Chapter II: Part 2

Most adjectives of more than one syllable are composed by prefixing _more_ and _most_, or _less_ and _least_ to the simple form; as,

=Positive.= =Comparative.= =Superlative.=
beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful,
worthy, less worthy, least worthy.

The following adjectives of two syllables are often compared by adding _er_ and _est_: _happy_, _pleasant_, _common_, _noble_, _able_, _narrow_.

The following adjectives are compared irregularly:—

=Positive.= =Comparative.= =Superlative.=
good, better, best,
bad, evil, or ill, worse, worst,
little, less, least,
much or many, more, most,
far, farther, farthest,
(forth,) further, furthest or furthermost,
near, nearer, nearest or next,
late, later, latest or last,
fore, former, foremost or first,
old, older or elder, oldest or eldest.

EXERCISE I.

Name each adjective in the following sentences, state its degree, and give the word it modifies:—

1. I never saw a brighter sky.
2. It was a cruel and most unjust sentence.
3. The shores of this lake are high and rocky.
4. To-morrow’ll be the happiest time of all the glad New-year;
Of all the glad New-year, mother, the maddest, merriest
day.—_Tennyson._
5. I sat and watched her many a day,
When her eyes grew dim and her locks were gray.—_Eliza
Cook._
6. Small service is true service while it lasts;
Of friends, however humble, scorn not one.—_Wordsworth._
7. Look. She is sad to miss,
Morning and night
His—her dead father’s—kiss;
Tries to be bright,
Good to mamma, and sweet.
That is all. “Marguerite.”—_Dobson._

EXERCISE II.

Compare the following adjectives:—

near, bad, happy, wise, plain,
first, grateful, numerous, brief, lofty,
rapid, fortunate, far, cloudy, handsome,
sincere, hind, dreary, pale, extraordin
ary.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXIII.=

Parse all the adjectives in the following sentences:

1. Wisdom is more precious than rubies.
2. This is a wonderful scene.
3. Let my little story answer this question.
4. It was lazy, idle work, lying in the tent all day long.
5. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
6. From a shoal of richest rubies
Breaks the morning clear and cold,
And the angel on the village spire,
Frost-touched, is bright as gold.—_Aldrich._
7. Every hour that fleets so slowly,
Has its task to do or bear;
Luminous the crown and holy,
When each gem is set with care.—_Adelaide Procter._

=Model.= _These kind_ girls brought me _some_ flowers.

_These_, a pronominal adjective; demonstrative; modifying the noun _girls_.

_kind_, a qualifying adjective; positive degree; (kind, kinder, kindest), modifying the noun _girls_.

_some_, a pronominal adjective; indefinite; modifying the noun _flowers_.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXIV.=

CLASSES OF VERBS.

Name the verbs in the following sentences that express an action or feeling that goes out from the agent or doer to something else, and the verbs that express an action or feeling that does not go out to anything, but remains with the doer:—

1. James broke his pencil.
2. This boy found a knife.
3. Our girls like literature.
4. The sun shines brightly.
5. The birds fly into the trees.
6. The pupils feel cold.

A verb that expresses an action or feeling that goes out from the agent or doer to something else, is called a =transitive verb=; as, He _wrote_ a letter. We _love_ our friends.

A verb that expresses being, a state, or an action or feeling that does not go out to anything, but remains with the doer, is called an =intransitive verb=; as, He _is_ here. She _sleeps_ now. The wind _blows_ from the north. This man _feels_ sick.

EXERCISE I.

Classify the verbs in the following sentences:—

1. My brother sold his knife.
2. The boys play ball in the yard.
3. He ran across the street.
4. This little girl cut her hand.
5. That tree is very tall.
6. The window was broken by a stone.
7. Many birds build their nests in trees.
8. He told them of the river whose mighty current gave
Its freshness for a hundred leagues to Ocean’s briny
wave.—_McGee._
9. We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone,
But we left him alone in his glory.—_Charles Wolfe._
10. I see the wealthy miller yet,
His double chin, his portly size,
And who that knew him could forget,
The busy wrinkles round his eyes?—_Tennyson._

EXERCISE II.

_Note._—The same verb may be used either transitively or intransitively; as, I _see_ the house. I _see_ through this paper.

Some verbs have only an intransitive use because they do not express action; as, _be_, _seem_, _appear_, _remain_, _become_, etc.

1. Write sentences using the following words as transitive verbs:—

make, paper, water, sharpen, ran,
find, paint, reprove, set, study.

2. Write sentences using the following words as intransitive verbs:—

ran, sit, was, walks, read,
remain, fall, writes, dreams, move.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXV.=

Point out each verb that is used by itself to make a complete statement, and each verb that is not used by itself to make a complete statement:—

1. The boy sleeps.
2. My task is done.
3. This rose smells sweet.
4. The girls are cold.

When a verb by itself makes a complete statement, it is called =a verb of complete predication=; as, Birds _fly_.

When a verb by itself does not make a complete statement, it is called =a verb of incomplete predication=; as, This man _is_ a merchant.

EXERCISE.

Select the verbs of incomplete predication, and state the word or words that complete the predication:—

1. This water is warm.
2. He became a sailor.
3. My brother studies in the evening.
4. This man has been sick for a month.
5. Some murmur when their sky is clear.—_French._
6. A soft answer turneth away wrath.—_Bible._
7. An idler is a watch that wants both hands.—_Cowper._
8. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening’s close,
Up yonder hill the village murmur rose.—_Goldsmith._

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXVI.=

VOICE.

Is the same idea expressed by the sentences in each group?—

1. {I cut the paper.
{The paper was cut by me.

2. {John broke the window.
{The window was broken by John.

3. {He caught a bird.
{A bird was caught by him.

With a certain form of the verb, its subject names the _actor_; with another form of the verb, the subject names _the thing acted upon_. This change in the form of the verb is called =voice=.

A transitive verb that represents the person or thing named by its subject as acting is said to be in the =active voice=; as, James _struck_ the horse.

A transitive verb that represents the person or thing named by its subject as being acted upon is said to be in the =passive voice=; as, The horse _was struck_ by James.

_Note_ (a).—The object in the active voice becomes the subject
in the passive voice, so that only transitive verbs can properly
be used in the passive voice. There are, however, some
exceptions to this principle. When an intransitive verb is
followed by a phrase made up of a preposition and noun, the
intransitive verb may often be used passively with the
preposition as an adverbial adjunct; as, I _despair_ of success.
Success _is despaired of_ by me. He _shot_ at a bird. A bird
_was shot at_ by him.

