Chapter IV: Originality and Influence (6)

259 The Infanta Isabel (1503-39) married her first cousin the Emperor Charles V, and in her honour on that occasion Vicente composed his _Templo de Apolo_ (1526). Her marriage may have already been planned in 1513, but more probably Vicente altered the passage when he was preparing the 1st edition of his works during the last months of his life. Gil Vicente more than once refers to her great beauty. Her portrait by Titian in the Madrid Prado fully bears out his praises and the expression on her face places this among the most fascinating portraits of women. The Empress is sitting by a window looking on to a beautiful country of woods and blue mountains, in her hand is a book; but one feels that she is thinking of neither book nor scenery but that her thoughts go back in _saudade_ to the soft air and merry days of Lisbon. It might indeed be a picture of _Saudade_. There is a slight flush on her pale oval face. Her almond-shaped eyes are grey-green, her nose delicately aquiline. In the eyes and in the general expression there is a look of undeniable sadness. Her dress of plum, cherry-pink, gold and brown gives a gorgeously mellow effect and the curtain at the back is plum-brown. If the colouring seems at first too rich this is due to the criminal gold frame which clashes with the dress and the chestnut-golden hair. In a dark frame the picture would be twice as beautiful. The Empress' dress gleams with pearls and she has a jewel with pearls--set perhaps by Gil Vicente--in her hair, large pearl earrings and a necklace of large pearls. She died at Toledo at the age of 36 and lies in the grim Pantheon of the Kings in the Escorial crypt.

266 Of Prince Fernando, born in 1507, Damião de Goes, who knew him personally, says: 'assi na mocidade como depois de ser homem foi de bom parecer e bem disposto, muito inclinado a letras e dado ao estudo das historias verdadeiras e imigo das fabulosas... Era colerico e apressado em seus negocios e muito animoso, com mostra e desejo de se achar em algun grande feito de guerra, mas nem o tempo nem o estudo do Regno deram pera isso lugar' (_Chron. de D. Manuel_, II, xix). Cf. Osorio, _De Rebvs Emmanvelis_ (1571), p. 189: 'Fuit in antiquitate pervestiganda valde curiosus: maximarum rerum studio flagrabat multisque virtutibus illo loco dignis praeditus erat.'

275 Princess Beatrice as a matter of fact married Charles, Duke of Savoy, and on the occasion of her departure from Lisbon by sea with a magnificent suite Vicente wrote the _Cortes de Jupiter_ (1521) with the _romance_:

Nina era la Ifanta, Dona Beatriz se dezia,
Nieta del buen Rei Hernando, el mejor rei de Castilla,
Hija del Rei Don Manuel y Reina Doña Maria, etc.

284 Cf. the _Auto das Fadas_ (with which this play has many points of resemblance): _Feiticeira_ (ao principle e infantes): _ó que joias esmaltadas, ó que boninas dos ceos, ó que rosas perfumadas!_

331-2 Cf. _Divisa da Cidade de Coimbra_: _Vai delas a eles tão grande avantagem... como haverá...do vivo a hũa imagem_.

341 _Godos_, Goths, i.e. of ancient race, 'Norman blood.'

346 For _dioso_ = _idoso_ v. _C. Geral_, vol. II (1910), p. 153. Fernam Lopez, _Chron. J. I._ Pt. 2, cap. 10, has _deoso_.

384 _pequenas quadrilhas_. When Afonso de Albuquerque began his glorious career (1509-15) there were in India but a few hundred Portuguese fighting men, and most of these badly armed. The whole population of Portugal during this time of fighting and discovery in N.-West, West and East Africa and India is by some calculated at a million and a half, by others at between two and three millions.

416 Prov. _mais são as vozes que as nozes_.

418 For this line cf. Pedro Ferrus: _Que por todo el mundo suena_ (ap. Menéndez y Pelayo, _Antología_, t. I, p. 159 and Enzina, _Egloga_, V (_ib._ t. VII, p. 57)).

420 _pois que...pessoa_, a homely version of Goethe's _Was du ererbt von deinen Vätern hast Erwirb' es um es zu besitzen_.

470-4 These lines are translated from the Spanish poet Gomez Manrique (1415?-1490?). See Menéndez y Pelayo, _Antología_, t. VII, p. ccx.

Cf. Jorge Ferreira de Vasconcellos, _Ulysippo_, V, 7: _Vos quando vos tirarem de Ansias e passiones mias e guando Roma conquistava_.

487 _dom zote_. Cf. supra _zopete_ and Sp. _zote_, _zopo_, _zopenco_, _zoquete_ (a dolt); low Latin _sottus_; Dutch _zot_; Fr. _sot_; Eng. _sot_ (_bebe sem desfolegar_). _Zote_ occurs twice in the _Auto Pastoril Portugues_: _muito gamenho_ (cf. Fr. _gamin_) _zote_ and _Auto da Fé_, l. 5.

534 _trepas_ is the Span. form (Port, _tripas_?).

538 _soyços_ the old, _soldados_ the new, word for 'soldiers.' Cf. Lucas Fernández, _Farsas_ (1867), p. 89: _Entra el soldado, o soizo, o infante_.

559 This rousing chorus fitly ends a play from every page of which breathes the most ardent patriotism. Small wonder that King Sebastião (1557-78), with his visions of conquest and glory, read Vicente with pleasure as a boy.

561 Cf. Gaspar Correa, _Lendas da India_, IV, 561-2: _o Governador logo sobio e o frade diante dele bradando a grandes brados, dizendo: 'O fieis Christãos, olhai para Christo, vosso capitão, que vai diante'_ (1546).

FARSA DOS ALMOCREVES

PAGE 37

This is one of the most famous of those lively farces with which Gil Vicente for a quarter of a century delighted the Portuguese Court and which still hold the reader by their vividness and charm. Its fame rests on the portraiture of the poverty-stricken but magnificent nobleman who has been a favourite object of satire with writers in the Peninsula since the time of Martial, and who in a poem of the _Cancioneiro Geral_ is described in almost the identical words of Vicente's prefatory note:

o gram estado
e a renda casi nada
(_Arrenegos que que fez Gregoryo Affonsso_).

An alternative title of the play is _Auto do Fidalgo Pobre_, but the extremely natural presentment of the two carriers in the second part justifies the more popular name. The Court, fleeing from plague at Lisbon, was in the celebrated little university town of Coimbra on the Mondego and here Gil Vicente in the following year staged his _Divisa da Cidade de Coimbra_, the _Farsa dos Almocreves_, and (in October) the _Tragicomedia da Serra da Estrella_ and Sá de Miranda, in open rivalry, produced his _Fabula do Mondego_. But Gil Vicente was not to be silenced by the introduction of the new poetry from Italy and to these two years, 1526 and 1527, belong no less than seven (or perhaps eight) of his plays. Yet what a difference in his own position and in the state of the nation since his first farce--_Quem tem farelos?_ twenty years before! The magnificent King Manuel was dead, and his son, the more care-ridden João III, was on the throne:

tão ocupado
co'este Turco, co'este Papa
co'esta França.

There was plague and famine in the land. The discovery of a direct route to the East and its apparently inexhaustible wealth had not brought prosperity to the Portuguese provinces. There the chief effect had been to make men discontented with their lot and to lure away even the humblest workers to seek their fortune and often to find death or a far less independent poverty:

até os pastores
hão de ser d'el-Rei samica.

The result was that the old rustic jollity which Vicente had known so well in his youth was dying out, and the very songs of the peasants took a plaintive air:

E no mais triste ratinho
s'enxergava hũa alegria
que agora não tem caminho.
Se olhardes as cantigas
do prazer acostumado
todas tem som lamentado,
carregado de fadigas,
longe do tempo passado.
O d' então era cantar
e bailar como ha de ser,
o cantar pera folgar,
o bailar pera prazer,
que agora é mao d'achar[155].

Nor could it be expected that the rich _parvenu_, the mushroom courtier, the _fidalgo 'que não sabe se o é,'_ the palace page fresh from keeping goats in the _serra_, the Court chaplain anxious to hide his humble origin, would greatly relish Vicente's plays which satirized them and in which rustic scenes and songs and memories appeared at every turn. It was much like mentioning the rope in the house of the hanged, and these dainty and sophisticated persons would turn with relief to the revival of the more decorous ancient drama inaugurated by Trissino in Italy and in Portugal by Sá de Miranda.

