Chapter XXX: Book III: G (4)

[388] Pulmonary vein, or rather, left auricle. Galen
means a reflux through the mitral orifice; the left
auricle was looked on rather as the termination of the
pulmonary veins than as a part of the heart. _cf._ p.
323, note 4 (403). He speaks here of a kind of
"physiological" mitral incompetence.

[389] _Horror vacui._

[390] _cf._ p. 305, note 2 (377).

[391] _cf._ p. 308, note 1 (381).

[392] The "mechanical" principle of _horror vacui_
contrasted with the "physical" or semi-physiological
principle of specific attraction. _Appropriateness_ here
might almost be rendered _affinity_ or _kinship_. _cf_.
note 2 (393), _infra_.

[393] "Related," "akin." _cf._ p. 36, note 2 (61).

[394] The coats exercise the _vital_ traction, the
cavities the merely _mechanical_. _cf_. p. 165, note 2
(232).

[395] Chap. xiv.

[396] These fossae were probably the recesses between
the _columnae carnae_.

[397] On _logos_ _cf._ p. 226, note 2 (305).

[398] He means the tricuspid orifice. _cf._ p. 121, note
4 (177).

[399] The right auricle was looked on less as a part of
the heart than as an expansion or "insertion" of the
vena cava.

[400] This "vein" (really the pulmonary artery) was
supposed to be the channel by which the lungs received
nutriment from the right heart. _cf._ p. 121, note 3
(176).

[401] The coronary vein.

[402] Galen's conclusion, of course, is, so far,
correct, but he has substituted an imaginary direct
communication between the ventricles for the actual and
more roundabout pulmonary circulation, of whose
existence he apparently had no idea. His views were
eventually corrected by the Renascence anatomists. _cf._
Introduction, pp. xxii.-xxiii.

[403] He means the left auricle, considered as the
termination of the pulmonary "arteries"; _cf._ p. 314,
note 3 (388).

[404] The aorta, its orifice being circular, appears
bigger than the slit-like mitral orifice.

[405] p. 87.

[406] Or we may render it "corpuscle"; Galen practically
means the _cell_. _cf._ p. 153, note 2 (216).

[407] _cf._ the term "cavernous tissue."

[408] I. x.

[409] Lit. _homoeomerous_, _i.e._ "the same all
through," of similar structure throughout, the
_elements_ of living matter, _cf._ p. 20, note 3 (38),
and _cf._ also the "cell" of Erasistratus, p. 153.

[410] "Delivered," "dispersed"; _cf._ p. 13, note 5
(26).

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

(The numbers refer to the pages of the present edition;
fuller references will be found in the footnotes.)

Abortifacient drugs, 285

Abortion, 231, 285

Absorption from digestive tract (_v. Anadosis_)

Acidity of urine, 245, 287

Activity (function), 13

Adhesion (prosphysis) of nutriment to tissues, 39

Affinity, 33

Alimentary canal, 119, 309
coats of, 23, 263

Allopathic treatment, 199

Alteration (qualitative change), 7, 9, 241, 251

Anadosis (absorption from digestive tract), 63, 119

Anæmia, 173

Anasarca (dropsy), 41

Anastomoses (communications between arteries and veins), 321

Anaxagoras, "preformationist" doctrine of, 7

Ancient writers, value of, 279

Animal life, 3

Animals (_v._ also _History, Natural_)
cold-blooded, 181
long-necked, 275

Anorexia (want of appetite), 247

Aorta (main artery of body), 143, 323

Appetite, 249

Aristotle, 9, _et passim_ (_v._ also _Peripatetic School_)

Arrows, drugs for extracting heads of, 83

"Art" of Nature (_i.e._ of the living organism), 57

Arteries, structure of, 283
to-and-fro motion in, 313
attraction of air by, through skin, 317

