Chapter XXXIX: Cycadophytan Fronds (3)

A species[1724] characterised by very large fronds reaching 2 met., bearing broad linear pinnae almost at right-angles and attached to the rachis by decurrent bases, attaining a length of 21 cm. and a breadth at the base of the lamina of 3·5 cm. and 4 cm. a short distance from the acute apex. The veins are parallel to the edge of the lamina, but Staub does not appear to have seen distinct anastomoses. It is not improbable that Staub’s species may be identical with _C. asplenioides_ (Ett.) from the Lias of Hungary, specimens of which are preserved in the École des Mines, Paris.

_Ctenis asplenioides_ (Ettingshausen).

This species was first described by Ettingshausen[1725] from Liassic strata in Austria as _Taeniopteris asplenioides_ and compared by him to large simple fronds of _Asplenium nidus_ but distinguished by a deeply dissected lamina. Schenk[1726] found that the veins anastomose and adopted the name _Ctenis_. In habit very similar to _C. sulcicaulis_, but the pinnae are much broader, exceeding 4 cm., and the veins are 3–5 mm. apart. Only the basal part of the segments is figured by Ettingshausen. Specimens in the École des Mines, Paris, from Hungary have pinnae nearly 40 cm. long and 2·5 cm. in breadth, the parallel veins being connected by a few oblique branches. Both Ettingshausen and Schenk speak of small circular sori on the lower epidermis, though these are not figured nor were any sporangia obtained. This species and other examples of large _Ctenis_ fronds are described by Raciborski from Lower Jurassic rocks in Poland. He figures part of a leaf of _C. Zeyschneri_[1727] 40 cm. long bearing alternate pinnae approximately 10 cm. long and nearly 4 cm. broad, characterised by obtuse apices, a decurrent lamina, and anastomosing veins closer together (16–24 per 1 cm.) than those of _C. asplenioides_. In one Polish specimen, _C. remotinervis_[1728], with pinnae 5 cm. broad the lamina is represented in the upper part of the frond as continuous over the face of the rachis, and—if the drawing is accurate—the frond in this respect differs from typical examples of _Ctenis_ and agrees with _Nilssonia_. A species of _Ctenis_ with broad pinnae is described by Yokoyama[1729] from the Jurassic of China as _C. Kaneharai_.

_Ctenis sulcicaulis_ (Phillips).

This type[1730] is more familiar under the name _Ctenis falcata_ given to it by Lindley[1731], but if we follow Lester Ward[1732] in strict observance of the rule of priority, a course from which I have frequently deviated on the ground of long usage, the less familiar designation must be adopted. Fronds pinnate; long and tapered linear pinnae sometimes exceeding 12 cm. in length and 1 cm. in breadth attached obliquely or almost at right-angles to a fairly broad rachis (fig. 626). The lamina is broadest at the base and the lower margin is strongly decurrent, tapering distally to an acute apex. The parallel and frequently anastomosing veins diverge slightly in the basal region of the pinnae. Though usually separate to the base, the laminae of adjacent pinnae may be continuous as in a pinnatisect leaf[1733]. This species is recorded also from North America, and fronds of similar habit are figured by Fontaine[1734] from the Jurassic of Oregon as _Ctenis orovillensis_: a fragment recorded from Jurassic rocks in Afghanistan as _Ctenis_ sp. may belong to _C. sulcicaulis_[1735].

_Ctenis latifolia_ (Brongniart).

This species[1736], originally referred to _Taeniopteris_, was transferred to _Ctenis_ as the result of the discovery of anastomosing veins in the type-specimen in the Oxford Museum. The segments are shorter and broader than in _C. sulcicaulis_ and very similar to those of _C. orovillensis_ Font.

_Ctenis_ sp.

The pinna shown in fig. 624 from the Jurassic beds in Yorkshire[1737] is interesting as one of the few examples of the preservation of the cuticular membrane. The straight or curved walls of the epidermal cells agree with those of recent Cycads except _Stangeria_, and each cell bears a large central papilla that gives to the lamina the finely punctate appearance which has been regarded as evidence of sporangia. The gaps in the cuticle probably mark the position of sunken stomata.

=PSEUDOCTENIS.= Seward.

This genus[1738] was established for certain pinnate fronds agreeing in habit with _Ctenis sulcicaulis_ but distinguished by the almost complete absence of any cross-connexions between the veins. Some of the forms with narrow pinnae closely resemble species of _Zamites_, the distinguishing feature being the decurrent lower margin of the leaflets. Though such fronds might not unreasonably be included in _Ctenis_, it is more convenient on the analogy of the occasional occurrence of _Glossopteris_ fronds with very few anastomoses to employ a distinctive designation.

_Pseudoctenis eathiensis_ (Richards).

Some of the specimens on which this species[1739] is founded were originally figured by Miller[1740] from Upper Jurassic strata in Scotland and afterwards named by Richards[1741] _Zamites eathiensis_. The general appearance of the fronds is very like that of _Ctenis sulcicaulis_; the pinnae vary in breadth from about 3 mm. to 1·5 cm.; they are attached at right-angles or, in the apical region, may be almost parallel to the rachis. The longest pinna recorded is 17 cm. and the lamina tapers to a slender apex; the veins are parallel and occasionally forked, but cross-connexions are rare. The partially petrified rachis of one specimen showed hypodermal stereome and some secretory canals as in recent Cycads. The specimen from Wealden rocks near Hastings (fig. 627), originally described as _Zamites_ sp.[1742], is probably specifically identical with _Pseudoctenis eathiensis_. The South African Wealden species, originally described by Tate as _Palaeozamia Rubidgei_[1743], agrees closely with _Pseudoctenis_ and is probably an example of that genus. This type bears a close resemblance in the form of the frond to _Ctenophyllum grandifolium_ Font.[1744] and _C. Wardi_[1745] Font. from American Trias and Jurassic rocks respectively. _Pseudoctenis crassinervis_ Sew.[1746] is another Scotch form with coarser veins.

A frond very similar in habit to _P. eathiensis_ is represented by _Pseudoctenis ensiformis_ Halle[1747] from the Jurassic strata of Graham Land originally referred by Nathorst to _Pterophyllum_. An examination of the type-specimen in the Stockholm Museum revealed its resemblance to the Scotch species _P. eathiensis_: a single anastomosis was noticed in one of the pinnae. The broadly ensiform obtuse pinnae, reaching a length of 7 cm. with a maximum breadth of 3 cm. at their expanded bases, vary in breadth and are attached at right-angles to a slender rachis. The veins, 1–1·5 mm. apart, are parallel and strong. The varying breadth of the pinnae irrespective of their position on the rachis is a distinctive feature. Halle draws attention to a resemblance of this Antarctic species to _Ctenophyllum latifolium_ Font. a Potomac type referred by Berry[1748] to the genus _Ctenopsis_ on the rather slender ground that the veins are arranged in pairs. Berry in a footnote expresses the opinion that _Ctenopsis_ is very closely related to or possibly identical with _Pseudoctenis_.

If the bases of the pinnae in the specimen of _P. ensiformis_ figured by Halle are complete, as they appear to be, the frond agrees very closely with _Pterophyllum Carterianum_ Old. and Morr.[1749] from India. A comparison of the Rajmahal specimen with Halle’s figure leads me to regard the two fronds as probably identical. The veins in the Indian species, which should also be referred to _Pseudoctenis_, are prominent and from ·5 to 1 mm. apart; the base of the lamina is slightly broadened and the veins curve downwards towards the rachis in the lower decurrent portion. The other Indian type, _Pterophyllum Morrisianum_[1750], with which Halle compares his species is, however, not a _Pseudoctenis_ but should be included in _Nilssonia_ and is probably identical with _Pterophyllum princeps_ Old. and Morr.

_Pseudoctenis Lanei_ Thomas.

This species[1751], recently described from Middle Jurassic beds at Marske, Yorkshire, has narrower linear lanceolate pinnae. The linear pinnae reach a length of 10 cm. and a breadth of 9 mm. The veins are numerous, 10 in a breadth of 6 mm., and only one cross-vein was noticed. In the decurrent lower edge of the laminae the fronds are identical with _Ctenis sulcicaulis_. A very good example of this species[1752] in the York Museum is reproduced by Mr Thomas in his account of Cleveland Jurassic plants.

_Pseudoctenis Balli_ (Feistmantel).