_Note_ (b).—The agent in the passive voice is indicated by the
preposition _by_.

EXERCISE I.

Name the voice of each verb in the following sentences, and state the reason in each case:—

1. He found his knife under the table.
2. This curious bird was brought from Africa by a traveller.
3. My friend has written two letters.
4. This ring was given to me by my mother.
5. The bird flew away into the bush.
6. The old man was sick and hungry.
7. Near the moulded arch he saw low, dark grottos within the
cavern.
8. These ample fields
Nourished their harvests, here their herds were fed,
Where haply by their stalls the bison lowed,
And bowed his manèd shoulder to the yoke.—_Bryant._

EXERCISE II.

Change the voice of each transitive verb in the preceding lesson.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXVII.=

MODE.

Point out in the following sentences a verb that states something as a fact, one that is used in asking a question, one that mentions something merely thought of, and one that expresses a command:—

1. He knows his lesson to-day.
2. Are you first in the class?
3. I hope that he succeed.
4. Put away your books.

The manner in which the verb presents the idea is called the =mode= of the verb.

A verb that is used to state something as a fact, to ask a question, or to express a condition relating to an actual state of things, is in the =indicative mode=; as, He _reads_ well. _Does_ he _read_ well? If he _was_ guilty, his punishment _was_ too light.

A verb that is used to express something merely thought of is in the =subjunctive mode=; as, I wish that he _go_. If he _were_ present I would speak to him. Thy kingdom _come_.

_Note._—The verb in conditional sentences is in the subjunctive mode only when it expresses something merely thought of.

A verb that expresses a command or request is in the =imperative mode=; as, _Come_ into the house. _Open_ your book.

EXERCISE I.

Name the mode or mood of each verb, and give the reason in each case:—

1. Home they brought her warrior dead.—_Tennyson._
2. What sought they thus afar?—_Hemans._
3. If my standard-bearer fall, press where ye see my white
plume—_Macaulay._
4. Thine own friend, and thy father’s friend, forsake
not.—_Bible._
5. If fortune serve me I’ll requite this
kindness.—_Shakespeare._
6. The meteor flag of England
Shall yet terrific burn,
Till danger’s troubled night depart,
And the star of peace return.—_Campbell._
7. Backward, flow backward, O tide of the years!
I am so weary of toil and of tears—
Toil without recompense—tears all in vain—
Take them, and give me my childhood again.—_E. A. Allen._

EXERCISE II.

1. Write three sentences each containing an example of the indicative mode.

2. Write three sentences each containing an example of the subjunctive mode.

3. Write three sentences each containing an example of the imperative mode.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXVIII.=

The preceding lesson treated of verbs that are _limited_ by their subjects as to number and person; as, I _am_ here. John _is_ here. The boys _are_ here. Hence these verbs are called =finite= verbs.

This lesson will treat of verbs that are _not so limited_; hence they are called =infinitive verbs=.

THE INFINITIVE.

Select from the following sentences forms of verbs that are used (1) as a noun, (2) as an adverb, and (3) as an adjective:—

1. I like to sing.
2. I came to see the ship.
3. Have you any water to drink?

The form of the verb that does not make an assertion, and that is not limited as to person and number is called the =infinitive=.

The infinitive may be used as a noun; as, _To forgive_ is divine.

The infinitive may be used as an adverb; as, I came _to call_ you back.

The infinitive may be used as an adjective; as, He has no pen _to write with_.

The infinitive may be used as the complement of verbs of incomplete predication; as, He appeared _to hesitate_.

There are two infinitives, the simple infinitive with or without _to_, and the infinitive in _ing_; as, I like _to row_ a boat. He may _go_. She is fond of _writing_ letters.

The infinitive in _ing_ is sometimes called a _gerund_.

The infinitive has a variety of uses. Its grammatical value in English is always determined by its function in the sentence.

Name the infinitives in the following sentences, tell the grammatical value of each, and state the reason:—

1. To read well is an accomplishment.
2. I am glad to hear it.
3. This man has a house to rent.
4. There is little hope of finding him.
5. To hesitate is to fail.
6. She was about to leave.
7. Poverty is hard to bear.
8. When the rain ceased to fall, the wind began to blow.
9. I prefer to starve first.
10. There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray,
To bless the turf that wraps their clay;
And Freedom shall a while repair,
To dwell a weeping hermit there.—_Collins._

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXIX.=

THE PARTICIPLE.

Select the words in the following sentences that are used to modify nouns, and also imply action or being:—

1. On came the boy running lightly.
2. Hearing the noise, I went to the door.
3. I have a book written in Old English.

A word that _participates_ in the nature of the verb and the adjective is called a _participle_; as, _Leaving_ the room, we walked into the garden. I found a treasure _hidden_ in the ground.

A participle qualifies a noun or pronoun, like an adjective, and takes modifiers like a verb. A participle formed from a transitive verb takes an object.

A participle that is used to denote unfinished action is called a =present= or =imperfect participle=; as, _Jumping_ the fence, I ran across the field.

A participle that is used to denote finished action is called a =past= or =perfect participle=; as, He gave me a pencil _painted_ red.

EXERCISE I.

Classify the participles in the following sentences and tell what each modifies:—

1. Onward they went, carrying death and ruin before
them.—_Lever._
2. I heard my own mountain goats bleating aloft.—_Campbell._
3. The cuirassiers, repulsed, disordered, and broken, had
retired beneath the protection of the artillery.—_Lever._
4. And, his chief beside,
Smiling, the boy fell dead.—_Browning._
5. Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again;
The eternal years of God are hers.—_Bryant._
6. Toiling,—rejoicing,—sorrowing,
Onward, through life he goes.—_Longfellow._
7. Poor lone Hannah,
Sitting at the window binding shoes.
Faded, wrinkled,
Sitting, stitching, in a mournful muse.—_Lucy Larcom._

EXERCISE II.

Determine the grammatical value of the italicized words in the following sentences, according to the use of each:—

1. _Walking_ is good exercise.
2. _Seeing_ me _coming_, he came to meet me.
3. This _building_ cost one hundred thousand dollars.
4. Every _bleaching_ breeze chastens her purity.
5. He gave up all hope of _recovering_ his health.
6. The fields are covered with _growing_ grain.
7. A miser gives up all the pleasure of _doing_ good.
8. _Kneeling_ down, I kissed the little flower.

