and Descartes; and he began to consider the difference between the old and new ways of regarding nature. He resolved to study mathematics. It was not, however, till the summer of 1663, which he spent at Jena under E. Weigel, that he obtained the instructions of a mathematician of repute; nor was the deeper study of mathematics entered upon till his visit to Paris and acquaintance with Huygens many years later.

The next three years he devoted to legal studies, and in 1666 applied for the degree of doctor of law, with a view to obtaining the post of assessor. Being refused on the ground of his youth he left his native town for ever. The doctor's degree refused him there was at once (November 5, 1666) conferred on him at Altdorf--the university town of the free city of Nuremberg--where his brilliant dissertation procured him the immediate offer of a professor's chair. This, however, he declined, having, as he said, "very different things in view."

Leibnitz, not yet twenty-one years of age, was already the author of several remarkable essays. In his bachelor's dissertation _De principio individui_ (1663), he defended the nominalistic doctrine that individuality is constituted by the whole entity or essence of a thing; his arithmetical tract _De complexionibus_, published in an extended form under the title _De arte combinatoria_ (1666), is an essay towards his life-long project of a re-formed symbolism and method of thought; and besides these there are our juridical essays, including the _Nova methodus docendi discendique juris_, written in the intervals of his journey from Leipzig to Altdorf. This last essay is remarkable, not only for the reconstruction it attempted of the _Corpus Juris_, but as containing the first clear recognition of the importance of the historical method in law. Nuremberg was a centre of the Rosicrucians, and Leibnitz, busying himself with writings of the alchemists, soon gained such a knowledge of their tenets that he was supposed to be one of the secret brotherhood, and was even elected their secretary. A more important result of his visit to Nuremberg was his acquaintance with Johann Christian von Boyneburg (1622-1672), formerly first minister to the elector of Mainz, and one of the most distinguished German statesmen of the day. By his advice Leibnitz printed his _Nova methodus_ in 1667, dedicated it to the elector, and, going to Mainz, presented it to him in person. It was thus that Leibnitz entered the service of the elector of Mainz, at first as an assistant in the revision of the statute-book, afterwards on more important work.

The policy of the elector, which the pen of Leibnitz was now called upon to promote, was to maintain the security of the German empire, threatened on the west by the aggressive power of France, on the east by Turkey and Russia. Thus when in 1669 the crown of Poland became vacant, it fell to Leibnitz to support the claims of the German candidate, which he did in his first political writing, _Specimen demonstrationum politicarum pro rege Polonorum eligendo_, attempting, under the guise of a Catholic Polish nobleman, to show by mathematical demonstration that it was necessary in the interest of Poland that it should have the count palatine of Neuburg as its king. But neither the diplomatic skill of Boyneburg, who had been sent as plenipotentiary to the election at Warsaw, nor the arguments of Leibnitz were successful, and a Polish prince was elected to fill the vacant throne.

A greater danger threatened Germany in the aggressions of Louis XIV. (see FRANCE: _History_). Though Holland was in most immediate danger, the seizure of Lorraine in 1670 showed that Germany too was threatened. It was in this year that Leibnitz wrote his _Thoughts on Public Safety_,[1] in which he urged the formation of a new "Rheinbund" for the protection of Germany, and contended that the states of Europe should employ their power, not against one another, but in the conquest of the non-Christian world, in which Egypt, "one of the best situated lands in the world," would fall to France. The plan thus proposed of averting the threatened attack on Germany by a French expedition to Egypt was discussed with Boyneburg, and obtained the approval of the elector. French relations with Turkey were at the time so strained as to make a breach imminent, and at the close of 1671, about the time when the war with Holland broke out, Louis himself was approached by a letter from Boyneburg and a short memorial from the pen of Leibnitz, who attempted to show that Holland itself, as a mercantile power trading with the East, might be best attacked through Egypt, while nothing would be easier for France or would more largely increase her power than the conquest of Egypt. On February 12, 1672, a request came from the French secretary of state, Simon Arnauld de Pomponne (1618-1699), that Leibnitz should go to Paris. Louis seems still to have kept the matter in view, but never granted Leibnitz the personal interview he desired, while Pomponne wrote, "I have nothing against the plan of a holy war, but such plans, you know, since the days of St Louis, have ceased to be the fashion." Not yet discouraged, Leibnitz wrote a full account of his project for the king,[2] and a summary of the same[3] evidently intended for Boyneburg. But Boyneburg died in December 1672, before the latter could be sent to him. Nor did the former ever reach its destination. The French quarrel with the Porte was made up, and the plan of a French expedition to Egypt disappeared from practical politics till the time of Napoleon. The history of this scheme, and the reason of Leibnitz's journey to Paris, long remained hidden in the archives of the Hanoverian library. It was on his taking possession of Hanover in 1803 that Napoleon learned, through the _Consilium Aegyptiacum_, that the idea of a French conquest of Egypt had been first put forward by a German philosopher. In the same year there was published in London an account of the _Justa dissertatio_[4] of which the British Government had procured a copy in 1799. But it was only with the appearance of the edition of Leibnitz's works begun by Onno Klopp in 1864 that the full history of the scheme was made known.