A species described originally by Feistmantel[1753] as _Anomozamites Balli_ from the Barakar group of the Damuda series and afterwards transferred to the genus _Platypterygium_, characterised by broadly linear segments of unequal breadth attached obliquely or at right-angles to a slender rachis. The apices of the segments though usually imperfect appear to be truncate; the bases of the pinnae are decurrent by their lower edge. The veins are approximately 3 per millimetre; they are generally forked at the base and in one or two places show cross-connexions. In the middle of the frond the narrow rachis is exposed but in the apical region it is covered by the laminae. The occurrence of two divergent pinnae at the apex of the frond is a feature met with also in _Ctenis sulcicaulis_. This description is based on an examination of the specimens figured by Feistmantel.

III. +Cycadean Fronds which cannot be assigned to a family-position.+

=SPHENOZAMITES.= Brongniart.

This name was proposed by Brongniart[1754] as a subgenus of _Otozamites_ denoting pinnate fronds bearing leaflets without an auriculate base: he suggested that the subgenus might eventually be raised to generic rank and this was done by Zigno[1755] though in too wide a sense. In the case of _Otozamites Beani_ (Lind. and Hutt.), quoted by Brongniart in illustration of _Sphenozamites_, the latter designation is inapplicable as the pinnae are auriculate. Another species, _Zamites undulatus_ Sternb., to which Brongniart applied his new subgeneric term, is probably identical with _Otozamites acuminatus_ (L. and H.)[1756].

Although the distinction between _Sphenozamites_ and _Otozamites_ is often ill defined the former name may be conveniently adopted for pinnate fronds similar to those of _Zamia Skinneri_ and some species of _Encephalartos_ characterised by leaflets of an asymmetrical, obovate, or rhomboidal form with a contracted or cuneate base and numerous branched divergent veins. Nothing is known of the structure or reproductive organs of _Sphenozamites_, and the genus, though serving a useful descriptive purpose, is founded solely on form, and in the absence of other data it would be rash to assume that its use implies close natural affinity. In the case of many other genera of Cycadean fronds there is additional evidence of relationship, but this is not the case with _Sphenozamites_. The pinnae resemble those of such recent Cycadean fronds as _Zamia Skinneri_ and _Z. muricata_. The genus ranges from Lower Permian to Jurassic rocks.

_Sphenozamites Rochei_ Renault.

This species[1757], from the Lower Permian of the Autun district, is founded on a pinnate frond bearing alternate pinnae, 2·5 × 1 cm., with an asymmetrical oblong lamina attached obliquely near the edge of the rachis with a cuneate base slightly decurrent below and a broadly rounded apex; the veins dichotomise once or twice as they diverge from the narrow base (fig. 628). The pinnae resemble the leaflets of _Noeggerathia foliosa_ Sternb. and are similar in shape to those of the Jurassic species _Sphenozamites Geylerianus_ Zig.

_Sphenozamites Belli_ Seward.

This Middle Jurassic species from Stonesfield[1758] is founded on detached pinnae possibly identical with a specimen figured by Buckman as _?Naiadea obtusa_[1759]. The pinnae are wedge-shaped, tapering gradually to an acute apex and attached by a narrow base: the leaflet shown in fig. 629 is 9 cm. long; the veins are numerous and more divergent than in some leaves of similar form referred to the genus _Podozamites_. With this species may be compared several Italian Jurassic specimens described by Zigno[1760] as four distinct species but more appropriately assigned to a single type _S. Geylerianus_. An examination of Zigno’s fronds in the Padua Museum, which he named _S. Rossii_, leads me to regard the irregularly serrate edge of the pinnae as the result of tearing of an originally entire lamina and to compare the specimens with _Otozamites Beani_ (L. and H.). An imperfect ovoid pinna recalling _S. Belli_ is figured by Newberry from the Rhaetic of Honduras as _Sphenozamites robustus_[1761]. A French Upper Jurassic species figured by Saporta as _Sphenozamites latifolius_ bears a very close resemblance in the form of the leaflets to the Wealden plant _Sewardia latifolia_[1762]. Kurtz records the occurrence of _Sphenozamites_, _S. Geinitzianus_, from Rhaetic strata in Argentina[1763], but I have not seen any figures of this species.

=PLAGIOZAMITES=. Zeiller.

The name _Plagiozamites_ was proposed by Zeiller[1764] for some pinnate fronds and detached leaflets from the Stephanian of Commentry and the Lower Permian of the Vosges. The better preservation of the Vosges material enabled him to recognise certain features which led to the substitution of _Plagiozamites_ for _Zamites_, the name originally employed by Renault for the Commentry specimens. _Plagiozamites_ bears a superficial resemblance to _Zamites_ and _Otozamites_ and differs but little from _Sphenozamites_ and _Noeggerathia_; it stands for pinnate fronds bearing ovate pinnae with a sub-amplexicaul oblique attachment to the rachis as is clearly shown in the species _P. Planchardi_ (Ren.)[1765]. In the case of Palaeozoic fronds assigned to the Cycadophyta on the ground of the resemblance of their pinnae to those of undoubted Cycadean species, it is particularly important to recognise the fact that decisive evidence as to systematic position is lacking. We know nothing of the stem, the reproductive organs, or the epidermal and stomatal characters of _Plagiozamites_, and it is by no means certain that the genus is a true representative of the group in which it is provisionally included.

_Plagiozamites Planchardi_ (Renault).

Fronds pinnate; pinnae ovate-lanceolate reaching 5 cm. in length and 1·6 cm. in breadth, inserted obliquely on the rachis, but not along a line parallel to the long axis of the rachis as in _Zamites_, and partially embracing it: the edge of the lamina is finely denticulate; veins slightly divergent and occasionally branched. The leaflets are narrow and more acute than those of _Noeggerathia_ and _Sphenozamites Rochei_ Ren. _Plagiozamites_ is recorded from the Stephanian of Commentry, the Coal Measures of Manchuria[1766], and the Lower Permian of the Vosges. Renault described six species of _Zamites_ from Commentry all, except _Z. carbonarius_, based on detached pinnae. The type-specimen of _Z. carbonarius_ consists of a piece of stout rachis bearing ovate acute pinnae, 2·2 × 1 cm. Potonié[1767], who refers a piece of pinnate frond from the Permian of Thuringia to _Z. carbonarius_, includes the other species of Renault under that name. Whether or not the differences in the venation and form of the pinnae are of specific significance cannot be definitely settled without better material, but the important point is that these Permo-Carboniferous fronds are sufficiently distinct from _Zamites_ to be placed in a separate genus. _Plagiozamites carbonarius_ is recorded also by Zalessky[1768] from the Permian of Manchuria though the examples figured do not afford satisfactory evidence of the mode of insertion of the segments on the rachis. _P. Planchardi_ has recently been recorded from the Coal Measures of Maryland; the discovery is interesting both on phytogeographical grounds and as the first satisfactory record of a Palaeozoic Cycadophyte from North America[1769].

=Cycadorachis.= Saporta.

The employment of this generic name may serve a useful purpose if used for specimens, whether preserved as petrifactions or impressions, believed to be portions of Cycadean frond-axes, but which in the absence of pinnae cannot be assigned to one of the recognised genera of fronds. Saporta[1770] describes two species from Kimmeridgian beds in France, _Cycadorachis abscissa_ and _C. armata_: the first may be the winged base of a Cycadean petiole, but it agrees equally well with the broad base of an Osmundaceous leaf and should not be referred to a genus implying affinity with a particular class. The other species, _C. armata_, is probably a piece of a spinous axis like that of the Wealden plant _Sewardia latifolia_ (Sap.). A fragment figured by Fliche and Bleicher[1771] from the Jurassic of Nancy as _C. tuberculata_ is another example of a fossil which cannot be referred with any certainty to the Cycads.

Dr Stopes[1772], inadvertently overlooking the previous institution of _Cycadorachis_, has recently proposed the name _Cycadeorachis_ for pinnately branched rachises of Cycadean fronds which, ‘while indicating the general character of the frond, do not show the shape of the pinnae well enough to be associated with any of the many foliage-genera.’

LIST OF WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

(+Volumes III. and IV.+)

[_With a few exceptions this list does not include books and papers
given in the Bibliographies in volumes I. and II._]

The following are some of the Bibliographies which students will find useful for additional references:—Geological Literature added to the Geological Society’s Library, published from time to time by the Society; Prof. Zeiller’s lists in the ‘Revue Générale de Botanique’ (Paris); lists given by Arber in the ‘Progressus Rei Botanicae’ (Leiden), vol. +i.+ Heft i. p. 218, 1907; Jongman’s ‘Die Palaeobotanische Literatur’ (Jena), 1910–13; also the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature (Botany and Geology). For the Literature dealing with Cretaceous plants the student should refer to Dr Marie Stopes’ ‘Cretaceous Flora’ +i.+ and +ii.+ (British Museum Catalogues, 1913, 1915).