3 _este Arnado_. Cf. Bernardo de Brito, _Chronica de Cister_, III, 18: 'se foi [Afonso Henriquez] ao longo do Mondego por um campo ̃q então e no tempo de agora se chama o Arnado, trocado ja pelas enchentes do rio de campo cuberto de flores em um areal esteril e sem nenhũa verdura.' Cf. _Cancioneiro da Vaticana_, No. 1014: 'en Coimbra caeu ben provado, caeu en Runa ata en o Arnado.'

7 See the Spanish _romance_ (ap. Menéndez y Pelayo. _Antología_, t. VIII, p. 124): 'Yo me estaba allá en Coimbra que yo me la hube ganado.'

8, 9 The sense of these two obscure lines is apparently: 'Since Coimbra so chastises us that we are left without a penny.' Ruy Moniz in the _Canc. Geral_, vol. II (1910), p. 142, has _çimbrar ou casar_. In Spanish _cimbrar_ = 'to brandish a rod,' 'to bend.' In the _Auto del Repelon_, printed in 1509, Enzina has: _El palo bien assimado Cimbrado naquella tiesta_ (_Teatro_ (1893), p. 236) and Fernández (p. 25) _No vos cimbre yo el cayado_. Cf. Antonio Prestes, _Autos_ (ed. 1871), p. 211: _E o vilão vindo me zimbra: reprender-me!_ and João Gomes de Abreu (_C. Ger._ vol. IV (1915), p. 304) _seraa rrijo çimbrado_. _preto_ = _real preto_, contrasted with the white (i.e. silver) _real_.

12 _Pelos campos de Mondego cavaleiros vi somar_ were two very well-known lines apparently belonging to a real historical Portuguese _romance_ on the death of Ines de Castro. They occur in Garcia de Resende's poem on her death. See C. Michaëlis de Vasconcellos, _Estudos sobre o romanceiro peninsular_.

13 Cf. _Tragicomedia da Serra da Estrella_ (1527): _Pedem-lhe em Coimbra cevada E elle dá-lhe mexilhões_.

19 _milham_, green maize cut young for fodder.

32 _ratinhos_, peasants from Beira. They play a large part in Portuguese comedy.

80 _azemel_ = _almocreve_. Both words are of Arabic origin. Cf. _almofreixe_ infra.

93 _Endoenças_ = _indulgentiae_. _Semana de Endoenças_ = Holy Week.

103 In the _Auto da Lusitania_ Vicente says jestingly, perhaps in imitation of the Spanish _romances_, that he was born at Pederneira (a small sea-side town in the district of Leiria). He mentions it again in the _Cortes de Jupiter_ and in the _Templo de Apolo_.

109 Cf. Alvaro Barreto in _Cancioneiro Geral_, vol. I (1910), p. 322: _põe me tudo em huũ item_.

120 It was the plea of Arias Gonzalo that the inhabitants of Zamora were not answerable for the guilt of Vellido Dolfos who had treacherously killed King Sancho:

¿Qué culpa tienen los viejos? ¿qué culpa tienen los niños?
¿qué culpa tienen los muertos...?

129 _balcarriadas_. Cf. _Auto das Fadas_: _Venhas muitieramá com tuas balcarriadas;_ _Auto da Festa_: _tão grão balcarriada_; _Auto da Barca do Purgatorio_: _Nunca tal balcarriada Nem maré tão desastrada_. Couto, _Asia_, VII, 5, vii: _Tal balcarriada_ (act of folly) _foi esta_. The _Canc. Geral_, vol. IV (1915), p. 370, has the form _barquarryadas_.

134 Cf. _Auto da Lusitania_: _um aito bem acordado Que tenha ave e piós_ (= well-proportioned).

135 The numerous servants of the starving _fidalgos_ are satirized by Nicolaus Clenardus and others. Like the English as described by a German in the 18th century they were 'lovers of show, liking to be followed wherever they go by whole troops of servants' (_A Journey into England_, by Paul Hentzer. Trans. Horace Walpole, 1757). Clenardus in his celebrated letter from Evora (1535) says that a Portuguese is followed by more servants in the streets than he spends sixpences in his house. He mentions specifically the number eight.

141 Alcobaça is the town famous for its beautiful Cistercian convent.

161 _Alifante._ Cf. infra, _avangelho_. _A_ for _e_ is still common in Galicia: e.g. _mamoria_ (memory). Cf. Span. Basque _barri_ (new), for Fr. Basque _berri_.

165 The Dean was Diogo Ortiz de Vilhegas († 1544) successively Bishop of São Tomé (1534) and Ceuta (1540). See A. Braamcamp Freire in _Revista de Historia_, No. 25 (1918), p. 3.

224 _bastiães = _bestiães_, figures in relief. Gomez Manrique has _bestiones_ in this sense.

247 In Antonio Prestes' play _Auto do Mouro Encantado_ the golden apples prove to be pieces of coal. So Mello in his _Apologos Dialogaes_ speaks of the treasure of _moiras encantadas_ which all turns to coal.

269 _In Rey_, the popular form of _El-Rei_ (the king) is frequent also in the plays of Simão Machado, who died about a century after Vicente.

272 It is tempting to add the word _madraço_ (fool, ignoramus) for the sake of the rhyme. If _O recado que elle dá_ were spoken very fast the line would bear the addition.

293 Here, as often, the deeper purpose of Vicente's satire appears beneath his fun. The growing depopulation of the provinces was becoming painfully evident to those who cared for Portugal.

302 Jorge Ferreira, _Ulysippo_, III, 5: _não haveria corpo, por mais que fosse de aço milanes, que podesse sofrer quanta costura lhe seria necessaria_; _ib._ III, 7: _temos muita costura esta noite; muita costura e tarefa_; Antonio Vieira, _Cartas_: _tambem aqui teremos costura_ (1 de agosto de 1673).

310 _trapa_ in Port. = 'a gin,' 'a trap,' but in Sp., as perhaps here, = 'noise,' 'uproar.'

327 Cf. _Farsa dos Fisicos_: _Praticamos ali O Leste e o Oeste e o Brasil_ and III, 377; Chiado, _Auto da Natural Invençam_, ed. Conde de Sabugosa (1917), p. 74.

348 The carrier comes along singing snatches of a _pastorela_ of which we have other examples, of more intricate rhythm, in the _Cancioneiro da Vaticana_ and the poems of the Archpriest of Hita and the Marqués de Santillana. A modern Galician _cantiga_ says that

O cantar d'os arrieiros
E um cantariño guapo:
Ten unha volta n'o medio
Para dicir 'Arré macho.'

(Pérez Ballesteros, _Cancionero Popular Gallego_, vol II, p. 215.)

355 Cf. _O Clerigo da Beira_: _Nuno Ribeiro Que nunca paga dinheiro E sempre arreganha os dentes_; and _Ah Deos! quem te furtasse Bolsa, Nuna Ribeiro. Homem vai buscar dinheiro, A todo ele disse: Ja dinheiro feito é_.

360 _uxtix_, _uxte_. Ferreira de Vasconcellos, _Eufrosina_, II, 4: _Tanto me deu por uxte como por arre_.

_atafal_. Cf. _Barca do Purgatorio_ (I, 258): _amanhade-lhe o atafal_ (not _amanhã dé-lhe_).

363 Candosa, a village of some 1400 inh. in the district of Coimbra.

369 _xulo_ = _chulo_, _pícaro_. The derivation of _chulo_ is uncertain (v. Gonçalvez Viana, _Apostilas_, vol. I (1906), p. 299). While Dozy derives it from Arabic _xul_, A. A. Koster suggests the same origin as that of Fr. _joli_, It. _giulivo_, Catalan _joliu_ [= gay. Cf. Eng. _jolly_ and the Portuguese word used by D. João de Castro: _joliz_], viz. the Old German word _jol_ (gaiety). Vid. _Quelques mots espagnols et portugais d'origine orientale_ (_Zeitschrift für rom. Philologie_, Bd. 38 (1914), S. 481-2). The Valencian form for July (_Choliol_) may strengthen this view.

