Chapter V: Part III: The World of Action

XX. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL 427

Object of discussion, 427. Sec. 1. _Growth of individuality
through social organizations_:--Emancipation from custom,
428; double movement towards individuality and complex
associations, 429; morality and legality, 432; two-fold
contribution of social environment to individual morality,
433; moral value of the state, 434. Sec. 2. _Responsibility
and freedom_:--Liability, 436; freedom as exemption and as
power, 437; legal and moral freedom, 438. Sec. 3. _Rights and
obligations_:--Their definition, 439; they are correlative,
440; physical rights, 442; limitations put upon them by war
and punishment, 443; by poverty, 444; mental rights, 445;
limitations to freedom of thought and expression, 446;
education, 448.

XXI. CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE POLITICAL STATE 451

Sec. 1. _Civil rights and obligations_:--Their definition, 451;
their classes, 452; significance of established remedies for
wrongs, 454. Sec. 2. _Development of civil rights_:--Contrast
with savage age justice, 456; social harm versus metaphysical
evil, 457; recognition of accident and intent, 459; of
character and circumstances, 460; of mental incapacity, 462;
significance of negligence and carelessness, 464; conflict of
substantial and technical justice, 465; relations of the legal
and moral, 467; reform of criminal procedure necessary, 468;
also of punitive methods, 470; and of civil administration,
471. Sec. 3. _Political rights and obligations_:--Significance
of the state, 473; distrust of government, 474; indifference to
politics, 476; political corruption, 477; reform of partisan
machinery, 478; of governmental machinery, 479; constructive
social legislation, 480; a federated humanity, 481. Sec. 4. _The
moral criterion of political activity_:--Its statement, 482;
the individualistic formula, 483; the collectivistic formula,
484.

XXII. THE ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE 486

Sec. 1. _General analysis_:--The economic in relation to
happiness, 487; relation to character, 488; social aspects,
491. Sec. 2. _The problem set by the new economic
order_:--Collective and impersonal organizations, 495;
readjustments required, 496. Sec. 3. _The agencies for carrying
on commerce and industry_:--Early agencies, 497; the business
enterprise, 498; the labor union, 499; reversion to group
morality, 500; members and management, 500; employer and
employed, 501; relations to the public, 502; to the law, 503.
Sec. 4. _The methods of production, exchange, and
valuation_:--The machine, 507; basis of valuation, 508. Sec. 5.
_The factors which aid ethical reconstruction_:--Principles
more easily seen, 511.

XXIII. SOME PRINCIPLES IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER 514

1. Wealth subordinate to personality, 514. 2. Wealth and
activity, 514. 3. Wealth and public service, 515. 4. A change
demanded from individual to collective morality, 517. 5.
Personal responsibility, 519. 6. Publicity and legal control,
520. 7. Democracy and distribution, 521.

XXIV. UNSETTLED PROBLEMS IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER 523

Sec. 1. _Individualism and socialism_:--General statement, 523;
equal opportunity, 526. Sec. 2. _Individualism or free contract
analyzed; its values_:--Efficiency, 527; initiative, 527;
regulation of production, 528. Sec. 3. _Criticisms upon
individualism_:--It does not secure real freedom, 528; nor
justice, 530; competition tends to destroy itself, 531;
position of the aristocratic individualists, 532.

XXV. UNSETTLED PROBLEMS IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER (CONTINUED) 536

Sec. 4. _The theory of public agency and control_, 536. Sec.
5. _Society as agency of production_:--Charges against private
management, 537; corruption, 538; conditions of labor, 540;
collective agency not necessarily social, 544. Sec. 6.
_Theories of just distribution_:--Individualistic theory, 546;
equal division, 547; a working programme, 548. Sec. 7.
_Ownership and use of property_:--Defects in the present
system, 551. Sec. 8. _Present tendencies_:--Individualistic
character of the Constitution, 554; increased recognition of
public welfare, 555; social justice through economic, social,
and scientific progress, 557. Sec. 9. _Three special
problems_:--The open versus the closed shop, 559; the
capitalization of corporations, 561; the unearned increment,
564. Appendix: Prof. Seager's programme of social legislation,
566.

XXVI. THE FAMILY 571

Sec. 1. _Historical antecedents of the modern family_:--Maternal
type, 572; paternal type, 572; influence of the church, 576.
Sec. 2. _The psychological basis of the family_:--Emotional and
instinctive basis, 578; common will, 580; parenthood, 581;
social and religious factors, 582; the children, 582. Sec. 3.
_General elements of strain in family relations_:--Differences
between the sexes in temperament and occupation, 584; in
attitude toward the family, 587; differences between parents
and children, 589. Sec. 4. _Special conditions which give rise to
present problems_:--The economic factors, 590; cultural and
political factors, 593. Sec. 5. _Unsettled problems_:--Economic
problems, 594; the dilemma between the domestic life and
occupations outside the home, 595; the family as consumer,
598. Sec. 6. _Unsettled problems_:--Political problems, authority
within the family, 599; equality or inequality, 600; isolation
not the solution, 602; authority over the family, divorce,
603; general law of social health, 605; conclusion, 605.

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ETHICS