The dates of books published in parts given in the footnotes to this volume are as a rule those of the concluding part. For the dates of separate parts of books relating to Palaeozoic floras the student is referred to Prof. Zeiller’s valuable list at the end of the ‘Flore Fossile du Bassin Houiller de Valenciennes.’ Useful bibliographies of the writings of Saporta, Heer, and Ettingshausen have been compiled by Zeiller (96), Malloizel and Zeiller (N.D.), and Krasser (97).

=Aase, Hannah C.= (15) Vascular anatomy of the megasporophylls of
Conifers. _Botanical Gazette_, vol. +lx.+ p. 277.

=Affourtit, M. F. A.= and =H. C. C. La Rivière.= (15) On the ribbing of
the seeds of _Ginkgo_. _Annals of Botany_, vol. +xxix.+ p. 591.

=Andersson, J. G.= (10) Die Veränderungen des Klimas seit dem Maximum
der letzten Eiszeit. (Collection of papers published by the Int.
Geol. Congress; edited by J. G. Andersson.) _Stockholm_.

=Andrews, E. B.= (75) Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the Coal
Measures of Ohio. _Geol. Surv. Ohio_.

=Antevs, E.= (14) _Lepidopteris Ottonis_ (Göpp.) Schimp. and
_Anthotithus Zeilleri_ Nath. _K. Svensk._ _Vetenskapsakad. Hand._
Bd. +li.+ No. 7.

—— (14²) The Swedish Species of _Ptilozamites_ Nath. _Ibid._ Bd.
+li.+ No. 10.

=Arber, Agnes.= (See also Robertson, A.) (10) On the structure of the
Palaeozoic seed _Mitrospermum compressum_ (Will.). _Ann. Bot._
vol. +xxiv.+ p. 491.

—— (14) A note on _Trigonocarpus_. _Ibid._ vol. +xxviii.+ p. 195.

=Arber, E. A. Newell.= (02) Notes on the Binney collection
of Coal-Measure Plants. Pt. iii. The type-specimens of
_Lyginodendron oldhamium_ (Binney). _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc._ vol.
+xi.+ pt. iv. p. 281.

—— (03) On the roots of _Medullosa anglica. Ann. Bot._ vol. +xvii.+
p. 425.

—— (03²) Discussion on Dr Kurtz’s paper (1903). _Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc._ vol. +lix.+ p. 26.

—— (04) _Cupressinoxylon Hookeri_ sp. nov. a large silicified tree
from Tasmania. _Geol. Mag._ [+v+], vol. +i.+ p. 7.

—— (05) On some new species of _Lagenostoma_, a type of
Pteridospermous seed from the Coal Measures. _Proc. R. Soc._ vol.
+lxxi.+ B, p. 245.

—— (07) On Triassic species of the genera _Zamites_ and
_Pterophyllum_, types of fronds belonging to the Cycadophyta.
_Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. +vii.+ pt. vii. p. 109.

—— (08) On a new Pteridosperm possessing the _Sphenopteris_ type of
foliage. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxii.+ p. 57.

—— (09) On the Fossil Plants of the Waldershare and Fredville series
of the Kent Coalfield. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. +lxv.+ p.
21.

—— (09²) On the affinities of the Triassic plant _Yuccites
vogesiacus_ Schimp. and Moug. _Geol. Mag._ [+v+], vol. +vi.+ p.
11.

—— (12) On _Psygmophyllum majus_ sp. nov. from the Lower
Carboniferous rocks of Newfoundland, together with a Revision of
the genus and Remarks on its affinities. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol.
+vii.+ p. 391.

—— (12²) Fossil Plants from the Kent Coalfield. _Geol. Mag._ [+v+],
vol. +ix.+ p. 97.

—— (13) A preliminary note on the Fossil Plants of the Mount Potts
beds, New Zealand, collected by Mr D. G. Lillie, Biologist to
Capt. Scott’s Antarctic Expedition in the “Terra Nova.” _Proc. R.
Soc._ vol. +lxxxvi.+ p. 344.

—— (13²) The structure of _Dadoxylon Kayi_. _Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc._ vol. +lxix.+ p. 454.

—— (14) A Revision of the Seed impressions of the British Coal
Measures. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxviii.+ p. 81.

—— (14²) On the Fossil Flora of the Kent Coalfield. _Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc._ vol. +lxx.+ p. 54.

=Arber, E. A. Newell and J. Parkin=. (07) On the origin of Angiosperms.
_Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 29.

—— (08) Studies on the Evolution of the Angiosperms. _Ann. Bot._
vol. +xxii.+ p. 489.

=Arnoldi, W.= (01) Beiträge zur Morphologie einiger Gymnospermen.
_Bull. Nat. Moscow_, No. 4, 1900.

=Bailey, I. W.= (09) The structure of the wood in the Pineae. _Bot.
Gaz_. vol. +xlviii.+ p. 47.

—— (11) A Cretaceous _Pityoxylon_ with marginal tracheids. _Ann.
Bot._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 315.

=Baily, W. H.= (69) Notice of Plant-remains from Beds interstratified
with the Basalts in the county of Antrim. _Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 357.

=Bain, F.= and =Sir W. Dawson=. (85) Notes on the Geology and Fossil
Flora of Prince Edward Island. _Canadian Rec. Sci._ vol. +i.+
(1884–85) p. 154.

=Baker, R. T.= and =H. C. Smith=. (10) Research of the Pines on
Australia. _Dpt. Public Instruction_, _Tech. Educ. Ser._ No. 16.
_Sydney_.

=Bancroft, Nellie.= (13) On some Indian Jurassic Gymnosperms and
_Rhexoxylon africanum_, a new Medullosan stem. _Trans. Linn.
Soc._ vol. +viii.+ pt. ii. p. 69.

—— (14) Pteridosperm Anatomy and its relation to that of the Cycads.
_New Phyt._ vol. +xiii.+ p. 41.

=Barber, C. A.= (92) On the nature and development of the corky
excrescences on stems of _Zanthoxylum_. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +vi.+ p.
155.

—— (98) _Cupressionoxylon vectense_; a fossil Conifer from the Lower
Greensand of Shanklin, in the Isle of Wight. _Ann. Bot._ vol.
+xii.+ p. 329.

=Bartholin, C. T.= (94) Nogle i den bornholmske Juraformation
forekommende Planteforsteninger. _Bot. Tidskrift_ (Copenhagen),
Bd. +xix.+ p. 87.

=Bartlett, A. W.= (13) Note on the occurrence of an abnormal
bisporangiate strobilus of _Larix europaea_ DC. _Ann. Bot._ vol.
+xxvii.+ p. 575.

=Bassler, H.= (16) A Cycadophyte from the North American Coal Measures.
_Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xlii.+ p. 21.

=Bayer, A.= (08) Zur Deutung der weiblichen Blüten der Cupressineen
nebst Bemerkungen über _Cryptomeria_. _Beiheft Bot. Cent._ Bd.
+xxiii.+ Abt. +i.+ p. 27.

=Beissner, L.= (91) Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde. _Berlin._

=Bennett, J. J.= and =R. Brown.= (52) Plantae Javanicae rariores.
_London_, 1838–52.

=Benson, Margaret.= (08) On the contents of the pollen-chamber of a
specimen of _Lagenostoma ovoides_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +lv.+ p. 409.

—— (12) _Cordaites Felicis_, sp. nov., a Cordaitean leaf from the
Coal Measures of England. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 202.

—— (14) _Sphaerostoma ovale_ (_Conostoma ovale_ et _intermedianum_,
Williamson), a Lower Carboniferous ovule from Pettycur,
Fifeshire, Scotland. _Trans. R. Soc._ Edinburgh, vol. +l.+ pt. i.
No. i. p. 1.

=Benson, M.= and =E. J. Welsford=. (09) The morphology of the ovule
and female flower of _Juglans regia_ and of a few allied genera.
_Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiii.+ p. 623.

=Berger, R.= (48) De fructibus et seminibus ex formatione
lithanthracum. _Diss. Inaug. Vratislaviae._

=Bergeron, J.= (84) Note sur les strobiles du _Walchia piniformis_.
_Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], Tome +xii.+ p. 583.

=Berridge, E. M.= (11) On some points of resemblance between Gnetalean
and Bennettitean seeds. _New Phyt._ vol. +x.+ p. 140.

—— (12) The structure of the female strobilus in _Gnetum Gnemon_.
_Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p. 987.

=Berridge, Emily M.= and =Elizabeth Sanday=. (07) Oogenesis and
embryogeny in _Ephedra distachya_. _New Phyt._ vol. +vi.+ p. 127.