372 Tareja is the old Portuguese form of Theresa.

375 _bareja_ = _mosca varejeira_.

379 Aveiro. A town of about 7500 inh., 40 miles S. of Oporto. It was nearly taken by the Royalists in 1919.

398 For the naturalness of this conversation cf. that of the peasants Amancio Vaz and Deniz Lourenço in the _Auto da Feira_.

410 Pero Vaz' point is that the mules will not stop to feed in the cool shade of the trees but do so in the shelterless _charneca_.

429 Cf. the act of D. João de Castro (1500-48) as before him of Afonso de Albuquerque in pawning hairs of his beard, and the proverb _Queixadas sem barbas não merecem ser honradas_.

435 _O juiz de çamora_. In the _romance Ya se sale Diego Ordoñez_ Arias Gonzalo of Zamora says: 'A Dios pongo por juez porque es justo su juicio.' So that the judge of Zamora = God.

438-9 No one was better situated than Gil Vicente to criticize--and suffer the slights of--the brand-new nobility of the Portuguese Court. The nearer they were to the plough the more disdainful were they likely to be to a mere goldsmith and poet.

454 _desingulas_ (= _dissimulas_). Cf. _Auto Pastoril Portugues_: _não o dessengules mais_. Duarte Nunes de Leão, _Origem da Lingva Portvgvesa_ (1606), cap. 18, includes _dissingular_ (= dissimular) among the _vocabulos que vsão os plebeios ou idiotas que os homens polidos não deuem vsar_.

467 For the form Diz cf. _Auto das Fadas_: Estevão Dis, and _O Juiz da Beira_: Anna Dias, Diez, Diz (= Diaz).

473 Pero Vaz evidently did not know the _cantiga:_

A molher do almocreve
Passa vida regalada
Sem se importar se o marido
Fica morto na estrada.

Cf. the Galician quatrain (Pérez Ballesteros, _Canc. Pop. Gall._ II, 219):

A vida d'o carreteiro
É unha vida penada,
Non vai o domingo á misa
Nin dorme n'a sua cama.

478 Vicente refers to the Medina fair in the _Auto da Feira_ and again in _O Juiz da Beira_: _morador en Carrion Y mercader en Medina_.

498 _Folgosas_. There are two small villages in Portugal called Folgosa, but reference here is no doubt to an inn or small group of houses.

506 Vicente several times refers to _Val de Cobelo_, e.g. _Comedia de Rubena_: _E achasse os meus porquinhos Cajuso em Val de Cobelo_, and the shepherd in the _Auto da Barca do Purgatorio_: _estando em Val de Cobelo_.

529-30 Cf. Sá de Miranda, 1885 ed., No. 108, l. 261: _Inda hoje vemos que em França Vivem nisto mais á antiga_, etc. Couto (_Dec._ V, vi, 4) speaking of the mingling of classes, says: 'no nosso Portugal anda isto mui corrupto.'

537 Cf. _Comedia de Rubena_: _E broslados (= bordados) uns letreiros Que dizem Amores Amores._

559 The ancient town of Viseu or Vizeu (9000 inh.) in Beira has now sunk from its former importance.

560 _pertem_ for _pertence_.

565 _arauia_ = _algaravia_. So _ingresia_, _germania_, etc. (cf. the French word _charabia_).

586 Cf. _O Juiz da Beira_: _pois tem a morte na mão_ (= not 'there is death in that hand' as was said of Keats, but 'he is at death's door').

591 The original reading _da sertãy_ (rhyming with _mãy_ in l. 588) is confirmed by the _Auto da Lusitania_: _rendeiro na Sertãe_. The town of Certã in the district of Castello Branco now has some 5000 inh.

603 Cf. Jorge Ferreira, _Aulegrafia_, I, 4: _Ó senhor, grão saber vir_.

657 _tam mancias_, i.e. _Macias, o Namorado_, the prince of lovers. For the form _Mancias_ cf. _palanciana_ used for _palaciana_.

671 _los tus cabellos niña_. Cf. Ferreira de Vasconcellos, _Aulegrafia_, f. 113: _Sob los teus cabelos, ninha, dormiria_.

675 Cf. Jorge Ferreira, _Eufrosina_. _Prologo_: _Eu por mim digo com a cantiga se o dizem digão_, etc.; _Cortes de Jupiter_: _Cantará c'os atabaques: Se disserão digão, alma minha_ and Barbieri, _Cancionero Musical_, No. 127: _Si lo dicen digan, Alma mia_, etc. E wrongly gives the words _alma minha_ to the next quotation.

676 Cf. _Auto da India_: _Quem vos anojou, meu bem, Bem anojado me tem_.

707 Cf. _Auto das Fadas_: _Son los suspiros que damos In hac vita lachrymarum_.

713 Camões, _Filodemo_, IV, 4, has _tudo terei numa palha_, 'I will not care a straw' (cf. Vicente in the _Auto da Festa_: _Que os homens verdadeiros não são tidos numa palha_), but here the meaning is different.

TRAGICOMEDIA PASTORIL DA SERRA DA ESTRELLA

PAGE 55

It is remarkable that just at the time when Sá de Miranda had returned to Portugal with the new metres from Italy and was frankly contemptuous of Gil Vicente's rough mirth and rustic verse, Gil Vicente felt his position strong enough to present this lengthy play before the King and Court at Coimbra on occasion of the birth of the King's daughter Maria. There is no action in the play, and King Manuel would perhaps have yawned at these shepherds' quarrels, relieved not at all by the _parvo's_ wit or the hermit's grossness and only occasionally by a touch of lyric poetry; but perhaps these simple scenes were welcome to the growing artificiality of the Court. For us the beautiful _cossante Um amigo que eu havia_ stands out like a single orange gleaming from a dark-foliaged tree. The interest lies in the customs of the shepherds and their snatches of song and in the intimate knowledge of the Serra da Estrella shown by the author.

10 The Serra da Estrella, the highest mountain-range in Portugal (6500 ft), is in the province of Beira.

17 _meyrinhas_ = _maiorinho_ (merino).

30 _esperauel_ (as here and in _Comedia de Rubena_), or _esparavel_. Cf. Damião de Goes, _Chron. de D. Manuel_ (1617), f. 25 v.: a _modo de sobreceo d'esparavel_.

32 Cf. the _vilão's_ complaints of God in the _Romagem de Aggravados_.

35 _nega_ = _senão_.

51 As in Browning's _A Grammarian's Funeral_ they are advancing as they converse: 'thither our path lies.'

103 _Nega se meu embeleco_ = _se não me engano_. This line occurs in the _Templo de Apolo_. The _Auto da Festa_ text has _nego se meu embaleco_.

113 _mancebelhões_. Cf. Correa, _Lendas_, IV, 426: _Folgara de ser mais mancebelhão_.

127 The corresponding _a_-lines might be:

Dous açores que eu amava
Aqui andam nesta casa.

172 _argem_ for _prata_. Similarly in Spanish there is the old form _argen_ for _argento_ (= _plata_). Cf. the proverb _Quien tiene argen tiene todo bien_.

190 _somana_ for _semana_. So _romendo_ for _remendo_ and v. infra: _perem_ for _porem_.

225 _gingrar_. Nuno Pereira in the _Cancioneiro Geral_ (1910 ed., vol. I, p. 305) has _o gingrar de meu caseiro_. Cf. Enzina, _Auto del Repelon_: _Hora déjalos gingrar_ (_Teatro_, 1893, p. 241).

241 _sois_. Cf. _Barca do Purgatorio_: _sem sois motrete de pão_; _Farsa dos Fisicos_: _não vos quer sois olhar_.

290-1 = _odi et amo_.

322 As a rule Vicente's shepherds are natural enough but we may be permitted to doubt whether any shepherdess of the Serra da Estrella would have spoken of 'ending like Queen Dido.' She had probably been reading Lucas Fernández, _Farsas_ (1867), p. 56.

