Chapter III: Part I: The Beginnings and Growth of Morality

II. EARLY GROUP LIFE 17

Sec. 1. _Typical facts of group life_:--Primitive unity and
solidarity, 17. Sec. 2. _Kinship and household groups_:--The
kinship group, 21; the family or household group, 23.
Sec. 3. _Kinship and family groups as economic and industrial
units_:--The land and the group, 24; movable goods, 25.
Sec. 4. _Kinship and family groups as political bodies_:--Their
control over the individual, 26; rights and responsibility, 27.
Sec. 5. _The kinship or household as a religious unit_:--Totem
groups, 30; ancestral religion, 31. Sec. 6. _Age and sex groups_,
32. Sec. 7. _Moral significance of the group_, 34.

III. THE RATIONALIZING AND SOCIALIZING AGENCIES IN EARLY SOCIETY 37

Sec. 1. _Three levels of conduct_:--Conduct as instinctive and
governed by primal needs, regulated by society's standards,
and by personal standards, 37. Sec. 2. _Rationalizing agencies_:
Work, 40; arts and crafts, 41; war, 42. Sec. 3. _Socializing
agencies_:--Cooperation, 42; art, 45. Sec. 4. _Family life
as idealizing and socializing agency_, 47. Sec. 5. _Moral
interpretation of this first level_, 49.

IV. GROUP MORALITY--CUSTOMS OR MORES 51

Sec. 1. _Meaning, authority, and origin of customs_, 51.
Sec. 2. _Means of enforcing custom_:--Public approval, taboos,
rituals, force, 54. Sec. 3. _Conditions which render group
control conscious_:--Educational customs, 57; law and
justice, 59; danger or crisis, 64. Sec. 4. _Values and defects
of customary morality_:--Standards, motives, content,
organization of character, 68.

V. FROM CUSTOM TO CONSCIENCE; FROM GROUP MORALITY TO PERSONAL
MORALITY 73

Sec. 1. _Contrast and collision_, 73. Sec. 2. _Sociological
agencies in the transition_:--Economic forces, 76; science
and the arts, 78; military forces, 80; religious forces,
81. Sec. 3. _Psychological agencies_:--Sex, 81; private
property, 83; struggles for mastery and liberty, 84; honor
and esteem, 85. Sec. 4. _Positive reconstruction_, 89.

VI. THE HEBREW MORAL DEVELOPMENT 91

Sec. 1. _General character and determining principles_:--The
Hebrew and the Greek, 91; Political and economic factors, 92.
Sec. 2. _Religious agencies_:--Covenant, 94; personal law-giver,
95; cultus, 97; prophets, 99; the kingdom, 100. Sec. 3. _Moral
conceptions attained_:--Righteousness and sin, 102;
responsibility, 104; purity of motive, 105; the ideal of
"life," 107; the social ideal, 108.

VII. THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEKS 111

Sec. 1. _The fundamental notes_:--Convention versus nature, 111;
measure, 112; good and just, 113. Sec. 2. _Intellectual forces of
individualism_:--The scientific spirit, 114. Sec. 3. _Commercial
and political individualism_:--Class interests, 119; why obey
laws? 122. Sec. 4. _Individualism and ethical theory_:--The
question formulated, 124; individualistic theories, 126. Sec. 5.
_The deeper view of nature and the good, of the individual and
the social order_:--Aristotle on the natural, 127; Plato's
ideal state, 129; passion or reason, 131; eudaemonism and the
mean, 134; man and the cosmos, 135. Sec. 6. _The conception of
the ideal_:--Contrast with the actual, 136; ethical
significance, 138. Sec. 7. _The conception of the self, of
character and responsibility_:--The poets, 138; Plato and the
Stoics, 140.

VIII. THE MODERN PERIOD 142

Sec. 1. _The mediaeval ideals_:--Groups and class ideals, 143;
the church ideal, 145. Sec. 2. _Main lines of modern
development_, 147. Sec. 3. _The old and new in the beginnings
of individualism_, 149. Sec. 4. _Individualism in the progress
of liberty and democracy_:--Rights, 151. Sec. 5. _Individualism
as affected by the development of industry, commerce, and
art_:--Increasing power and interests, 153; distribution of
goods, 157; industrial revolution raises new problems,
159. Sec. 6. _The individual and the development of
intelligence_:--The Renaissance, 163; the Enlightenment, 165;
the present significance of scientific method, 167.

IX. A GENERAL COMPARISON OF CUSTOMARY AND REFLECTIVE MORALITY 171

Sec. 1. _Elements of agreement and continuity_:--Regime
of custom, 172; persistence of group morality, 173;
origin of ethical terms, 175. Sec. 2. _Elements of
contrast_:--Differentiation of the moral, 177; observing
_versus_ reflecting, 178; the higher law, 181; deepening of
meaning, 182. Sec. 3. _Opposition between individual and social
aims and standards_:--Withdrawal from the social order, 184;
individual emancipation, 186. Sec. 4. _Effects upon the
individual character_:--Increased possibilities of evil as well
as of good, 187. Sec. 5. _Moral differentiation and the social
order_:--Effects on the family, 193; on industry and government,
194; on religion, 195; general relation of religion to morality,
197.