Chapter I: Front Matter

THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT
in all countries subscribing to the
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by
THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

_All rights reserved_

THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A
DICTIONARY
OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL
INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME V

CALHOUN to CHATELAINE

New York
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME V. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. Bo.*
AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.
Professor of Canon Law at the Catholic University of Paris.
Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste Contemporain_.

Canon Law: _General_;
Cardinal.

A. C. S.
ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.
See the biographical article, SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES.

Chapman George (_in part_).

A. E. H.
A. E. HOUGHTON.
Formerly Correspondent of The _Standard_ in Spain. Author of
_Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain_.

Camacho;
Canovas del Castillo;
Castelar y Ripoll.

A. E. S.
ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S.
Fellow, Tutor and Lecturer of Christ's College, Cambridge.
University Reader in Zoology. Formerly University Lecturer on the
Advanced Morphology of the Invertebrata. Author of _Zoology of
the Invertebrata_. Editor of the Pitt Press _Natural Science
Manuals_, &c.

Chaetognatha;
Chaetosomatida.

A. Go.*
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
Lecturer in Church History at the University of Manchester.

Carranza.

A. H. J. G.
ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, D.LITT. (Oxon.), (d. 1905).
Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of
St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_;
_Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life,
History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History_,
133-70 B.C.

Censor: _Ancient_.

A. H. S.
REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, D.LITT., LL.D.
See the biographical article, SAYCE, A. H.

Caria.

A. J. G.
REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.
Professor of New Testament and Church History at the United
Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
University and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

Catechism;
Calvin (_in part_).

A. L.
ANDREW LANG.
See the biographical article, LANG, ANDREW.

Casket Letters.

A. Lo.
AUGUSTE LONGNON.
Professor at the College de France. Director of the Ecole des
hautes etudes. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of the
Institute. Author of _Livre des vassaux du Comte de Champagne et
de Brie_; _Geographie de la Gaule au VI siecle_; _Atlas historique
de la France depuis Cesar jusqu'a nos jours_; &c.

Champagne.

A. M. C.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.
See the biographical article, CLERKE, A. M.

Cassini.

A. M. Cl.
AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS WILDE).
Late Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of
_Sources of Roman History_, 133-70 B.C.

Centumviri.

A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.
See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.

Canary;
Capercally.

A. P. C.
ARTHUR PHILEMON COLEMAN. F.R.S.
Professor of Geology, University of Toronto.

Canada: _Geography_.

A. P. H.
ALFRED PETER HILLIER, M.D., M.P.
Author of _South African Studies_; _The Commonweal_; &c. Served in
Kaffir War, 1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in medical
practice in South Africa till 1096. Member of Reform Committee,
Johannesburg, and Political Prisoner at Pretoria, 1895-1896. M.P.
for Hitchin division of Herts, 1910.

Cape Colony: S _History_ (_in part_).

A. SI.
ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.
Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of _The
London Water-Supply_; _Industrial Efficiency_; _Drink, Temperante
and Legislation_.

Cancer.

A. S. C.
ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.
Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Took
part in organization of the Textile Manufacturers' Section, St
Louis Exhibition, 1904. Author of _Ancient Needle Point and Pillow
Lace_; _Embroidery and Lace_; _Ornament in European Silks_;&c.

Carpet.

A. V. De P.
A. VAN DE PUT.
Assistant, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Author of
_Hispano-Moresque Ware of the XV. Century_; _The Aragonese
Double-Crown and the Borja or Borgia Device_.

Ceramics: S _Hispano-Moresque._

A. Wa.
ARTHUR WAUGH, M.A.
Managing Director of Chapman & Hall, Ltd., Publishers. Formerly
literary adviser to Kegan Paul & Co. Author of _Alfred Lord
Tennyson_; _Legends of the Wheel_; _Robert Browning_ in
"Westminster Biographies." Editor of Johnson's _Lives of the
Poets_.

Calverley, C. S.

A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.
Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900.

Charlemagne.

A. Z.
ALICE ZIMMERN.
Author of _Methods of Education in the United States_; _The
Renaissance of Girls' Education in England_; _Women's Suffrage in
Many Lands_; &c.

Carpenter, Mary.

B. Bl.
BERTRAM BLOUNT, F.C.S., F.I.C.
Consulting Chemist to the Crown Agents for the Colonies. Hon.
President, Cement Section of International Association for Testing
Materials, Buda-Pesth. Author of _Practical Electro-Chemistry_.

Cement.

B. Ra.
BERNARD RACKHAM, M.A.
Assistant, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.

Ceramics: S _German, Dutch and Scandinavian._

C.F.A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.
Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour_.

Castle (_in part_).

C. F. C.
C. F. CROSS., B.SC. (Lond.), F.C.S., F.I.C.
Analytical and Consulting Chemist.

Cellulose.

C. J. J.
CHARLES JASPER JOLY, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (1864-1906).
Royal Astronomer of Ireland and Andrews Professor of Astronomy in
the University of Dublin, 1897-1906. Fellow of Trinity College,
Dublin. Secretary of the Royal Irish Academy.

Camera Lucida;
Camera Obscura (_in Part_).

C. L.
H. CALDWELL LIPSETT.
Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore,
India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India; &c._

Ceylon (_in part_).

C. Pf.
CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D-ES-L.
Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of _Etudes sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_.

Capitulary; Carolingians; Charibert; Charles Martel.

C. R. B.
CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT.
Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham.
Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. University Lecturer in
the History of Geography. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The
Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.

Cam, Diogo;
Carpini (_in part_);
Chang Chun.