328 A, B, C, D and E unaccountably print _querê-lo_ (through the bad attraction of _malo_) although _querer_ is needed to rhyme with _quer_.

367 _pintisirgo_ = _pintasilgo_.

410 _grauisca_. Vicente appears to have coined the word from _grave_ and _arisca_.

427 Fronteira, a village of nearly 3000 inh. in the district of Portalegre. Monsarraz is of about the same size, in the district of Evora.

435 _tinhosa cada mea hora_. Cf. Jorge Ferreira de Vasconcellos, _Aulegrafia_, f. 89: _he hũa tinhosa que ontem guardava patas em Barquerena_.

440 _cartaxo_. Cf. _Aulegrafia_, f. 10: _figo bafureiro em unhas de cartaixo_.

443 A pleasant sketch of the presumptuous peasant, then become a common type in Portugal. Felipa considers that to marry a shepherd would be beneath her and her heart leaps up when she beholds a courtier in velvet slippers.

462 The hermit was of course a part of the stock-in-trade of mediaeval plays. He appears in Vicente as early as 1503 (_Auto dos Reis Magos_). The most interesting alteration in the heavily censored (1586) edition of the _Serra da Estrella_ is not the excision of over a hundred lines about the evil-minded hermit but the substitution in l. 100 of _un rey_ for _Dios_. Regalist Vicente would never have allowed himself to say that 'a king sometimes acts awry.'

530 For _amigo_ we should probably read _marido_ to rhyme with _atrevido_.

564 _moxama_ = salted tuna (Sp. _mojama_ or _almojama_).

566 Cf. J. Ferreira de Vasconcellos, _Aulegrafia_ (1619), f. 84: _sejais bem casada com a filha do juiz_.

608 Sea, Cea or Ceia, a pleasant little town of some 3000 inh. in the heart of the Serra. (Sea, Sintra, etc. is the 16th cent, spelling, now restored.)

616 Gouvea or Gouveia in the same district and about the same size as Sea. The three other Gouveas in Portugal are smaller villages.

621 Manteigas, a small picturesque town immediately below the highest part of the Serra and nearly 2500 ft above sea-level.

623 Covilham, a larger town (15000 inh.), still known for its cloth factories.

652 Sardoal has about 5000 inh. For its ancient reputation for dancing cf. _O Juiz da Beira_:

Eu bailei em Santarem,
Sendo os Iffantes pequenos,
E bailei no Sardoal.

666 This _cossante_ needs for its completion a fourth verse. This was so obvious that it was omitted in the writing of the play.

684 _Esse he outro carrascal_, a rural form of the phrase _une autre paire de manches_. The contrast is between the rustic _cossante_ and the more 'cultivated' or Court _cantigas_ that follow (_Ja não quer_ and _Não me firais_).

711 The _chacota, chacotasinha_ was a peasant's dance accompanied by a simple song the structure of which answered to the movements of the dance. Here, however, it is danced to the sound of the organ and the words of a Court song in which, nevertheless, the repetition of the rustic _dance-cossantes_ is preserved.

724 Cf. _Farsa de Ines Pereira_: _Eu vos trago um bom marido...diz que em camisa vos quer_ (= 'sans dot').

FOOTNOTES:

[155] _Triunfo do Inverno_ (1529), l. 13-25.

LIST OF PROVERBS IN GIL VICENTE'S WORKS

A amiga e o amigo mais aquenta que bom lenho III, 127
A candea morta gaita á porta II, 215
Ado corre [el río] más manso allí está más peligroso II, 169
Amor louco, eu por ti e tu por outro I, 139
Ante a Pascoa vem os Ramos III, 124
A ruim comprador llevar-lhe ruim borcado I, 160
Asegundo sam os tempos assi hão de ser os tentos I, 103
Asegun fuere el señor ansi abrirá camino a ser servido II, 86
Asno muerto cevada I, 279
10 Asno que me leve quero e nam cavalo folão III, 154
Ausencia aparta amor II, 276
Bem passa de guloso o que come o que não tem III, 370
Cada louco com sua teima III, 135
Caza mata el porfiar III, 302
Come e folga terás boa vida I, 343
Dá-me tu a mi dinheiro e dá ao demo o conselho I, 167
Del mal lo menos I, 231
Donde vindes? D'Almolina. Que trazedes? Farinha.
Tornae lá, que nam é minha III, 107
Dormirei, dormirei, boas novas acharei II, 26
20 El amor verdadero, el más firme es el primero II, 275
El diabo no es tan feo como Apeles lo pintaba II, 267
El que pergunta no yerra I, 69
É melhor que vamos sos que nam mal acompanhadas II, 525
Em tempo de figos nam ha hi nenhuns amigos III, 370
Fala com Deus, serás bom rendeiro I, 344
Filho nam comas nam rebentarás I, 343
França e Roma nam se fez num dia I, 335
Frol de pessegueiro, fermosa e nam presta nada II, 40
Grão a grão gallo farta III, 249
30 Maior é o ano que o mes III, 124
Mais quero asno que me leve que cavalo que me derrube III, 121
Mata o cavalo de sela e bo é o asno que me leva III, 130
Nam achegues á forca nam te enforcarão I, 343
Nam comas quente nam perderás o dente I, 343
Nam peques na lei nam temerás rei I, 344
Nam sejas pobre morrerás honrado I, 344
Nam se tomam trutas a bragas enxutas III, 177
No se cogen las flores sino espina sofriendo III, 322
Nos ninhos d'ora a um ano nam ha passaro ogano III, 370
40 O dar quebra os penedos I, 237
Onde força ha perdemos direito I, 310
O que ha de ser ha de ser II, 16; III, 144, 295
O que nam haveis de comer leixae-o a outrem mexer III, 137
Pared cayada papel de locos III, 336
Perdida é a decoada na cabeça d'asno pegada III, 166
Pobreza e alegria nunca dormem n'hũa cama II, 518
Por bem querer mal haver I, 135
Porfia mata caza II, 301
Poupa em queimada bem pintada e mal lograda II, 40
50 Pusóse el perro em bragas de acero III, 334
Quando perderes põe-te de lodo I, 344
Quando te dam o porquinho vae logo c'o baracinho II, 466
Quem bem renega bem cre I, 271
Quem bem tem e mal escolhe por mal que lhe vem nam se
enoje III, 150
Quem casa por amores nam vos é nega dolores I, 128
Quem chora ou canta más fadas espanta I, 343
Quem com mal anda chore e nam cante I, 343
Quem com mal anda nam cuide ninguem que lhe venha bem I, 343
Quem espera padece III, 382
60 Quem muito pede muito fede III, 372
Quem nam faz mal nam merece pena I, 343
Quem nam mente nam vem de boa gente I, 343
Quem nam parece esquece III, 382
Quem nam pede nam tem III, 382
Quem porcos acha menos em cada mouta lhe roncam
(cf. III, 26) III, 279
Quem quer fogo busque a lenha III, 371
Quem quiser comer comigo traga em que se assentar III, 371
Quem sempre faz mal poucas vezes faz bem I, 344
Quem so se aconselha so se depena I, 343
70 Quereis conhecer o ruim dae-lhe o oficio a servir II, 390
Quien al cordojo se dió más cordojo se lhe pega I, 12
Quien canta no tiene tormento II, 453
Quien no anda no gana II, 117
Quien no se aventura no espere por ventura II, 116
Quien paga los trabajos dé el afan II, 85
Se nada ganhares nam sejas siseiro I, 344
Se sempre calares nunca mentirás I, 343
Se tu te guardares eu te guardarei I, 344
Sob mao pano está o bom bebedor I, 162
80 Sol de Janeiro sempre anda traz do outeiro II, 40
Todo o mal é de quem o tem I, 337
Todos los caminos a la puente van a dar III, 198
Una cosa piensa el bayo y otra quien lo ensilla III, 369
Viguela sin lanza, etc. III, 295
Vilão forte, pé dormente III, 12

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GIL VICENTE[156]

(1) _Catalogo dos Autores_ ap. _Diccionario da Lingua Portugueza_ (1793), p. cxxviii-ix.

(2) F. BOUTERWEK. _Geschichte der portugiesischen Poesie_ (1805), p. 85-115. Eng. tr. (1823), p. 85-111.