Artery, pulmonary, 121, 323

Artificer, 133

Asclepiades, 49, _et passim_

Asepsis (absence of corruption), 201

Assimilation, 33

Asthenia (weakness), 239

Atomist School in Medicine, 45

Atrabiliary (melancholic) humour, 209

Attraction (_v._ also _Horror vacui_)
physiological, 45
magnetic, 73

Auricle, left, of heart, 315
right, of heart, 321

Authority, value of, 279

Aversion, 249

Baking, 259

Beauty, 47

Bile, yellow, 63, 123, 177, 191, 289
"vitelline," 209
black, 203 (_v._ also _Melancholic humour_)

Bile-passages, mechanical blocking of, 171

Biliousness, 193

Biology, repudiation of, by Atomist School, 45

Bladder, urinary, 51, 53, _et passim_
for bile (_v. Gall-bladder_)

Blood-production, 17, 169, 183, 191, 201

Boiling, 259

Boils, 253

Bone, structure of, 327

Bone-marrow, 327

Borborygmi (gurglings) in stomach, 237

Bread, constitution of, 11

Bubo (swollen lymphatic glands in groin), 185

Butchers (as the primitive anatomists), 51

Cadaver (corpse), experiment on, 265

Cartilage (gristle), 329

Catarrh (mucous discharge), 215

Cattle (as typifying "herd-morality"), 47

"Cell," of animal tissues, 153
nutrition of, 327

Change, qualitative (_v. Alteration_)

Channels (_v. Morphological hypothesis_)

Cheese-making, 91

Childbirth, 231, 285

Children's game, 27

Chill, 171, 203 (_v._ also _Cold_)

Cholagogues (drugs that draw off bile), 65

Cholera, 299

Chorion (membrane enclosing unborn child), 229

Chrysippus, 9

Chyle (emulsified contents of stomach), (_v. Emulsification_)

Cirrhosis (induration) of liver, 171

Coats (tunics), 23

Cold, action of, on skin, 301

Cold-in-the-head, 215 (_v._ also _Chill_)

Colon (large intestine), 313

Colour, 5

Conception, of semen, 233

Congius (measure), 111

Contractions (_v. Peristalsis_)

Cooking, 191

Corn, attractive power of, 87

Coryza (mucous discharge: now a "cold"), 215

Crisis, 75

Cyathus (measure), 65

Decay, 7

Deductive reasoning, 227

Deglutition (swallowing), 95, 261, 265, 273

Democritus, 153

Deposits (in tissues), 297

Desire (appetite), 249, 269

Destruction (act of perishing), 7

Diaphragm (midriff), 255

Diarrhoea, 247, 299

Diet, 35, 179, 255

Digestion, cause of, 243
impairment of, 185, 217, 237

Digestive tract, action on food, 251, _et seq._
structure (_v. Alimentary Canal_)

Diocles, 51

Disease, definition of, 197

Diseases, the four primary, 185

Disjunctive argument, 167

Distribution (diadosis) of nutriment to tissues, 163

Dropsy, 41, 67, 171

Drugs, 65, 285, 293 (_v._ also _Poisons_)

Dyscrasia (abnormal blending of the four qualities), 189

Dysentery, 205

Dyspepsia (_v. Indigestion_)

Education, 279

Effect (product, work done), 13

Emaciation, 161

Emanations, 77

Embryo, 229

Emesis (_v. Vomiting_)

Empiricist physicians, 69, 193

Emulsification, 239

Epicurus, 71

Epigastric muscles, 237

Epispastic (attractive), 117

Erasistratus, 95

Erasistrateans, 105

Etna, 259

Eucrasia (proper blending of the four qualities), 189

Evaporation, 51, 87, 251

Experience (_v. Empiricist physicians_)

