Chapter XXXIX: Cycadophytan Fronds (6)

Scott and Jeffrey, 191, 196

Scott and Maslen, 119, 122, 330

_Scuto-Cordaites_, 237

_S. Grand’Euryi_, 238

Sellards, E. H., 126

_Senecio praecox_, 287

_Senftenbergia_, 63

_Sequoia_, 217

_Serjania_, 88

_Sewardia latifolia_, 589, 591

Shaw, F. J. F., 160

Shirley, J., 255

_Sigillaria_, 214

_Sigillariopsis_, 214

Solms-Laubach, Graf zu., _Passim_

_Sorocladus stellata_, 110

_Sparganum_, 93, 105, 184, 191

Spencer, J., 294

_Sphaereda paradoxa_, 502

_Sphaerostoma_, 71, 78–81, 307, 309, 316, 319

_S. ovale_, 79, 80, 312, 313

_Sphenophyllum_, 110

_Sphenopteridophylla_, 86

_Sphenopteris_, 109

_S. artemisaefolia_, 169

_S. crithmifolia_, 169, 170

_S. dissecta_, 77, 81

_S. Dubuissonis_, 56

_S. elegans_, 72, 75, 77, 78, 81

_S. Hoeninghausi_, 47–53, 56, 70

_S. Linkii_, 51

_S. obtusifolia_, 81

_S. obtusiloba_, 65

_S. refracta_, 208

_S. Schaumberg-Lippeana_, 66

_Sphenozamites_, 587–589

_S. Belli_, 588, 589

_S. Geinitzianus_, 589

_S. Geylerianus_, 588

_S. robustus_, 589

_S. Rochei_, 509, 587

_S. Rossii_, 588

_Sporocarpon ornatum_, 309

_Stangeria paradoxa_, 8, 9, 12, 16, 19–22, 29, 30, 32, 34,
159, 160, 312, 386

Staub, M., 578

_Steloxylon_, 163–165

_S. Ludwigii_, 163, 164

_Stenomyelon_, 182–185

_S. tuedianum_, 183–185

_Stenorrachis_, 503

_S. scanicus_, 503, 568

Stenzel, G., 165

_Stenzelia_, 106

_Stephanospermum_, 302–304, 307, 323, 326–329, 345, 497

_S. akenioides_, 311, 314, 319, 326–328

_S. caryoides_, 328, 329

Sternberg, C. von, 118, 362, 487, 522, 555

_Sternbergia_, 247

Sterzel, J. T., 105, 167, 168

_Stigmaria_, 193

Stokes and Webb, 480, 481, 491, 497

Stopes, M. C., _Passim_

_Strobilites_, 124, 141, 142, 500

_S. Milleryensis_, 141, 142, 338

Stur, D., 70, 77, 167

_Sub-Zamites_, 521, 530, 531

Sutcliffe, W. H., 149, 161, 162

_Sutcliffia_, 87, 149–156, 182–185

_S. insignis_, 149–156

_S. Williamsoni_, 154

_Syncardia_, 200, 205

_S. pusilla_, 201, 202

_Taeniopteris_, 1, 86, 511, 568, 576, 583

_T. asplenioides_, 581

_T. vittata_, 467, 470, 472, 508, 569

Tate, R., 534

_Taxospermum_, 265, 333, 346, 347

_T. Grüneri_, 322, 347

_Taxus_, 306, 347, 396

_Teconia_, 46

_Telangium_, 54, 55, 125

_T. Scotti_, 54, 311

_Thinouia scandens_, 88

Thiselton-Dyer, W. T., 467

_Thlaspi arvense_, 303

Thoday, Mrs, 28, 160, 161

Thomas, H. H., _Passim_

Thomas and Bancroft, 560

Thomson, R. B., 252, 254

Thomson and Allin, 251

_Thysanotesta_, 304, 364

_T. sagittula_, 304, 314, 359, 364

_Thysopteris elegans_, 65

_Titanophyllum_, 283, 284

_T. Brittsi_, 284

_T. Grand’Euryi_, 283, 284

_Torreya_, 301, 325, 347

_Trigonocarpon_, 117, 118

_Trigonocarpus_, 61, 90, 94, 115–123, 162, 301, 303, 307,
316–329, 345, 499

_T. actaeonelloides_, 354

_T. corrugatus_, 124

_T. Dawesi_, 123, 320

_T. Moyseyi_, 122

_T. multicarinatus_, 320

_T. olivaeformis_, 119

_T. Oliveri_, 122

_T. Parkinsoni_, 118–123, 319–321, 329

_T. pusillus_, 122, 319, 320

_T. rostratum_, 321

_T. schizocarpoides_, 319

_T. shorensis_, 121–124, 319, 320

_T. sporites_, 320

_Trigonocarpum gloagianum_, 358, 360

_Tripterospermum_, 119, 321, 358, 369

_T. ellipticum_, 321, 357

_Tsuga_, 127, 315

_Tylodendron_, 250, 253, 491

Tyson, P., 385

_Tysonia marylandica_, 385

_Ullmannites Beinertianus_, 199

_Ulospermum_, 497

Unger, F., 190, 194, 196, 200, 201, 203, 204, 285, 449

_Vectia_, 419, 420

_V. luccombensis_, 419

Velenovský, J., 281, 504, 505

_Völkelia_, 208–210

_V. refracta_, 208, 209

Vries, H. de, 10

Walch, J. E. J., 497

_Walchia_, 253, 338

Ward, L. F., 368, 369, 385, 409, 417, 491, 497, 582

_Wardia_, 172–174

_W. fertilis_, 171, 172

Warming, E., 25

Warren, E., 256

Watson, D. M. S., 68

Weber and Sterzel, 97, 99, 101, 104, 108

Weiss, C. E., 264, 338

Weiss, F. E., 54, 68

Welsford, E. J., 61

_Weltrichia_, 475–477

_W. Fabrei_, 477

_W. mirabilis_, 476

_W. oolithica_, 477

_Welwitschia_, 160, 161, 336, 380, 403

Wettstein, R. V., 403

White, D., 169, 172, 173, 192, 243, 255, 258, 284, 326

_Whittleseya_, 124–131

_W. brevifolia_, 128

_W. concinna_, 131

_W. elegans_, 128–131

_W. fertilis_, 129, 130

_W. integrifolia_, 131

_W. undulata_, 131

Wieland, G. R., _Passim_

_Wielandia_, 463

_Wielandiella_, 454, 463–467, 472, 473, 478, 481, 550

_W. angustifolia_, 464, 466, 467, 470

_W. punctata_, 446

Wild, G., 119

Williamson, W. C., _Passim_

Williamson and Scott, 42–46, 67, 69, 74, 75, 77

_Williamsonia_, 372, 386, 409, 412, 421–463, 494, 516, 517,
520, 524, 531–534, 538, 546

