Chapter X: Introduction (9)

an enclosure, a town. The primary meaning of this word comes from the Gothic _tains_, Scand. _teinn_, Ger. _zaun_, a fence or hedge formed of twigs. Originally it meant a place rudely fortified with stakes, and was applied to single farm-steadings and manors, in which sense _tun_ is still used in Iceland, and _toon_ in Scotland. The word _toon_ retained this restricted meaning even in England in the time of Wickliffe. These single enclosures became the nucleus of a village which, gradually increasing, became a town or city, in the same manner as villages and towns arose around the Celtic _duns_, _raths_, and _lises_. This root, in the names of towns and villages, is more common than any other in Anglo-Saxon topography, being an element in an eighth part of the names of dwelling-places in the south of Great Britain. The greatest number of these names is connected with those of the original proprietors of the places, of which but a few examples can be given here. In such cases, the root _ton_ is generally preceded by _s_ or _ing_--_qu. v._; _e.g._ Grimston, Ormiston, Ribston, Haroldston, Flixton, Kennington (the property of Grim, Orm, Hreopa, Harold, and Felix); Canewdon (of Canute); Addlington and Edlington (of the nobles); Dolphinton, Covington, and Thankerton, parishes in Lanarkshire, took their names from Dolphine, Colban, and Tancred, to whom the lands were given in very early times; Symington and Wiston, in Lanarkshire, are found mentioned in old charters, the one as Symington, in Ayrshire, named from the same Simon Lockhart, the progenitor of the Lockharts of Lee; Cadoxton, _i.e._ Cadog’s town, in Wales; _Ecclesia de uilla Simonis Lockard_ (the church of Simon Lockhart’s villa), and the other, _Ecclesia uilla Withce_ (the church of Withce’s villa); Haddington (the town of Haddo); Alfreton, Wimbledon, Herbrandston, Houston (of Alfred, Wibba, Herbrand, Hugh); Riccarton, in Ayrshire, formerly Richardston, took its name from Richard Waleys, _i.e._ Richard the Foreigner, the ancestor of the great Wallace); Stewarton, in Ayrshire, had its name from the family which became the royal race of Scotland; Boston, in Lincoln (named after St. Botolph, the patron saint of sailors); Maxton, a parish in Roxburghshire (the settlement of Maccus, a person of some note in the reign of David I.); Flemingston and Flemington (named from Flemish emigrants); Woolston (from St. Woolstan); Ulverston (from Ulphia, a Saxon chief); Wolverhampton and Royston (from ladies who endowed religious houses at these places); Minchhampton (the home of the nuns, _minchens_); Hampton (the enclosed home); Preston and Presteign (priest’s town); Thrapston (the dwelling at the cross-roads); Broughton (the town at the fort or mound), a parish in Peeblesshire, with a village of the same name; Albrighton (the town of Aylburh); Harrington (of the descendants of Haro); Barton and Barnton (the enclosure for the crop; literally, what the land bears); Shettleston, in Lanarkshire, Lat. _Villa-filii-Sadin_ (the villa of Sadin’s son); Bridlington (the town of the _Brihtlingas_, a tribe), sometimes called _Burlington_; Adlington (town of Eadwulf); Prestonpans, in Mid Lothian, named from the salt pans erected there by the monks of Newbattle; Layton, in Essex, on the R. Lea; Luton, in Bedford, also on the Lea; Makerston, in Roxburghshire, perhaps from St. Machar; Johnstone, in Renfrew (founded by the Laird of Johnston in 1782); Liberton, near Edinburgh, where there was an hospital for lepers; Honiton, Co. Devon, _Ouneu-y-din_ (the town of ash-trees); Kensington (of the Kensings); Edmonton, in Middlesex (Edmond’s town); North and South Petherton, in Somerset (named from the R. Parret), anc. _Pedreda_; Campbeltown, in Argyleshire, received its name from the Argyle family in 1701--its Gaelic name was _Ceann-Loch_ (the loch head); Launceston--_v._ LANN; Torrington, in Devon (the town on the hill, _tor_, or on the R. Torridge); Watlington (the village protected by _wattles_). Of towns named from the rivers near which they are situated, Collumpton, Crediton, Frampton, Taunton, Lenton (on the Culm, Credy, Frome or Frame, Tone, and Lee); Northampton (on the north shore of the R. _Aufona_, now the Nen); Okehampton, on the R. Oke; Otterton, Leamington, Bruton, Moulton, Wilton, on the Otter, Learn, Brue, Mole, and Willy; Darlington or Darnton, on the Dar; Lymington, in Hants, anc. _Lenton_ (on the pool); Southampton (the south town on the Anton or Test, which with the Itchen forms Southampton Water); Ayton, in Berwickshire, on the R. Eye.

[Sidenote: TOPOL (Sclav.),]

the poplar-tree; _e.g._ Töplitz, Neu and Alt (the place of poplars), in the basin of the R. Elbe, to be distinguished from Teplitz, in Bohemia--_v._ TEPLY, which is sometimes misnamed Töplitz.

[Sidenote: TORGAU (Sclav.),]

a market-place; _e.g._ Torgau, Torgovitza, Torgowitz (market-towns).

[Sidenote: TORR (Gadhelic), TWR (Cym.-Cel.),]

a mound, a heap, a conical hill, cognate with the Lat. _turris_, the Ger. _thurm_, and the Grk. _pyrgos_ (a tower); Tor, in Ireland, means a tower also; _e.g._ Toralt (the tower of the cliff); Tormore (great tower or tower-like rock); Tornaroy (the king’s tower); Tory Island, off the Irish coast, had two distinct names--_Torach_ (_i.e._ abounding in tower-like rocks), and _Toirinis_ (the island of the tower), so named from a fortress called _Tor-Conaing_ (the tower of Conaing, a Fomorian chief); Torran, Tortan (little tower), applied to little knolls, as in Toortane and Turtane; Mistor and Mamtor, in Devonshire; Croken Torr, in Cornwall (a hill where meetings were held--_gragan_, Welsh, to speak); Torphichen (the raven’s hill), a parish in West Lothian; Torbolton, in Ayrshire, tradition says is the town of Baal’s mound. There is a beautiful hill in the parish where superstitious rites are still held; a bonfire is raised, and a sort of altar erected, similar to those described in the sacrifices to Baal on Mount Carmel; Torbay, in Devonshire, named from the hill which overlooks the bay, which gives its name to Torquay; Torrdubh and Torrduff (black hill); Torbane and Torgorm (the white and the blue hill); Torbreck (speckled hill); Torinturk (the wild boar’s hill); Kintore (at the head of the hill), in Aberdeenshire; Turriff, in Banffshire, is the plural form of _toir_. From the Lat. _turris_ and its derivatives, come Tordesillas (the tower of the bishop’s see), in Spain; Torquemada, Lat. _Turris cremata_ (the burned tower); Torr-alba and Torre-blanca (the white tower); Torrecilla, Lat. _Turricellæ_ (the church-towers), in Spain; Torres-novas and Torres-vedras (the new and old towers), in Portugal; Torella (the little tower), Naples; Truxillo, in Spain, _i.e._ _Turris-Julii_ (the tower of Julius); Tourcoing (corner tower), in France; La-tour-Sans-Venin, near Grenoble, is a corrupt. of _Tour-Saint-Verena_--to this saint the chapel was dedicated; Tournay, in Belgium, Lat. _Turris Nerviorum_ (the tower of the Nervii); Torres-Torres (the fortifications of the mountains), Tours, in France, is not named from this root, but from the _Turones_, a tribe; but Torres Strait was named after the navigator Torres, who discovered it in 1606. In the Semitic languages also _Tzur_ means a rock; it is the root of the names of the city of Tyre, and of Syria, of which in early times it was the chief city. Taurus or Tor is a general name for a mountain chain; Tabris (the mountain town), a city of Persia.

[Sidenote: TRAETH (Cym.-Cel.), TRAIGH (Gadhelic),]

a strand; _e.g._ Traeth-mawr (great strand); Traeth-bach (little strand); Trefdraeth (the dwelling on the strand), in Wales; Traeth-coch (red strand), in Anglesea. In Ireland: Tralee, Co. Derry, is from _Traigh-liath_ (the gray strand); Tranamadree (the strand of the dogs), Co. Cork; Ballintra, when it occurs on the coast, means the town on the strand, but inland it comes from _Baile-an-tsratha_ (the town on the river-holm); Ventry, Co. Kerry, is from _Fionn-traigh_ (white strand); as also Trabane, Trawane, and Trawbawn, which derive their names from the whitish colour of the sand; Fintray, a parish in Aberdeenshire on the R. Don, is also white strand; but Fintray, in Dumbartonshire, was formerly _Fyntref_ or _Fyntre_, probably the dwelling, _tre_, on the Fenach, which is the boundary-stream of the parish on one side; Traeth-Saith, in Wales, named after a mythological patriarch.