Expulsive faculty, 231

Faculty (potentiality), 13

Fæces (ordure from bowel), 255

Fermentation, 209

Fever as a cause of indigestion, 185

Fibres, 329
of blood, 215
circular and longitudinal, 263
oblique, 281

Filtration, 91

Fish, voraciousness of, 269

Flavour, 5

Fluxions, 297

Foetus (unborn child), 233
death of, 287

Forced-feeding, 247

Forces, material, 127, 301

Function (activity), cause of, 197

Gall-bladder, 147, 245
absence of nerves in, 289

Gardens, irrigation of, 325

Genesis (development of embryo), 19

Germander (drug), 67

Gestation (carrying of embryo by mother), 229

Give-and-take between organs, 295

Gravity (explaining secretion of urine), 107

Greediness, 271

Growth, 27, 137

Gullet, 263
use of, by stomach, 271
function of its two coats, 273

Gurgling in stomach, 237

Habit of body, 69

Hæmorrhage, intestinal, 297

Hæmorrhoids (_v. Piles_)

Heartburn, 287

Heat, innate, 41, 141, 185

Hepatic veins (entering vena cava from liver), 147

Herophilus, 233

Hippocrates, 9, _et passim_

Histogenesis (tissue-production), 21

History, natural, 269

Homoeomeries (similar parts), 169

Homoeopathy, p. 199, Note 1 (276)

Honey, 179, 191

Horror vacui ("Nature's abhorrence of a vacuum"), 99, 155

Humours, the four, origin of, 167, 183, 209

Hydragogues (drugs that draw water out of the system), 65

Ileus volvulus (obstruction of bowels), 299, 303

Illusions, sensory, 7

Indigestion, 185, 217, 237

Inductive reasoning, 227

Inflammation, 89, 233

Interaction of any two bodies, 251

Intestine, small, 255

Intestines, structure of, 283
movements of, 243

Ionia, 29

Iron, 71

Irrigation of gardens and tissues, 325

Jaundice, 179, 207

Jejunum (part of small intestine), 299

Kidneys, 49, 89

Labour (_v. Childbirth_)

Larynx (voice-box), involved in swallowing, 265

Leprosy, 41

Leucippus, 153

Lichen (a skin-disease), 253

Liver, proper tissue of, 311
transverse fissure of, 147
induration of, 171
give-and-take between it and stomach, 291

Lodestone, 71

Love, 47

Lumen (internal cavity of a vessel), 119

Lycus, 109

Magnetism, 71

Marrow of bones, 327

Mastication, 253

Material forces, 127

Medicine, taking of, 269 (_v._ also _Drugs_)

Melancholic (_v. Atrabiliary_)

Membranes, foetal, 231, 285 (_v._ also _Chorion_)

Menander, 105

Menodotus, 81

Menstrual blood, 131, 171

Metabolism, diseases of, 41

Midwife, 235

Miscarriage, (_v. Abortion_)

Molecules (of Asclepiades), 63

Morphological hypothesis of bile-secretion, 125, 147

Motion, active and passive, 57

Mouth, lining of, 261
digestion in, 253

Mucus, 203, 215

Muscles, voluntary, 263

"Nature," 2;
its "Art," 57

Nature-lore (_v. Physiology_)

Nausea, 287

"Nerve," 151, 273

Nutriment, 41

Nutrition, 31, 149

Obstetric chair, 235

Obstruction of bowels, 299, 303

Oesophagus (_v. Gullet_)

Omentum (an apron-like fold of fat, overlying the intestine), 143,
255, 313

Organism, unity of, 61

Organs, nutrition of, 307

Os uteri (mouth of womb), 229

Ovum, human, 135

Oxidation, 211

Oxygen (_v. Pneuma_)

Pain, 287

Parturition, 231

Pathology, relation to Physiology, 189, 287

Peasants, 87

Perch (_v. Fish_)

Peripatetic (Aristotelian) School, 139

Peristalsis (contraction and dilatation), 97, 243, 263

Peritoneum, 53

Phidias, 129

Philistion, 173

Philotimus, 183

Phlegm, 67, 201, 215

Phlegmatic temperament, 193

"Physiology," 139

Piles, 171

Plant-life, 3

Plato, 173, 203, 215

Plethora (congestion), 119

Pneuma (as a vital principle), 153;
(as oxygen), 187

Poisons, action of, 251

Porch, the (Stoic School), 145

"Pores" (_v. Channels_)