_W. angustifolia_, 463

_W. Bibbinsi_, 462

_W. bituberculata_, 457

_W. Blandfordi_, 445, 446, 517

_W. Bucklandi_, 386, 448, 449

_W. Carruthersi_, 439, 447, 448

_W. cretacea_, 461, 462

_W. Cuauhtemoc_, 446

_W. elongata_, 462

_W. Forchammeri_, 461

_W. gallinacea_, 462

_W. gigas_, 421–436, 443–447, 451, 457, 460, 472, 483

_W. hastula_, 422

_W. Haydeni_, 460

_W. indica_, 446

_W. Leckenbyi_, 439, 440, 448, 473

_W. Lignieri_, 472

_W. mexicana_, 459, 460

_W. microps_, 445

_W. minima_, 461

_W. Morieri_, 395

_W. oregonensis_, 461

_W. Otozamitis_, 460

_W. pecten_, 422, 426, 440–442, 445, 456

_W. phoenicopsoides_, 462

_W. problematica_, 461, 462

_W. pyramidalis_, 457

_W. recentior_, 463

_W. Riesii_, 461

_W. scotica_, 374, 391, 396, 403, 415, 440, 447, 449–456, 465,
478, 489

_W. setosa_, 436, 443–445

_W. Smockii_, 461

_Williamsonia_ sp., 443–446, 460

_W. spectabilis_, 435–442, 457, 445, 459, 460, 473, 476

_W. virginiensis_, 462

_W. whitbiensis_, 435, 438–442, 457, 458, 460

_Williamsoniella_, 434, 454, 467–473

_W. coronata_, 467–472

_W. Lignieri_, 472

Wills, L. T., 278

Witham, H., 35, 254, 285, 289

Worsdell, W. C., 30, 33, 34, 46, 155, 159, 160, 162, 403

_Xenoxylon phyllocladoides_, 213

Yabe, H., 578

Yates, J., 421

_Yatesia_, 386, 478

_Y. crassa_, 483

_Y. gracilis_, 483

_Y. Joassiana_, 483

_Y. Morrisii_, 484

_Y. vogesiacus_, 277, 278, 483

_Y. Yatesii_, 484

Yokoyama, M., 537, 578, 582

Young, G., 421

Young, J., 358

_Yucca_, 277

_Yuccites_, 277, 278

_Y. Schimperianus_, 281

Zalessky, M., 70, 191, 194, 197, 198, 238, 243, 244, 291–295, 358,
359, 590

_Zalesskya gracilis_, 180

_Zamia_, 11, 12, 16, 24, 30, 62, 139, 507

_Z. angustifolia_, 16

_Z. Brongniarti_, 395

_Z. crassa_, 504

_Z. floridana_, 16, 24, 25

_Z. furfuracea_, 19

_Z. gigas_, 421

_Z. Goldiei_, 522

_Z. integrifolia_, 16, 76

_Z. linifolia_, 16

_Z. Loddigesii_, 5, 16, 18

_Z. macrocephala_, 503

_Z. muricata_, 587

_Z. pectinata_, 522

_Z. praecedens_, 510

_Z. pseudoparasitica_, 19

_Z. pumila_, 9

_Z. pygmaea_, 4

_Z. Skinneri_, 587

_Z. Wallisii_, 16, 17

Zamieae, 8

_Zamiophyllum_, 529–531

_Zamiopsis_, 512

_Zamiostrobus_, 496, 503

_Z. Loppineti_, 504

_Z. orientalis_, 504

_Z. Saportana_, 505

_Zamites_, 281, 378, 379, 507, 512, 517, 520, 521, 525, 527,
529–537, 589, 590

_Z. Anderssoni_, 521

_Z. antarcticus_, 521, 527

_Z. bohemicus_, 534

_Z. borealis_, 521, 525, 530, 531

_Z. brevipennis_, 521, 525

_Z. Buchianus_, 531, 535–537

_Z. carbonarius_, 590

_Z. Carruthersi_, 535, 536

_Z. claravallensis_, 534

_Z. eathiensis_, 584

_Z. epibius_, 510

_Z. familiaris_, 505

_Z. Feneonis_, 533

_Z. gigas_, 422–426, 443, 510, 521, 530–534

_Z. iburgensis_, 534

_Z. Mantelli_, 532

_Z. Moreaui_, 533

_Z. palaeocenicus_, 510

_Z. pusillus_, 521

_Z. recta_, 534

_Z. Renevieri_, 533

_Z. Schmiedelii_, 534

_Zamites_ sp., 585

_Z. speciosus_, 521, 525

_Z. truncatus_, 532

_Z. Zitteli_, 535

Zeiller, R., _Passim_

Zigno, A. de, 281, 460, 587, 588

Zopf, W., 62, 538

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Wieland (06) p. 190.

[2] _Botanical Magazine_, Tab. 1741.

[3] Matte (04) Pl. +xi.+ fig. 185 (_Microcycas_).

[4] Thibout (96).

[5] Thibout (96) Pl. +iv.+ fig. 3. A branched microstrobilus of a _Macrozamia_ is exhibited in the Botanical Department of the British Museum.

[6] Pearson (06).

[7] Sohns-Laubach (90); South and Compton (08); Smith, F. G. (07).

[8] Chamberlain (13).

[9] Lang (97); (00).

[10] Chamberlain (09) p. 410.

[11] Caldwell (07).

[12] For figures and references, see Coulter and Chamberlain (10).

[13] Chamberlain (12) p. 11.

[14] Saxton (104).

[15] For an explanation of the occurrence of a single cotyledon in _Ceratozamia_, see Dorety (08).

[16] Worsdell (00); (01); Chamberlain (11).

[17] μανός, porous, loose in texture; πυκνόϛ, compact.

[18] Sifton (15).

[19] Worsdell (00); (06). See _postea_, Chap. +xxx.+

[20] Worsdell (98²).

[21] For figures, see Mettenius (60) B.; de Bary (84) A.; le Goc (14); Marsh (14).

[22] Wieland (06) pp. 62, 63.

[23] Matte (04) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 111.

[24] Scott (97); Matte (04) p. 164.

[25] The species _Cycas taiwanensis_ was founded by Mr Carruthers (93) on material from Formosa, and _C. revoluta_ has also been recorded from Formosa [Thiselton-Dyer (02) p. 559], but according to Mr Elwes it is very doubtful whether any native Cycad occurs on the island.

[26] Engler (95) p. 92; Stapf (14).

[27] _Gard. Chron._ June 11, 1904, p. 370.

[28] _Bot. Mag._ 1909, Tab. 8232.

[29] Pearson (06).

[30] Chamberlain (12²).

[31] Chamberlain (06).

[32] Webber (01).

[33] Chamberlain (09).

[34] Hooker, J. D. (91) A. p. 98 (footnote).

[35] Pearson (06).

[36] Prof. de Vries kindly informed me in a letter that this estimate is not to be regarded as anything more than a rough guess.

[37] Stopes (10).

[38] Caldwell (07).

[39] Bower (84).

[40] Rosen (11).

[41] Seward (95) A. pp. 15 _et seq._

[42] Braun, A. (75).

[43] Thiselton-Dyer (65) B.; _Bot. Mag._ 1909, Tab. 8242.

[44] Thiselton-Dyer (02) p. 560.

[45] _Gard. Chron._ 1904, June 11, p. 370.

[46] Seward (97).

[47] Braun, A. (75²) p. 376.

[48] _Bot. Mag._ 1818, Tab. 1969.

[49] Matte (04) p. 34.

[50] Seward (95) A. p. 5; Robertson (02) fig. 4.

[51] Vol. +ii.+ fig. 287, p. 389.

[52] Chamberlain (09).

[53] Braun, A. (75); Bornemann (56) A. Pl. +x.+

[54] Caldwell (07); Caldwell and Baker (07).

[55] _Bot. Mag._ 1859, Tab. 5121.

[56] Vol. +ii.+ p. 485.

[57] Lignier (94).

[58] Chamberlain (12³).

[59] For information on the anatomy of reproductive shoots, see Thibout (96); Scott (97); Worsdell (98); Matte (04).

[60] Thiselton-Dyer (01); _Bot. Mag._ 1915, Tab. 8592, 8593. For instances of monstrous cones, see Miquel (69), Wieland (02).

[61] Chamberlain (09).

[62] Dorrien-Smith (11) p. 287.

[63] Stopes (04) p. 467.

[64] Stopes (04) p. 438, fig. 1; Warming (77) Pl. +iii.+

[65] Chamberlain (06).

[66] Kershaw (12).

[67] Stopes (04).

[68] Oliver (13).

[69] Thoday (Sykes) (11); Sykes (10); Thoday (Sykes) and Berridge (12).

[70] Salisbury (14) p. 72.

[71] Kraus (96).

[72] Pearson (06).

[73] Rattray (13).

[74] Worsdell (96); (01).

[75] See _ante_, p. 5.

[76] Chamberlain (11); Wieland (06).

[77] Pavolini (09); Marsh (14).

[78] Matte (08).

[79] Dorety (08²); (09).

[80] Worsdell (96).

[81] Matte (04) especially pp. 185–202. See also Worsdell (00); (06) etc.

[82] Matte (04) p. 210.

[83] Worsdell (98²).

[84] Caldwell (07).

[85] Carano (04); le Goc (14); Marsh (14).

[86] Le Goc (14); Marsh (14).

[87] Seward (06).

[88] Robertson (02).

[89] Seward (12²).

[90] Worsdell (98).

[91] Lignier (92).

[92] Nestler (95); Porsch (05); Thomas and Bancroft (13); Dušánek (13).

[93] Binney (66).

[94] Unger (50) A. p. 378.

[95] Williamson (69).

[96] Williamson (73) A.

[97] Gourlie (44).

[98] See page 186.

[99] Solms-Laubach (91) A. pp. 8, 217, 218.

[100] Solms-Laubach (91) A. pp. 8, 217, 218.

[101] Vol. +ii.+ p. 220.

[102] Nathorst (14) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 1.

[103] Nathorst (04) B. p. 11.

[104] Potonié (99) B. p. 171.

[105] Arber, E. A. N. (02).

[106] Williamson and Scott (95).

[107] Williamson and Scott (95) p. 720.

[108] Williamson (90) Pl. +xii.+ fig. 6.

[109] Williamson (90) Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 3, _b._

[110] Williamson and Scott (95) Pl. +xxiii.+ fig. 8.

[111] _Ibid._ p. 722.

[112] Worsdell (06) pp. 140 _et seq._

[113] Lomax (02).

[114] Brenchley (13).

[115] For a description of the method, see Salisbury (13).

[116] Williamson (73) A. p. 403.

[117] Williamson (90).

[118] Vol. +ii.+ p. 299, fig. 232.

[119] Bower (12) Pls. +xxx.+ +xxxiii.+

[120] Höhlke (02).

[121] Williamson (74) Pl. +li.+ fig. 1.

[122] Scott (09) B. fig. 139, p. 375.

[123] Brongniart (28) A. p. 199, Pl. +lii.+ For synonymy, see Kidston (11) p. 42.