* * * * *

=LESSON XL.=

TENSE.

State the time of the action in each of the following sentences, and point out the different forms of the verb:—

1. He writes a letter.
2. He wrote a letter.
3. He will write a letter.

The change which takes place in the _verb_ to mark this change of time, is called _tense_.

There are three natural divisions of time—present, past, and future, so that there are three corresponding tenses—=present=, =past=, and =future=.

A verb that denotes an action in the present time is in the =present tense=; as, I _speak_.

A verb that denotes an action in the past time is in the past tense; as, I _spoke_.

A verb that denotes an action in the future time is in the future tense; as, I _shall speak_.

Besides these three simple tenses, there are three perfect tenses, which denote action as completed.

Point out a verb in the following sentences that denotes an action completed in present time, one that denotes an action completed in past time, and one that denotes an action completed in future time:—

1. He has written a letter.
2. He had written a letter.
3. He will have written a letter.

A verb that denotes an action as completed at the present time is in the =present perfect tense=; as, I _have spoken_.

A verb that denotes an action as having been completed before a certain past time is in the =past perfect= or =pluperfect tense=; as, I _had spoken_ before you came.

A verb that denotes an action to be completed before a certain future time is in the =future perfect tense=; as, I _shall have spoken_ before he will arrive.

The present and the past tenses are indicated by the form of the verb itself. The other tenses are formed by the aid of other verbs, called _auxiliary_ verbs.

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MODE.

Present. I see.
Past. I saw.
Future. I shall see.
Present Perfect. I have seen.
Past Perfect. I had seen.
Future Perfect. I shall have seen.

_Note._—_Shall_ is used in the first person, and _will_ in the
second and third persons to denote future action. _Will_ is used
in the first person, and _shall_ in the second and third persons
to denote determination.

EXERCISE.

Select the verbs, and state the tense of each:—

1. The sailor twitched his shirt of blue,
And from within his bosom drew
The kerchief. She was wild.—_Alice Cary._
2. The Christian princes felt that the scene which they had
beheld weighed heavily on their spirits.—_Scott._
3. The boy stood on the burning deck,
Whence all but he had fled.—_Hemans._
4. The nurse sleeps sweetly, hired to watch the sick,
Whom sleeping, she disturbs.—_Cowper._
5. When kindness had his wants supplied,
And the old man was gratified,
Began to rise his minstrel pride.—_Scott._
6. He was a man, take him for all in all,
I shall not look upon his like again.—_Shakespeare._

* * * * *

=LESSON XLI.=

PERSON AND NUMBER.

Point out the different forms of the verb that are used with the different subjects:—

=Singular.= =Plural.=
First Person. I write. We write.
Second Person. Thou writest. You write.
Third Person. He writes. They write.

The different forms that a verb takes to agree with the person and number of its subject are called =person= and =number= forms.

Observe that there is no change in the action expressed by the verb; it has merely adapted itself to the person and number of its subject.

The third person singular has, in the present indicative, the ending _s_ or _es_, and the old form _eth_; as, He _walks_; He _goes_; He _dreameth_.

The second person singular has the ending _est_ or _st_ in both the present and the past tenses; as, Thou _lovest_; Thou _lovedst_.

The first person singular and the plural forms for all the persons have no endings to mark person and number, with but one exception, the verb _to be_; as, I _am_; We _are_; I _was_; We _were_.

EXERCISE.

Write out the present tense forms, indicative mode, of the following verbs, using the personal pronouns for subjects:—

live, find, come, teach, talk,
go, run, play, make, do.

* * * * *

=LESSON XLII.=

CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERB.

Point out how the past tense and perfect participle of the following verbs are formed:—

=Present.= =Past.= =Perfect
Participle.=
wish, wished, wished.
love, loved, loved.
take, took, taken.
write, wrote, written.

A verb that forms its past tense and perfect participle by adding _ed_ or _d_ to the present tense form, is a verb of the =weak= or =new conjugation=; as, _look_, _looked_, _looked_.

A verb that forms its past tense by changing the vowel of the present, and its perfect participle by adding _n_ or _en_ to the present, is a verb of the =strong= or =old conjugation=; as, _fall_, _fell_, _fallen_.

_Note._—Verbs of the old conjugation are called _strong_ because they form their past tense within themselves. Verbs of the new conjugation are called _weak_ because they form their past tense by the aid of an additional syllable.

Weak verbs are called verbs of the _new_ conjugation because the method of forming the past tense by the addition of _ed_ or _d_ is of more recent origin than the method of the strong conjugation.

If we know the present tense form, the past, and the perfect participle of any verb, we can tell to which conjugation it belongs, and can give all its inflections of person, number, tense, and mode, therefore the present tense form, the past and the perfect participle, are called the _principal parts_ of the verb. When we give all the inflections of a verb, or indicate them by the principal parts, we _conjugate_ it.

* * * * *

=LESSON XLIII.=

IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION.

We have learned that regular verbs of the weak conjugation form their past tense and perfect participle by adding _ed_ or _d_ to the present tense form.

Point out how the following verbs form their past tense and perfect participle:

=Present.= =Past.= =Perfect
Participle.=
mean, meant, meant.
sleep, slept, slept.
say, said, said.
cost, cost, cost.

In some verbs the _ed_ or _d_ of the past tense is sounded like _t_, and in many cases the spelling has changed to _t_. A few verbs shorten the vowel of the present; as, _feel_, _felt_, _felt_. Other verbs of this conjugation change the vowel before adding _d_; as, _tell_, _told_, _told_; and a number that end in _t_ or _d_ make no change; as, _set_, _set_, _set_.

A LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION.