[Sidenote: TRANK (Ger.),]

a tank for watering animals; _e.g._ Kleintrank (little tank); Rosstrank (horse tank); Trankmühle (mill tank).

[Sidenote: TRAWA (Sclav.),]

grass; e.g. the Traun and the Trave (_i.e._ the grassy rivers); Traunkirchen (the church on the Traun); Traunik, Trawitz (the grassy place); Traunviertel (the district of the R. Traun), in Silesia and Austria.

[Sidenote: TRE, or TREF (Cym.-Cel.), TREABHAIR (Gael.),]

a dwelling, a town; _e.g._ Treago, anc. _Tref-y-goll_ (hazel-tree dwelling), in Monmouth; Tre-n-eglos (church town), in Cornwall; Tremaine (stone dwelling), Cornwall; _Tref-y-clawdd_ (the town of the dyke, _i.e._ Offa’s dyke), the Welsh name for Knighton, in Pembrokeshire; Oswestry might come naturally from this word, but the Welsh call it _Croes-Oswald_ (the place of St. Oswald’s martyrdom); Coventry, too, might be from the same root, but Camden says it is a corruption of _Conventria_ (the district of the convent); Daventry, abridged from _Dwy-avon-tre_ (the dwelling on the two rivers); Truro, _i.e._ _Tre-rhiw_ (the dwelling on the sloping bank, or on the stream); Redruth, in Cornwall, anc. _Tref-Derwydd_ (the Druid’s town); Trefrhiw (the town on the stream), in Caernarvon; Tremadoc (Madoc’s dwelling); Trecoid (the dwelling in the wood); Braintree, Co. Essex (hill dwelling); Dreghorn, in Ayrshire, anc. _Trequern_ (the dwelling near alder-trees); Thrisk, in Yorkshire, anc. _Tref-Ysk_ (the dwelling by the water); Tranent, in Mid Lothian, corrupt. from _Treabhairnant_ (the dwellings in the valley); Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. _Traverlin_ (the dwellings on the pool); Tring, Co. Herts, anc. _Treungla_ or _Treangle_ (the village at the corner), Welsh _ongl_, Lat. _angulus_; Trelech (the dwelling at the stone, called Harold’s grave); Tre-Taliesin (the dwelling of Taliesin, the celebrated Welsh bard); Trenewydd (new dwelling), in Wales; Rhuddry, a parish in Glamorgan, probably corrupt. from _Yr-yw-tre_ (the yew-trees’ home); Tre’r Beirdd (bard’s town); Trefawr, Trefach (great and little town); Tredegar, _i.e._ _Tre-deg-fair-ar_ (land), (the choice abode); Tre-Wyddel (the forester’s abode); Trefhedyn, _i.e._ _Tref-y-din_ (hill town).

[Sidenote: TROM, TRIUM (Gadhelic),]

the elder-tree; _e.g._ Trim, in Co. Meath, corrupt. from _Ath-trium_ (the ford of the elder-trees); Trummery and Trimmer (places abounding in elder-trees); Tromann, Trumman (the little elder-tree).

[Sidenote: TUAIM, TOOM (Gadhelic),]

a mound raised over a grave, cognate with the Lat. _tumulus_; _e.g._ Tuam, Co. Galway, anc. _Tuaim-da-ghualann_ (the tumulus of the two shoulders, from the shape of the ancient sepulchral mound); Toome, on the R. Bann; Tomfinlough (the tumulus of the clear lake); Tomgraney (the tomb of Grian); the Tomies (hills on Lake Killarney); Toomona (the tomb of the bog); Toomyvara, _i.e._ _Tuaim-ui-Mheadra_ (O’Mara’s tomb).

[Sidenote: TUAR (Gadhelic),]

a bleach-green, Anglicised _toor_; _e.g._ Tooreen (little bleach-green); Tooreenagrena (the sunny little bleach-green); Monatore (the bog of the bleach-green); Tintore, for _Tigh-an-tuair_ (the house at the bleach-green), in Ireland.

[Sidenote: TULACH (Gadhelic),]

a little hill or mound, and also a measure of land--Anglicised _tulla_, _tullow_, _tully_, or _tulli_; _e.g._ Tullow (the hill); Tullamore (great hill); Tullanavert (the hill of the graves, _ferta_); Tullaghcullion and Tullycullion (of the holly); Kiltullagh (church hill); Tullaghan (little hill); Tallow, Co. Waterford, more correctly _Tealach-an-iarainn_ (the hill of the iron, from the neighbouring iron mines); Tullyallen, on the Boyne, and Tulliallan, in Perthshire, _i.e._ _Tulaigh-álainn_ (the beautiful hill); Tullyard (high hill); Tillicoultry (the hill at the back of the land), in Clackmannan; Tullibardine (the bard’s hill); Tulloch-gorum (the blue hill); Tullybody (the hill of the black cow, _bo dubh_); Tillyfour (the grassy hill, _feoiridh_). _Tully_ or _tilly_, however, is sometimes a corruption of _teaglach_ (a family), as in Tullynessle and Tillymorgan--_v._ W. SKENE, LL.D.

[Sidenote: TUNDRA (Tartar),]

a mossy flat, the name given to the vast plains on the Arctic Ocean.

[Sidenote: TURA (Tartar),]

a town or settlement; _e.g._ Tura, a river in Russia, so called by the Tartars because they made a settlement at the place; Tura, also in Hungary; O’Tura (old town); Turinsk (the town on the R. Tura), in Russia.

[Sidenote: TWISTLE (Scand.),]

a boundary; _e.g._ Twistleton (the town on the boundary); Oswaldtwistle (Oswald’s boundary); Haltwistle (high boundary); Birchtwistle (birch-tree boundary); Ectwistle (oak-tree boundary).

U

[Sidenote: UAMH (Gadhelic),]

a cave; _e.g._ Cluain-uamha (the pasture of the cave), the ancient name of Cloyne, Co. Cork; Drumnahoe, _i.e._ _Druim-na-huamha_ (the ridge of the cave); Mullinahone (the mill of the cave); Lisnahoon (the fort of the cave), in Ireland. Wem, in Salop, and Wembdon, in Somerset, as well as other place-names with the prefix _wem_, may be derived from the A.S. _wem_ (a hollow), analogous to the Cel. _uaimh_. Wamphray, in Dumfriesshire, Gael. _Uamh-fridh_ (the forest-cave).

[Sidenote: UCHEL, UCH (Cym.-Cel.),]

high, cognate with the Gael. _uchda_ (a height); _e.g._ Ucheltref and Ochiltree (the high dwelling); the Ochills, a hill range in Perthshire, Lat. _Ocelli-montes_.

[Sidenote: UISCE, or UISGE (Gadhelic), GWY (Cym.-Cel.),]

water; _e.g._ Esk, Usk, Esky, Esker, Eskle, Oise, Ouse, Issy, Ax, Axe, Ux, Ex, Use, Ousel, Wisk, Eska, Esla, Aisne, Isar, Isère, Isen, Etsch (river names); Duffus and Doubs (black water); Marosh (marshy water); the Theis, anc. _Tibiscus_; Adige, anc. _Athesis_; the Po, anc. _Padusa_; Loch Ewe, and Ewes, a parish in Dumfries watered by a stream of this name; Wisbeach (on the beach of the _Wysg_ or _Wash_), now some miles from the beach by the gradual advance of the land; Knockaniska (the hillock on the water); Killiskey and Killiskea (the church on the water), in Limerick; but Balihiskey, in Tipperary, is from _Bealach-uisce_ (the road of the water); the Rivers Minho and Mincio, anc. _Minius_ and _Mincius_ (little stream); Duffus (dark water); Istria (half land, half water); Argense or Argenteus (silver stream), in France; Caldas (warm waters), in Spain and Portugal; Ischia (the island of waters), abounding in mineral springs; Issny, on the R. Leine, anc. _Issiacum_ (on the water); Metz, anc. _Mettis_ (between the waters), also named _Divodurum_ (on the two rivers); Osimo, in Italy, anc. _Auximum_, and Osna, in Spain, anc. _Uxama_ (on the water).

[Sidenote: URA (Basque),]

water; _e.g._ Astura (rocky water), a river which gives its name to the Asturias; Illuria (the town on the water); Illuro, with the same meaning, now _Maturo_, in Spain; Osuno, anc. _Ursonum_, and Tarazona, anc. _Turiaso_ (the place of good waters), in Spain--_osoa_, Basque (good); Oloron, anc. _Illura_ (the town on the water)--_illia_, Basque (a town).