[124] Zeiller (88) A. p. 82, Pl. +vi.+

[125] See also Kidston (06) B, fig. 5, p. 417; Renier (10²), Pls. 60, 70.

[126] Kidston (06) B.

[127] Stur (77) p. 257, Pls. +xxv.+ +xxvi.+

[128] Oliver (05) fig. 6.

[129] Gothan (13) p. 40.

[130] Johnson (11).

[131] Kidston (05).

[132] Kidston (06) B.

[133] Zeiller (83) B.

[134] Gothan (13) p. 49.

[135] Chodat (08) B.

[136] Scott (08) B. p. 292.

[137] Weiss, F. E. (12).

[138] Vol. +ii.+ p. 532.

[139] Scott (09) B. p. 400.

[140] Kidston (06) B.

[141] Benson (04) B.

[142] In his account of the ovule of _Stangeria_ Lang (00) discusses the possibility of homologising the ovule with a sorus consisting of one sporangium.

[143] Williamson (77) B. p. 234.

[144] Oliver and Scott (03): (04).

[145] Hörich (06) p. 48.

[146] Kidston (05²) B.

[147] Grand’Eury (05²) B.

[148] Oliver and Scott (04) Pl. +x.+ fig. 28; McLean (12).

[149] Williamson (76).

[150] Oliver (03) p. 462.

[151] Benson (08).

[152] McLean (12).

[153] For figure, see Lotsy (09) p. 714.

[154] Scott (11) p. 105.

[155] Chodat (08) B.

[156] Scott (03).

[157] Scott (09) B. p. 220. See also Oliver (05); Oliver and Scott (04) p. 231.

[158] Gibbs (12) p. 46.

[159] Oliver (06).

[160] Stopes(05); Prankerd (12).

[161] Sykes (10) p. 219; Thoday (Sykes, M. G.) (11) p. 1124.

[162] Shaw (08).

[163] Benson and Welsford (09) p. 633.

[164] Kershaw (09) p. 359.

[165] Benson (08).

[166] Zopf (92) Pls. +i.+ +ii.+

[167] Burlingame (15).

[168] Williamson (77) B.

[169] Williamson (76) p. 160.

[170] Butterworth (97).

[171] Oliver (09) p. 74.

[172] Prankerd (12).

[173] Vol. +ii.+ p. 364, fig. 270.

[174] Berridge (11).

[175] Lignier (13²).

[176] Nathorst (14) p. 29.

[177] Arber (05).

[178] Oliver (09).

[179] Arber (14) p. 102.

[180] Vol. +ii.+ pp. 294, 295.

[181] Vol. +ii.+ p. 529, fig. 352.

[182] Carpentier (11) p. 3.

[183] See page 66.

[184] Kidston (14) p. 160, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 1, 2.

[185] _Ibid._ p. 161, Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 9, 10.

[186] Grand’Eury (05²) B.

[187] Carpentier (11).

[188] Arber, E. A. N. (08).

[189] Nathorst (08) p. 10, Pl. +ii.+ figs. 19–21.

[190] Stopes (14) p. 74, Pls. +xvii.+ fig. 45, +xxv.+ fig. 69, text-fig. 15.

[191] See page 124.

[192] Nathorst (14) p. 23, Pl. +xv.+ fig. 43.

[193] Carpentier (13) p. 391.

[194] Williamson (76) B.

[195] Williamson (87) p. 297.

[196] Felix (86) A. p. 51.

[197] Williamson and Scott (94).

[198] Hick (95) p. 114.

[199] Stopes and Watson (08) Pl. +xvii.+ fig. 1.

[200] Weiss, F. E. (13).

[201] Williamson and Scott (95) p. 739.

[202] White (99) B. p. 40.

[203] Felix (86) A.

[204] Zalessky (10).

[205] Kubart (14); (11).

[206] Corda (45) A. Pl. +xvi.+

[207] Kubart (08) fig. 3.

[208] Vol. +ii.+ p. 310, fig. 237, C; p. 311, fig. 238.

[209] Williamson (73) A. p. 403.

[210] Benson (14).

[211] Williamson (72²).

[212] Williamson (73) A.

[213] Williamson (90).

[214] Williamson and Scott (95).

[215] Scott (15).

[216] Scott (15).

[217] Jeffrey (05) Pl. +iii.+ fig. 21.

[218] Kidston (91²) B. p. 49.

[219] Williamson and Scott (95) p. 753.

[220] Williamson and Scott (95) Pl. +xxvii.+ fig. 28.

[221] Stur (77) p. 236, Pls. +xiii.+ +xiv.+

[222] Benson (14).

[223] Oliver (09) p. 111.

[224] Grand’Eury (05²).

[225] Carpentier (11) Pl. +xii.+ fig. 1.

[226] For a fuller description, see Williamson and Scott (95).

[227] Scott (09) B. p. 410; (15).

[228] Scott (15).

[229] Renault (79) B. p. 276, Pl. +xiv.+ figs. 4–8; (96) A. p. 251, Pl. +lxv.+ figs. 1, 2.

[230] Renault (96) A. pp. 253, 255.

[231] _Ibid._ p. 252, Pl. +lxv.+ figs. 3, 6.

[232] Kubart (14).

[233] Dr. Scott who has seen sections of this species tells me that it is a striking intermediate form.

[234] Johnson (12).

[235] Scott (15).

[236] Goeppert and Stenzel (81).

[237] Lotsy (09) p. 723.

[238] Zeiller (05) B. p. 725.

[239] Schenck (93) B. Pls. +I–V+, etc.

[240] White, D. (05²) B. p. 389.

[241] Solms-Laubach (97) Pl. +vi.+ fig. 3.

[242] Penhallow (97).

[243] Cotta (32) B. p. 59.

[244] Brongniart (49) A. p. 57.

[245] Scott (99).

[246] Arber, E. A. N. (03).

[247] Renault (76) B.

[248] Arber, E. A. N. (03).

[249] Kidston (05²) B.

[250] Scott (09) B. p. 441 (footnote).

[251] Scott (14).

[252] De Fraine (14).

[253] De Fraine (14) p. 259. See also Kisch (13).

[254] Cotta (32) B. p. 66, Pl. +xiii.+ The well-preserved specimen figured by Cotta in his Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 2 is in the Dresden Museum.

[255] Goeppert (65) A. p. 209, Pls. +xl.–xliii.+

[256] Goeppert and Stenzel (81).

[257] Weber and Sterzel (96) B.

[258] Schenk (89).

[259] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 51; Schenk (89).

[260] No. V. 8093.

[261] Schenk (82). See also Zeiller (90) B. p. 286.

[262] No. 13767, probably identical with _M. stellata_ var. _lignosa_ Weber and Sterzel.

[263] Mougeot (52) A. p. 36, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 8–10.

[264] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 108.

[265] _Ibid._ p. 56.

[266] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 63.

[267] _Ibid._ p. 66.

[268] Renault (96) A. p. 297; (93) A. Pl. +lxxi.+ figs. 1–6.

[269] Brongniart (49) A. p. 77.

[270] Cotta (32) B. p. 63, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 6, 7.

[271] Schenk (89) p. 339.

[272] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 541, Pls. +ii.+ +iii.+

[273] Goeppert and Stenzel (81) p. 123, Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 13–15; Solms-Laubach (97); Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 79, Pls. +iv.+ +v.+ +ix.+

[274] Goeppert and Stenzel (81) Pl. +iii.+ fig. 15.

[275] Solms-Laubach (97) p. 179.

[276] Scott (99) p. 90.

[277] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 95, Pl. +ix.+

[278] Solms-Laubach (97).

[279] Renault (76) B. p. 7.

[280] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 122; (90) A. p. 287.

[281] Seward (93).

[282] Penhallow (97).

[283] Williamson (76) B. p. 8.

[284] Zeiller (90) B.

[285] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 102, fig. 26.

[286] Seward (93).

[287] Renault (76) B.

[288] Penhallow (97).

[289] Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 139.

[290] Page 142.

[291] Holden, H. S. (10).

[292] Vol. +ii.+ p. 568, fig. 371.

[293] Kidston (87) B.

[294] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 117.

[295] Carpentier (11) p. 10.

[296] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 328, Pl. +xlviii.+

[297] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 120.

[298] Zeiller (99) B. p. 52, Pl. +iv.+ fig. 19.

[299] Carpentier (11) p. 12, Pls +xvi.+ +xvii.+

[300] Carpentier (13) p. 387, Pl. +x.+ figs. 1–6.

[301] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 125.

[302] Kidston (14) p. 108.

[303] _Ibid._ p. 112, Pl. +viii.+ figs. 1–7.

[304] Carpentier (11) p. 13, Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 1.

[305] See page 127.

[306] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 273, Pl. +xxxi.+ figs. 2, 4.

[307] Zeiller (90) B. Pl. +xi.+ fig. 9; (00)² B. p. 108, fig. 83. See Vol. +ii.+ p. 572.