=Present.= =Past.= =Perf. Part.=
bend, bent,[1] bent.
bereave, bereft,[1] bereft.
beseech, besought, besought.
bleed, bled, bled.
breed, bred, bred.
bring, brought, brought.
build, built,[1] built.
burn, burnt,[1] burnt.
burst, burst, burst.
buy, bought, bought.
cast, cast, cast.
catch, caught, caught.
cleave (adhere), clave,[1] cleaved.
clothe, clad,[1] clad.
cost, cost, cost.
creep, crept, crept.
cut, cut, cut.
dare, durst,[1] dared.
deal, dealt, dealt.
dream, dreamt,[1] dreamt.
dwell, dwelt,[1] dwelt.
feed, fed, fed.
feel, felt, felt.
flee, fled, fled.
gild, gilt,[1] gilt.
gird, girt,[1] girt.
have, had, had.
hear, heard, heard.
hit, hit, hit.
hurt, hurt, hurt.
keep, kept, kept.
kneel, knelt, knelt.
knit, knit,[1] knit.
lay, laid, laid.
lead, led, led.
lean, leant,[1] leant.
leap, leapt,[1] leapt.
learn, learnt,[1] learnt.
leave, left, left.
lend, lent, lent.
let, let, let.
light, lit,[1] lit.
lose, lost, lost.
make, made, made.
mean, meant, meant.
meet, met, met.
pay, paid, paid.
pen (enclose), pent,[1] pent.
put, put, put.
quit, quit,[1] quit.
read, read, read.
rend, rent, rent.
rid, rid, rid.
say, said, said.
seek, sought, sought.
sell, sold, sold.
send, sent, sent.
set, set, set.
shed, shed, shed.
shoe, shod, shod.
shoot, shot, shot.
shut, shut, shut.
sleep, slept, slept.
smell, smelt,[1] smelt.
speed, sped, sped.
spell, spelt,[1] spelt.
spend, spent, spent.
spill, spilt,[1] spilt.
spit, spit, spit.
split, split, split.
spoil, spoilt,[1] spoilt.
spread, spread, spread.
sweat, sweat, sweat.
sweep, swept, swept.
teach, taught, taught.
tell, told, told.
think, thought, thought.
thrust, thrust, thrust.
weep, wept, wept.
wet, wet,[1] wet.
whet, whet,[1] whet.
work, wrought,[1] wrought.

-----

[1] Sometimes conjugated regularly.

* * * * *

=LESSON XLIV.=

A LIST OF THE VERBS OF THE STRONG CONJUGATION.

We learned in Lesson XLII. that regular verbs of the strong conjugation form their past tense by changing the vowel of the present, and their perfect participle by adding _en_ or _n_ to the present.

_Note._—Sometimes _one_ of these characteristics is wanting;
as, _chide_, _chid_, _chidden_; _sit_, _sat_, _sat_.

=Present.= =Past.= =Perf. Part.=
write, wrote, written.
abide, abode, abode.
am, was, been.
arise, arose, arisen.
awake, awoke,[2] awaked.
bear, {bore, {borne.
{bare, {born.
beat, beat, beaten.
begin, began, begun.
bid, bade, bid, bidden.
bind, bound, bound.
bite, bit, {bitten,
{bit.
blow, blew, blown.
break, broke, broken.
chide, chid, chidden.
choose, chose, chosen.
cleave, (split), clove, cloven.
cling, clung, clung.
come, came, come.
crow, crew,[2] crowed.
dig, dug[2] dug.
do, did, done.
draw, drew, drawn.
drive, drove, driven.
drink, drank, drunk.
eat, eat, ate, eaten.
fall, fell, fallen.
fight, fought, fought.
find, found, found.
fling, flung, flung.
fly, flew, flown.
forget, forgot, {forgotten,
{forgot.
forsake, forsook, forsaken.
freeze, froze, frozen.
get, got, {gotten,
{got.
give, gave, given.
go, went, gone.
grind, ground, ground.
grow, grew, grown.
hang, hung,[2] hung.[2]
hide, hid, {hidden,
{hid.
hold, held, held.
know, knew, known.
lie, lay, lain.
mow, mowed, mown.
ride, rode, ridden.
ring, rang, rung.
rise, rose, risen.
run, ran, run.
see, saw, seen.
shake, shook, shaken.
shear, sheared, shorn.[2]
shine, shone,[2] shone.[2]
show, showed, shown.[2]
shrink, shrank, shrunk.
sing, sang, sung.
sink, sank, {sunk,
{sunken.
sit, sat, sat.
slay, slew, slain.
slide, slid, slidden.
sling, slung, slung.
slink, slunk, slunk.
slit, slit, slit.
smite, smote, smitten.
sow, sowed, sown.[2]
speak, spoke, spoken.
spin, spun, spun.
spring, sprang, sprung.
stand, stood, stood.
steal, stole, stolen.
stick, stuck, stuck.
sting, stung, stung.
stink, stank, stunk.
strew, strewed, {strewn,[2]
{strown.
stride, strode, stridden.
strike, struck, {struck,
{stricken.
string, strung, strung.
strive, strove, striven.
swear, swore, sworn.
swim, swam, swum.
swing, swung, swung.
take, took, taken.
tear, tore, torn.
thrive, throve,[2] thriven.[2]
throw, threw, thrown.
tread, trod, trodden.
wax, waxed, waxen.[2]
wear, wore, worn.
weave, wove, woven.
win, won, won.
wind, wound, wound.
wring, wrung, wrung.
write, wrote, written.

-----

[2] Also like the weak conjugation.

A LIST OF DEFECTIVE VERBS OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION.

=Present.= =Past.= =Perf. Part.=
can, could, ——
may, might, ——
shall, should, ——
will, would, ——
must, must, ——
ought, ought, ——

* * * * *

=LESSON XLV.=

AUXILIARY VERBS.

We have learned in Lesson XL. that the verb has different forms of itself to express a difference between present and past time only, and when we wish to express that an act took place any other time, we use another verb to aid the principal verb.

State which of the italicized verbs in the following sentences is used independently, to express its own meaning, and which is used to aid another verb to express its meaning:—

1. I _have_ a knife.
2. I _have_ written the letter.
3. He _was_ a good student.
4. He _was_ fined for doing wrong.

A verb that is used to help to conjugate other verbs is called an =auxiliary verb=; as, We _have_ found your book.

The auxiliary verbs that aid in distinguishing the time of an action are _have_, _shall_, _will_, _do_ and _be_.

THE FORMS OF THE VERB =_HAVE_=.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =PAST TENSE.= =PERFECT PART.=
have, had, had.

INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I have, 1. We have,
2. Thou hast, 2. You have,
3. He has. 3. They have.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I had, 1. We had,
2. Thou hadst, 2. You had,
3. He had. 3. They had.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. (If) I have, 1. (If) we have,
2. (If) thou have, 2. (If) you have,
3. (If) he have. 3. (If) they have.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. (If) I had, 1. (If) we had,
2. (If) thou had, 2. (If) you had,
3. (If) he had. 3. (If) they had.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

=Singular.= =Plural.=
Have (thou). Have (ye or
you).

=Infinitives.= =Participles.=
(To) have, IMPERFECT—Having,
Having. PERFECT—Had.