=Berry, E. W.= (03) The Flora of the Matawan Formation. _Bull. New York
Bot. Gard._ vol. +iii.+ No. 9, p. 45.

—— (05) Additions to the fossil Flora from Cliffwood. _Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club_, vol. +xxxii.+ p. 43.

—— (06) Contributions to the Mesozoic Flora of the Atlantic Coastal
Plain. I. _Ibid._ vol. +xxxiii.+ p. 33.

—— (07) Coastal Plain Amber. _Torreya_, vol. +vii.+ p. 4.

—— (07²) Contributions to the Pleistocene Flora of North Carolina.
_Journ. Geol._ vol. +xv.+ No. 4, p. 338.

—— (08) Some Araucarian remains from the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
_Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. +xxxv.+ p. 249.

—— (08²) A Mid-Cretaceous species of _Torreya_. _Amer. Journ. Sci._
vol. +xxv.+ p. 382.

—— (09) A Miocene Flora from the Virginian Coastal Plain. _Journ.
Geol._ vol. +xvii.+ p. 19.

—— (09²) Pleistocene Swamp deposits in Virginia. _Amer. Nat._ vol.
+xliii.+ p. 432.

—— (10) A revision of the Fossil Plants of the genus _Nageiopsis_ of
Fontaine. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus._ vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 185.

—— (10²) The epidermal characters of _Frenelopsis ramosissimus_.
_Bot. Gaz._ vol. +l.+ p. 305.

—— (10³) Additions to the Pleistocene Flora of New Jersey.
_Torreya_, vol. +x.+ p. 261.

—— (10⁴) Contributions to the Mesozoic Flora of the Atlantic Coastal
Plain. V. North Carolina. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol.
+xxxvii.+ p. 181.

—— (11) The Lower Cretaceous deposits of Maryland. (Berry, Clark,
and Bibbin.) _Maryland Geol. Surv._

—— (11²) A Lower Cretaceous species of Schizaeaceae from Eastern
North America. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxv.+ p. 193.

—— (11³) The Flora of the Raritan Formation. _Geol. Surv. New
Jersey, Bull._ 3.

—— (11⁴) A Revision of several genera of Gymnospermous plants from
the Potomac group in Maryland and Virginia. _Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus._ vol. +xl.+ p. 289.

—— (12) The age of the plant-bearing shales of the Richmond
coal-field. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxxiv.+ p. 224.

—— (12²) Notes on the genus _Widdringtonites_. _Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club_, vol. +xxxix.+ p. 341.

—— (12³) Contributions to the Mesozoic Flora of the Atlantic Coastal
Plain. VII. Texas. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. +xxxix.+ p.
387.

—— (12⁴) Pleistocene plants from the Blue Ridge in Virginia. _Amer.
Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxxiv.+ p. 218.

—— (14) The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene floras of South Carolina and
Georgia. _U. S. Geol. Surv. Professional papers_, No. 84.

—— (15) The Mississippi River Bluffs at Columbus and Hickman,
Kentucky, and their Fossil Flora. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus._ vol.
+xlviii.+ p. 293.

—— (16) The Geological history of Gymnosperms. _The Plant World_,
vol. +xix.+ p. 27.

=Bertrand, C. E.= (74) Anatomie comparée des tiges et des feuilles chez
les Gnétacées et les Conifères. _Ann. Sci. nat._ [v], vol. +xx.+
p. 5.

—— (83) Note sur le genre _Vesquia_, Taxinée fossile du Terrain
Aachénien de Tournai. _Bull. soc. bot. France_ [3], Tome +v.+ p.
293.

—— (89) Les Poroxylons végétaux fossiles de l’époque houillière.
_Ann. soc. Belg. de Microscopie_, Tome +xiii.+ Fasc. i.

—— (98) Remarques sur la structure des grains de pollen de
_Cordaites_. _Assoc. Franç. pour l’avanc. des Sci. Nantes_
(1898), p. 436.

—— (07) Les caractéristiques du genre _Rhabdocarpus_ d’après les
préparations de la collection B. Renault. _Bull. soc. bot._ [4],
Tome +vii+, p. 654.

—— (07²) Les caractéristiques du genre _Diplotesta_ de Brongniart.
_Bull. soc. bot. France_ [4], tome +vii.+ p. 388.

—— (07³) Les caractéristiques du genre _Leptocaryon_ de Brongniart.
_Ibid._ p. 452.

—— (07⁴) Les caractéristiques du genre _Taxospermum_ de Brongniart.
_Ibid._ p. 213.

—— (07⁵) Remarques sur le _Taxospermum angulosum_. _Compt. rend.
d’assoc. Franç. pour l’avanc. des sci._ (Reims, 1907), p. 410.

—— (08) Les caractéristiques du _Cycadinocarpus angustodunensis_ de
B. Renault. _Bull. soc. bot. France_ [4], tome +viii.+ p. 326.

—— (08²) Les caractéristiques du genre _Cardiocarpus_ d’après les
graines silicifiées étudiées par Ad. Brongniart et B. Renault.
_Ibid._ p. 391.

—— (08³) La spécification des _Cardiocarpus_ de la collection B.
Renault. _Ibid._ p. 454.

—— (09) Sur le genre _Compsotesta_ de Ad. Brongniart. _Ann. Jard.
Bot. Buit._ [2], suppl. 3.

—— (11) Le Bourgeon femelle des _Cordaites_. _Nancy._

=Bertrand, C. E.= et =B. Renault=. (82) Recherches sur les Poroxylons.
_Arch. bot. du Nord de la France_, vol. +ii.+ p. 243.

=Bertrand, P.= (08) Sur les stipes de _Clepsydropsis_. _Compt. Rend._,
Nov. 16, 1908.

—— (11) Structure des stipes _d’Asterochlaena laxa_ Sterzel. _Mém.
soc. géol. Nord_, Tome +vii.+ i.

—— (13) Les Fructifications de Neuroptéridées recueillies dans le
terrain houiller du Nord de la France. _Ann. soc. géol. Nord_,
Tome +xlii.+ p. 113.

—— (14) État actuel de nos Connaissances sur les Genres ‘Cladoxylon’
et ‘Steloxylon.’ _Compt. Rend. de l’assoc. franç. pour
l’Avancement des Sciences_ (Havre, 1914), p. 446.

=Beust, F.= (85) Untersuchung über fossile Hölzer aus Grönland. _Neue
Denksch. allgem. Schweiz. Ges. gesammt. Naturwiss_. Bd. +xxix.+

=Binney, E. W.= (66) On Fossil wood in calcareous nodules found in the
upper foot coal near Oldham. _Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester_,
vol. +v.+ p. 113.

=Bleicher and Fliche=. (92) Contribution à l’étude des Terrains
Tertiaires d’Alsace. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], Tome +xx.+ p.
375.

=Bodenbender, W.= (96) Beobachtungen über Devon- und Gondwana-Schichten
in der Argentinischen Republik. _Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges._
Bd. +xlviii.+ p. 743.

—— (02) Contribucion al Conocimiento de la Precordillera de San Juan
de Mendoza. _Bot. Acad._ _Nac. Cienc. Cordoba_, vol. +xvii.+ p.
203.

=Boodle, L. A.= (15) Concrescent and solitary Foliage-leaves in
_Pinus_. _New Phyt._ vol. +xiv.+ p. 19.

=Boodle, L. A.= and =W. C. Worsdell=. (94) On the comparative anatomy
of the Casuarineae, with special reference to the Gnetaceae and
Cupuliferae. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +viii.+ p. 231.

=Boulay=. (79) Recherches de paléontologie végétale dans le terrain
houiller du Nord de la France. _Ann. soc. scient. Bruxelles_,
ann. iv. pt. 2, 1880.

—— (87) Notice sur la Flore tertiaire des environs de Privas
(Ardiche). _Bull. soc. bot. France_, Tome +xxxiv.+ p. 227.

—— (88) Notice sur les Plantes fossiles des grès tertiaires de
Saint-Saturnin (Marne et Loire). _Journ. Bot. Ann._ 2, p. 921.

=Bower, F. O.= (81) On the germination and histology of the seedlings
of _Welwitschia mirabilis_. _Quart. Journ. Micr. soc._ vol.
+xxi.+ pp. 15, 571.

—— (82) The germination and embryogeny of _Gnetum Gnemon_. _Ibid_.
vol. +xxii.+ [N.S.], p. 277.

—— (84) On the structure of _Rhynchopetalum montanum_. _Journ. Lin.
Soc._ vol. +xx.+ p. 440.