[308] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 132, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 7.

[309] Carpentier (13) p. 375, Pl. +viii.+ fig. 1.

[310] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 135, pl. +vi.+ figs. 2–4.

[311] Kidston (04); (04²); (14) p. 107, fig. 5.

[312] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxxii.+ fig. 19.

[313] Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +vi.+ fig. 6.

[314] Kidston and Jongmans (11).

[315] Grand’Eury (04); (04²).

[316] _Cf._ also _Rhabdocarpus conicus_ and other forms figured by Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxxvi.+

[317] Brongniart (74) Pl. +xxi.+; (81) Pls. +ix.–xi.+

[318] See Chapter +xxxv.+

[319] See Chapter +xxxv.+

[320] P. Bertrand (13) p. 129, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 1, 2, 7.

[321] See Chapter +xxxv.+

[322] See page 139.

[323] Arber (14) pp. 93, 103, Pl. +viii.+ fig. 47.

[324] P. Bertrand (13) p. 121.

[325] Grand’Eury (04²) p. 785 (footnote).

[326] Chodat (08) B. p. 33, fig. 15.

[327] Lotsy (09) p. 72.

[328] Grand’Eury (04); (04) B.

[329] Brongniart (28) A. p. 137.

[330] Williamson (77) B.; Scott and Maslen (07) p. 90 (footnote) also refer to _Trigonocarpon_ as having been used by Brongniart in 1849.

[331] Brongniart (49) A. p. 91.

[332] Lindley and Hutton (35) A. p. 172.

[333] Hooker and Binney (55).

[334] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. 87.

[335] Wild (00).

[336] Scott and Maslen (07) p. 96.

[337] Scott and Maslen (07).

[338] Arber, A (14).

[339] Oliver (04) p. 97.

[340] Salisbury (14) p. 65.

[341] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 95, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 1.

[342] Lindley and Hutton (37) A. Pl. 221; Arber _loc. cit._ p. 95, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 8.

[343] Fiedler (57) Pl. +xxvii.+ fig. 39.

[344] Lesquereux (80) A. Pl. 85; (84) A. Pl. +iii.+

[345] Salisbury (14).

[346] See page 115.

[347] Renault (96) A. p. 399; (93) A. Pl. +lxxxv.+ fig. 9; Salisbury (14) p. 66.

[348] Sellards (03) p. 90; (07).

[349] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 93; (84) A. p. 733, Pl. +xciv.+ figs. 1, 2.

[350] Stopes (14) p. 74. See page 66.

[351] Nathorst (14) p. 23. See page 67.

[352] Geinitz (63) p. 525, Pl. +vi.+

[353] Goeppert (65) p. 161, Pls. +XXIII–IV.+ The specimens figured by Goeppert, which I saw some years ago in the Breslau Museum, do not show the finer characters very clearly.

[354] Goeppert (65) p. 164, Pls. +XXIV–V.+

[355] Schimper (72) A. p. 358.

[356] Kidston (84) Pl. +v.+ fig. 2.

[357] Renault (96) A. p. 379, fig. 73.

[358] Zeiller in Douvillé and Zeiller (08).

[359] See page 124.

[360] Newberry (54).

[361] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 523, Pl. +iv+; (84). For other references see Potonié (04).

[362] White, D. (01).

[363] Thomas, H. H. (12); Kidston (14) p. 166.

[364] Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxii+; (96) A. p. 268. See page 137.

[365] Page 111.

[366] White (01) p. 108.

[367] _Ibid._ p. 104, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 3, 3_a_.

[368] Matthew (10).

[369] Stopes (14) p. 78.

[370] Kidston (14) p. 166, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 1–10.

[371] Saporta (78).

[372] Eichwald (55) Pl. +xviii.+ fig. 18; (60) p. 252.

[373] Goeppert (65) p. 157, Pl. +xxi.+ fig. 4.

[374] Saporta (78²).

[375] Saporta and Marion (85) pp. 16, 68.

[376] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 192.

[377] Zeiller (00²) B. p. 217.

[378] Kutorga (42).

[379] Unger (50) A. p. 334.

[380] Renault (96) A. p. 262.

[381] No. V. 8114.

[382] A specimen from Orenburg in the Dresden Museum shows the same surface-features as the British Museum specimen and agrees with the originals of Goeppert’s figures which are in the Breslau University Museum.

[383] Renault (96) A. p. 265, fig. 43.

[384] Renault (96) A. p. 262, Pl. +xxii.+ fig. 1.

[385] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 196, Pl. +xvi+; (90) A. Pl. +viii.+ fig. 1; Zeiller (06) B. p. 192.

[386] Renault and Zeiller (90) A. p. 556, Pl. +lvii.+

[387] Grand’Eury (04).

[388] Roehl (69) B. Pl. +xvii.+

[389] Saporta and Marion (85) fig. 29.

[390] Renault (96) A, p. 267, Pl. +lxxii.+

[391] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 126.

[392] See Chapter +xxxv.+

[393] Zeiller (06) B. p. 227.

[394] Saporta and Marion (85) fig. 37, p. 76.

[395] Schmalhausen (87) Pl. +v.+ figs. 7–9: this specimen, figured as _Dolerophyllum Goepperti_, is very similar to _Cordaites circularis_ [Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +vi.+ fig. 15].

[396] Zeiller (02) B. p. 34, Pl. +iv.+ figs. 9, 10.

[397] Bertrand, P. (13) p. 131, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 6.

[398] Zeiller, _loc. cit._ p. 37.

[399] Feistmantel (79) B. p. 30; (81) A. p. 59, Pl. +xxx.+ fig. 14; (82) B. p. 43, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 5–12. Dr Arber [(05) B. p. 205] has substituted for _Carpolithes_ the more appropriate designation _Cardiocarpus_.

[400] Renault (96) A. p. 329; (93) A. Pl. +lxxiii.+

[401] Schimper and Mougeot (44) A. p. 31. Seward (08) B. p. 101.

[402] Brongniart (49) A. p. 60.

[403] Renault (96) A. p. 299; (93) A. Pls. 66, 67.

[404] Grand’Eury (08) B. p. 1242.

[405] Goeppert and Stenzel (81) p. 125; Weber and Sterzel (96) B. p. 79. Solms-Laubach [(97) p. 196] draws attention to the resemblances between the leaf-scars of _Colpoxylon_ and _Medullosa_.

[406] Klein (81) Pls. +xxii.–xxiv.+

[407] Bancroft (13).

[408] Page 205.

[409] Scott (06).

[410] de Fraine (12).

[411] Scott (06) p. 53.

[412] de Fraine (12).

[413] Reference should be made to the helpful drawings of models of the vascular system in Miss de Fraine’s paper.

[414] For additional figures of the principal types of _Medullosa_, see Miss Bancroft’s paper (14).

[415] Lotsy (09) p. 719.

[416] Scott (14) p. 998.

[417] Scott (99) p. 89.

[418] Worsdell (96); (98); (00); (06) etc.

[419] Matte (04); (08). See also Bancroft (14); Dorety (09).

[420] Scott (97).

[421] Worsdell (06).

[422] Shaw (09).

[423] de Fraine (12) p. 1060.

[424] Sykes, M. G. (10²); (10).

[425] Matte (04) Pls. +xv.+ +xvi.+

[426] de Fraine (12).

[427] Scott (06) p. 64.

[428] Chodat (08) B. p. 38.

[429] Worsdell (06) pp. 140 _et seq._

[430] Scott (09) B. p. 464.

[431] For a general summary of ‘Pteridosperm anatomy and its relation to that of the Cycads’ see Bancroft (14).

[432] See p. 6.

[433] Dorety (09²) p. 144.

[434] Goeppert and Stenzel (81) p. 126, Pl. +xvii.+

[435] Schenk (89) p. 525, Pl. +i.+ figs. 1–16.

[436] Solms-Laubach (96) B. p. 62; (97) p. 197; (10) p. 542, Pl. +iii.+ fig. 9.

[437] P. Bertrand (08); (11) p. 47 (footnote).

[438] In a recent note on _Steloxylon_ to which Dr Scott has drawn my attention Bertrand records the genus from Saalfeld (Upper Devonian) and expresses the opinion that _Steloxylon_ may be a condition of _Cladoxylon_ and not a distinct type—P. Bertrand (14) p. 448.

[439] Vol. +ii.+ p. 576.

[440] Schlotheim (04) A. Pl. +x+, fig. 19.

[441] For synonymy, see Kidston (86) A. p. 125 and Potonié (93) A. p. 81.

[442] Sterzel (83); (86²) B.; Zeiller (06) B. p. 60.

[443] Stur (85) B. p. 293.

[444] Grand’Eury (05).

[445] See also Zeiller (05) B. p. 725.

[446] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xxxiii.+ fig. 7.

[447] Vol. +ii.+ p. 419, fig. 297.

[448] Zeiller (06) B. p. 63.

[449] For a more complete synonymy, see Kidston (03) B. p. 770.