Leibnitz had other than political ends in view in his visit to France. It was as the centre of literature and science that Paris chiefly attracted him. Political duties never made him lose sight of his philosophical and scientific interests. At Mainz he was still busied with the question of the relation between the old and new methods in philosophy. In a letter to Jakob Thomasius (1669) he contends that the mechanical explanation of nature by magnitude, figure and motion alone is not inconsistent with the doctrines of Aristotle's _Physics_, in which he finds more truth than in the _Meditations_ of Descartes. Yet these qualities of bodies, he argues in 1668 (in an essay published without his knowledge under the title _Confessio naturae contra atheistas_), require an incorporeal principle, or God, for their ultimate explanation. He also wrote at this time a defence of the doctrine of the Trinity against Wissowatius (1669), and an essay on philosophic style, introductory to an edition of the _Anti-barbarus_ of Nizolius (1670). Clearness and distinctness alone, he says, are what makes a philosophic style, and no language is better suited for this popular exposition than the German. In 1671 he issued a _Hypothesis physica nova_, in which, agreeing with Descartes that corporeal phenomena should be explained from motion, he carried out the mechanical explanation of nature by contending that the original of this motion is a fine aether, similar to light, or rather constituting it, which, penetrating all bodies in the direction of the earth's axis, produces the phenomena of gravity, elasticity, &c. The first part of the essay, on concrete motion, was dedicated to the Royal Society of London, the second, on abstract motion, to the French Academy.

At Paris Leibnitz met with Arnauld, Malebranche and, more important still, with Christian Huygens. This was pre-eminently the period of his mathematical and physical activity. Before leaving Mainz he was able to announce[5] an imposing list of discoveries, and plans for discoveries, arrived at by means of his new logical art, in natural philosophy, mathematics, mechanics, optics, hydrostatics, pneumatics and nautical science, not to speak of new ideas in law, theology and politics. Chief among these discoveries was that of a calculating machine for performing more complicated operations than that of Pascal--multiplying, dividing and extracting roots, as well as adding and subtracting. This machine was exhibited to the Academy of Paris and to the Royal Society of London, and Leibnitz was elected a fellow of the latter society in April 1673.[6] In January of this year he had gone to London as an attaché on a political mission from the elector of Mainz, returning in March to Paris, and while in London had become personally acquainted with Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society, with whom he had already corresponded, with Boyle the chemist and Pell the mathematician. It is from this period that we must date the impulse that directed him anew to mathematics. By Pell he had been referred to Mercator's _Logarithmotechnica_ as already containing some numerical observations which Leibnitz had thought original on his own part; and, on his return to Paris, he devoted himself to the study of higher geometry under Huygens, entering almost at once upon the series of investigations which culminated in his discovery of the differential and integral calculus (see INFINITESIMAL CALCULUS).

Shortly after his return to Paris in 1673, Leibnitz ceased to be in the Mainz service any more than in name, but in the same year entered the employment of Duke John Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg, with whom he had corresponded for some time. In 1676 he removed at the duke's request to Hanover, travelling thither by way of London and Amsterdam. At Amsterdam he saw and conversed with Spinoza, and carried away with him extracts from the latter's unpublished _Ethica_.