—— (12) Studies in the Phylogeny of the Filicales. II. _Lophosira_,
and its relation to the Cyatheoideae and other Ferns. _Ann. Bot._
vol. +xxvi.+ p. 269.

=Bowerbank, J. S.= (40) History of the Fossil fruits and seeds of the
London Clay. _London_.

=Braun, A.= (75) Die Frage nach der Gymnospermie der Cycadeen.
_Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin_, p. 289.

—— (75²) Die Diagnosen dreier im Jahre 1873 von G. Wallis in Neu
Granada entdeckter Cycadeen. _Ibid_. p. 376.

=Braun, C. F. W.= (43) Beiträge zur Petrefactenkunde Bayreuth (Graf zu
Münster), Heft +vi.+ _Bayreuth_.

—— (47) Die Fossile Gewächse aus den Grenzschichten zwischen dem
Lias und Keuper des neu aufgefundenen Pflanzenlagers in dem
Steinbrüche von Veitlahm bei Culmbach. _Flora_, p. 81.

—— (49) Beiträge zur Urgeschichte der Pflanzen. VI. _Weltrichia_
eine neue Gattung fossiler Rhizantheen. _Progr. iii. Jahresber.
K. Kreis-Landwirthsch. und Gewerbschule zu Bayreuth_.

=Brauns, D.= (66) Der Sandstein bei Seinstedt unweit des Fallsteins und
die in ihm vorkommenden Pflanzenreste. _Paleont_. Bd. +ix.+ p. 47.

=Brenchley, Winifred E.= (13) On Branching specimens of _Lyginodendron
Oldhamium_ Will. _Journ. Linn. Soc_. vol. +xli.+ p. 349.

=Bristow, H. W.= (62) The Geology of the Isle of Wight. _Mem. Geol.
Surv. Great Britain_.

=Brongniart, A.= (25) Observations sur les végétaux fossiles renfermés
dans les grès de Hoer en Scanie. _Ann. Sci. nat._ vol. +iv.+ p.
200.

—— (28) Essai d’une Flore du grès bigarré. _Ann. Sci. nat._ vol.
+v.+ p. 435.

—— (33) Notice sur une Conifère fossile du terrain d’eau douce de
l’île d’Iliodroma. _Ann. Sci. nat._ tome +xxx.+ p. 175.

—— (74) Études sur les graines fossiles trouvées à l’état silicifié
dans le terrain Houiller de Saint Étienne. _Ann. Sci. nat._ tome
+xx.+ [5], p. 234.

—— (81) Recherches sur les graines fossiles silicifiées. _Paris_.

=Bronn, H. G.= (58) Beiträge zur triassischen Schiefer von Raibl.
_Neues Jahrb. Min_. p. 129.

=Brooks, F. T.= and =A. Sharples=. (14) Pink disease. _Bull. No._ 21,
_Depart. Agric. Fed. Malay States_.

=Brooks, F. T.= and =W. Stiles=. (10) The structure of _Podocarpus
spinulosus_ (Smith) R. Br. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 305.

=Buchman, J.= (45) Outline of the Geology of the neighbourhood of
Cheltenham (in collaboration with R. I. Murchison and H. E.
Strickland). _London_.

=Buckland, W.= (28) On the Cycadeoideae, a Family of Fossil Plants
found in the Oolite quarries of the Isle of Portland. _Trans.
Geol. Soc_. [2], vol. +ii.+ p. 395.

—— (37) Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural
Theology. _London_.

=Burckhardt, C.= (11) Bemerkungen zu einigen Arbeiten von W. Gothan und
A. G. Nathorst. _Cent. Min. Geol.; Paleont_. p. 442.

=Burgestein, A.= (06) Zur Holzanatomie der Tanne, Fichte und Lärche.
_Ber. deutsch. Bot. Ges._ Bd. +xxiv.+ Heft +vi.+ p. 295.

—— (08) Vergleichende Anatomie des Holzes der Koniferen.
_Wiesner-Festschrift, Wien_.

=Burlingame, L.= (08) The staminate cone and male gametophyte of
_Podocarpus. Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xlvi.+ p. 161.

—— (13) The Morphology of _Araucaria brasiliensis. Bot. Gaz._ vol.
+lv.+ p. 97.

—— (15) The Morphology of _Araucaria brasiliensis. Ibid_. vol.
+lix.+ p. 1.

—— (15²) The Origin and Relationships of the Araucarians. _Ibid_.
vol. +lx.+ p. 1.

=Butterworth, J.= (97) Some further investigations of Fossil seeds
of the genus _Lagenostoma_ (Williamson) from the Lower Coal
Measures, Oldham. _Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc._
vol. +xli.+ ix. p. 1.

=Caldwell, O. W.= (07) _Microcycas calocoma. Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xliv.+ p.
118.

=Caldwell, O. W.= and =C. F. Baker=. (07) The identity of _Microcycas
calocoma_. _Ibid_. vol. +xliii.+ p. 130.

=Cambier, R.= et =A. Renier=. (10) _Psygmophyllum Delvali_ n. sp. du
Terrain houiller de Charleroi. _Ann. soc. géol. Belg_. Tome +ii.+
p. 23. (_Mém. in 4to_.)

=Capellini, G.= and =Conte E. Solms-Laubach=. (92) I Tronchi di
Bennettitee dei Musei Italiani. _Mem. Reale Acad. Sci. Istit.
Bologna_ [5], tom. +ii.+ p. 161.

=Carano, E.= (04) Contribuzione alla conoscenza della Morfologia e
dello sviluppo del fascio vascolare delle foglie delle Cicadacee.
_Ann. di Bot_. vol. +i.+ p. 109 (Rome).

=Carpentier, A.= (11) Sur quelques fructifications et inflorescences du
Westphalien du Nord de la France. _Rev. Gén. Bot_. tome +xxiii.+
p. 1.

—— (13) Contribution à l’étude du Carbonifère du Nord de la France.
_Mém. soc. géol. du Nord_, tome +vii.+ ii. p. 1.

=Carruthers, W.= (66) On Araucarian cones from the Secondary beds of
Britain. _Geol. Mag_. vol. +iii.+ p. 249.

—— (66²) On some fossil Coniferous fruits. _Ibid_. vol. +iii.+ p.
534.

—— (67) On _Cycadeoidea Yatesii_ sp. nov. a fossil Cycadean stem
from the Potton sands, Bedfordshire. _Ibid_. vol. +iv.+ p. 199.

—— (67²) On Gymnospermous Fruits from the Secondary rocks of
Britain. _Journ. Bot_. vol. +v.+ p. 1.

—— (67³) On some Cycadean Fruits from the Secondary rocks of
Britain. _Geol. Mag_. vol. +iv.+ p. 101.

—— (68) British Fossil Pandanaceae. _Ibid_. vol. +v.+ p. 153.

—— (69) On _Beania_, a new genus of Cycadean Fruit from the
Yorkshire Oolite. _Ibid_. vol. +vi.+ p. 1.

—— (69²) On some undescribed Coniferous fruits from the Secondary
rocks of Britain. _Ibid_. vol. +vi.+ p. 1.

—— (70) On Fossil Cycadean stems from the Secondary rocks of
Britain. _Trans. Linn. Soc_. vol. +xxvi.+ p. 675.

—— (71) On two undescribed Coniferous fruits from the Secondary
rocks of Britain. _Geol. Mag_. vol. +viii.+ p. 1.

—— (77) Description of a new species of _Araucarites_ from the
Coralline Oolite of Malton. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol.
+xxxiii.+ p. 402.

—— (93) On _Cycas Taiwaniana_, sp. nov. and _C. Seemanni_ R. Br.
_Journ. Bot_. vol. +xxxi.+ p. 1.

=Carter, M. Geraldine=. (11) A Reconsideration of the origin of
Transfusion-tissue. _Ann. Bot_. vol. +xxv.+ p. 975.

=Caspary, R.= and =R. Triebel=. (89) Einige fossile Hölzer Preussens.
_K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanstalt_, Bd. +ix.+ Heft iii. p. 113.

=Čelakovský, L.= (82) Zur Kritik der Ansichten von den Fruchtschuppe
der Abietineen. _Abh. K. böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag_ [vi], Bd. +ii.+

=Chamberlain, C. J.= (06) The ovule and female gametophyte of _Dioon_.
_Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xlii.+ p. 321.

—— (09) _Dioon spinulosum. Ibid._ vol. +xlviii.+ p. 401.

—— (10) See Coulter and Chamberlain.

—— (10²) Fertilization and embryogeny in _Dioon edule_. _Bot. Gaz._
vol. +l.+ p. 415.

—— (11) The adult Cycad Trunk. _Ibid._ vol. +lii.+ p. 81.