[450] Brongniart (28²) A. Pls. +xlvi.+, +xlvii.+; Lebour (77) Pls. +xxxiii.–iv.+

[451] Kidston (14) p. 156; Duns (72).

[452] Howse (88) p. 45.

[453] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 97; (09) p. 29, Pl. +i.+ fig. 5.

[454] Kidston (83) B. p. 540, Pl. +xxxii.+ fig. 3.

[455] White refers some fronds from the Missouri Coal Measures to _Eremopteris_, but their generic identity with the type-species is open to doubt. White (99) B. p. 16.

[456] White (04) B.

[457] Vol. +ii.+ p. 376.

[458] Goeppert (36²) A. p. 216.

[459] See page 64.

[460] Nathorst (14) p. 30, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 18, 60–68.

[461] Schmalhausen (83) Pl. +iv.+ figs. 13–15.

[462] Heer (77) A. Pl. +v.+ pp. 23–25.

[463] Nathorst (14) p. 30, Pl. +xv.+ fig. 59.

[464] Kidston (86) p. 70, Pl. +iii.+ fig. 6.

[465] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 96, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 12.

[466] Seward (99) B.

[467] For additional figures, see Seward (99) B.

[468] Vol. +ii.+ p. 326.

[469] Scott (09) B. p. 476.

[470] Gordon (12). The rich development of secretory tissue suggested the name _Rhetinangium_ (ῥητίνη, resinous gum): the same prefix had previously been adopted by Renault in his genus _Retinodendron_ [Renault (96) A. p. 365].

[471] Scott (15).

[472] Page 90.

[473] Kubart (14).

[474] Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (12).

[475] Similar to the _Dictyoxylon_ type except in the independent and not anastomosing course of the stereome strands.

[476] Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan (12) p. 269.

[477] Renault (96) A. p. 307.

[478] Renault (96) A. p. 308, figs. 55, 56.

[479] Seward (97²).

[480] Scott (00) B. p. 364.

[481] A second band is sometimes present. Scott (00) B. p. 484.

[482] πτύξ, a fold.

[483] Renault (89); (96) A; (93) A. Pl. +lxix.+

[484] Scott (09) B. p. 492.

[485] Klein (81).

[486] Richter and Unger (56) B.

[487] Unger (54) p. 599.

[488] Solms-Laubach (96) B.

[489] Zalessky (11).

[490] Scott and Jeffrey (14).

[491] κάλυμμα, a veil or covering.

[492] White (05²) B. p. 384.

[493] Richter and Unger (56) B. p. 174, Pl. +x.+ figs. 1–3; Solms-Laubach (96) B. p. 73; Scott (12) p. 1027.

[494] Scott and Jeffrey (14) p. 326.

[495] _Ibid._ p. 317, Pls. 27, 28, 30, 31.

[496] Scott (02).

[497] Scott and Jeffrey (14) p. 328, refer to a specimen over 6 cm. in diameter: these authors give several excellent figures of _Kalymma_.

[498] Dawson and Penhallow (91).

[499] ἐριστός, to be disputed.

[500] Zalessky (11).

[501] Scott (99²).

[502] Scott (02).

[503] Scott (02) p. 336.

[504] Page 175.

[505] Scott (12) p. 1027.

[506] Tuzson (09).

[507] Unger and Richter (56) B. p. 178.

[508] Scott and Jeffrey (14) p. 364.

[509] Solms-Laubach (96) B.

[510] P. Bertrand (08).

[511] Unger and Richter (56) B. p. 179, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 6, 7; Solms-Laubach (96) B. p. 52, Pl. +ii.+ figs. 11, 13(?).

[512] Unger and Richter, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 3, 4; Solms-Laubach (96) B. Pl. +xi.+ fig. 10.

[513] See footnote 3, p. 205.

[514] Solms (96) B. p. 53.

[515] Dawson (81) A. p. 299, Pl. +xii.+ figs. 1–9; Solms-Laubach (91) A. pp. 173, 188.

[516] This type is represented in the Geological Survey Collection (No. 15871).

[517] For figures, see Solms-Laubach (96) B. Pl. +ii.+

[518] No. 15870. Unger and Richter (56) B. Pl. +vii.+ figs. 19–21.

[519] Page 472, fig. 324.

[520] Solms-Laubach (10) p. 540.

[521] Bertrand, P. (11) p. 47.

[522] Since this account was printed my attention has been drawn by Dr Scott to a note by Bertrand in which he considerably modifies his views. He finds that _Hierogramma_ and _Syncardia_ are probably different states of the _petiole_ of _Cladoxylon_ and while agreeing with Solms-Laubach’s conclusions he has been able to add important new facts. Bertrand has now given up the opinion that _Clepsydropsis_ is the petiole of _Cladoxylon_. For further details students should consult the preliminary note which it is hoped will be followed by a fully illustrated memoir [Bertrand, P. (14)].

[523] Solms-Laubach (10) p. 537, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 7, 11, 13.

[524] Bancroft (13).

[525] After the late Herr Völkel of Neurode.

[526] Solms-Laubach (10), Pl. +iii.+ figs. 1–4.

[527] Goeppert (52) Pl. +xii.+

[528] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 164.

[529] P. Bertrand (08).

[530] The name _Palaeopitys_, with which _Protopitys_ might be confused, was used by McNab for an imperfect specimen from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland described as _Palaeopitys Milleri_; McNab (70).

[531] Kraus (92).

[532] Solms-Laubach (93).

[533] Vol. +ii.+ p. 212, fig. 200, A, B.

[534] See page 206.

[535] In the form of the pits on the tracheids and in the structure of the medullary rays the English species (as represented in Dr Kidston’s Collection) agrees very closely with Goeppert’s type.

[536] Gothan (07²) p. 10.

[537] Renault (79) B. p. 272, Pls. +xiii+, +xiv.+

[538] Bertrand and Renault (82); Bertrand, C. E. (89); Renault (96) A. p. 279, (93) A. Pls. +lxxiv.+ +lxxv+; Scott (09) B. p. 500. See also Scott and Maslen (10) Maslen (11) p. 409.

[539] Grand’Eury (05).

[540] Lignier (11²).

[541] Renault (80).

[542] Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxiv.+ fig. 8.

[543] See page 270.

[544] See Vol. +i.+ p. 76, fig. 13.

[545] See Vol. +iv.+

[546] For restorations, see Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +d+; good examples of foliage-shoots are figured by Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pls. +lxvi.+ +lxxxi.+; Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +lxiv.+; Kidston (02) B. Pl. +lxiv.+ fig. 2.

[547] Renault (79) B. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 1; Lignier (13²). Cf. _Dolerophyllum_, p. 133.

[548] Sternberg (23) A. Pl. +xviii.+

[549] Brongniart (49) A. p. 65.

[550] Unger (50) A. p. 277.

[551] Tuzson (09) p. 18.

[552] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 257.

[553] Schenk in Schimper and Schenk (90) A. p. 243.

[554] Endlicher (47) p. 298.

[555] Scott (12) p. 1024.

[556] Grand’Eury (05).

[557] Benson (12).

[558] Scott (12) p. 1022.

[559] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 208.

[560] Grand’Eury (90) A. p. 321.

[561] Renault (79) A. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 7.

[562] Lesquereux (78) p. 318.

[563] Felix (86) A. Pl. +iii.+ fig. 1.

[564] Renault (79) A. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 11 bis; Wills, L. (14).

[565] Renault (79) A. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 5; Stopes (03) Pl. +ix.+ fig. 1; Lignier (13²).

[566] Benson (12).

[567] Lignier (13²).

[568] Germar (48) B. p. 55, Pl. +xxiii.+

[569] Kidston (93) A. Pl. +iv.+ fig. 16; (02) B. Pl. +lxiv.+ fig. 3.

[570] Kidston (93) A. p. 352.

[571] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. 95.

[572] Howse (88) p. 112, fig. 7.

[573] Geinitz (55) A. p. 40, Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 7–16.

[574] Kidston (93) A. p. 355.

[575] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 537, Pl. +lxxviii.+

[576] Geinitz (62) p. 148, Pl. +xxxv.+

[577] Sternberg (23) A. Pl. +xviii.+

[578] Corda (45) A. Pl. +xxiv.+ fig. 8.

[579] Feistmantel (72) p. 293.

[580] Lesquereux (78).

[581] White (99) B. p. 260, Pls. +iii.+ +xvi.+ +xlvi.+

[582] Zeiller records the same fungus on leaves of _Cordaites_ (_Noeggerathiopsis_) _Hislopi_ from Tonkin; Zeiller (03) B. p. 151.

[583] Stopes (14) p. 82.

[584] Schmalhausen (87) Pl. +vi.+

[585] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 218, Pl. +xx.+ figs. 1–4.

[586] Zeiller (06) B. p. 182, Pl. +xlvi.+; Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +vii.+ figs. 1, 2.

[587] Lignier (13²).