(3) F. M. T. DE ARAGÃO MORATO. _Memoria sobre o theatro portuguez_ (1817), p. 46-58.

(4) J. ADAMSON. _Memoirs of ... Camoens_ (1820), vol. I, p. 295-7.

(5) J. F. DENIS. _Résumé_ (1826), p. 152-64.

(6) J. C. L. SIMONDE DE SISMONDI. _De la littérature du midi de l'Europe_ (1829), vol. IV, p. 449-57.

(7) J. V. BARETTO FEIO and J. GOMES MONTEIRO. _Ensaio sobre a vida e obras de G. V._ (_Obras_, ed. 1834, vol I, p. x-xli; 1852 ed. vol. I, p. x-l).

(8) A. HERCULANO. _Origens do theatro moderno. Theatro portugues até aos fins do seculo XVI._ (_Opusculos_, vol. IX, p. 75-84. Reprinted from _O Panorama_, 1837.)

(9) H. HALLAM. _Introduction to the Literature of Europe_ (Paris, 1839), vol. I, p. 205-6, 344.

(10) J. H. DA CUNHA RIVARA. _Epitaphios antigos_ in _O Panorama_, vol. IV (1844), p. 275-6.

(11) E. QUILLINAN. _The Autos of G. V._ in _The Quarterly Review_, vol. LXXIX (1846), p. 168-202.

(12) LUDWIG CLARUS [pseud. i.e. Wilhelm Volk]. _Darstellung der spanischen Literatur im Mittelalter_ (1846), vol. II, p. 344-56.

(13) C. M. RAPP. _Die Farças des G. V._ in H. G. Prutz, _Historisches Taschenbuch_, 1846.

(14) A. F. VON SCHACK. _Geschichte der dramatischen Literatur und Kunst in Spanien_ (1845-6), vol. I, p. 160-80.

(15) J. M. DA COSTA E SILVA. _Ensaio_, vol. I (1850), p. 241-95.

(16) F. WOLF in Ersch und Grueber, _Allgemeine Enzyklopädie_ (1858), p. 324-54.

(17) BARRERA Y LEIRADO. _Catálogo_ (1860), p. 474-6.

(18) E. A. VIDAL in _Gazeta de Portugal_. 26 July, 10 Sept. 1865.

(19) F. SOTEIRO DOS REIS. _Curso_, vol. I (1866), p. 123-52.

(20) M. PINHEIRO CHAGAS. _Novos Ensaios Criticos_ (1867), p. 84-93.

(21) TH. BRAGA. _Vida de G. V. e sua eschola._ Porto, 1870.

(22) J. DE VASCONCELLOS. _Os Musicos Portuguezes_ (1870), vol. I, p. 117-20.

(23) SALVÁ. _Catálogo_, vol. I (1872), p. 554-5.

(24) TH. BRAGA. _G. V., poeta lyrico_ in Th. Braga, _Bernardim Ribeiro e os bucolistas_ (1872), p. 233-64.

(25) TH. BRAGA. _G. V. e a Custodia de Belem_ [two unsigned articles in _Artes e Letras_, ann. 2 (1873), p. 4-6, 18-20].

(26) TH. BRAGA. _Manual da hist. da litt. port._ (1875), p. 229-42.

(27) J. M. DE ANDRADE FERREIRA. _Curso_ (1875), p. 331-50.

(28) C. CASTELLO BRANCO. _G. V. Embargos á phantasia do Snr Theophilo Braga_ in _Historia e Sentimentalismo_, 2nd ed. (1880), vol. II, p. ix-xi, 1-25.

(29) J. I. BRITO REBELLO. _A Custodia do Convento dos Jeronymos_ in _O Occidente_ (1880), p. 145-203.

(30) TH. BRAGA. _G. V. Ourives e Poeta_ in _O Positivismo_, vol. II (1880), p. 348-76; vol. III, p. 129-39; repr. in _Questões de litt. e arte port._ (1881), p. 190-225.

(31) _Diccionario universal Portuguez Illustrado_, vol. I (1882), p. 1884-1904, s.v. _Auto_.

(32) G. TICKNOR. _History of Spanish Literature_, 5th ed. (1882), vol. I, p. 297-306.

(33) P. DUCARME. _Les 'Autos' de G. V._ in _Le Muséon_, vol. V (1885), p. 369-74, 649-56; vol. VI, p. 120-30, 155-62.

(34) A. LOISEAU. _Hist. de la Litt. Port._ (1886), p. 119-36.

(35) A. DA CUNHA. _Os Autos de G. V._ in _Revista Intellectual Contemporanea_, anno 1, No. 3 (1886), p. 21-24.

(36) GALLARDO. _Ensayo_, tom. IV (1889), col. 1565-8.

(37) A. JEANROY. _Les Origines de la poésie lyrique en France_ (1889), p. 330-4.

(38) J. DE SOUSA MONTEIRO. _A Dansa Macabra (Nota preliminar a tres autos de G. V.)_ in _Revista de Portugal_, vol. I (1889), p. 233-50.

(39) VISCONDE DE OUGUELLA. _G. V._ Lisboa, 1890.

(40) A. SCHAEFFER. _Geschichte des Spanischen Nationaldramas_ (1890), vol. I, p. 26-33.

(41) D. GARCIA PERES. _Catálogo Razonado_ (1890), p. 564-8.

(42) J. LEITE DE VASCONCELLOS. _Nota sobre a linguagem de G. V._ in _Revista Lusitana_ (1891), p. 340-2.

(43) W. STORCK. _Aus Portugal und Brasilien_ (1892). Notes, p. 258-62.

(44) C. MICHAËLIS DE VASCONCELLOS. _Grundriss der rom. Phil._ (1894), Bd. 2, Abtg. 2, p. 280-7.

(45) VISCONDE SANCHES DE BAENA. _G. V._ Marinha Grande, 1894 [Review by C. Michaëlis de Vasconcellos in _Litteraturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie_, Bd. XVII (1896), p. 87-97].

(46) VISCONDE JULIO DE CASTILHO. _Mocidade de G. V. (O Poeta)._ Lisboa, 1896.

(47) D. JOÃO DA CAMARA. _Natal e G. V._ in _O Occidente_, vol. XIX (1896), p. 282-5.

(48) J. I. BRITO REBELLO. _G. V._ in _Revista de Educação e Ensino_, anno 12 (1897), p. 241-58, 308-15, 394-406.

(49) E. PRESTAGE. _The Portuguese Drama in the Sixteenth Century: G. V._ in _The Manchester Quarterly_, vol. XVI (July 1897).

(50) M. MENÉNDEZ Y PELAYO in _Antología de poetas líricos_, tom. VII (1898), p. clxiii-ccxxv.

(51) TH. BRAGA. _G. V. e as origens do theatro nacional._ Porto, 1898.

(52) TH. BRAGA. _Eschola de G. V._ Porto, 1898.

(53) VISCONDE J. DE CASTILHO and A. BRAAMCAMP FREIRE, _Indices do Cancioneiro de Resende e das Obras de G. V._ Lisboa, 1900. Repr. in G. V. _Obras_, vol. III (1914).

(54) J. DA ANNUNCIAÇÃO [† 1847]. _G. V._ in _Revista Lusitana_, vol. VI (1900), p. 59-63.

(55) G. A. DE VASCONCELLOS ABREU. _Contos, Apologos e Fabulas da India: influencia indirecta no Auto de Mofina Mendez de G. V._ Lisboa, 1902.

(56) A. R. GONÇALVEZ VIANA. _Lusismos no castellano de G. V._ in _Revista do Conservatorio Real de Lisboa_ (1902). Repr. in _Palestras Filolójicas_ (1910), p. 243-67.

(57) J. I. BRITO REBELLO. _G. V._ in _O Occidente_, vol. XXV (1902), p. 122-3.

(58) DAMASCENO NUNES. _G. V. e o theatro nacional_ in _O Occidente_, vol. XXV, p. 127-8.

(59) TH. BRAGA. _G. V. e o nacionalismo_ in _Revista de Guimarães_, vol. XIX (1902), p. 53-5.