[Sidenote: URBS (Lat.),]

a city; _e.g._ Orvieto, Lat. _Urbs-vetus_ (the old city).

V

[Sidenote: VALLIS (Lat.), VAL and VALLÉE (Fr.), VALLE (Span., Port., and It.),]

a valley; _e.g._ Vallais (the land of valleys), in Switzerland--its inhabitants were formerly called _Nantuates_, _i.e._ valley dwellers; Val-de-Avallano (the valley of hazels); Val-de-fuentes (of fountains); Val-del-laguna (of the lagoon); Val-del-losa (of the flagstone); Val-del-Moro (of the Moor); Val-de-Olivas (of olive-trees); Val-de-penas (of the rocks); Val-de-robles (of the oak-trees), in Spain; Val-de-lys (the valley of streams), in the Pyrenees, from an old Provençal word _lys_ (water); Vallée-de-Carol (of Charles), through which Charlemagne passed from his conquest of the Moors; Vallombrosa (the shady valley); Valparaiso (the valley of Paradise); Valtelline, in Lombardy, consisting of a long valley, traversed by the R. Adda and Teglio; Vaucluse, Lat. _Vallis-clusa_ (the enclosed valley); Orvaux, Lat. _Aure-vallis_ (the golden valley); Riéval, Lat. _Regia-vallis_ (the royal valley); Vals (in the valley of the Volane); Vaucouleurs, Lat. _Vallis-coloris_ (the valley of colour), in a valley of the R. Meuse, whose green and smiling meadows have given it this name; Gerveaux or Yorvaux, in Durham, Lat. _Uri-vallis_ (the valley of the R. Ure); Pays-de-Vaud (the country of valleys or of the Waldenses); Clairvaux, Lat. _Clara-vallis_ (the bright valley); Roncesvalles (the valleys abounding in briers); Vaudemont, Lat. _Vallis-de-monte_ (the valley of the mountain); Val-di-chiana (the valley of the standing pool), in Italy.

[Sidenote: VAR, VARAD (Hung.),]

a fortress; _e.g._ Kolos-var, Ger. _Klausenburg_, anc. _Claudipolis_ (the enclosed fortress, or the city of Claudius); Nagy-varad (great fortress); Vasvar, Ger. _Eisenburg_ (iron fortress); Szamos-Ujvar (the new fortress), on the R. Zamos; Sarivar (palace fortress); Foldvar (the land fortress); Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. _Stuhl-Weissenburg_ (the white fortress of the throne); Karoly-Fehervar or Karlsburg (Charles’s white fortress); Varosvar, Ger. _Eisenthurm_ (the red fortress or iron tower), in Hungary; Ersek-Ujvar, Ger. _Neuhausel_ (the bishop’s new fortress or seat).

[Sidenote: VAROS (Hung.),]

a town; _e.g._ Ujvaros (the new town); Also-varos (lower town); Szasz-varos, Ger. _Sachsenstadt_ (the Saxon’s town.

[Sidenote: VATN and VAND (Scand.),]

a lake; _e.g._ Vatnsdalr (the valley of lakes); Arnarvatn (eagle lake); Fiskvatn (fish lake); Langavat (long lake); Steepavat (steep lake); Sanvatn (sandy lake); Miosen-Vand (little lake); Helgavatn (holy lake); Vatster (the lake dwelling); Myvatn (the lake of the midges); Vatnagaard (the farm on the lake).

[Sidenote: VEGA (Span.),]

a plain; _e.g._ Vega-de-la-neustra-Senora (the plain of our Lady); Vega-Espinarada (the plain surrounded by thorns).

[Sidenote: VELIKA, or WELIKI (Sclav.),]

great; _e.g._ Velikaia (the great river); Velikja-luki (the great marsh), in Russia; Welkawes (the great village or dwelling), in Sclavonia; Welka, Welkow, Welchau, Welchow, etc., with the same meaning.

[Sidenote: VERNUS (Lat.),]

the alder-tree, Cel. _gwern_; _e.g._ Verney, Vernez, Vernois, Vernoy, Verneuil, Vernieres, etc., the names of various places in France.

[Sidenote: VIE, VE, WY (Scand.),]

holy; _e.g._ Wydale (the holy valley); Wyborg, Weighton, Wisby, Wigthorpe (holy dwelling); Wigan, anc. _Wibiggan_ (the holy building), in Lancashire; Wigton, in Cumberland (holy town); but Wigton, in Scotland (the town on the bay, _vig_); Sviga (holy river), in Russia; Sviajsk (the town on the holy river); Sveaborg and Viborg (holy town); Sviatos-nos (holy cape); Sviatskaia (holy town, or of the deity worshipped by the Sclavonians, called _Sviatovid_), in Russia.

[Sidenote: VILLA (Lat.),]

a farm, manor, or town, with its derivatives in the Romance languages; _e.g._ Villa-hermosa (the beautiful town); Villa-franca-de-panades (the free town of the bakers), in Spain. In France: Charleville (named after Charles, Duc de Nevers); Flamanville (founded by a colony of Flemings), in Normandy; Joinville, Lat. _Jovis-Villa_ (the city of Jove, named from a Roman tower near the town); Luneville (the city of the moon), supposed to have been named from a temple to Diana; Offranville, in Normandy, Lat. _Vulfrani Villa_ (the manor of Wulfran); Auberville and Aubervilliers (the manors of Albert); Thionville (the manor of Theodone), Lat. _Theodonis Villa_; La Ville-tertre (hill town); Deville, formerly _Dei Villa_ (the city of God); Marteville, Lat. _Martis Villa_ (of Mars); Villa-Viçosa (abundant town), in Spain and Portugal; Villa-rica (rich town); Yeovil, in Somerset (the town on the R. Yeo); Maxwell, in Kirkcudbright and in Roxburghshire, corrupt. from _Maccusville_ (the manor or settlement of Maccus, to whom the lands were given by David I.); Philipville or Philipstadt, in Belgium (named by Charles V. after his son); Louisville, in the United States (named after Louis XVI., whose troops assisted the Americans in the War of Independence).

[Sidenote: VINEA, VINETUM (Lat.),]

a vineyard; _e.g._ Le Vignæ, La Vignelle, Les Vigneaux, Vigneaux, Vigny, Vinax, and places abounding in the vine; La Vigne, in France.

[Sidenote: VOE (Scand.), VOGR,]

a bay; _e.g._ Leirvogr (mud bay); Laxvoe (salmon bay); Siliavoe (herring bay); Grunavoe (green bay); Westvoe (west bay); Aithsvoe (the bay on the _aith_ or headland); Sandvoe (sandy bay); Kaltenwaag (cold bay); Vaage (on the bay), a town in Norway.

[Sidenote: VORM (Ger.),]

in front of; _e.g._ Vormbach, Vormbusch, Vormhorst, Vormhagen (in front of the brook, thicket, wood, and hedge).

W

[Sidenote: WAD, WATH (A.S.), VAD (Scand.),]

a ford, cognate with the Lat. _vadum_ and the Gadhelic _ath_; _e.g._ Wadebridge (the bridge at the ford), in Cornwall; Wath-upon-Dearne (the ford of the R. Dearne), in Yorkshire; Carnwath (the ford at the cairn), in Lanarkshire; Lasswade (the ford on the pasture-land, _laes_), in Mid Lothian; Wath (the ford), on the Yorkshire Ouse; Langwaden (long ford), in Germany; Wageningen, Lat. _Vadu_ (on the ford), in Holland, on the R. Leck.

[Sidenote: WÂDI, or WADY (Ar.),]

a river-course or ravine; _e.g._ Wâdi-el-Ain (the ravine of the fountain); Wâdi-Sasafeh (of the pigeons); Wâdi-Sidri (of the thorn); Wady-Solab (of the cross); Wâdy-Shellal (of the cataract); Wâdy-Magherah (of the caves); Wady-Sagal (of the acacia); Wady-Mousa (of Moses); Wâdy-Abou-hamad (of the father fig-tree, named from a very old tree); Wady-Mokatteb (of the writing, from the number of inscriptions made by pilgrims); Wady-hamman (of the wild pigeons).