[588] Lesquereux (78) p. 318; (80) A. Pl. +lxxvii.+

[589] Cambier and Renier (10); Renier (10²) Pl. 118.

[590] See _postea_.

[591] Goeppert (64) A. Pl. +xxii.+ fig. 2.

[592] Weiss, C. E. (72) p. 199.

[593] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xviii.+; Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxvi.+

[594] Weiss, C. E. (72) p. 195.

[595] Kidston (02) B. Pl. +lxiv.+ fig. 2.

[596] Zeiller (80) A. p. 146, Pl. +clxxv.+ fig. 1; Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 225; (90) A. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 5; Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxvii.+ figs. 1, 2.

[597] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 539.

[598] Lesquereux (78) p. 322.

[599] Schmalhausen (87) Pl. +vi.+ figs. 4–6.

[600] Grand’Eury (90) A. p. 325, Pl. +vi.+ fig. 15.

[601] Schmalhausen (87) Pl. +v.+ figs. 7–9.

[602] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 535, Pl. +lxxxvii.+ figs. 2–4.

[603] Grand’Eury, _loc. cit._ p. 324, Pl. +iv.+ fig. 14.

[604] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 603, Pl. +lxiii.+ fig. 6.

[605] Dawson (90) p. 3.

[606] Goeppert (45²) p. 7, Pls. +xxvii.+ +xxviii.+

[607] Zalessky (12) p. 36; (12²). See also Gothan (11).

[608] Kosmovsky (92).

[609] Schmalhausen (79) A. p. 32; Zeiller (96) A.

[610] Zeiller (03) B. For other references see Seward (14).

[611] Wieland (13).

[612] McCoy (74) B. Decade +iv.+ p. 22.

[613] Wieland (13).

[614] Newberry (88) p. 350.

[615] Feistmantel (79²) p. 23; (80²).

[616] Bunbury (61) B. p. 334.

[617] Mellor and Leslie (06) B.

[618] White (08) B. p. 549.

[619] Arber (03) B. p. 178, gives references to other authors.

[620] Zeiller (03) B. p. 149, Pl. +xl.+

[621] Zalessky (12).

[622] White (08) B. p. 549.

[623] Seward and Leslie (08) B. p. 120.

[624] Zalessky (13) p. 20, Pl. +ii.+ figs. 4–6.

[625] The results have not yet been published (September, 1915).

[626] Zalessky (13) p. 23, Pls. +i.+ fig. 4; +ii.+ figs. 7, 9; +iii.+ figs. 3, 5–8, 10, 11.

[627] Schmalhausen (79) A. p. 29.

[628] Zeiller (96) A. (02).

[629] Schmalhausen (87) B. p. 37.

[630] Feistmantel (79²) p. 26; Arber (05) B. p. 186.

[631] Feistmantel (82) p. 42, Pl. +xiv.+; White (08) B. Pl. +x+; Schmalhausen (87) B.

[632] Schmalhausen (87) B. Pls. +v.+, +vii.+

[633] Zeiller (03) B. Pl. +xl.+

[634] Feistmantel (79²) Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 6.

[635] Feistmantel (90) A. Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 1, 2.

[636] Zeiller (02) B. Pl. +vii.+ fig. 6.

[637] Renault (79) B. p. 287.

[638] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. +lxxi.+

[639] Harshberger (98).

[640] Artis (25) A. Pl. +viii.+

[641] Sternberg (38) A. p. 192. For examples of _Artisia_, see also Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 581, Pl. +lxv.+

[642] Zeiller (06) B. p. 189.

[643] Dawson (46) p. 135.

[644] Williamson (51).

[645] Lignier (95) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 13.

[646] Gothan (05) p. 28.

[647] See page 199.

[648] Renault (79) B. p. 288.

[649] See page 295.

[650] Felix (86) A. p. 56; Knowlton (90); Zeiller (95) B. p. 627; Penhallow (00) p. 54.

[651] Potonié (02) p. 229.

[652] Gothan (05) p. 13.

[653] Gothan (05) p. 15.

[654] Sterzel (03).

[655] See Chap. +xlv.+

[656] Williamson (77) A. p. 226, Pls. +vii.–ix.+; (80) A. p. 516, Pl. +xx.+ fig. 16; (83²) A. p. 470.

[657] Thomson and Allin (12); Thomson (13) p. 14.

[658] Penhallow (00) p. 76.

[659] White (08) B. p. 583.

[660] Seward and Ford (06) B. p. 341.

[661] Penhallow (00) p. 64, fig. 12.

[662] See page 293.

[663] Gothan (05) p. 16.

[664] See page 259.

[665] Thomson (13) p. 19.

[666] Arber (05) B. p. 191. See _postea_, p. 255.

[667] An account of this wood is being published by Miss Holden.

[668] Matthew (10) p. 77, Pls. +i.+, +ii.+

[669] Goeppert and Stenzel (88) p. 10.

[670] Penhallow (00) p. 67.

[671] Sterzel (00); (03); (12). See also Goeppert (80).

[672] Goeppert and Stenzel (88) Pl. +ii.+ fig. 14.

[673] Witham (33) A.

[674] Scott (09) B. p. 528, fig. 190. See also Penhallow (00) p. 62, with references to literature.

[675] Thomson (13) p. 19.

[676] _Ibid._ p. 16.

[677] Felix (86) A. Pl. +v.+ fig. 4.

[678] White (08) B. p. 579, Pl. +xiii.+

[679] _Ibid._ p. 583, Pl. +xiv.+

[680] Arber (05) B. p. 191, figs. 40–43.

[681] Crié (89).

[682] Shirley (98) p. 14; Arber (05) B. p. 201.

[683] Warren (12).

[684] Dawson (63²).

[685] Penhallow (00) figs. 13, 14, 17.

[686] Arber, E. A. N. (13²).

[687] Zeiller (95) B. p. 619, Pl. +ix.+ figs. 8–19.

[688] White (08) B. p. 577.

[689] Renault (96) A. p. 350; (93) A. Pl. +lxxvii.+

[690] Gothan (10) p. 5, Pl. +i.+ figs. 1–3.

[691] Nathorst (11³) p. 222.

[692] Renault (96).

[693] Williamson (72²).

[694] Williamson (74) A. p. 67.

[695] Renault (79) B. p. 294, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 13–17. See also Scott (09) B. p. 531, fig. 191.

[696] Osborne (09).

[697] Williamson (74) A. Pl. +ix.+ fig. 56.

[698] Mellor and Leslie (06) B.

[699] Brongniart (22) A. Pl. +xiv.+ fig. 7.

[700] Renault and Zeiller (90) A. p. 593.

[701] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. +lxxxii.+

[702] Morris (40) A. Pl. +xxviii.+ fig. 5.

[703] Carruthers (72³) B.

[704] Goeppert (65) p. 152.

[705] Weiss, C. E. (69) B. p. 201.

[706] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 299; (90) A. p. 330.

[707] Zeiller (00²) B. p. 211.

[708] See Chap. +xxxv.+

[709] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. Pl. +lxxxii.+; Carruthers (72³) B. p. 7; Kidston (03) B. p. 782; (11) p. 235.

[710] Renault and Zeiller (90) A. p. 592, Pl. +lxxiii.+ fig. 31.

[711] Ettingshausen (52²) p. 5, Pl. +v.+

[712] Renault (79) B. p. 304.

[713] Bertrand, C. E. (11).

[714] Scott and Maslen (10); Scott (12).

[715] Scott (09) B. pp. 511, 526.

[716] Maslen (11).

[717] Maslen (11) Pl. +xxxiii.+ figs. 3–5.

[718] Scott (12) p. 1012, Pls. +lxxxvii.+, +lxxxix.+

[719] Scott (12) p. 1017, Pls. +lxxxviii.+, +xc.+

[720] Benson (12).

[721] See page 270.

[722] See page 132.

[723] See page 238.

[724] Stopes (14); Kidston (02) B. p. 363.

[725] Zeiller (00²) B. p. 213.

[726] Schimper and Mougeot (44) A. p. 42, Pl. +xxi.+

[727] Fliche (10) p. 218, Pl. +xx.+ fig. 2.

[728] See _postea_.

[729] Wills, L. T. (10), p. 296, fig. 26.

[730] Arber (07) Pls. +xvii.–xix.+

[731] Seward (04) B. p. 111.

[732] Arber (09²).

[733] Fliche (10) p. 264, Pl. +xxvii.+ fig. 2.

[734] Halle (10).

[735] Salfeld (09) B. p. 26.

[736] Saporta (94) B. p. 216, Pl. +xxxviii.+

[737] Velenovský (85) B. p. 1, Pls. +i.+, +iv.+

[738] See _postea_.

[739] Heer (76) A. p. 86, Pl. +xxx.+ fig. 10.

[740] Leuthardt (03), p. 6, Pl. +i.+

[741] Fliche (10) p. 175, Pls. +xvi.+, +xvii.+

[742] Compter, G. (94), Pl. +iv.+ fig. 9.