—— (12) Morphology of _Ceratozamia_. _Ibid._ vol. +liii.+ p. 1.

—— (12²) A round-the-world Botanical Excursion. _Pop. Sci. Monthly_,
vol. +lxxxi.+ p. 417.

—— (12³) Two species of _Bowenia_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +liv.+ p. 419.

—— (13) _Macrozamia Moorei_, a connecting link between living and
fossil Cycads. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +lv.+ p. 141.

=Chapman, F.= (09) Jurassic Plant-remains from Gippsland, Pt. ii. _Rec.
Geol. Surv. Victoria_, vol. +iii.+ pt. i. p. 103.

=Chrysler, M. A.= (15) The Medullary rays of _Cedrus_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol.
+lix.+ p. 387.

=Church, A. H.= (14) On the Floral Morphology of _Welwitschia
mirabilis_ (Hooker). _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. 205, p. 115.

=Cockerell, T. D. A.= (06) The Fossil Flora and Fauna of the Florissant
(Colorado) shales. _Univ. Colorado Series_, vol. +iii.+ No. 3.

—— (08) Description of Tertiary Plants. II. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol.
+xxvi+ [4], p. 537.

—— (08²). The Fossil Flora of Florissant, Colorado. _Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 71.

—— (08³) Florissant; a Miocene Pompeii. _Pop. Sci. Monthly_ (Aug.
1908, p. 112).

=Coemans, E.= (66) Description de la flore fossile du premier étage du
terrain Crétacé du Hainaut. _Mém. Acad. R. Belg._, tome +xxxvi.+

=Coker, W. C.= (03) On the gametophyte and embryo of _Taxodium_. _Bot.
Gaz._ vol. +xxxvi.+ p. 1.

—— (09) Vitality of Pine seeds and the delayed opening of cones.
_Amer. Nat._ vol. +xliii.+ p. 677.

=Compter, G.= (94) Die fossile Flora des untern Keupers von
Ostthüringen. _Zeitsch. für Naturwiss._ _Leipzig_, Bd. +lxvii.+
p. 205.

—— (03) Cycadeenfrüchte aus der Lettenkohle von Apolda. _Zeitsch.
für Naturwiss._ _Stuttgart_, Bd. +lxxv.+ p. 171.

=Compton, R. H.= (08) See South and Compton.

=Cowentz, H.= (78) Ueber ein tertiares Vorkommen Cypressenartiger
Hölzer bei Calistoga in Californien. _Neues Jahrb. Min._ p. 800.

—— (82) Fossile Hölzer aus der Sammlung der König. geol.
Landesanstalt zu Berlin. _Jahrb. K. preuss. geol. Land. Bergakad.
Berlin für das Jahr_ 1881, p. 144.

—— (85) Sobre algunos arboles fosiles del Rio Negro. _Bol. Acad.
Nac. Cienc. Cordoba_, tom. +vii.+ p. 575.

—— (86) Die Angiospermen des Bernsteins. _Danzig._

—— (89) Ueber Thyllen und Thyllen-ähnliche Bildungen, vornehmlich im
Hölze der Bernsteinbäume. _Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges._ Bd. +vii.+ p.
(34).

—— (92) Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer Schwedens. _K. Svensk.
Vetenskapsakad. Hand_. Bd. +xxiv.+ No. 13.

—— (01) The past history of the Yew in Great Britain and Ireland.
_Rep._ 71_st Meeting Brit. Assoc._ (_Glasgow_), p. 839.

=Coulter, J. M.= and =C. J. Chamberlain=. (03) The Embryogeny of
_Zamia_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. +xxxv.+ p. 184.

—— (10) Morphology of Gymnosperms. _Chicago_.

=Cramer, C.= (68) Fossile Hölzer der Arctischen Zone. _Heer’s Foss.
Flor. Arct_. vol. +i.+ p. 167.

=Crié, L.= (89) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Flora einiger
Inseln des Südpacifischen und Indischen Oceans. _Pal. Abhand.
(Dames and Kayser)_ (N.F.), Bd. +i.+ Heft ii.

=Daguillon, A.= (90) Recherches morphologiques sur les feuilles des
Conifères. _Rev. Gén. Bot_. tome 11, p. 154.

=Dawson, J. W.= (46) Notices of some Fossils found in the Coal
Formation of Nova Scotia. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc_. vol. +ii.+
p. 132.

—— (62) On the Flora of the Devonian period in North-eastern
America. _Ibid_. vol. +xviii.+ p. 296.

—— (63) Further Observations on the Devonian Plants of Maine, Gaspé,
and New York. _Ibid_. vol. +xix.+ p. 458.

—— (63²) Synopsis of the Flora of the Carboniferous Period in Nova
Scotia. _The Canadian Nat. and Geologist_, vol. +viii.+ p. 431.

—— (81) Notes on New Erian (Devonian) plants. _Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc_. vol. +xxxvii.+ p. 299.

—— (85) On the Mesozoic Floras of the Rocky Mountains Region of
Canada. _Trans. R. Soc. Canada_, sect. +iv.+ p. 1.

—— (90) On new plants from the Erian and Carboniferous, and on the
characters and affinities of Palaeozoic Gymnosperms. _Canadian
Rec. Sci_. vol. +iv.+ p. 1.

—— (93) On new species of Cretaceous plants from Vancouver Island.
_Trans. R. Soc. Canada_, sect. +iv.+ p. 53.

=Dawson, Sir J. W.= and =D. P. Penhallow=. (91) Note on the specimens
of Fossil wood from the Erian (Devonian) of New York and
Kentucky. _The Canadian Rec. Sci_. vol. +iv.+ p. 242.

=Depape, G.= (13) Sur la présence du _Ginkgo biloba_ L. dans le
Pliocène inférieur de Saint-Marcel-d’Ardèche. _Compt. Rend_. vol.
157, p. 957.

=Depape, G.= and =A. Carpentier=. (13) Présence des genus _Gnetopsis_
B. Ren. and R. Zeill. et _Urnatopteris_ Kidst. dans le
Westphalien du Nord de la France. _Ann. soc. géol. du Nord_, tome
+xlii.+ p. 294.

—— (15) Sur quelques graines et fructifications du Westphalien du
Nord de la France. _Rev. Gén. Bot_. vol. +xxvii.+ p. 321.

=Dorety, Helen A.= (08) The embryo of _Ceratozamia_, a physiological
study. _Bot. Gaz_. vol. +xlv.+ p. 412.

—— (08²) The seedling of _Ceratozamia_. _Ibid_. vol. +xlvi.+ p. 205.

—— (09) The extrafascicular cambium of _Ceratozamia_. _Ibid._ vol.
+xlvii.+ p. 149.

—— (09²) Vascular anatomy of the seedling of _Microcycas Calocoma_.
_Ibid._ p. 139.

=Dorrien-Smith, A. A.= (11) A Botanizing expedition to West Australia.
_Journ. R. Hort. Soc._ vol. +xxxvi.+ p. 285.

=Douvillé, H.= et =R. Zeiller=. (08) Sur le terrain houiller du Sud
Oranais. _Compt. Rend._ tome +cxlvi.+ p. 732.

=Drude, O.= (90) Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. _Stuttgart._

=Dümmer, R.= (12) _Podocarpus formosensis._ _Gard. Chron._ Oct. 19, p.
295.

=Dun, W. S.= (10) Notes on some Fossil plants from the roof of the coal
seam in the Sydney Harbour Colliery. _Journ. Proc. R. Soc. New
South Wales_, vol. +xliv.+ p. 615.

=Duns, J.= (72) On _Cardiocarpon_. _Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh_, p. 692.

=Dušánek, F.= (13) Spaltöffnungen der Cycadaceen. (Abstract in the
_Bot. Cent._ Bd. +cxxv.+ p. 340.)

=Dusén, P.= (99) Über die Tertiäre Flora der Magellans-Länder. _Wiss.
Ergeb. Schwed. Exped. nach den Magellansländern unter Leitung von
O. Nordenskjöld_, Bd. +i.+ No. iv. p. 87.

—— (08) Über die Tertiäre Flora der Seymour-Insel. _Wiss. Ergeb.
Schwed. Südpolar-Exped._ 1901–03, Bd. +iii.+ Lief. +iii.+ p. 1.

=Duthie, Augusta V.= (12) Anatomy of _Gnetum africanum_. _Ann. Bot._
vol. +xxvi.+ p. 593.

=Eames, A. J.= (13) The Morphology of _Agathis australis_. _Ann. Bot._
vol. +xxvii.+ p. 1.