[Sidenote: WALD (Ger.), WEALD, WOLD (A.S.),]

a wood or waste land; _e.g._ Walden-Saffron, in Essex (the waste land on which saffron was afterwards cultivated); the Weald, Wold, and Wealdon (the waste lands), in Essex, Kent, Lincoln, and Yorkshire; Waltham and Walthamstow (the dwelling-place near the wood); Waldstadt, Waldheim, Walddorf (dwellings near the wood), in Germany; Waldeck (woody corner, or corner of the wood); Waldshut (the forest hut), in Switzerland; Boëmerwald (the Bohemian forest); Waldau (woody meadow); Waldsassen (the settlement in the wood); Unterwalden (under or below the wood); Zinnwald-Sachsisch (the wood near the Saxon’s tin mine); Finsterwalde (the dark wood); Greifswald (the griffin’s wood); Habechtswald (hawk’s wood); Lichtenwald (the cleared wood); Rugenwalde (the wood of the Rugii, a tribe), in Pomerania; Regenwalde and Saalwalde (the woody districts of the rivers Rega and Saale); Methwald (in the midst of woods), in Norfolk; Leswalt (the pasture, _laes_, in the wood), in Wigtonshire; Mouswald (the wood near Lochar Moss), in Dumfriesshire; Wooton-Basset, in Wilts (the woody town of the Basset family, so called from the quantity of wood in the neighbourhood).

[Sidenote: WALL (Old Ger.), WEALL (A.S.),]

an embankment, a rampart, a wall, cognate with the Lat. _vallum_, the Gadhelic _balla_, and the Welsh _gwal_; _e.g._ Walton, on the Naze, where there was a walled enclosure to defend the northern intruders from the assaults of their hostile Saxon neighbours; Walton, also, in the east corner of Suffolk (the town near the wall); also Walton, on the Thames; Walton-le-dale and Walton (on the hill), in Lancashire; Wallsend (at the end of the wall), in Northumberland; Walford, in Hereford (the ford near a Roman fortification); Wallsoken (the place near the wall, where the judicial courts were held)--_v._ SOC; Walmer (the sea-wall), in Kent; Wallburg, Walldorf (walled towns), in Germany; Wallingford, in Berks, anc. _Gallena_, Welsh _Gwal-hen_ (the old wall or fortification), A.S. _Wealingaford_; Wallmill, Wallshiels, Wallfoot, Wallhead, places in Northumberland near the wall of Adrian; Walpole (the dwelling, _bol_, near the wall), in Norfolk, a sea-bank raised by the Romans as a defence from the sea; but Walsham and Walsingham, in Norfolk, take their name from the _Waelsings_, a tribe. This place was called by Erasmus Parathalasia, Grk. (by the sea-beach).

[Sidenote: WALSCH (Ger.), WEALH (A.S.), VLACH (Sclav.),]

foreign. These words were applied by the Teutonic and Sclavonic nations to all foreigners, and to the countries inhabited or colonised by those who did not come from a Teutonic stock or speak their language. In the charters of the Scoto-Saxon kings the Celtic Picts of Cambria and Strathclyde were called _Wallenses_; _e.g._ Wales, _Gwalia_--root _gwal_ or _gall_, foreign. The Welsh call their own country _Cymru_ (the abode of the Kymry or aborigines)--(the home of the Cymric Celts), so named by the Saxons; Wallachia (the strangers’ land, _vlach_), so called by the Germans and Sclaves because colonised by the Romans; Walcherin, anc. _Walacria_ or _Gualacra_ (the island of the strangers or Celts); Cornwall (the horn or promontory of the Celts); also Cornuailles (a district in Brittany peopled by British emigrants from Wales); Wallendorf (the town of the strangers), the German name for _Olaszi_ or _Olak_, in Hungary, peopled by Wallachians; Wallenstadt and Wallensee (the town and lake on the borders of the Romansch district of the Grisons, conquered by the Romans under Constantius); Wâlschland, the German name for Italy. The Celts of Flanders were also called Walloons by their German neighbours; and Wlachowitz, in Moravia, means the town of the Wallachs or strangers. The Gadhelic _gall_ (foreign), although used with the same meaning as _wealh_, is not connected with it. It is a word that has been applied to strangers by the Irish from the remotest antiquity; and as it was applied by them to the natives of Gaul (_Galli_), _gall_, in the first instance, might mean simply a native of Gaul. It was afterwards used in reference to the Norwegians, _Fionn-ghaill_ (the _fair_-haired strangers); and to the Danes, _Dubh-ghaill_ (the _dark_-haired strangers); and in connection with them and with the English the word enters largely into Irish topography; _e.g._ Donegal, _i.e._ _Dun-nau-Gall_ (the fortress of the foreigners or Danes); Clonegall and Clongall (the meadow of the strangers); Ballynagall and Ballnagall (the town of the strangers, or English). For the further elucidation of these words _v._ _Irish Names of Places_, by Dr. Joyce, and _Words and Places_, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. The words _Gaill_ and _Gallda_ are applied by the Highlanders of Scotland to their countrymen in the Lowlands, but they have no connection with the name which they apply to themselves--_The Gaidheil_, derived from an ancestor _Gaodal_.

[Sidenote: WANG (Ger. and A.S.),]

a field or strip of land, allied to the Scottish _whang_, a slice; _e.g._ Feuchtwang (moist field); Duirwangen (barren field); Ellwangen, anc. _Ellhenwang_ (the field of the temple, _eleh_ or _alhs_); Affolterwangen (apple-tree field); Wangford (the ford of the _wang_).

[Sidenote: WARA (Sansc.),]

a dwelling; _e.g._ Kattiwar (the dwelling of the Katties, a tribe); Judwar (of the Juts or Jats); Kishtewar (the dwelling in the wood). In Anglo-Saxon _wara_ means inhabitants--thus _Lindiswaras_ (the inhabitants of Lincoln; _Cantwara_, of Kent).

[Sidenote: WARD, WART, WARTH (Teut.),]

a watch-tower or beacon, or a place guarded, A.S. _waerdian_, Ger. _warten_, to guard--_waering_, a fortification; _e.g._ Hohenwarth, Lat. _Altaspecula_ (the high watch-tower); Warburg (the town of the watch-tower), in Westphalia. In England: Warden, Wardle, Wardley (guarded places, or places where the warden of the district resided); Wardlaw (the beacon hill); Wardoe (beacon island), in Norway; Warwick, _i.e._ _Waering-vic_ (the fortified dwelling, or the fort of the _Waerings_); Wöerden or Warden (the fortified place), in Holland; Vordhill, in Shetland, and Varberg, in Sweden (the hill of the beacon); Warthill, or beacon hill, in Westmoreland; Warburton, found as _Wardeburgh_ (the town near the watch-fort)--here Athelfreda, Oueen of Mercia, built a citadel; Warrington (the town with the fortress, _waering_); Gross-wardein, the German rendering of _Nagy varad_, Sclav. (great fortress). From _guardar_, Span. (to defend), we have Guardamar (the sea guard, with a hill-fort at the mouth of the R. Segura); La Guardia (built as a defence against the incursions of the Moors); Guardia-regia (royal fortress); Leeuwarden, anc. _Lienwarden_ (the guarded place near lime-trees), in the Netherlands.

[Sidenote: WARID, WERID (Old Ger.), WERDER (Mod. Ger.),]

a river island, or sometimes a plot of ground insulated by marshes and secured by dykes. It often takes the forms of _werth_ or _wirth_, cognate with the A.S. _worth_ or _worthing_, _qu. v._; _e.g._ Bischopswerder (the bishop’s island); Elsterwerder, Saarwerder (the islands in the Rivers Elster and Saar); Donauworth (the island in the R. Danube); Kirchwerder (church island); Marienwerder (the island or enclosure dedicated to the Virgin Mary); Falconswaart (the falcon’s enclosure), in Holland; Poppenwarth (the priest’s enclosure); Werden, Werder, Wertheim (dwellings near river islands); Worth (the enclosed place), in Bavaria; Worth-sur-Sauer (the enclosure on the R. Sauer); Nonnenwerth (the nun’s enclosure); Furstenwerder (the prince’s island); Verden (near a large island formed by the R. Aller), in Hanover; Verderbruch (the island bridge); Bolswaard (Bolswine’s river island), in Holland; Wertingen (a town on an island in the R. Schmutter); Schönwerder (beautiful island on the R. Unstruth); Werth-sur-Sauer, in Alsace (on an island formed by the Rivers Sauer and Soultzbach); Borumeler-Waard (an island near the town of Berumel), in Holland, formed by the junction of the Rivers Waal and Maas; but Hoyerswerda, in Silesia, is a corruption of the Wendish name _Worejze_ (the town on the ploughed land).

[Sidenote: WARK, VIRKI (Scand.),]

a fortress; _e.g._ Wark, in Dumfriesshire, Warke Castle, on the Scottish border; Warkthwaite (the enclosure belonging to the fortress), in Cumberland; Aldwark (old fortress); Newark, in Nottingham and in Selkirk (the new fortress); Southwark (the south fortress); Warksburn, Warkton, Warkworth (places named from their vicinity to Warke Castle), in Northumberland.