[743] Phillips (71) p. 169.

[744] Seward (04) B. p. 110; Arber, E. A. N. (07) p. 117.

[745] Zigno (85), p. 7, Pl. +xxvi.+

[746] Velenovský (85) B. Pls. +i.–iii.+

[747] Stopes and Fujii (10) p. 16, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 14–16.

[748] See _postea_.

[749] Schenk (71) p. 20, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 4.

[750] Zeiller (05²) p. 17, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 8–11.

[751] Renault and Zeiller (90) A. p. 627, Pl. +lxix.+ figs. 1–4.

[752] White (99) B. p. 271.

[753] Witham (33) A. pp. 37, 71.

[754] Witham (30).

[755] Goeppert (81) p. 403.

[756] Endlicher (47) p. 297.

[757] Scott (02) p. 346.

[758] See footnote p. 288.

[759] Scott (99²); Witham (33) A. Pls. +iii.–viii.+ +xvi.+

[760] Scott (02), p. 346, Pls. +i.+, +ii.+, +v.+, +vi.+

[761] Scott (02) p. 355.

[762] Witham (33) A. Pl. +viii.+ fig. 2.

[763] _Ibid._ p. 39, Pls. +viii.+, +xvi.+; Scott (02) p. 355, Pls. +ii.+, +vi.+

[764] Since this chapter was written Prof. W. T. Gordon has kindly supplied the following summary of his unpublished work on the genus _Pitys_.

‘The re-examination of _Pitys primaeva_ and _P. antiqua_ in the light of the structure exhibited by numerous specimens of a new species recently discovered in Haddingtonshire has shown that all three types are similar as regards the structure of the primary wood. In each case the primary cylinder is comparable with that in _Archaeopitys Eastmanii_ [see p. 290], _i.e._, there are medullary as well as circummedullary xylem-strands. In certain specimens of the new species, _Pitys Dayii_, the bark and leaves are preserved and thus the details of leaf-trace emission from the stem have been determined. The leaves are short and stout and taper gradually to a point, quite distinct from the long, thin, spatulate Cordaitean foliage. The internal structure of the leaf renders it easily distinguishable from the _Cordaites_ type while it tends to accentuate the possible relationship of _Pitys_ with the Lyginodendreae.’

[765] Williamson (78) A. p. 352, Pl. +xxv.+ figs. 90–92; Williamson and Scott (95) p. 770; Seward (97²) p. 80.

[766] Witham (31) A.

[767] Goeppert (50) p. 251; (81).

[768] Brongniart (49) A. 77.

[769] Scott (02) p. 354.

[770] Scott and Jeffrey (14) p. 345, Pl. +xxxi.+ figs. 31–36; text-figs. 4, 5.

[771] Zalessky (09); (11) p. 29, Pl. +iv.+

[772] Zalessky (11) Pl. +iv.+ fig. 3.

[773] Scott (12) p. 1024.

[774] Elkins and Wieland (14).

[775] Penhallow (00) pp. 64, Pl. +xii.+

[776] Zalessky (11²) p. 13, figs. 1–4.

[777] See page 295.

[778] Zalessky (11) p. 28.

[779] Williamson (80) A. p. 516, Pl. +xx.+ fig. 60.

[780] Scott (02) p. 357, Pls. +ii.+, +vi.+

[781] Scott (12) p. 1028.

[782] Goeppert (45²) p. 11, Pls. +xxix.–xxxv.+; Zalessky (11).

[783] Goeppert and Stenzel (88) p. 33, Pls. +v.+, +vi.+

[784] Kraus in Schimper (72) A. p. 381.

[785] Seward (14) p. 17, Pls. +iv.–viii.+

[786] Scott (12).

[787] See page 175.

[788] De Bary (84) A. p. 492; Grossenbacher (15).

[789] See Scott, _Nature_, August 26, 1915.

[790] See Vol. +ii.+ p. 56.

[791] Oliver (06) p. 726.

[792] Hooker and Binney (55).

[793] Oliver (03).

[794] Worsdell (05) p. 58; Salisbury (14) p. 67.

[795] Brongniart (81) p. 31.

[796] For an account of the work of this author see Lang in Oliver (13) p. 178.

[797] See Scott (09) B. p. 543.

[798] Mirande (05).

[799] For definition of _Cardiocarpus_, see page 338.

[800] See page 25.

[801] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 118.

[802] Goeppert (65) p. 177, Pl. +xxvi.+ figs. 27, 28.

[803] Williamson (77) B. p. 262.

[804] Zeiller (88) A. p. 642.

[805] Brongniart (74).

[806] Brongniart (81).

[807] Oliver (04) B. p. 389.

[808] Affourtit and La Rivière (15).

[809] Nathorst (14) p. 32.

[810] See page 173.

[811] Salisbury (14) p. 71.

[812] Salisbury (14).

[813] Oliver (04) B. p. 392.

[814] Oliver (07).

[815] Arber, A. (10) p. 505.

[816] See Chapter +xxxi.+

[817] Oliver and Salisbury (11).

[818] Salisbury (14) p. 67.

[819] Oliver (09) p. 99.

[820] Nathorst (14) p. 29.

[821] φυσάω, to blow; φϋσα, a bladder.

[822] Williamson (76) p. 160; (17) B. p. 241, Pl. +xi.+ figs. 77, 78; Pl. +xii.+ fig. 79.

[823] Oliver (09); Oliver and Salisbury (11) _passim_; Salisbury (14) p. 74.

[824] Williamson (80) A. Pl. +xvii.+ figs. 24–28; (83²) A. Pl. +xxxi.+ fig. 27 (called in this case _Sporocarpon anomalum_, no doubt a slip of the pen).

[825] Oliver (09) p. 75.

[826] Williamson (76) p. 160.

[827] Oliver (09) p. 106.

[828] Lang (00) p. 288.

[829] Burlingame (15) p. 19.

[830] Gordon, W. T. (10).

[831] κώνοϛ, a cone.

[832] Williamson (77) B. p. 241, Pls. +xi.+, +xii.+

[833] Page 79.

[834] Oliver and Salisbury (11).

[835] For a detailed account of the plinth see Oliver and Salisbury (11).

[836] Page 27.

[837] Page 55.

[838] Renault (84) Pls. +xix.–xxii.+

[839] Saporta and Marion (85) p. 181.

[840] Oliver and Salisbury (11).

[841] Renault (96) A. p. 85, Pl. +xlii.+

[842] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 640, Pls. 72, 82.

[843] Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +vi.+ fig. 6.

[844] Depape and Carpentier (13) Pl. +xii.+ figs. 1–3.

[845] Kidston (90) p. 64.

[846] Oliver (02) p. 146.

[847] Kershaw (09).

[848] Oliver (04) B. p. 376.

[849] Renault (96) A. p. 272.

[850] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 103, Pl. +viii.+ figs. 48–50.

[851] Brongniart (81) Pl. B. fig. 3.

[852] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xv.+ fig. 1.

[853] Newberry (73).

[854] _Ibid_. Pl. +xlii.+ fig. 8.

[855] Page 123.

[856] Oliver (04²) B. See also Renault (96) A. p. 398.

[857] Zeiller (88) A. p. 652, Pl. 94, fig. 17.

[858] Salisbury (14).

[859] Brongniart (74) p. 252, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 6–8.

[860] Oliver (04) B. p. 391.

[861] Renault (96) A. p. 404.

[862] Kidston (14) p. 157.

[863] πτύξ, a plate or fold.

[864] Brongniart (74) p. 253, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 9–11; (81) p. 26.

[865] _Ibid_. p. 254, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 12–14; (81) p. 26.

[866] Williamson (77) B. p. 253.

[867] See page 356.

[868] P. Bertrand (13) Pl. +vii.+

[869] Brongniart (74) p. 255, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 1–3; (81) p. 27, Pl. C, figs. 1–3.

[870] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 102, Pl. +vii.+ figs. 38–41.

[871] Kidston (14) p. 158, Pl. +x.+ figs. 6, 7; Pl. +xiv.+ figs. 5–9.

[872] Brongniart (74) p. 249, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 4, 5; (81) Pls. +xvii.–xxi.+

[873] Renault (96) A. p. 389, Pls. 83, 84.

[874] Oliver (02).

[875] Grand’Eury (04).

[876] Grand’Eury (90) A. Pl. +viii.+ fig. 3; (77) A. Pl. +xvi.+ fig. 5.

[877] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. 73.

[878] Zeiller (06) B. p. 229.

[879] Kidston (92) p. 8.

[880] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 91, Pl. +vii.+ fig. 28.

[881] See page 364.

[882] White (99) B. p. 267; Lesquereux (79) A. Pl. 85, fig. 21.

[883] Brongniart (74) p. 259, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 12–15; (81) p. 29, Pl. +xvi.+

[884] Renault (80²).

[885] Oliver (04) B.

[886] Russow (72) Pls. +iii.+, +iv.+

[887] στέφανοϛ, a crown.