_Have_ is used as an auxiliary with the perfect participle of a verb, to form the perfect tenses; as,

PRESENT PERFECT—I have written.
PAST PERFECT—I had written.
FUTURE PERFECT—I shall have written.
PERFECT INFINITIVES—(To) have written; having written.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE—Having written.

When _have_ denotes possession it is an independent verb; as My friends _have_ a canary.

EXERCISE.

In which of the following sentences is _have_ an independent verb, and in which is it an auxiliary:—

1. The wheelmen have their own road.
2. I know that he has taken it.
3. England had won the sources of the Nile!—_Baker._
4. Have then thy wish; he whistled shrill,
And he was answered from the hill.—_Scott._
5. I have obeyed my uncle until now.
And I have sinned, for it was all through me
That evil came on William at the first.—_Tennyson._
6. Have you the heart? When your head did but ache,
I knit my handkercher about your brows,
(The best I had, a princess wrought it me,)
And I did never ask it you again.—_Shakespeare._

* * * * *

=LESSON XLVI.=

THE FORMS OF THE VERBS _SHALL_ AND _WILL_.

=SHALL.=

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I shall, 1. We shall,
2. Thou shalt, 2. You shall,
3. He shall. 3. They shall.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I should, 1. We should,
2. Thou shouldst, 2. You should,
3. He should. 3. They should.

=WILL.=

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I will, 1. We will,
2. Thou wilt, 2. You will,
3. He will. 3. They will.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I would, 1. We would,
2. Thou wouldst, 2. You would,
3. He would. 3. They would.

The auxiliaries _shall_ and _will_ are used with the infinitive to form the future tense of a verb. To denote simple futurity _shall_ is used in the first person, and _will_ in the second and third persons; as, I _shall go_ to-morrow; You _will go_ again; He _will go_ next year.

To make a promise or to denote determination, _will_ is used in the first person, and _shall_ in the second and third persons; as, I _will get_ it for you; You _shall_ not _go_; He _shall do_ that work.

_Should_ and _would_ have the same uses as _shall_ and _will_.

EXERCISE.

Tell how _shall_ and _will_. are used in the following sentences:—

1. The expectation of the wicked shall perish.—_Bible._
2. When ye come where I have stepped,
Ye will wonder why ye wept.—_E. Arnold._
3. Well, see to live; I will not touch thine eyes
For all the treasure that thine uncle owns.—_Shakespeare._
4. He that covereth his sins shall not prosper.—_Bible._
5. But in my time a father’s word was law,
And so it shall be now for me.—_Tennyson_.
6. If I talk to him, with his innocent prate
He will awake my mercy, which lies dead:
Therefore I will be sudden, and despatch.—_Shakespeare_.
7. The cock’s shrill clarion, or the echoing horn,
No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.—_Gray_.
8. “If you are not the heiress born,
And I,” said he, “the lawful heir,
We too shall wed to-morrow morn,
And you shall still be Lady Clare.”—_Tennyson_.

* * * * *

=LESSON XLVII.=

THE FORMS OF THE VERBS _DO_ AND _BE_.

=DO.=

INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I do, 1. We do,
2. Thou doest 2. You do,
or dost,
3. He does. 3. They do.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I did, 1. We did,
2. Thou didst, 2. You did,
3. He did. 3. They did.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. (If) I do, 1. (If) we do,
2. (If) thou do, 2. (If) you do,
3. (If) he do. 3. (If) they do.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. (If) I did, 1. (If) we did,
2. (If) thou did, 2. (If) you did,
3. (If) he did. 3. (If) they did.

=Imperative Mode.= =Infinitives.= =Participles.=
Do (thou or you). (To) do. IMPERFECT—Doing.
Doing. PERFECT—Done.

The present and past tenses of _do_ are used as auxiliaries with the present infinitive, (1) to express emphasis; as, I _do study_ every evening. (2) To express a denial; as, I _did not do_ it. (3) To ask questions; as, _Did_ you _see_ him?

When _do_ means _to perform_, it is an independent verb; as, He _did_ his part.

EXERCISE.

Name the sentences in which _do_ is used as an independent verb, and those in which it is used as an auxiliary, and explain the use of each auxiliary:—

1. Do they not err that devise evil?—_Bible._
2. All their works they do to be seen of men.—_Bible._
3. Stone walls do not a prison make.—_Lovelace._
4. And for that offense
Immediately we do exile him hence.—_Shakespeare._
5. And everybody praised the Duke
Who this great fight did win.—_Southey._
6. The evil that men do lives after them.—_Shakespeare._
7. So little they rose, so little they fell,
They did not move the Inchcape Bell.—_Southey._
8. If I do so, it will be of more price,
Being spoke behind your back, than to your
face.—_Shakespeare._

=BE.=

INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I am, 1. We are,
2. Thou art, 2. You are,
3. He is. 3. They are.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I was, 1. We were,
2. Thou wast, 2. You were,
3. He was. 3. They were.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. (If) I be, 1. (If) we be,
2. (If) thou be, 2. (If) you be,
3. (If) he be. 3. (If) they be

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. (If) I were, 1. (If) we were,
2. (If) thou wert, 2. (If) you were,
3. (If) he were. 3. (If) they were.

=Imperative Mode.= =Infinitives.= =Participles.=
Be (thou or you). (To) be. IMPERFECT—Being.
Being. PERFECT—Been.

1. The verb _to be_ is used as an auxiliary with the perfect participle of a transitive verb, to form the _passive voice_; as, I _am hurt_.

2. The verb _to be_ is used as an auxiliary with the present participle of a verb, to form the _progressive form_; as, I _am writing_.

3. The verb _to be_, without the participle of another verb, is used to express (1) _existence_; as, Whatever _is_, is right. (2) To act as a _copula_ (connecting word); as, Sugar _is_ sweet. Whatever is, _is_ right.

EXERCISE I.

State the use of the verb _be_ in each of the following sentences:—

1. “Alas,” said I, “man was made in vain!”—_Addison._
2. Brevity is the soul of wit.—_Shakespeare._
3. The waves were white, and red the morn,
In the noisy hour when I was born.—_Procter._
4. It was a summer evening,
Old Kaspar’s work was done,
And he before his cottage door
Was sitting in the sun.—_Southey._
5. It is my lady, O, it is my love!
O, that she knew she were!—_Shakespeare._
6. When the heart is right there is true
patriotism.—_Berkeley._
7. True worth is in being, not seeming.—_A. Cary._
8. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on; and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep.—_Shakespeare._

EXERCISE II.