[Sidenote: WASSER, WAZAR (Teut.), WODA (Sclav.),]

water; _e.g._ Rothwasser (a town on the red river); Schwartzwasser (black water); Whiteadder (white water), river names; Ullswater (named from Ulla or Ulf, a Norse chief); Wasserburg, in Bavaria, on the R. Inn, and Wasserburg on Lake Constance (the town on the water); Waterloo (the watery marsh); Wasserbillig (the plain by the river); Zwishenwassern (between the waters, at the confluence of two streams), in Illyria; Altwasser, Sclav. _Starawoda_ (the old stream), in Moravia. The ancient name of the R. Odra was _Wodra_ (water).

[Sidenote: WEG (Ger.), WAAG (Dutch), WAEG (A.S.),]

a way, a road, cognate with the Lat. _via_; _e.g._ Wegefurt and Wayford (the way to the ford); Bradenwaag, (broad way); Lichtenweg (the cleared road); Wegmühle (mill road); Wainfleet (the way by the harbour); Wakefield (the field by the wayside); Norway, A.S. _Norwaegas_ (the northern districts or paths); Courbevoie, Lat. _Curba-via_ (the curbed way), in France.

[Sidenote: WEIDE (Ger.), WEOD (A.S.),]

pasture; _e.g._ Langenweid (the long pasture); Rathsweide (the councillor’s pasture); Neuweid (new pasture); Mittweyda (the middle pasture).

[Sidenote: WEILER (Ger.),]

a hamlet, Old Ger. _wila_; _e.g._ Kleinweil (the little hamlet); Kurzweil (short hamlet); Langweil (long hamlet), Pfaffwyl (the priest’s hamlet); Weiller, in Alsace, Echzell, in Hesse-Darmstadt, corrupt. from _Achizwila_ (the hamlet on the water); Eschweiler (the hamlet near ash-trees); Dettweiler (the hamlet of the diet, or people’s meeting); Rappersweil (the hamlet of Rappert, a personal name); Rothwell, in Baden, anc. _Rotwili_ (red hamlet). In England this word takes the form of _well_ or _will_, as in Kittlewell and Bradwell. In Normandy, Hardvilliers, Rohrwiller, Neuviller, etc.

[Sidenote: WEIR (A.S.),]

a dam, that which wards off the water, _wearan_, A.S., to guard; _e.g._ Ware, in Co. Hertford, named from a dam on the R. Lea, made by the Danes; Wareham (the town on the Weir), in Dorsetshire; Warminster (the monastery near the weir.)

[Sidenote: WEISS (Ger.), HWIT (A.S.), HVID (Scand.),]

white; _e.g._ Weisshorn (white cape); Weissmaes (white field); Weissenberg and Weissenfels (white rock); Weissenburg and Weissenstadt (white town); Weissenthurm (white tower). Sometimes the word takes the form of _witten_, as in Wittenberg and Wittenburg (white fortress), although this prefix is frequently derived from _vitu_, wood; Whitacre (white field); Whitburne, Whitbourne, Whitbeck (white stream); Witley (white meadow); Whiston, in Worcester, so named because it was originally a convent of _white_ nuns.

[Sidenote: WEND, WIND,]

words applied in German topography to mark the settlements of the Wends or Sclavonians, from the verb _wandeln_, to wander. The Sclavonians call themselves _Slowjane_, which means intelligible men, or _Srb_, which means _kinsmen_; while, by all the Sclavonic tribes, the Germans are called _niemiec_, the dumb men, because their language is unintelligible to their Sclavonic neighbours. The Wends in the sixth century occupied the north-eastern parts of Germany, but are now chiefly confined to Lusatia; _e.g._ Wendischbach (the Wends’ brook); Wendischhausen and Windsheim (the dwellings of the Wends); Wendischgratz (the Wends’ fortress); Wendischkappel (the Wends’ chapel or church); Windecken and Wendischhayn (the Wends’ corner and enclosure).

[Sidenote: WERBA (Sclav.),]

pasture; _e.g._ Werben, on the Elbe.

[Sidenote: WERCH (Sclav.),]

a summit; _e.g._ Werchau (the town on the height), in Prussia; Werch-see (the lake on the height); Werchne-Udinsk (the height on the R. Uda); Verkne-Dnieprevosk (the high town on the R. Dnieper); Werchne-Uralish, on the R. Ural; Verkne-Kolynski, on the R. Kolyma; Verkne-Sousensk, on the R. Sosna; Werchblatt (high marsh).

[Sidenote: WERF, WARF (Teut.),]

a dam or wharf; literally, what is thrown up--_werfen_; _e.g._ Werfen (the town on the embankment), in Upper Austria; Antwerp, anc. _Andoverpum_ (at the wharf); Hohenwerpum (high wharf); Neuwarp (new wharf).

[Sidenote: WERK, WEORC (Teut.),]

a work, applied in topography to places where manufactures are carried on; _e.g._ _Bergwerk_ (a hill work or mine); Konigswerk (the king’s manufactory); Hofwerk and Werkhausen (places connected with mines); Hüttenwerk (the huts of the workmen in the Hartz Mountains); Seifenwerk (the place for washing the metals at the mines); Frederickswerk (a cannon foundry in Denmark established by King Frederick); Wirksworth, in Derbyshire (the enclosure near the mines).

[Sidenote: WESTEN (Ger.),]

the west. This word Buttman traces to an old Ger. root _wesen_, Goth. _visan_ (rest), _i.e._ the quarter of the heavens where the sun sinks to rest; _e.g._ Westphalia (the western plain); Westerwald (west wood); Westerufer (the western shore, _i.e._ of the R. Inn); Westhausen and Westhoffen (the west dwellings and court), in Alsace; Wesen, on the west shore of Lake Wallensee; Westeraas, in Sweden, anc. _Vestra-aros_ (western dwelling), so called to distinguish it from Ostra-aros (the eastern dwelling); Westman’s Isles, Scand. _Vestmanna-eyar_, on the coast of Iceland, so called because peopled by men from the west--Irish pirates; Westbury, Westbourn, Weston, Westbrook, from the same root.

[Sidenote: WICH, WIC, WYK (Teut.), WICK, VIG (Scand.), WAS, WIES (Sclav.),]

a dwelling, a village, a town--a word in general use in the topography of Great Britain, as well as on the continent, but with various meanings. According to Leo, the Teut. _wich_ or _vichs_ arose from the root _waes_, A.S., and _wiese_, Ger. (a moist meadow) and hence was applied to places situated on low lands, often on the bank of a stream; _e.g._ Meeswyk (the town on the Maas); Beverwyk, on the Bever. The primary meaning seems to have been a station--with the Anglo-Saxons a station or abode on the _land_, with the Norsemen a station for _ships_. The root of the word runs through all the Aryan languages--Sansc. _veça_, Grk. _oikos_, Pol. _wies_, Ir. _fieh_, Cym.-Cel. _qwic_, all meaning an abode; _e.g._ Alnwick (the town on the R. Alne); Ipswich, anc. _Gippenswich_, on the Gipping; York, A.S. _Eorvic_, Lat. _Eboracum_, Welsh _Caer-Ebreuc_ (the town on the water, or R. Eure); Hawick (the town on the haugh or low meadow); Noordwyk (north town); Nederwyk (lower town); Zuidwyk and Zuick (south town), in Holland and Belgium; Harwich (army town), so called from having been a Saxon station or military depot; Keswick (the town of Cissa); Wickware, in Gloucestershire (the town of the family of De la Ware). On the other hand, the Scandinavian _wich_ or _vig_ signifies a bay, or a place situated on the coast, or at the mouth of a river--thus Schleswick (on a bay formed by the R. Schlie), in Prussia; Wick (the town on the bay), in Caithness; Sandwich (the town on the sandy bay); Lerwick (on the muddy bay); Greenwich, Scand. _Granvigen_ (the town on the pine bay); Reikjavik, in Iceland (the reeky or smoky bay); Vigo in Spain, and Vaage in Norway (on spacious bays); Swanage, in Dorset, anc. _Swanwick_ (Sweyen’s bay town); Brodick, in Arran (the broad bay town); Wicklow, in Ireland, probably Danish _Vigloe_ (bay shelter), used by the Danes as a ship station; Smerwick (butter bay); Berwick, contracted from _Aberwick_ (at the mouth of the R. Tweed)--_v._ ABER. _Wiche_ also denotes a place where there are salt mines or springs, and in this sense is probably connected with the Scand. _vig_, as salt was often obtained by the evaporation of sea-water in shallow bays; thus Nantwich--_v._ NANT; Middlewich (the middle salt works); Droitwich, Lat. _Salinæ_ (the salt springs, where the _droit_ or tax was paid). In some cases _wich_ or _wick_ is derived from the Lat. _vicus_, cognate with the Grk. _oikos_ and Sansc. _veça_ (a dwelling)--thus Katwyk-sur-mer and Katwyk-sur-Rhin are supposed to occupy the site of the Roman _Vicus-Cattorum_ (the dwelling-place of the Chatti); Vick or Vique, in Spain, from _Vicus-Ausoniensis_ (the dwelling of the Ausones); Vidauban, in France, from _Vicus-Albanus_ (the dwelling of Albanus); Longwy, from _Longus-vicus_ (long town); Limoges, anc. _Lemovicum_ (the town of the Lemovici); also in France: Vic-desprès (the town on the meadows); Vic-sur-Losse and Vic-sur-Aisne, the towns on these rivers. The Sclav. _wice_ is found in Jazlowice (the town on the marsh); and Malschwice (Matthew’s town), etc.