(60) C. MALHEIRO DIAS. _G. V. Algumas determinantes do seu genio litterario_ in _Revista de Guimarães_, vol. XIX, p. 57-66.

(61) A. F. BARATA. _G. V. e Evora._ Evora, 1902.

(62) J. LEITE DE VASCONCELLOS. _G. V. e a linguagem popular._ Lisboa, 1902.

(63) G. DE ABREU. _G. V. A independencia do seu espiritu_ in _Revista de Guimarães_, vol. XIX, p. 84-96.

(64) _G. V. e a fundação do theatro portuguez_ [three articles in _O Diario de Noticias_, June 7, 8, 9, 1902].

(65) A. HERMANO. _G. V._ in _Revista de Guimarães_, vol. XIX, p. 71-83.

(66) J. I. BRITO REBELLO. _Ementas Historicas. II. G. V._ Lisboa, 1902.

(67) W. E. A. AXON. _G. V. and Lafontaine._ London and Dorking, 1903.

(68) F. M. DE SOUSA VITERBO. _G. V. Dois traços para a sua biographia_ in _Archivo Historico Portuguez_, anno 1 (1903), p. 219-28.

(69) J. RIBEIRO. _G. V._ in _Paginas de Esthetica_ (1905), p. 77-83.

(70) CONDE DE SABUGOSA. _Auto da Festa_ (_Explicação previa_, p. 7-94). Lisboa, 1906.

(71) CONDE DE SABUGOSA. _Um auto de G. V. Processo de Vasco Abul_ in _Embrechados_ (1907), p. 65-80.

(72) A. L. STIEFEL. _Zu G. V._ in _Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen_, vol. CXIX (1907), p. 192-5.

(73) SILEX [i.e. A. Braamcamp Freire]. _G. V., Poeta-ourives_ in _O Jornal do Commercio_, Feb. 5-9, 14, 19, 1907.

(74) J. MENDES DOS REMEDIOS in _Obras de G. V._, vol. I (1907), _Prefacio_, p. v-lix.

(75) C. MICHAËLIS DE VASCONCELLOS. _Estudos sobre o romanceiro peninsular_ (1907-9), p. 318-20.

(76) J. J. NUNES. _As cantigas parallelisticas de G. V._ in _Revista Lusitana_, vol. XII (1909), p. 241-67.

(77) M. A. VAZ DE CARVALHO in _No meu cantinho_ (1909).

(78) J. DE SOUSA MONTEIRO. _Estudo sobre o 'Auto Pastoril Castelhano' de G. V._ in _Boletim da Segunda Classe da Ac. das Sciencias de Lisboa_, vol. II (1910), p. 235-41.

(79) J. LEITE DE VASCONCELLOS in _Lições de Philologia Portuguesa_ (1911), p. 355-60.

(80) O. DE PRATT. _O Auto da Festa de G. V._ in _Revista Lusitana_ (1911), p. 238-46.

(81) _Sobre um verso de G. V._ in _Diario de Noticias_ (1912); Repr. in _Revista Lusitana_ (1912), p. 268-89.

(82) A. BRAAMCAMP FREIRE. _G. V._ in _Diario de Noticias_, Dec. 16, 1912.

(83) J. I. BRITO REBELLO. _G. V._ Lisboa, 1912.

(84) C. MICHAËLIS DE VASCONCELLOS. _Notas Vicentinas I_ in _Revista da Universidade de Coimbra_, vol. I (1912), p. 205-93.

(85) J. M. DE QUEIROZ VELLOSO. _G. V. e a sua obra._ Lisboa, 1914.

(86) A. LOPES VIEIRA. _A Campanha Vicentina._ Lisboa, 1914.

(87) F. DE ALMEIDA. _A Reforma protestante e as irreverencias de G. V._ in _Lusitana_, anno 1 (1914), p. 207-13; Repr. in _Historia da Igreja em Portugal_, vol. III, pt 2 (1917), p. 119-226.

(88) A. BRAAMCAMP FREIRE. _G. V. poeta-ourives. (Novas notas.)_ Coimbra, 1914.

(89) TH. BRAGA. _G. V. e a creação do theatro nacional_ in _Hist. da Litt. Port. II. Renascença_ (1914), p. 36-102.

(90) C. MICHAËLIS DE VASCONCELLOS. _Notas sobre a canção perdida Este es calbi orabi_ in _Revista Lusitana_ (1915), p. 1-15.

(91) J. CEJADOR Y FRAUCA. _Hist. de la lengua y lit. castellana_ (1915), vol. I, p. 457-60.

(92) F. DE FIGUEIREDO. _Caracteristicas da litt. portuguesa_ (1915), p. 27-30. Eng. tr. (1916), p. 18-22.

(93) O. DE PRATT. _Sobre um verso de G. V._ Lisboa, 1915.

(94) A. LOPES VIEIRA. _Autos de G. V._ (1916), _Prefacio_, p. 9-30.

(95) J. I. BRITO REBELLO. _A proposito de G. V._ in _Boletim da Segunda Classe da Ac. das Sciencias de Lisboa_, vol. X (1916), p. 315-8.

(96) W. S. HENDRIX. _The 'Auto da Barca do Inferno of G. V.' and the Spanish 'Tragicomedia Alegórica del Parayso y del Infierno'_ in _Modern Philology_, vol. XIII (1916), p. 173-84.

(97) A. BRAAMCAMP FREIRE. _G. V., trovador, mestre da balança_ in _Revista de Historia_, Nos. 21, 22, 24, 25, 26 (1917-8).

(98) A. COELHO DE MAGALHÃES. _Tentativas pedagógicas. II. A obra vicentina no ensino secundario_ in _A Águia_, Nos. 67-8 (1917), p. 5-16.

(99) A. A. MARQUES. _G. V. e as suas obras._ Portalegre, 1917.

(100) F. DE FIGUEIREDO. _Hist. da Litt. Classica_ (1917), p. 61-108.

(101) C. MICHAËLIS DE VASCONCELLOS. _Notas Vicentinas II_ in _Rev. da Univ. de Coimbra_, vol. VI (1918), p. 263-303.

(102) C. MICHAËLIS DE VASCONCELLOS. _Notas Vicentinas III_, _ib._ vol. VII (1919), p. 35-51.

FOOTNOTES:

[156] For a more detailed account of some of the works here recorded see C. Michaëlis de Vasconcellos, _Notas Vicentinas I_ (1912).