1. Write four examples of the verb _be_ used as an independent verb.

2. Write four examples of the verb _be_ used in making the progressive form.

3. Write four examples of the verb _be_ used in forming the passive voice.

* * * * *

=LESSON XLVIII.=

OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS.

In the last three lessons we have studied the auxiliaries used in distinguishing the time of an action. We shall now study the auxiliaries _can_, _may_, _must_, _ought_, _should_ and _would_, which enable us to express other distinctions.

=CAN.=

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I can, 1. We can,
2. Thou canst, 2. You can,
3. He can. 3. They can.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I could, 1. We could,
2. Thou couldst, 2. You could,
3. He could. 3. They could.

_Can_ is used to denote power or ability; as, I _can_ sing. He _could_ write very rapidly.

=MAY.=

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I may, 1. We may,
2. Thou mayest, 2. You may,
3. He may. 3. They may.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I might, 1. We might,
2. Thou mightest, 2. You might,
3. He might. 3. They might.

_May_ is used to denote permission, possibility, or a wish; as, You _may_ leave the room. He _might_ succeed again. _May_ you be there too.

_Could_ and _might_ are used sometimes in a conditional sense; as, They _might_ stay here if we _could_ help them.

The phrases made by the auxiliaries _may_ and _can_ with the infinitive of a verb are sometimes called _potential verb-phrases_, because they express that an action is possible from the subject having power to perform it.

=MUST and OUGHT.=

_Must_ has no other form. It is used to denote necessity or obligation; as, I _must_ remain here.

_Ought_ is the old past of the verb _owe_. It is used to denote duty or obligation; as, I _ought_ to help him.

The phrases made by the auxiliaries _must_ and _ought_, with the infinitive of a verb, are sometimes called _obligative verb-phrases_, because they imply _obligation_.

=SHOULD and WOULD.=

_Should_ and _would_ are the past tense forms of the auxiliaries _shall_ and _will_.

_Should_ and _would_ are especially used with the infinitive of a verb to express a conditional statement; as, _I should do so_ if I had the opportunity. _He would come_ if I asked him.

Since the phrases formed by _should_ and _would_ with the infinitive of a verb imply a condition, they are called _conditional verb-phrases_.

1. _Should_ and _would_ are often used in expressing the condition itself; as, _If he should be here_, they would know it.

2. They have sometimes their more independent meanings of _ought_ and _be determined_; as, _I should go_, I know. _She would come_, no matter what happened.

EXERCISE I.

State the use of the verbs _may_, _can_, _must_, _ought_, _should_ and _would_ in the following sentences:—

1. For I can weather the roughest gale,
That ever wind did blow.—_Longfellow._
2. She must weep or she will die.—_Tennyson._
3. We ought to obey God.—_Bible._
4. And when he next doth ride abroad
May I be there to see!—_Cowper._
5. “Please, Brown,” he whispered, “may I wash my face and
hands?”—_Hughes._
6. I would not for the wealth of all the town
Here in my home do him disparagement.—_Shakespeare._
7. For men may come and men may go,
But I go on forever.—_Tennyson._
8. If a storm should come and wake the deep,
What matter! I shall ride and sleep.—_Procter._
9. It may be that Death’s bright angel
Will speak in that chord again,
It may be that only in Heaven
I shall hear that grand Amen.—_Procter._

EXERCISE II.

Write sentences containing the following verbs used correctly—_can_, _may_, _must_, _ought_, _should_, _would_. State the use in each case.

* * * * *

=LESSON XLIX.=

CONJUGATION TO DENOTE THE TIME OR TENSE OF AN ACTION OF THE VERB _PRAISE_.

=ACTIVE VOICE.=—INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I praise, 1. We praise,
2. Thou praisest, 2. You praise,
3. He praises. 3. They praise.

=PRESENT=
=PERFECT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I have praised, 1. We have praised,
2. Thou hast 2. You have praised,
praised,
3. He has praised. 3. They have
praised.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I praised, 1. We praised,
2. Thou praisedst, 2. You praised,
3. He praised. 3. They praised.

=PAST =
=PERFECT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I had praised, 1. We had praised,
2. Thou hadst praised, 2. You had praised,
3. He had praised. 3. They had praised.

=FUTURE TENSE.=
(Denoting Future
Action.)
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I shall praise, 1. We shall
praise,
2. Thou wilt 2. You will
praise, praise,
3. He will praise. 3. They will
praise.

=FUTURE TENSE.=
(Denoting a
Promise
or Determination.)
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I will praise, 1. We will praise,
2. Thou shalt 2. You shall
praise, praise,
3. He shall 3. They shall
praise. praise.

=FUTURE=
=PERFECT TENSE.=
(Denoting Future
Action.)
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I shall have praised, 1. We shall have praised,
2. Thou wilt have 2. You will have praised,
praised,
3. He will have praised. 3. They will have praised.

=FUTURE=
=PERFECT TENSE.=
(Denoting a
Promise
or Determination.)
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I will have praised, 1. We will have praised,
2. Thou shalt have 2. You shall have
praised, praised,
3. He shall have praised. 3. They shall have
praised.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. (If) I praise, 1. (If) we praise,
2. (If) thou praise, 2. (If) you praise,
3. (If) he praise. 3. (If) they praise.

=PAST TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. (If) I praised, 1. (If) we praised,
2. (If) thou 2. (If) you praised,
praised,
3. (If) he praised. 3. (If) they
praised.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
Praise (thou). Praise (ye or
you).

=INFINITIVES.=
=Present.= =Perfect.=
(To) praise, (To) have praised,
Praising. Having praised.

=PARTICIPLES.=
=Present or =Present Perfect
Imperfect.= or Perfect.=
Praising. Having praised.

=PASSIVE VOICE.=

The passive forms of a transitive verb are made by the aid of the auxiliary _be_.

INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I am praised, 1. We are praised,
2. Thou art praised, 2. You are praised,
3. He is praised. 3. They are praised.

=PRESENT= =PERFECT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I have been praised, 1. We have been praised, 2. Thou hast been 2. You have been praised, praised, 3. He has been praised. 3. They have been praised.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I was praised, 1. We were praised, 2. Thou wast praised, 2. You were praised, 3. He was praised. 3. They were praised.

=PAST= =PERFECT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I had been praised, 1. We had been praised, 2. Thou hadst been 2. You had been praised, praised, 3. He had been praised. 3. They had been praised.