Portal vein, 147

Potter's earth, 213

Practitioner, 197

Praxagoras, 51

Praxiteles, 129

"Preformationist" doctrine of Anaxagoras, p. 7, Note 5 (14)

Presentation (prosthesis) of nutriment to tissues, 39

Prevention and Cure, 169

Principles, the four fundamental (_v. Qualities_)

Prodicus, 201

Prolapse of uterus, 235

Propulsive faculty, 231

Prosphysis (_v. Adhesion_)

Prosthesis (_v. Presentation_)

Psyche, 3, 153

Psychology, repudiation of, by Atomist School, 45

Pulmonary artery, 121

Pylorus (outlet of stomach), 239
regurgitation through, 289

Pyrrhonists (typical sceptics), 197

Qualities, the four fundamental, 9, 183, 259
derivative, 21

Relativity, 17

Renal veins, 107

Respiration, 175, 305

Retentive faculty, 225

Rhetoric, 97

Safflower (drug), 67

Saliva, action of, 253

Scammony (drug), 67

Schools, two contrasted, in Medicine, 45

Scientist, 197

Scorpions, 253

Sculpture, 129

Sectarianism, 55

Sects, medical (_v. Schools_)

Self-control, 47

Self-education, 279

Semen, 131, 233

Sensation, 47

Septum, perforated, between ventricles of heart, 321

Serum (watery part of blood or milk), 91, 213

Shaping (development of organs), 19

Sieves, 91

Skin-diseases, 253 (_v._ also _Leprosy_ and _Lichens_)

Slaves, 103

Sociability, 47

Sophistry, 219, 279

Sophists, 7

Soul, 45

Specific selection of nutriment by tissues (_v. Attraction,
physiological_)

Spermatic ducts, 57

Spirit (_v. Pneuma_)

Spleen, function and diseases of, 205
"uselessness" of, 143
as an emunctory of the liver, 277

Statues, 129

Sting-ray (fish), bite of, 85

Stoics, 15, 145

Stomach, function of, 197, 237, 251, 255
coats of, 261
independent habits of, 271
give-and-take between it and liver, 291

Stone in bladder, 51

Strength, relative, of different organs, 293

Substance, 9

Superfluities (waste-substances), 35, 291

Swallowing (_v. Deglutition_)

Symptoms, 13

Synapse, 147

Teeth, 253

Temperament (crasis, mixture of elementary principles), 15, 139, 193

Temperance, 47

Theophrastus, 139

Thorns, drugs for extracting, 83

Tissues, development of, 21
their action in producing humours, 179, 195

Trachea (windpipe), 305

Transference (passive motion), 7

Transpiration, 153

Treatment, principles of, 199

Tricuspid orifice of heart, 321

Tubes, rigid, 119, 317, 325

Unity of organism, 61

Ureters, 23, 51

Urine, 51

"Useless" organs (Erasistratus), 143

Uterus (womb), 227

Vacuum, tendency to refill (_v. Horror vacui_)

Valves of heart, 121, 315

Vaporisation (_v. Evaporation_)

Vegetable diet, 35, 179

Vegetative life, 3

Veins, structure of, 283
"arterial" (_v. Pulmonary artery_)
coronary, 323
hepatic, 147
mesenteric, 293, 305
portal, 147
renal, 107, 143
vena cava (chief vein of body), 91
collapse of, 119

Ventricles of heart, communication between, 321

Vipers, 85

Vitalist School in Medicine, 45

Vivisection, 59, 241, 273

Voluntary motion, 3

Volvulus (intestinal obstruction), 299, 303

Vomiting, 241, 247, 267
fæcal, 299

Waste-products (_v. Superfluities_)

Whey (_v. Serum_)

Wine, 209, 329

Womb (_v. Uterus_)

Wounds, 185

Wrestling, 125

Zeno, of Citium, 9