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF GIL VICENTE'S LIFE

G.V.'s Life
Order of G.V.'s Plays
Contemporary Events

c.1465? Birth of G.V.
c.1465 Death of François Villon.
1466 Death of Donatello.
1467 Birth of Desiderius Erasmus.
1469 Death of Jorge Manrique.
-- Birth of Niccolò Machiavelli.
1469? Birth of Juan del Enzina.
1470 Birth of Pietro Bembo.
-- Birth of Garcia de Resende.
1471 Birth of Albrecht Dürer.
1474 Birth of Lodovico Ariosto.
1475 Birth of Michael Angelo.
1477 Birth of Titian.
1478 Birth of Baldassare Castiglione
(† 1526).
-- Birth of Gian Giorgio Trissino.
-- Birth of Sir Thomas More.
1481 Accession of João II.
1482 Birth of Bernardim Ribeiro.
1483 Birth of Raffael.
-- Birth of Martin Luther.
-- Birth of Francesco Guicciardini.
-- Beheadal of Duke of Braganza.
[1484-6 Snr Braamcamp Freire assigns G.V.'s first marriage to one of
these years]
1484 King João II stabs to death the
Duke of Viseu.
1485 [or later] Birth of Sá de Miranda.
[1486-8 Acc. to Snr Braamcamp Freire, birth of G. V.'s eldest son]
1486 Birth of Andrea del Sarto.
-- Death of Andrea Verrocchio.
1487 Cape of Good Hope rounded by
Bartholomeu Dias.
1489 Birth of Thomas Cranmer.
1490? G.V. comes to Court at Evora?
c.1490? G.V.'s first marriage [to Branca Bezerra]?
1490 Marriage of Prince Afonso and
Isabel, d. of the Catholic Kings.
-- Birth of Vittoria Colonna.
1491 Death of Prince Afonso at
Santarem.
-- Birth of S. Ignacio de Loyola.
-- Christopher Columbus sails for
America.
-- First Portuguese book printed in
Portugal.
c.1492? Birth of G.V.'s eldest son, Gaspar?
1492 Conquest of Granada.
1493 Columbus arrives at Lisbon (6
March) after discovering America.
-- Birth of André de Resende.
1493 or 4 Birth of Nicolaus Clenardus.
1494 Death of Angelo Poliziano.
1494 or 5 Birth of François Rabelais.
1495 (25 Oct.) Accession of King Manuel.
1496? Birth of Clément Marot († 1544).
1497 (July) Vasco da Gama leaves Lisbon.
-- Forced conversion of Jews in
Portugal.
-- Birth of Hans Holbein.
-- Birth of Philip Melancthon.
1498 Girolamo Savonarola burnt at
Florence.
1499 (Sept.) Return of Gama from India.
1500 Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers
Brazil.
-- Death of Sandro Botticelli.
-- Birth of Benvenuto Cellini.
-- Birth of Emperor Charles V.
-- Birth of Dom João de Castro.
1502 (6 June) Birth of João III.
1502 (Lisbon,
7 or 8 June) _Auto da Visitaçam_(1).
-- (Lisbon,
Christmas) _Auto Pastoril Castelhano_(2).
1503-6 G.V. fashions the celebrated Belem monstrance with the first
tribute of gold from India.
1503 (Lisbon,
6 Jan.) _Auto dos Reis Magos_ (3).
1503 Birth of Garci Lasso de la Vega.
-- Birth of Sir Thomas Wyatt.
-- Famine and plague in Portugal.
-- The cousins Albuquerque and Duarte
Pacheco Pereira sail for India.
-- (24 Oct.) Birth of Infanta (afterwards
Empress) Isabel.
1504 (Lisbon) _Auto de S. Martinho_ (4).
1504 Heroic campaign of D. Pacheco
Pereira in India.
-- (31 Dec.) Birth of Inf. Beatriz.
1505? Birth of G.V.'s second son,
Belchior.
1505 Riots against Jews at Evora.
1505 (end July) Arrival at Lisbon of 15 ships
laden with spices. Solemn
procession in honor of D. Pacheco.
1506 G.V. preaches a sermon in verse on the birth of Prince Luis
(3 March).
1506 (Low Sunday, _Pascoela_) Massacre of Jews at Lisbon.
-- Birth of S. Francis Xavier.
-- Birth of Inf. Luis († 1555).
-- (30 Sept.) Death of D. Beatriz (King Manuel's
mother).
1507 (5 June) Birth of Inf. Fernando.
1508 The King raises interdict placed
on Lisbon after massacre of Jews.
1508 (Dec.) or
1509 (Jan.) (Lisbon) _Quem tem farelos?_ (5).
-- News brought to the King at Evora
of the siege of Arzila.
1509? G.V. writes some verses for a poetical contest at Almada,
printed in the _Canc. de Resende_ (1516).
1509 (Jan.) D. Pacheco defeats the French
pirate Mondragon.
1509 (15 Feb.) G.V. is appointed _Vedor_ (overseer) of all works in
gold and silver in the Convent of Thomar, the Hospital of All
Saints, Lisbon, and the Convent of Belem.
1509 (Almada,
Holy Week?) _Auto da India_ (6).
-- (23 Ap.) Birth of Inf. Afonso.
1509 Birth of Jean Calvin.
-- Afonso de Albuquerque Governor of
India.
1510 Death of Dom Francisco de Almeida,
first Viceroy of India.
-- Albuquerque attacks Calicut and
takes Goa.
1510? Birth of Lope de Rueda.
1510 (Almeirim,
Christmas) _Auto da Fé_ (7).
1511 Albuquerque takes Malaca.
1511 (Lisbon,
Carnival?) _Auto das Fadas_ (8).
-- Henry VIII of England sends King
Manuel, his brother-in-law, the
Order of the Garter.
1512 (31 Jan.) Birth of Cardinal-King Henrique
(† 1580).
1512 (Lisbon,
early in the year) _Farsa dos Fisicos_ (9).
1512 (21 Dec.) G.V. is elected one of the Twenty-four by the Lisbon
Guild of Goldsmiths.
1513 James, Duke of Braganza, sets sail
from Lisbon with a
splendidly-equipped fleet of 450
vessels to capture Azamor.
-- Albuquerque in the Red Sea and at
Aden.
1513 (4 Feb.) G.V. is appointed _Mestre da Balança_.
1513 (Lisbon,
Holy Week?) _O Velho da Horta_ (10).
-- (Lisbon, August) _Exhortação da Guerra_ (11).
-- (17 Oct.) G.V. is elected by the Twenty-four to be one of their
four representatives on the Lisbon Town Council.
1513? (Lisbon,
Christmas) _Auto da Sibila Cassandra_ (12).
-- Leo X, son of Lorenzo de' Medici,
becomes Pope.
1514 (1512-14?) G.V. loses his first wife, Branca Bezerra.
1514 (Lisbon) _Comedia do Viuvo_ (13).
1514 Portuguese Embassy to Pope Leo X
with magnificent presents from the
East. Garcia de Resende and the
rest of the Mission reach Italy
end of Jan. 1514.
1515 (7 Sept.) Birth of Inf. Duarte.
-- (21 Sept.) G.V. receives a grant of 20 milreis for the dowry of his
sister Felipa Borges.
1515? (Lisbon,
2nd half of year) _Auto da Fama_ (14).
[Snr Braamcamp Freire assigns the _Auto da Festa_
to this year 1515.]
-- (Dec.) Death of Albuquerque in India.
-- Birth of Santa Teresa at Avila.
1516 (9 Sept.) Birth of Inf. Antonio.
1516? (Lisbon,
Christmas) _Auto dos Quatro Tempos_ (15).
-- Discovery of Mexico.
-- Garcia de Resende's _Cancioneiro
Geral_ published.
-- Death of Giovanni Bellini.
1517 Luther starts the Reformation.
-- (Feb.) King Manuel organises a fight
between a rhinoceros and an
elephant in an enclosed space in
front of Lisbon's _Casa da
Contrataçam da India_.
-- (7 March) Death of Queen Maria.
1517 (Lisbon) _Auto da Barca do Inferno_ (16).
1517 (6 Aug.) G.V. resigns the post of _Mestre da Balança_ in favour of
Diogo Rodriguez.
1517? G.V. marries Melicia Rodriguez.
1518? (Lisbon,
Holy Week) _Auto da Alma_ (17).
1517 or 18 Birth of Francisco de Hollanda.
1518 (23 Nov.) Queen Lianor (King Manuel's third
wife) arrives in Portugal.
1518 (Lisbon,
Christmas) _Auto da Barca do Purgatorio_ (18).
[General Brito Rebello, Dr Theophilo Braga and
Senhor Braamcamp Freire assign the verses to the
Conde de Vimioso to this year 1518.]
-- Birth of Tintoretto.
c.1519? Birth of G.V.'s eldest daughter, Paula.
1519 (Lisbon,
Holy Week) _Auto da Barca da Gloria_ (19).
1519 King Charles of Spain elected
Emperor (Charles V).
-- Death of Leonardo da Vinci.
-- Death of John Colet.
1520 G.V. makes arrangements for the royal entry into Lisbon.
1520? Birth of G.V.'s son Luis.
-- (18 Feb.) Birth of Inf. Carlos at Evora
(† Lisbon, 15 Ap. 1521).
-- Death of Raffael.
-- Death of John Skelton.
-- Fernão de Magalhães discovers the
'Straits of Magellan.'
1521 (Jan.) King and Queen's entry into
Lisbon.
-- (Lisbon,
Holy Week?) _Comedia de Rubena_ (20).
-- (Lisbon,
4 Aug.) _Cortes de Jupiter_ (21).
-- (8 June) Birth of Inf. Maria († 1577).
-- Solemn reception in Lisbon of
Embassy from Venice.
-- Departure of Inf. Beatriz to wed
the Duke of Savoy.
-- (13 Dec.) Death of King Manuel.
-- (Dec.) Proclamation of João III.
-- Death of Magalhães.
1522 _Pranto de Maria Parda._
-- Famine in Portugal.
1523 G.V. receives the sum of six milreis.
-- Clement VII becomes Pope.
-- (Thomar,
July-Sept.) _Farsa de Ines Pereira_ (22).