[Sidenote: WIDR, or VITU (Teut. and Scand.),]

wood; _e.g._ Norwood (north wood); Selwood, Lat. _Sylva-magna_ (great wood), Celtic _Coitmaur_; Coteswold (from its sheep-cotes, in the wood); the Wolds, near Wolderness, in Yorkshire; Ringwood, in Hants, Lat. _Regni-sylva_ (the wood or forest of the _Regni_, a tribe); Wittstock and Woodstock (woody place); but Wittingau, Wittingen, Wittgenstein, Wittgensdorf, and other names with this prefix in Germany, come from the patronymic _Wittick_ or _Wittikind_ (_i.e._ the children of the woods). In England the same prefix may mean _white_, as in Witney, or from places where the Saxon _Witangemote_ held their meetings; Holywood, in Dumfriesshire, Lat. _Abbia sacra nemoris_ (the abbey of the sacred wood), called by the Irish _Der-Congal_ (the sacred oak grove of Congal).

[Sidenote: WIECK, or WIKI (Sclav.),]

a market especially for corn; _e.g._ Wieck (the market town), the name of numerous places in the Sclavonic districts; Wikow (the Sclavonic name for Elsterwerder)--_v._ WARID, etc.

[Sidenote: WIESE (Ger.), WAES (A.S.),]

pasture-ground or meadow; _e.g._ Pfaffenwiese (the priest’s meadow); Schaafwiese (sheep pasture); Wiesbaden (the meadow baths); the Wash (near moist pasture-ground); Wismar (beautiful or rich meadow), in Mecklenburg; Wiesflech (the hamlet in the meadow pasture); Ziegelwasen (the goat’s meadow); Wisheim (the dwelling in the meadow or pasture-ground).

[Sidenote: WILIG (A.S.),]

the willow; _e.g._ Wilcrick (willow crag); Wilden (willow hollow); but Willoughby and Willoughton, probably from a personal name.

[Sidenote: WIN (A.S.),]

victory; _e.g._ Winford, Winslow, Wingrave, Wimborne (the ford, hill, entrenchment, and brook of the victory).

[Sidenote: WINKEL (Ger.), WINCEL (A.S.),]

a corner; _e.g._ Winceby (corner dwelling); Winchcomb (the corner hollow); Winchelsea (the island or moist land at the corner); Winchendon (corner hill); Winkleigh (corner meadow); Winkelhorst (corner thicket); Winkeldorf (corner village); Winklarn (the waste field at the corner).

[Sidenote: WISCH, or OSSICK,]

contracted from the Sclav. _hussoki_ (high); _e.g._ Wissek, Weissagh, Wisowice or Wisowitz, Ossiegt, and Ossagh (high village); Wischhrad (high fortress); Wisoki-mazo-wieck (the high middle market-town), in Poland; but in Germany _wisch_ is sometimes a form of _wiese_ (meadow), as in Wischmühle (the meadow mill); Wischhausen (the dwelling in the meadow); Essek, for _Ossick_ (high place), in Sclavonia.

[Sidenote: WITHIG (A.S.),]

the willow; _e.g._ Witham, Withern (willow dwelling); Withybrook (willow stream); Withridge (willow ridge).

[Sidenote: WOH (A.S.),]

a turning; _e.g._ Woburn, Wooburn (the bend of the stream); Woking (the turning at the chink or chine).

[Sidenote: WOL (Sclav.),]

the ox; _e.g._ Wolgast (the oxen’s shed); Wohlau (an enclosure for oxen), a town in Prussia which carries on a great trade in cattle; Wollin (the place of oxen), at the mouth of the R. Oder.

[Sidenote: WOLSCHA, or OELZA (Sclav.),]

the alder-tree; _e.g._ Wolschau, Wolschen, Wolsching, Wolschinka (the place abounding in alders); the Sclavonic name for the R. Elster is _Wolshinka_ (the river of alders); Oels, in Silesia, on the Oelse (alder-tree stream); Oelsen and Olsenice (the village of alder-trees); Olsnitz (the town on Elster, or alder stream).

[Sidenote: WOLV, or WOL,]

a prefix sometimes employed with reference to the wolf, as in Wolvesley (the wolves’ island), where a tribute of wolves’ heads was paid annually by the Britons to the Saxons, by order of King Edgar. Sometimes as a contraction for _wold_ (the waste land), as in Wolford, Wolborough, Woldingham, Wooler, and in Woolverton; but it comes often also from a personal name, as in Wolfhamcote, Wulferlow, Wolferton (from Ulp or Wulfhern).

[Sidenote: WORTH, or WEORTHING (A.S.),]

a farm, manor, or estate, a place warded or protected, A.S. _warian_ (to defend); cognate with the Ger. _warid_ or _werder_; _e.g._ Worthing in Sussex, Worthen in Salop, Worthy and Worting in Hants, Worthington in Lancashire (the farm or manor); Highworth (high manor); Kenilworth (the estate of Kenelm); Bosworth (of Bosa); Edgeworth (the estate on the border); Edgeware, anc. _Edgeworth_, same meaning; Polwarth (the estate on the marshy land), a parish in Berwickshire; Ravenworth (the manor of Hrafen); Rickmansworth (of Rickman); Tamworth (the manor), on R. Tam; Wandsworth, on the R. Wandle; Worksworth (the place near the miner’s works); Chatsworth (the manor in the wood), Celtic _coed_; Hammersmith, corrupt. from _Hermoderworth_ (the manor of Hermode).

[Sidenote: WURZE (Ger.), WYRT (A.S.),]

an herb, a plant; _wyrtun_, a garden; _e.g._ Wurtzburg, anc. _Herbipolis_ (the city of plants); Wortley (the place or field of herbs); Warton (the garden).

Y

[Sidenote: YEN (Chinese),]

salt; _e.g._ Yen-shan (salt hill); Yen-yuen (salt spring).

[Sidenote: YENI (Turc.),]

new; _e.g._ Yenidja-Vardar (the new fortress), anc. _Pella_; Yenidya-Carasu (the new place on the black water); Yenikale (the new castle); Yenikhan (new inn); Yeniseisk (the new town on the R. Yenisei); Yenishehr (the new dwelling); Yeni-Bazar (new market); Yenikoi (new village); Yeni-Hissar (new castle).

Z

[Sidenote: ZAB (Ar.),]

a fountain; _e.g._ Great and Little Zab, in Turkey.

[Sidenote: ZARNY, or CZERNY (Sclav.),]

black; _e.g._ Zschorne (black town); Sornosche-Elster, _i.e._ the black R. Elster; Zschornegosda (black inn); Zarnowice, Zarnowitz, Sarne, Sarnow, Sarnowo, Sarnaki (black village).

[Sidenote: ZERENY, or CZERENY (Sclav.),]

red; _e.g._ Tscherna (the red river); Tscherniz or Zerniz (red town); Tzernagora (red mountain).

[Sidenote: ZERKWA (Sclav.),]

a Greek church, from the Grk. _kuriake_; a Romish church in their language is called _kosciol_; a Protestant church, _zbor_; _e.g._ Zerkowo, Zerkowitz, Zerkwitz (the town of the Greek church).

[Sidenote: ZETTEL (Sclav.),]

from _sedal_ (Ger.), a seat or settlement; _e.g._ Brockzettel (the settlement or seat on the broken-up land); Endzettel (the settlement at the corner); Weinzettel (the wine settlement).

[Sidenote: ZI (Old Fr.),]

a habitation; _e.g._ Sussi (the habitation on high ground); Issy (the dwelling, _here_, or on low ground); Passy (the dwelling near the boat--_bac_ or _bad_).