=Eberdt, O.= (94) Die Braunkohlen Ablagerungen in der Gegend von
Senftenberg. _Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Land. Bergakad. Berlin_,
Bd. +xiv.+ p. 212.

=Eichler, A. W.= (81) Über die weiblichen Blüthen der Coniferen.
_Monatsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin_, p. 1020.

—— (82) Über Bildungsabweichungen bei Fichtenzapfen. _Sitzber. K.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin_, p. 40.

—— (89) Gymnospermae. _Engler and Prantl_; _Die Natürlichen
Pflanzenfamilien_, Teil ii.

=Eichwald, E.= (53–68) Lethaea rossica. _Stuttgart._

=Elkins, Marion G.= and =G. R. Wieland=. (14) Cordaitean wood from the
Indiana Black Shale. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. +xxxviii.+ p. 65.

=Elwes, H. J.= (12) The Flora of Formosa. _Gard. Chron._ July 13, 1912,
p. 25.

=Elwes, H. J.= and =A. Henry=. (60) The trees of Great Britain and
Ireland, vol. +i.+ _Edinburgh._

=Endlicher, S.= (40) Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales
disposita. _Vindobonae_, 1836–40.

—— (47) Synopsis Coniferarum. _Sangalli._

=Engelhardt, H.= (85) Die Tertiärflora des Jesuitengrabens bei
Kundratitz in Nordböhmen. _Nov. Act. K. Leop.-Car. Deutsch. Akad.
Naturforsch._ Bd. +xlviii.+ No. 3, p. 299.

—— (91) Über Tertiärpflanzen von Chile. _Abh. Senckenberg.
naturforsch. Ges_. p. 629.

—— (12) Weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntniss der fossilen Tertiärflora
Bosniens. _Wiss. Mitt. aus Bosnien und der Herzegowina_, Bd.
+xii.+ p. 593.

=Engelhardt, H.= and =F. Kinkelin=. (08) Oberpliocene Flora und Fauna
des Unter-Maintales. _Abh. Senck. Naturforsch. Ges_. Bd. +xxix.+
Heft iii. p. 151.

=Engler, A.= (89) Engler and Prantl; Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,
Teil +ii.+ Abt. i.

—— (95) Die Pflanzenwelt Öst Afrikas, _etc_. Th. C. _Berlin_.

—— (97) Engler and Prantl; Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
Nachtrag zu Teilen +ii–iv.+

=Essner, B.= (86) Ueber den diagnostischen Werth der Anzahl und Höhe
der Markstrahlen bei den Coniferen. _Abh. naturforsch. Ges.
Halle_, Bd. +xvi.+ p. 1.

=Etheridge, R.= (93) On the occurrence of a plant allied to
_Schizoneura_ in the Hawkesbury Sandstone. _Rec. Geol. Surv. New
South Wales_, vol. +iii.+ pt. iii, p. 74.

=Ettingshausen, C. von=. (51) Ueber einige neue und interessante
_Taeniopteris_ Arten aus den Sammlungen des Kais. Hof Mineralien
Cabinetes und der K.k. geol. Reichsanstalt. _Naturwiss. Abh. W.
Haidinger_, vol. +iv.+ p. 95.

—— (52) Beitrag zur näheren Kenntniss der Flora der Wealdenperiode.
_Abh. K.k. geol. Reichs. Wien_, Bd. +i.+ Abth. iii. No. 2, p. 1.

—— (52²) Die Steinkohlenflora von Stradonitz. _Ibid_. Bd. +i.+ Abth.
iii. No. 4.

—— (55) Die Tertiäre Flora von Häring in Tirol. _Ibid_. Bd. +ii.+
Abth. ii. No. 2.

—— (57) Die Fossile Flora von Köflach in Steiermark. _Jahrb. K.k.
geol. Reichs_. Bd. +viii.+ p. 738.

—— (58) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Flora von Sotzka in
Untersteiermark. _Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +xxviii.+ p.
471.

—— (67) Die Kreideflora von Niederschoena in Sachsen. _Ibid_. Bd.
+lv.+ Abth. i. p. 235.

—— (67²) Die fossile Flora des Tertiär-Beckens von Bilin. _Denksch.
Wiss. Akad. Wien_, Bd. +xxvi.+ p. 79.

—— (70) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Tertiärflora Steiermarks. _Sitz.
K. Akad. Wien_, Bd. +lx.+ Abth. i. p. 17.

—— (72) Die Fossile Flora von Sagor in Krain. _Denksch. Wiss. Akad.
Wien_, Bd. +xxxii.+ p. 32.

—— (78) Beitrag zur Erforschung der Phylogenie der Pflanzenarten.
_Ibid_. Bd. +xxxviii.+ p. 65.

—— (79) Report on Phyto-Palaeontological Investigations of the
Fossil Flora of Sheppey. _Proc. R. Soc_. vol. +xxix.+ p. 388.

—— (80) Report on Phyto-Palaeontological Investigations of the
Fossil Flora of Alum Bay. _Ibid_. vol. +xxx.+ p. 228.

—— (85) Die Fossile Flora von Sagor in Krain. _Denksch. Wiss. Akad.
Wien_, Bd. +l.+ p. 1.

—— (86) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Tertiärflora Australiens. _Ibid._
Bd. +liii.+ p. 81.

—— (87) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fossile Flora Neuseelands.
_Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +liii.+ p. 3.

—— (88) Contributions to the Tertiary Flora of Australia. _Mem.
geol. Surv. N.S.W. Pal._ No. 2.

—— (88²) Die Fossile Flora von Leoben in Steiermark. _Denksch. K
Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. +liv.+ Abth. +i.+ p. 261.

—— (90) Die Fossile Flora von Schoenegg bei Wies in Steiermark.
_Ibid._ Bd. +lvii.+ p. 61.

=Ewart, A. J.= (08) On the longevity of seeds. _Proc. R. Soc.
Victoria_, vol. +xxi.+ (N.S.), pt. i. p. 1.

=Feistmantel, 0.= (72) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ausdehnung des
sogennanten Wyřaner Gasschiefers und seiner Flora. _Jahrb. K.k.
geol. Reichs. Wien_, Bd. +xxii.+ p. 289.

—— (76) Notes on the age of some Fossil Floras in India. _Rec. Geol.
Surv. Ind._ vol. +ix.+ pt. iv. p. 115.

—— (76²) Jurassic (Oolitic) Flora of Kach. _Fossil Flora of the
Gondwana System_, pt. i. vol. +ii.+ 1880.

—— (77) Notes on Fossil Floras in India. _Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind._
vol. +x.+ pt. iv. p. 196.

—— (77²) Jurassic (Liassic) Flora of the Rajmahal group in the
Rajmahal hills. _Foss. Flor. Gond. Syst._ vol. +i.+ pt. ii.

—— (77³) Jurassic (Liassic) Flora of the Rajmahal group from
Golapili, near Ellore, S. Godaveri. _Ibid._ pt. iii.

—— (77⁴) Flora of the Jabalpur group (Upper Gondwanas) in the
Son-Narbada region. _Ibid._ vol. +ii.+ pt. ii.

—— (77⁵) Ueber die Gattung _Williamsonia_ Carr. in Indien.
_Palaeontolog. Beit. Palaeontograph._ Suppl. +iii.+ Lief. iii.

—— (79) Upper Gondwana Flora of the outliers on the Madras coast.
_Foss. Flor. Gond. Syst._ vol. +i.+ pt. iv.

—— (79²) The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds. _Ibid._ vol.
+iii.+ pt. i.

—— (80) The Flora of the Damuda-Panchet Divisions. _Ibid._ vol.
+iii.+ pt. ii.

—— (80²) Note on the fossil genera _Noeggerathia_ Sternberg,
_Noeggerathiopsis_ Feist. and _Rhiptozamites_ Schmal. _Rec. Geol.
Surv. India_, vol. +xiii.+ pt. i. p. 61.

—— (80³) Further notes on the correlation of the Gondwana Flora with
other Floras. _Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind._ vol. +xiii.+ pt. iii. p.
190.

—— (81) Palaeontological notes from the Hazáribágh and Lohárdagga
Districts. _Ibid._ vol. +xiv.+ pt. iii. p. 241.

—— (81²) The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds. _Foss. Flor.
Gond. Syst._ vol. +iii.+ pt. i.

—— (81³) The Flora of the Damuda-Panchet Divisions. _Ibid._ vol.
+iii.+ pt. iii.

—— (82) The Fossil Flora of the South Rewah Gondwana Basin. _Ibid_.
vol. +iv.+ pt. i.

—— (86) The Fossil Flora of some of the Coalfields in Western
Bengal. _Ibid_. vol. +iv.+ pl. ii.