-- (Evora,
Christmas) _Auto Pastoril Portugues_ (23).

1524 G.V. receives two pensions (12 and 8 milreis).
-- (Evora, 2nd
half of year) _Fragoa de Amor_ (24)
-- Birth of Pierre Ronsard.
-- Birth of Luis de Camões.
-- Death of Dom Vasco da Gama.
1525 G.V. receives a pension of three bushels of wheat.
1525? (Evora,
Holy Week) _Farsa das Ciganas_ (25).
-- (Lisbon?) _Dom Duardos_ (26).
-- (Almeirim,
Oct.-Nov.?) _O Juiz da Beira_ (27).
-- (Evora,
Christmas) _Auto da Festa_ (28).
-- _Trovas ao Conde de Vimioso._
-- Plague and famine at Lisbon.
-- François I taken prisoner at
battle of Pavia.
-- (17 Nov.) Death of Queen Lianor (widow of
João II).
-- Birth of Joachim du Bellay.

1526 (Lisbon, Jan.) _Templo de Apolo_ (29).
1526-8 (Almeirim) _Sumario da Historia de Deos_ (30).
-- (Almeirim) _Dialogo sobre a Ressurreiçam_ (31).
1526 Marriage of Emperor Charles V and
Isabel, d. of King Manuel.
-- Sá de Miranda returns from Italy.
-- Boscán tackles the
hendecasyllable.
1527 (Lisbon) _Nao de Amores_ (32).
-- (Coimbra) _Divisa da Cidade de Coimbra_ (33).
-- (Coimbra) _Farsa dos Almocreves_ (34).
-- (Coimbra) _Tragicomedia da Serra da Estrella_ (35).
-- Birth of Inf. Maria.
-- Birth of Fray Luis de León.
-- Birth of Philip II of Spain.
-- Sack of Rome.
-- Death of Machiavelli.
-- _Trovas a Dom João III._
1528 G.V. receives a further pension of 12 milreis.
1528 (Lisbon,
Christmas) _Auto da Feira_ (36).
1528 Death of Dürer.
-- Birth of Antonio Ferreira.
1529 Birth of Inf. Isabel.
1529? Death of Juan del Enzina.
1529 (Lisbon, April) _Triunfo do Inverno_ (37).
1529-30 (Lisbon, Christmas? Between Sept. 1529 and Feb. 19, 1530)
_O Clerigo da Beira_ (38).
c.1530? Birth of G.V.'s daughter Valeria Borges.
1530 (15 Feb.) Birth of Inf. Beatriz.
1531 (Jan.) G.V. preaches a sermon to the monks at Santarem on occasion
of the earthquake.
c.1530 _Trovas a Felipe Guilhen._
1531 _Jubileu de Amores_ acted at Brussels.
-- Birth of Inf. Manuel.
-- (Jan.) Great earthquake at Lisbon and
other towns.
-- First Bull for establishment of
Inquisition in Portugal.
1531? Death of Bartolomé de Torres
Naharro.
1532 (Lisbon) _Auto da Lusitania_ (39).
1533 (Evora) _Romagem de Aggravados_ (40).
-- (Evora) _Amadis de Gaula_ (41).
-- Birth of Michel de Montaigne.
-- Clenardus comes to Portugal from
Salamanca.
1533? Death of Duarte Pacheco.
1534 (Oudivellas) _Auto da Cananea_ (42).
-- (Evora,
Christmas) _Auto da Mofina Mendes_ (43).
-- Birth of Fernando de Herrera, _el
Divino_.
1535 G.V. receives 8 milreis as dress allowance (_vestiaria_).
-- [The Conde de Sabugosa assigns the _Auto da
Festa_ to this year.]
-- Sir Thomas More executed.
1536 (Evora) _Floresta de Enganos_ (44).
1536 Death of Erasmus.
-- Death of Garci Lasso de la Vega.
-- Death of Garcia de Resende.
-- Introduction of Inquisition into
Portugal.
1536? Death of G.V. at Evora.

INDEX OF PERSONS AND PLACES

_Abrantes_, 48
Abul (Vasco), xviii
_Aden_, xxi
Afonso V, x
Afonso Prince, xii, xiii
Afonso (Gregorio), xxxviii
_Africa_, x, xix, xxii, 34, 75
Alarcón (Pedro Antonio de), l
Albuquerque (Afonso de), xix, xxi, xxxv, 77
_Alcobaça_, 39, 40
Aleandro, Cardinal, xxvii, xxx
Alfonso X, xl
_Almada_, xix, 27, 76
Almeida (Dom Francisco de), xxxv
Almeida Garrett, Visconde, xlii, li
_Almeirim_, xix, xxii, xxvi, xli
Alvarez (Francisco), xxix
_Amadis de Gaula_, xxx, xlv
Anriquez (Luis), xiii
_Apolonio, Libro de_, xlvii
Aristotle, xxxvi, xliii, xlvi
_Arruda_, 27, 76
_Arzila_, xix
Astorga, Marqués de, xxxi
_Aulegrafia_, xxxix
_Aveiro_, 46, 81
_Azamor_, xx, xxi, 23, 75

_Barcellos_, x
Barros (João de), xviii
Beatriz, Dona, xiv, xv
Beatriz, Duchess of Savoy, xxiii, 29, 77
_Beira_, xi, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xliii, 55, 71
_Belem_, xv, xvi, xviii, xxxv
Berceo (Gonzalo de), xxxvii
Bezerra (Branca), xxi
_Bible, The_, xxx, xxxvii, xlii, xliii, xlviii
_Biscay_, 37
Borges (Felipa), xiii
Borges (Valeria), xxxi
Braamcamp Freire (Anselmo), vi, ix, xii, xvi, xix, xx, xxii, xxv, xxvi,
xxvii, xxix
Braga (Theophilo), ix, xvi
Braganza, Ferdinand, Duke of, x
Braganza, James, Duke of, xx, 23, 75
_Brazil_, xiv, 53
Brito Rebello (Jacinto Ignacio), x, xviii, xxvi
_Brittany_, 37
Browning (Robert), xlix, 82
_Brussels_, xxx

Calderón (Pedro), xliv, li
Camões (Luis de), xxv
_Cananor_, xv
_Cancioneiro da Vaticana_, xlii
_Cancioneiro Geral_, ix, xiii, xxxvii, xlii, xliii, xlv
_Candosa_, 80
_Caparica_, 27, 76
_Cartaxo_, 26, 76
_Castilla_, xxviii, xxxii, xlv, 55, 69
Catharine, Queen, xxv, xxix, xlv
Caviceo (Jacopo), xliv
_Cea_. See _Sea_
Celestina, xlvi
_Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, Les_, l
_Certã_. See _Sertãe_
Cervantes (Miguel de), li
Charles V, xxv
Chiado. _See_ Ribeiro (A.)
_Cintra_. See _Sintra_
Clenardus (Nicolaus), 80
_Cochin_, x
_Coimbra_, xxix, xli, 37, 55, 56, 57, 63, 78
_Colares_, xxii
Colón (Fernando), xliv
Columbus (Christopher), xiv
_Conde Lucanor, El_, xlviii, l
Correa Garcão (Pedro Antonio), li
Coutinho, Marshal, xix
_Covilham_, 68, 83
_Crato_, xxii
_Crete_, xxxii
_Cronica Troyana_, xx
Cunha (Tristão da), xix, 75, 76

Dante Alighieri, xliii
_Danza de la Muerte_, xxiv, xxxvii, xxxviii, xli, xlii, xliv
Diaz (Hernando), xliv
Dürer (Albrecht), 76

_England_, xlvii
Enzina (Juan del), xi, xiii, xx, xxi, xxxi, xli, xlii, xliv, xlv, 73, 75
_Evora_, x, xii, xiii, xxii, xxv, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, xli, xliii