INDEX

_A few Names which do not occur in the body of the Work are explained
in the Index._

A

Abbeville, 4

Abbeyfeale, 4

Abbeyleix and Abbeyshrule, 4

Abyssinia, named from the Rivers Abai and Wabash, or, according to
Bruce, from _habish_ (mixed), _i.e._ the country of the
mixed races

Acapulca, 9

Acre, anc. _Accho_, Ar. the sultry or sandy shore

Adelsberg, the nobles’ fortress

Aden, Ar. a paradise

Afium-kara-hissar, Turc. the black castle of opium

Agades, the enclosure

Agde, in France, Grk. _Agathos_, the good place, founded by
Greeks from Marseilles

Aghrim, or Aughrim, 67

Agosta, Lat. _Augusta_

Agra, 2

Airdrie, 10

Aix, 9

Aix-la-Chapelle, 9

Akerman, Turc. (white castle)

Akhalzk, new fortress

Alabama, the land of rest

Alagous Bay (abounding in lakes)

Aland, water land

Albania, 7

Albert, in Cape Colony, named after the Prince Consort

Albuera, Ar. the lake

Albuquerque, Lat. the white oak-tree

Alcala, Ar. the castle, 114

Alcantara, 6

Alcarez, Ar. the farm

Aldershott, 107

Alemtayo (beyond the R. Tagus)

Aleutian Islands, the bold rocks

Alexandria and Alexandretta, named after Alexander the Great

Alexandria, in Cape Colony, in honour of Queen Victoria

Alexandria, in Italy, after Pope Alexander III.

Alhama, 100

Alleghany Mountains, from a tribe

Alloa, the way to the sea

Almaden, Ar. the mine

Almanza, Ar. the plain

Almanzor, Ar. victorious

Almeida, Ar. the table

Altona, called by the Hamburgians _All-zu-nah_, _i.e._
(all too near), in allusion to its vicinity to Hamburg

Alyth, the ascent or slope

America, named after the Florentine adventurer Amerigo-Vespucci

Angora, anc. Ancyra

Annam (the place of the South)

Anstruther, 179

Antrim (at the elder trees)

Antwerp, 208

Aoasta, Lat. _Augusta_

Apennine Mountains, 154

Appenzel, 4

Appleby, 37

Applecross, 3

Aranjues, Lat. _Ara Jovis_, the altar of Jove

Aravali Mountain, the hill of strength

Arbois, anc. _Arborosa_, the woody place

Arbroath, 3

Archangel, named in honour of the Archangel Michael

Archipelago, the chief sea

Arcos, anc. _Argobriga_, the town on the bend

Ardeche, now Ardoix, in France, from _ardoise_, slate

Ardee, in Ireland, on the R. Dee, now the Nith

Ardeen and Ardennes, 10, 11

Ardfert, 10

Ardrossan, 10

Argos, the plain

Argyle, 150

Arles, Cel. _Ar-laeth_, the marshy land

Armagh, _i.e._ _Ardmacha_, Macha’s height

Armorica, 143

Arras, named from the _Atrebates_

Arthur Seat, in Edinburgh, Gael. _Ard-na-said_, _i.e._
the height of the arrows, meaning a convenient ground to shoot
from

Ascension Island, so named because discovered on Ascension Day

Asperne, 11

Aspropotamo, Modern Grk. (the white river)

Assouan, Ar. the opening at the mouth of the Nile

Astrakan, named after a Tartar king

Astura R., 199

Asturias, 12

Attica, Grk. the promontory

Aubusson, 36

Auch, named after the _Ausci_, a tribe

Auchinleck, 5

Auckland, 5

Audlem, 7

Augsburg, 35

Aurillac, supposed to have been named after the Emperor Aurelian

Auriol, anc. _Auriolum_, the golden or magnificent

Austerlitz, 151

Australia, the southern land

Austria, 164

Autun, 69

Auvergne, the high country, 11

Ava, or Awa, named from _angwa_, a fish-pond

Avignon, 14

Avranches, named from the _Abrincatui_

Awe, Loch, 2

Azores Isles, Port. the islands of hawks

B

Baalbec, 15

Babelmandeb Strait, 15

Bactria, Pers. the east country

Badajos, corrupt. from Lat. _Pax Augusta_

Baden, 15

Baffin’s Bay, named in honour of the discoverer

Bagdad, 16

Bahar, corrupt. from _Vihar_, a Buddhist monastery

Bahia, Port. the bay, 16

Bahr-el-Abiad, 17

Bahrein, 17

Baikal, the rich sea

Baireuth, 162

Bakewell, 162

Bakhtchisarai, the palace of the gardens

Bala (river head), in Wales

Balachulish, 17

Balaclava, 21

Bala-Ghauts, 18

Bala-hissar, 18

Balasore, 18

Balbriggan, Brecan’s bridge

Balearic Isles, because their inhabitants were skilful in the use
of the sling (_Balla_, Grk. to throw)

Balfour, 17

Balkan, 18

Balkh, 18

Ballantrae, the dwelling on the sea-shore, 196

Ballater, 125

Ballina, corrupt. from _Bel-atha_, ford mouth, 21

Ballingry, the town of the king--_v._ BAILE

_Note._--For Scotch or Irish names beginning with _bal_ or _bally_,
_v._ BAILE or BEAL, pp. 17 and 21

Ballintra, 196

Balloch, 22

Ballycastle, castle-town--_v._ 17

Ballymena, 17

Ballymoney, 17

Ballyshannon, 22

Balmaghie, 18

Balmaklellan, the town of the Maclellans, 18

Balmerino, 17

Balmoral, 17

Balquhidder, the town at the back of the country

Balta and Baltia, the country of the belts or straits, the ancient
name of Scandinavia, 18

Banbury, 35

Banchory, the fair valley

Banchory-Devenick and Banchory-Ternan, named in honour of two
saints who lived there

Banda-Oriental, the eastern bank of the Rio-de-la-Plata

Banff, 34

Bangor, 23

Banjarmassin, from _bender_, a harbour, and _masing_,
usual, or from _banjer_, water, and _massin_, salt

Banks Islands and Banks Land, named in honour of Sir Joseph Banks

Bantry, Ir. _Beantraighe_, _i.e._ belonging to the
descendants of Beann, of the royal race of Ulster

Barbadoes, Port. the island of pines

Barbary, the country of the Berbers

Barbuda, the island of the bearded men, so named by the Portuguese

Barcelona, named from Hamilcar Barca, who founded it

Bardhwan, Pers. the thriving place

Bardsey, 72

Barfleur, 81

Bar-le-Duc, 19

Barnstaple, 152

Barrow, 19

Barrow Strait, named in honour of Sir John Barrow

Barton, 194

Basque Provinces, from _bassoco_, a mountaineer, or, according
to Humboldt, from _basoa_, a forest

Bass Strait, named after Bass, a navigator

Basse Terre, low land

Bassora, or Bozra, the fortress

Batavia, 108

Bath, 16

Battersea, 71

Battle and Buittle, 27

Bautzen, 33

Bavaria, the country of the Boii

Bayeux, named from the _Bajoccas_, a tribe

Bayonne, 17

Beachy Head, 19

Beauley and Beaulieu, 21

Beaumaris, 21

Beauvais, named from the _Bellovacii_

Bedford, 82

Bednore, 151

Beersheba, 20

Behring Strait, so named by Captain Cook in honour of Behring, a
Russian navigator

Beinn, Ben, etc., a mountain, 22

Beira, Port. the river-bank

Beja, corrupt. from the Lat. _Pax-Julia_

Belfast, 22

Belgium, named from the Belgae

Belgrade, 21

Belize, named after a person called Wallace

Bell Rock or Inch Cape, a reef of rocks south-east from Arbroath,
so called from the lighthouse which was erected on it in 1811,
previous to which the monks of Arbroath caused a bell to be
suspended upon it so as to be rung by the waves, and thus give
warning to mariners

Belleisle, 21

Bellie, the mouth of the ford

Belper, 21

Beluchistan, 182

Benares, named from the names of the two rivers on which it is
situated

Bender, etc., 23

Beni, etc., 23

Benin, corrupt. from Lat. _benignus_, blessed

Berbice, at the mouth of the R. Berbice

Berdiansk, 176

Berg and its derivatives, 23

Bergamo, on a hill

Berhampore, 160

Berkeley, 25

Berkshire, 25

Berlin, perhaps from Sclav. _berle_, uncultivated ground, but
uncertain

Bermudas Isles, named after the discoverer Juan Bermudez

Berriew, corrupt. from _Aber-Rhiw_, at the mouth of the R.
Rhiw, in Wales, 3

Bervie, 112

Berwick, 209

Berwyn, 19

Beveland, 122

Beverley, 25

Bewdley, 21

Beyrout, 20

Bhagulpore, 160

Bhurtpore, 160

Bicester, corrupt. from _Birincester_, _i.e._ the
fortress of Birin, Bishop of Gloucester