=FUTURE TENSE.= (Denoting Future Action.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I shall be praised, 1. We shall be praised, 2. Thou wilt be praised, 2. You will be praised, 3. He will be praised. 3. They will be praised.

=FUTURE TENSE.=
(Denoting a
Promise
or Determination.)
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I will be praised, 1. We will be praised, etc.
etc.

=FUTURE=
=PERFECT TENSE.=
(Denoting Future
Action.)
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I shall have been 1. We shall have been
praised, praised,
etc. etc.

=FUTURE=
=PERFECT TENSE.=
(Denoting a
Promise
or Determination.)
=Singular.= =Plural.=
1. I will have been 1. We will have been
praised, praised,
etc. etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I be praised, 1. (If) we be praised, 2. (If) thou be praised, 2. (If) you be praised, 3. (If) he be praised. 3. (If) they be praised.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I were praised, 1. (If) we were praised, 2. (If) thou were 2. (If) you were praised, praised, 3. (If) he were praised. 3. (If) they were praised.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.=
Be (thou) praised.

=INFINITIVES.=
=Present.= =Perfect.=
(To) be praised, (To) have been praised,
Being praised. Having been praised.

=PARTICIPLES.=
=Present or Imperfect.= =Perfect or Present Perfect.=
Being praised. Praised or Having been praised.

_PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF THE VERB_ =PRAISE.=

INDICATIVE MODE.

=Present Tense.= =Present Perfect Tense.=
I am praising, etc. I have been praising, etc.

=Past Tense.= =Past Perfect Tense.=
I was praising, etc. I had been praising, etc.

=Future Tense.= =Future Perfect Tense.=
I shall be praising, etc. I shall have been praising, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=Present Tense.= =Past Tense.=
(If) I be praising, etc. (If) I were praising, etc.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

=Present Tense.=
Be (thou) praising.

INFINITIVES.

=Present.= =Perfect.=
(To) be praising. (To) have been praising,
Having been praising.

PARTICIPLES.

=Present or Imperfect.= =Perfect or Present Perfect.=
Praising. Having been praising.

EXERCISE I.

Fully conjugate the verb _freeze_ in both voices.

EXERCISE II.

Write out the progressive forms of the verb _sing_.

* * * * *

=LESSON L.=

PARSING OF VERBS.

To parse a verb is to state its _class_, its _conjugation_, its _voice_, its _mode_, its _tense_, its _person_, and _number_, and its _subject_.

=Model.=—The boys _have broken_ the window.

_Have broken_, a verb, transitive; strong conjugation (break, broke, broken); active voice; indicative mode; present perfect tense, third person; plural number, agreeing with its subject _boys_.

=Model.=—If they _help_ my friend I _shall be_ glad.

_Help_, a verb, transitive; weak conjugation (help, helped, helped); active voice; subjunctive mode; present tense; third person; plural number, agreeing with its subject _they_.

_Shall be_, a verb, intransitive; strong conjugation (am, was, been); indicative mode; future tense; first person; singular number, agreeing with its subject _I_.

=Model.=—_Being provided_ with tools, they _planted_ a row of stakes within their palisade, _to form_ a double fence.

_Being provided_, a present participle; passive form, modifying _they_.

_Planted_, a verb, transitive; weak conjugation (plant, planted, planted); active voice; indicative mode; past tense; third person; plural number, agreeing with its subject _they_.

_To form_, a present infinitive; active voice; used as an adverb to modify _planted_.

EXERCISE.

Parse the verbs, the infinitives, and the participles in the following sentences:—

1. They are fond of building castles in the air.
2. On he comes, running lightly, with his hands in his pockets.
3. Searching the pile of corpses, the victors found four
Frenchmen still breathing.—_Parkman._
4. The former target was now removed, and a fresh one of the
same size placed in its room.—_Scott._
5. When summoned to surrender, he fired at one of the leading
assailants, but was instantly overpowered.—_Warburton._
6. If terror were the object of its creation, nothing could be
imagined more perfect than the devil-fish.—_Hugo._
7. Madeleine ordered a cannon to be fired, partly to deter the
enemy from an assault, and partly to warn some of the
soldiers, who were hunting at a distance.—_Parkman._
8. I am told that it is the custom to collect the sap and bring
it to the house, where are built brick arches, over which
the sap is evaporated in shallow pans.—_Warner._
9. Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time.—_Longfellow._
10. It was the schooner Hesperus,
That sailed the wintry sea;
And the skipper had taken his little daughter,
To bear him company.—_Longfellow._

* * * * *

=LESSON LI.=

CLASSES OF ADVERBS.

What does each adverb in the following sentences denote?—

1. Soon the cavalry arrived.
2. Our friends live here.
3. He walked slowly into the house.
4. We had a very pleasant outing.
5. Certainly, I believe it.

_Classes of Adverbs according to their_ =meaning=:—

1. Adverbs of =time= and =succession=; as, She _seldom_ fails to call. We come next.

2. Adverbs of =place= and =motion=; as, John stood _there_ for an hour. They are going _back_.

_Note._—The word _there_ is sometimes used merely to introduce
a sentence, that the subject may follow the verb; as, _There_
are two boys in the room. When it is used in this manner it is
called an =expletive=.

3. Adverbs of =manner= and =quality=; as, You did it _well_. That man acts _foolishly_.

4. Adverbs of =degree= and =measure=; as, He is _quite_ ill. She is a _very_ industrious woman.

5. _Model_ adverbs—those that express certainty or uncertainty; as, I shall _surely_ come. You are _probably_ right.

EXERCISE.

How is each adverb used in the following sentences?—

1. This river flows rapidly.
2. I know how he acted.
3. Where is your father?

_Classes of Adverbs according to their_ =use=:—

1. An adverb that simply modifies another word is called a =simple adverb=; as, _Slowly_ and _sadly_ we laid him _down_.

2. An adverb that not only modifies a word, but also connects the clause of which it forms a part with another clause, is called a =conjunctive adverb=; as, I shall go _when_ he comes.

3. An adverb that is used to ask a question is called an =interrogative adverb=; as, _Why_ did they take it away?

_Note._—Some adverbs are compared like adjectives; as, Soon,
sooner, soonest; swiftly, more swiftly, most swiftly.

* * * * *

=LESSON LII.=

PARSING OF ADVERBS.