[888] Oliver (04) B. p. 395.

[889] Brongniart (81) Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 4, 6.

[890] _Ibid._ p. 373, Pl. +xlii.+ figs. 17–20; +xliv.+ figs. 36–43.

[891] λόφοϛ, a ridge.

[892] Brongniart (74) p. 256, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 6–8; (81) Pl. C, figs. 6–8.

[893] Oliver (04²) B. Pl. +ii.+ figs. 5–10; (07) fig. 1.

[894] Scott and Maslen (07) Pl. +xiii.+ fig. 19.

[895] Salisbury (14).

[896] κώδων, a bell.

[897] Brongniart (74) p. 257, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 9–12; (81) p. 28, Pl. C, figs. 9–12.

[898] Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxxvii.+; (96) A. p. 393.

[899] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 659, Pl. 83, figs. 10–26.

[900] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 184, Pl. +xv.+ fig. 5; (90) A. p. 311, Pl. +iii.+ fig. 6.

[901] Zeiller (06) B. p. 227.

[902] See also Grand’Eury (05²) B.

[903] Brongniart (74) p. 260, Pl. +xxiii.+ pp. 16–18; (81) p. 30.

[904] Renault 96 A. p. 272.

[905] Brongniart (74) p. 256, Pl. +xxiii.+ figs. 4, 5; (81) p. 27, Pl. C, figs. 4, 5.

[906] ἔριον, wool.

[907] Grand’Eury (90) A. p. 308, Pls. +iv.+ fig. 12, +vi.+ fig. 5.

[908] See page 264.

[909] Brongniart (28) A. p. 87.

[910] Brongniart (74) p. 245 (81).

[911] Geinitz (62) p. 150; Kidston (11) p. 240; Geinitz (55) A. Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 7–16.

[912] Kidston (94) B. p. 263.

[913] Renault (80²), p. 102.

[914] Fiedler (57) p. 291.

[915] Brongniart (81) Pls. +iv.+, +v.+

[916] Bertrand, C. E. (08²).

[917] Renault (96) A. p. 385.

[918] Bertrand, C. E. (08).

[919] Fiedler (57) p. 288, Pl. +xxviii.+

[920] Schenk (80) p. 660.

[921] Ward (88) p. 802.

[922] Goeppert (65) p. 177, Pl. +xxviii.+ figs. 10, 11.

[923] _Ibid_. fig. 19.

[924] Heer (77) ii. Pl. +xix.+ See also Nathorst (86) Pl. +xxv.+ figs. 10–14.

[925] Arber, E. A. N. (14) p. 97.

[926] Arber, E. A. N. (09) Pl. +i.+ fig. 5.

[927] Feistmantel (79²)

[928] Schenk (83) A. Pl. +xliv.+ fig. 8.

[929] Seward (97²) A.

[930] White (08) B.

[931] Feistmantel (90) A. p. 164.

[932] Geinitz (80) p. 22, Pl. +iii.+ figs. 11–15.

[933] Weiss, C. E. (72) p. 208.

[934] See page 141.

[935] White (08) B. p. 563. See also Vol. +ii.+ p. 517.

[936] Goeppert (65) p. 146, Pl. +xxvi.+ fig. 5.

[937] Heer (77) ii. Pl. +xiv.+

[938] See page 345.

[939] Brongniart (81) p. 20, Pl. +ii.+

[940] Bertrand, C. E. (08²); (08³).

[941] Bertrand, C. E. (08).

[942] This name has been used for a section of a genus of recent Umbelliferae but not as a generic name (De Candolle’s ‘Prodromus,’ Pars +iv.+ p. 105, 1830).

[943] Bertrand (08³) p. 454; (08²) p. 392.

[944] Brongniart (81) Pls. +iv.+ +v.+

[945] Schimper (72) A. p. 208.

[946] Brongniart (81) Pl. +iii.+; Bertrand, C. E. (08).

[947] ῥάβδοϛ, a rod.

[948] Berger (48) p. 20, Pl. +i.+ fig. 8.

[949] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 635.

[950] Bertrand, P. (13).

[951] Arber (14) p. 103.

[952] See page 116.

[953] Arber (14) p. 87.

[954] Zeiller (92²) A. Pl. +xv.+ fig. 11.

[955] Arber (14) Pl. +vii.+ fig. 21.

[956] In selecting a generic name for a fossil plant or part of a plant it has not been the universal practice to avoid the use of a designation previously employed for a recent plant. It is clearly in accordance with the Rules adopted by the International Botanical Congress and with general convenience to avoid the employment of the same name for two different generic types even if one is known only in a fossil state. My attention has been called by Mr W. N. Edwards of the British Museum to the fact that the names _Platyspermum_, _Microspermum_, and _Pterospermum_ recently proposed by Dr Arber for Palaeozoic seeds have previously been given to recent flowering plants. Though I have often neglected to consult the _Index Kewensis_ and the _Genera Siphonogamarum_ before proposing a ‘new’ generic term, I fully recognise the importance of avoiding the employment of names in current use or names which have ‘lapsed into synonymy[966].’

[957] See page 361.

[958] Brongniart (74) p. 246; (81) p. 21, Pls. +ix.–xi.+

[959] Bertrand, C. E. (07).

[960] Grand’Eury (05).

[961] Kidston (14) Pl. +xvi.+ figs. 6–8.

[962] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 574.

[963] White (99) B. p. 267.

[964] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. +xv.+

[965] Renault (93) A. Pl. +lxxxvi.+

[966] Règles internationales de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Cong. Internat. Bot. de Vienne, 1905, etc. T. Briquet, Jena, 1912, p. 37.

[967] See page 314.

[968] Arber, A. (10).

[969] μίτρα, a Persian cap.

[970] Williamson (77) B. p. 257, Pls. +xv.+ +xvi.+

[971] Bertrand, C. E. (08²).

[972] Brongniart (74) p. 247, Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 12–14; (81) p. 21, Pl. A. fig. 12; Pl. +xiv+; Renault (80²) p. 106, Pl. +xv.+ figs. 12, 13; Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 239, Pl. +xxvi.+ fig. 27.

[973] Bertrand, C. E. (07²).

[974] Brongniart (74) p. 248, Pl. +xxi.+ fig. 17; (81) p. 22, Pl. A. fig. 17; Pl. +vi.+

[975] Bertrand, C. E. (07³) compares _Leptocaryon_ with _Diplotesta_ as regards various structural features.

[976] Renault (80²) p. 108.

[977] Brongniart (74) p. 249, Pl. +xxi.+ figs. 18–20; (81) p. 23, Pl. A. figs. 18–20; Pl. +xv.+

[978] Oliver (03) p. 457.

[979] Bertrand, C. E. (07⁴).

[980] Bertrand, C. E. (07⁵).

[981] Brongniart (74) p. 247.

[982] κομψόϛ, elegant.

[983] Bertrand, C. E. (09).

[984] Dawson (66) A. p. 165, Pl. +xii.+ fig. 74; Zeiller (06) B. p. 226; Kidston (11) p. 236.

[985] Zeiller (88) A. p. 644.

[986] White (99) B. p. 266, Pls. +lxi.+ fig. 12, +lxxii.+ fig. 3.

[987] Weiss, C. E. (72) Pl. +xviii.+

[988] Kidston (94) B. Pl. +vi.+ fig. 3; (02) B. Pl. +lviii.+ figs. 5, 6.

[989] Lesquereux (80) A. Pl. +lxxxv.+ fig. 51.

[990] Helmhacher (71).

[991] Zeiller (92²) A. Pl. +xv.+ figs. 9, 10.

[992] Geinitz (75) Pl. +i.+ figs. 10, 11; Weiss, C. E. (79) Pl. +iii.+ figs. 17–19.

[993] Potonié (93) A. Pl. +xxxii.+ figs. 12, 13.

[994] Stopes (14) Pl. +xxv.+ fig. 68.

[995] Arber (14) Pl. +vi.+ figs. 19, 20; (14²) Pl. +xi.+ fig. 5.

[996] For synonymy, see Kidston (11) p. 238, Pl. +xxii.+ figs. 3, 3_a_.

[997] Fiedler (57) p. 291.

[998] Stopes (14) p. 89, Pls. +xxi.–xxiii.+

[999] Andrews (75) p. 425, Pl. +xlvi.+ fig. 2.

[1000] Kidston (11) p. 239, Pl. +xii.+ fig. 1.

[1001] Dawson (71) A. Pl. +xix.+ fig. 219; Stopes (14) p. 92.

[1002] Fiedler (57) Pl. +xxviii.+ fig. 36.

[1003] White (08) B. p. 567, Pl. +x.+ fig. 11.

[1004] Newberry (73) Pl. +xliii.+ fig. 8; Lesquereux (80) A Pl. +lxxxv.+ figs. 36, 37.

[1005] Lesquereux (84) A Pl. +cix.+ figs. 13, 15.

[1006] Seward (97²) A p. 332; Arber (05) B. pp. 206, 207.