Bideford, by the ford

Biela-Tsorkov, white church

Bielgorod, white fortress

Bielorietzk, 176

Biggar, the soft land

Bilbao, under the hill

Bingley, the field of Bing, the original proprietor

Bir, 20

Birkdale, the birch valley

Birkenhead and Birkhampstead, 25

Birmingham, 99

Biscaya and Bay of Biscay, named from the Basques, which, according
to Humboldt, means forest dwellers

Bishop-Auckland, so called from the number of oaks that grew here,
and from the manor having belonged to the bishops of Durham

Black Sea, perhaps so called from its frequent storms and fogs. The
Greeks called it Euxine, from _euxinos_, hospitable,
disliking its original name, Axinos, inhospitable

Blaen and its derivatives, 26

Blair and its derivatives, 26

Blantyre, the warm retreat

Bodmin, 27

Bohemia, 100

Bois-le-Duc, the duke’s wood

Bokhara, the treasury of sciences, the chief town in a state of the
same name

Bolivia, named after its liberator Bolivar

Bologna and Boulogne, named from the Boii

Bombay, named after an Indian goddess Bombé, but translated by the
Portuguese into _Bom-bahia_, good bay

Bordeaux, 9

Bornholm, 127

Borovsk, 28

Borrowstounness, 145

Bosphorus, Grk. the passage of the bull

Bourges, named from the _Bituriges_

Brabant, 18

Bramapootra R., the offspring of Brahma

Brazil, named from the colour of its dye-woods, _braza_, Port.
a live coal

Breadalbane, 29

Brecknock, the hill of Brecon or Brychan, a Welsh prince

Breda, 29

Breslaw, named after King _Vratis-law_

Breton, Cape, discovered by mariners from Brittany

Bridgenorth, 31

Bridgewater, 31

Brieg, 29

Brighton, corrupt. from _Brighthelmston_, from a personal name

Bristol, 183

Britain: the Cym.-Cel. root _brith_, to paint, is supposed by
some to be the root of the word; the British poets called it
_Inis gwyn_, white island, which answers to the Roman name
_Albion_

Brixton, 31

Brodick, 209

Brody, 30

Brooklyn, in New York, Dutch, the broken-up land

Bruges, 31

Brunswick, 172

Brussels, 30

Brzesce-Litewski, 28

Bucharest, the city of enjoyment

Buckingham, a tribe name, or the dwelling among beeches, 33

Buda, 33

Budweis, 33

Buenos-Ayres, 28

Builth, 8

Bungay, 95

Burgos, 36

Burslem, Burward’s dwelling in the clayey soil, _leim_

Bury, 34

Bushire, 174

Bute, 33

Buttermere, 136

Buxton, 33

C

Cabeza-del-Buey, 117

Cabrach, the timber-moss, a parish in Co. Banff

Cader-Idris, the chair of Idris, in Wales

Cadiz, 86

Cahors, named from the _Cadurci_

Cairo, Ar. _Al-kahirah_, the victorious

Calahorra, 114

Calais, 39

Calatayud, 114

Calcutta, 88

California is supposed to have taken its name from an old romance,
in which this name was given to an imaginary island filled with
gold, and Cortes applied the name to the whole district

Callander, the corner of the water--_v._ DUR

The Calf of Man. The word _calf_ was frequently used by the
Norsemen for a smaller object in relation to a larger--_i.e._
the small island off Man

Calvados, named from one of the vessels of the Spanish Armada,
wrecked on the coast of France

Cambay, anc. _Khumbavati_, the city of the pillar

Cambuskenneth, 39

Canada, Ind. _Kannahta_, a collection of huts

Candahar, named after Alexander the Great

Candia, Ar. _Khandæ_, the trench island

Cannes, 40

Cannoch, _i.e._ _cann_, bright, and _oich_, water,
the ancient name of the spot on which Conway Castle stands

Canopus was called by the Egyptians the city of Kneph, a god

Cantal, the head of the rock, 41

Canton, _i.e._ _Kwang Chou_, the metropolis

Cantyre or Kintyre, 45

Capri and Caprera, the islands of wild goats

Cardigan, named after its ancient king Ceredig, and is therefore
corrupted from _Ceredigion_

Carew, 38

Carlingford, 39

Carlisle, 38

Carlow, 129

Carlscroone, 118

Carlshamm, Charles’s haven, 97

Carluke, 39

Carmel, Heb. the fruitful field

Carmichael, 39

Carnac, 41

Carnatic, named from the _Carnates_, a tribe

Carniola, 41

Carolina, U.S., named after Charles II.

Caroline Isles, named after Carlos II. of Spain

Carpathian Mountains, from _Chrabat_, a mountain range

Carrantuohill, Ir. the reversed reaping-hook, the highest mountain
in Ireland

Carthage, 86

Carthagena, 86

Casale, 42

Cashel, 42

Caspian Sea, named from the _Caspii_, a tribe

Cassel, 42

Castile, 42

Catania, Phœn. the little city

Cattegat, 88

Caucasus, 147

Cavan, 44

Caxamarca in Peru, the place of frost

Cefalu, 46

Cephalonia, 46

Cerigo, anc. _Cythera_, the harp-shaped

Cerro--_v._ SIERRA

Cevennes, 46

Ceylon, 65

Chambery, the bend of the water, on the R. Leysse, in France

Chamouni, 40

Champlain, named from the Governor-General of Canada in the
seventeenth century

Charles Cape, named after Baby Charles in the reign of James I.

Charlestown, named after Charles II.

Chatham, 55

Chaumont, 39

Chelsea, 46

Chemnitz, 114

Chepstow, 47

Chester, 43

Cheviot Hills, 46

Chilham, 99

Chiltern Hills, 11

China, probably named from the dynasty of Thsin in the third
century B.C.

Chippenham, 47

Chiusa, 116

Christchurch, in Hants, anc. _Twinam-burne_, between two
streams, and afterwards named from a church and priory founded
by the W. Saxons in the reign of Edward the Confessor

Christiana, named after Christian IV. of Sweden

Ciudad, 49

Civita-Vecchia, 49

Clackmannan, 49

Clameny, 109

Clare Co., 50

Cleveland, 50

Cleves, 50

Clifton, 50

Clitheroe, 50

Clogheen, 49

Clonakilty, 50

Clones, 50

Clontarf, 50

Closeburn, 48

Cloyne, 50

Coblentz, 54

Cochin, _kochi_, a morass

Cockburnspath, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Colbrand’s Path_

Cognac, the corner of the water

Coire or Chur, 56

Colberg, 31

Coleraine, 58

Colmar, Lat. _Collis-Martis_, the hill of Mars

Colombo, corrupt. from _Kalan-Totta_, the ferry on the Kalawa
Ganga

Colonna, Cape, 117

Como, Lake, 54

Comorin, Cape, named from a temple to the goddess Durga

Compostella, Santiago de, corrupt. from _Sanctus Jacobus
Apostolus_, so called from a legend that the Apostle James was
buried there

Comrie, at the confluence of three rivers, in Perthshire, 53

Condé, 33

Congleton, 33

Connaught, anc. _Conaicht_, the territory of the descendants
of Conn of the hundred battles

Connecticut, Ind. _Qunnitukut_, the country on the long river

Connemara, 144

Constance, Lake, 172

Copeland Isle, 47

Copenhagen, 47

Corbridge, 56

Cork, 54

Cornwall, 54

Coromandel, corrupt. from _Cholomandala_, the district of the
_Cholas_, a tribe

Corrientes, Span. the currents

Corryvreckan, 52

Corsica, the woody

Corunna, corrupt. from _Columna_, the pillars, in allusion to
a tower of Hercules

Cosenza, Lat. _Cosentia_, the confluence

Cotswold Hills, 52

Cottian Alps, named after a Celtic chief

Coutance and Cotantin, named after the Emperor Constantius

Coventry, 196

Cowal, in Ayrshire, named after King Coill

Cowes, 45

Cracow, the town of Krak, Duke of Poland

Cramond, 38

Crathie, 56

Cremona, anc. _Cremonensis-ager_, the field named from a tribe

Crewe, 56

Crewkerne, 56

Crieff, Gael. _Craobh_, a tree

Croagh-Patrick, 56

Croatia, 109

Cromar, the heart of Mar, a district in Aberdeenshire

Cronstadt, 118

Croydon, 70

CRUG, as prefix, 58

Cuença, Lat. _concha_, a shell

Cueva-de-Vera, 45

Culebra R., the snake river

Cumberland, 122

Cumbernauld, 53