To parse an adverb is to state the kind of adverb, its =degree= of comparison, if it has any, and what it =modifies=.

=Model.=—_Now_ you may read it.

_Now_, an adverb of time, modifying the verb-phrase _may read_.

=Model.=—I know _where_ you put it.

_Where_, a conjunctive adverb, showing place. It modifies _put_ and connects the clause, [_where_] _you put it_ with the clause, _I know_.

EXERCISE.

Parse the adverbs in the following sentences:—

1. He could not ever rue his marrying me.—_Tennyson._
2. So those four abode within one house together.—_Tennyson._
3. The boys waited eagerly for further experiments on the
doctor’s patience.—_Anstey._
4. Silently down from the mountain’s crown
The great procession swept.—_Mrs. Alexander._
5. How closely he twineth, how tight he clings
To his friend, the huge oak-tree!—_Dickens._
6. There was manhood’s brow serenely high,
And the fiery heart of youth.—_Hemans._
7. Aim straightly, fire steadily! spare me
A ball in the body which may
Deliver my heart here, and tear me
This badge of the Austrian away!—_Mrs. Browning._
8. Believe not each accusing tongue,
As most weak people do;
But still believe that story wrong
Which ought not to be true.—_Sheridan._
9. Again I looked at the snow-fall,
And thought of the leaden sky
That arched o’er our first great sorrow,
When that mound was heaped so high.—_Lowell._

* * * * *

=LESSON LIII.=

PREPOSITIONS.

What do the prepositions in the following sentences connect, and what relations do they express?—

1. I came during the night.
2. He lives at home.
3. Our friends came by train.
4. The oar of the boat was broken.

Prepositions express a great variety of relations. The most common relations are as follows:—

1. =Time=; as, The scholars go home _after_ school.

2. =Place= or =direction=; as, He sat _upon_ a stone.

3. =Agency= or =means=; as, John cut his finger _with_ a knife.

4. =Possession=; as, The call _of_ the shepherd was heard by his flock.

5. =Separation=; as, James took the book _from_ his brother.

6. =Association=; as, A man _with_ an axe in his hand came in.

7. =Opposition=; as, He is _against_ me.

8. =Object=; as, The love _of_ pleasure destroys many a life.

9. =Cause=; as, They did it _through_ ignorance.

_Note._—There are many phrases which have the use of
prepositions and are treated as such; as, We stood _in front of_
the building. A woman came _out of_ the house. He lived
_according to_ his light.

PARSING OF PREPOSITIONS.

=Model.=—I stood _on_ the bridge _at_ midnight.

_On_, a preposition, connecting the noun _bridge_ with the verb _stood_, and showing the relation of _place_.

_At_, a preposition, connecting the noun _midnight_ with the verb _stood_, and showing the relation of _time_.

EXERCISE.

Parse the prepositions in the following sentences:—

1. The old man was killed by a falling tree.
2. The perfume of the rose is sweet.
3. A child fell into the river.
4. My brother went instead of me.
5. Without a moment’s hesitation, he and his men dashed at the
height.
6. Now see him mount once again
Upon his nimble steed,
Full slowly pacing o’er the stones,
With caution and good heed.—_Cowper._
7. Richard surveyed the Nubian in silence as he stood before
him, his looks bent upon the ground, his arms folded on
his bosom, with the appearance of a black marble statue of
the most exquisite workmanship, waiting life from the
touch of a Prometheus.—_Scott._
8. Beside yon straggling fence that skirts the way,
With blossomed furze unprofitably gay,
There, in his noisy mansion, skilled to rule,
The village master taught his little school.—_Goldsmith._

* * * * *

=LESSON LIV.=

CLASSES OF CONJUNCTIONS.

Point out in the following examples conjunctions that connect sentences or parts of a sentence of equal rank, and those that connect sentences that are not of equal rank:—

1. Men may come and men may go.
2. I have a pen and a book.
3. Henry remained but we went home.
4. My father knew that I did it.

A conjunction that connects sentences or parts of a sentence of equal rank, is called a =co-ordinating conjunction=; as, The night is cold _and_ clear. It was sold, _but_ I did not want it. I know he came home, _and_ took it away.

A conjunction that connects a dependent or subordinate clause to a principal clause, is called a =subordinating conjunction=; as, James said _that_ he was sick. I cannot go _unless_ he come.

_Note._—Conjunctions used in pairs are called =correlatives=;
as, _both_—_and_, _either_—_or_, _neither_—_nor_.

PARSING OF CONJUNCTIONS.

=Model.=—The teacher gave me a book, _and_ I read it.

_And_, a co-ordinating conjunction, connecting the two principal clauses, _The teacher gave me a book_, and _I read it_.

=Model.=—The boy is strong _but_ lazy.

_But_, a co-ordinating conjunction, connecting the adjectives _strong_ and _lazy_.

=Model.=—His mother said _that_ he might go.

_That_, a subordinating conjunction, connecting the subordinate clause, _he might go_, to the principal clause, _his mother said_.

EXERCISE I.

Parse the conjunctions in the following sentences:—

1. He often looked at them,
And often thought, “I’ll make them man and
wife.”—_Tennyson._
2. The natives of the island supposed that the ships had sailed
out of the crystal firmament, or had descended from above
on their ample wings.—_Irving._
3. Here lies his head upon the lap of earth,
A youth to fortune and to fame unknown.—_Gray._
4. By chance it happened that in Atri dwelt
A knight, with spur on heel and sword in belt.—_Longfellow._
5. With a sword or a hatchet in one hand and a knife in the
other, they threw themselves against the throng of
enemies, striking and stabbing with the fury of madmen,
till the Iroquois fired volley after volley, and shot them
down.—_Parkman._
6. Cheerily, then, my little man,
Live and laugh, as boyhood can!
Though the flinty slopes be hard,
Stubble-speared the new-mown sward,
Every morn shall lead thee through
Fresh baptisms of the dew.—_Whittier._

EXERCISE II.

1. Write three sentences each containing a co-ordinating conjunction. Underline example.

2. Write three sentences each containing a subordinating conjunction. Underline example.

3. Write an example of correlative conjunctions. Underline them.

* * * * *

=LESSON LV.=

INTERJECTIONS.

As an interjection bears no grammatical relation to the other words of a sentence, its parsing consists in naming the parts of speech, and the feeling expressed.

=Model.=—Hurrah! we have won.

_Hurrah_, an interjection—expresses the feeling of joy.

EXERCISE.

Parse the interjections in the following sentences:—