—— (89) Übersichtliche Darstellung der geologisch-palaeontologischer
Verhältnisse Süd-Afrikas. Th. i. _Abh. K. böhm. Ges. Wiss_.
[vii], Bd. +iii.+

=Felix, J.= (82) Beiträge zur Kenntniss fossiler Coniferen-Hölzer.
_Engler’s Jahrb_. Bd. +iii.+ p. 260.

—— (84) Die Holzopale Ungarns in Palaeophytologischen Hinsicht.
_Mitt. Jahrb. K. Ung. geol. Anst_. Bd. +vii.+

—— (87) Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer. _Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol.
Ges_. p. 517.

—— (94) Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer. _Ibid_. Heft +i.+ p. 79.

—— (96) Untersuchungen über fossile Hölzer. _Ibid_. Heft +ii.+ p.
249.

=Fiedler, H.= (57) Die Fossile Früchte der Steinkohlen-formation.
_Acad. Caes. Leop. Nov. Acta_, Bd. +xxvi.+ p. 239.

=Fliche, P.= (96) Étude sur la flore fossile de l’Argonne
(Albien-Cenomanien). _Bull. soc. sci. Nancy_.

—— (97) Note sur les nodules et bois minéralisés trouvés à St
Parres-les-vaudes (Aube) dans les grès verts infracrétacés. _Mem.
soc. Acad. de l’Aube_, tome +lx.+

—— (99) Note sur quelques fossiles végétaux de l’Oligocène dans les
Alpes Françaises. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [3], tome +xxvii.+ p.
466.

—— (00) Contribution à la Flore fossile de la Haute-Marne
(Infracrétacée). _Bull. soc. sci. Nancy_.

—— (00²) Note sur un bois fossile de Madagascar. _Bull. soc. géol.
France_ [3], tome +xxviii.+ p. 470.

—— (03) Note sur des bois silicifiés Permiens de la vallée de Celles
(Vosges).

—— (05) Note sur des bois fossiles de Madagascar. _Bull. soc. géol.
France_ [4], tome +v+, p. 346.

—— (10) Flore Fossile du Trias en Lorraine et Franche-Comté avec des
considérations finales par M. R. Zeiller. _Paris_.

=Fliche, P.= and =Bleicher=. (82) Étude sur la flore de l’oolithe
inférieure aux environs de Nancy. _Bull. soc. sci. Nancy_.

=Fliche, P.= and =R. Zeiller=. (04) Note sur une florule Portlandienne
des environs de Boulogne-sur-mer. _Bull. soc. géol. France_ [4],
tome +iv+, p. 787.

=Fontaine, W. M.= (93) Notes on some Fossil plants from the Trinity
Division of the Comanche series of Texas. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus_.
vol. +xvi.+ p. 261.

=Foxworthy, F. W.= (11) Philippine Gymnosperms. _Philipp. Journ. Sci_.
(C) _Botany_, vol. +vi.+ No. 3, p. 149.

=Fraine, E. de=. (12) On the structure and affinities of _Sutcliffia_,
in the light of a newly discovered specimen. _Ann. Bot_. vol.
+xxvi.+ p. 1031.

—— (14) On _Medullosa centrofilis_, a new species of _Medullosa_
from the Lower Coal Measures. _Ibid_. vol. +xxviii.+ p. 251.

=Fritel, P. H.= and =R. Vignier=. (11) Étude anatomique de deux bois
Éocènes. _Ann. sci. nat._ [9], tome +xiv.+ p. 63.

=Fujii, K.= (96) On the different views hitherto proposed regarding the
morphology of the flowers of _Ginkgo biloba_. _Bot. Mag. Tokyo_,
vol. +x.+ No. 109, p. 13.

—— (10) Some remarks on the Cretaceous Fossil Flora and the causes
of extinction. _Bot. Mag. Tokyo_, vol. +xxiv.+ No. 284, p. 197.

=Fujioka, M.= (13) Studien über den anatomischen Bau des Hölzes der
japanischen Nadelbäume. _Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo_,
vol. +iv.+ No. 4, p. 201.

=Gardner, J. S.= (86) A monograph of the British Eocene Flora, vol.
+ii.+ Gymnospermae. _Palaeont. Soc. London._

—— (86²) Second Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of
reporting on the Fossil Plants of the Tertiary and Secondary beds
of the United Kingdom. Rep. of the 56th Meeting Brit. Assoc.

=Geinitz, H. B.= (42) Charakteristik der Schichten und Petrefacten des
Sächsischen Kreidegebirges. Heft +iii.+ _Dresden und Leipzig._

—— (62) Dyas oder die Zechstein-formation und das Rothliegende, Heft
+ii.+ _Leipzig._

—— (63) Über zwei neue Dyadische Pflanzen. _Neues Jahrb. Min._ p.
525.

—— (71) Über fossile Pflanzen aus der Steinkohlen-Formation am
Altai. _Leipzig._

—— (73) Versteinerungen aus dem Brandschiefer der unteren Dyas von
Weissig bei Pillnitz in Sächsen. _Neues Jahrb. Min._ p. 681.

—— (75) Über neue Aufschlüsse im Brandschiefer der unteren Dyas von
Weissig bei Pillnitz in Sächsen. _Ibid._ p. 1.

—— (80) Nachträge zur Dyas I. _Mittheil. aus dem K. Min.-geol. und
Praehist. Mus. Dresden_, Heft 3.

=Gerry, E.= (10) The distribution of the Bars of Sanio in the
Coniferales. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxiv.+ p. 119.

=Geyler, T.= and =F. Kinkelin=. (90) Oberpliocän-Flora aus den
Baugraben des Klärbeckens bei Niederrad _etc._ _Abh. Senck.
Naturforsch. Ges._ Bd. +xv.+ p. 1.

=Gibbs, L. S.= (12) On the Development of the female strobilus in
_Podocarpus. Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxvi.+ p, 515.

=Glück, H.= (02) Eine fossile Fichte aus dem Neckerthal. _Mitt. Grossh.
Bad. geolog. Landesanst._ Bd. +iv.+ Heft iv. p. 399.

=Goc, M. J. le.= (14) Observations on the centripetal and centrifugal
xylems in the petioles of Cycads. _Ann. Bot._ vol. +xxviii.+ p.
183.

=Goebel, K.= (05) Organography of Plants. Pt. ii. _Oxford._

=Goeppert, H. R.= (40) Über die neulichst im Basalttuff des
hohen Seelbachkopfes bei Siegen entdeckten bituminösen und
versteinerten Hölzer, so wie über die der Braunkohlenformation
überhaupt. _Arch. für Min., Geog., etc._ (_Karsten und von
Decken_), Bd. +xiv.+ p. 182.

—— (41) Über den Bernstein.... _Uebersicht der Arbeiten und
Veränderungen der Schles. Ges. für Vaterländ._ _Kultur._
_Breslau._

—— (41²) _Taxites scalariformis_, eine neue Art fossilen Holzes.
_Arch. für Min., Geog., etc._ Bd. +xv.+ p. 727.

—— (44) Ueber die fossilen Cycadeen überhaupt, mit Rücksicht auf die
in Schlesien vorkommenden Arten. _Uebersicht Arbeit. und Veränd.
Schlesisch. Ges. vat. Kult._ 1843, p. 114. _Breslau._

—— (45) F. Wimmer’s Flora von Schlesien nebst einer Uebersicht der
Fossilen Flora Schlesiens von H. R. Goeppert. _Breslau._

—— (45²) Description des végétaux fossiles recueillis par M. P. de
Tchihatcheff en Sibérie. _Voyage scientifique dans l’Altai
oriental_, p. 379. _Paris._

—— (46) Ueber die fossile Flora der mittleren Juraschichten in
Oberschlesien. _Uebers. Arbeit. und Veränd. Schles. Ges. vat.
Kultur im Jahre_ 1845, _Breslau_, 1846, p. 139.

—— (47) Zur Flora des Quadersandsteins in Schlesien. _Nachtrag. Nov.
Act. Ac. Caes. Leop.-Car._ vol. +xxii.+ p. 355.

—— (50) Monographie der fossilen Coniferen. _Natuurkundige Verhand.
Holland. Maatschap. Wetenschappen Haarlem. Leiden._

—— (52) Fossile Flora des Übergangsgebirges. _Nova Acta Caes.
Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur._ Bd. +XX:I.+ (supplement).

—— (53) Ueber die gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse der Paläontologie in
Schlesien, so wie über fossile Cycadeen. _Denksch. Schles. Ges.
für Vaterländ. Kultur._

—— (65) Die fossile Flora der Permischen Formation. _Palaeont._ Bd.
+ii.+ p. 1.