Chapter VI: Introduction (5)

the navigable estuary of a river, akin to _fiord_ and the Lat. _fretum_, a channel; _e.g._ the Firths of Forth, Tay, and Clyde; the Solway Firth. This word Solway has had various derivations assigned to it: one derivation is from the _Selgovæ_, a tribe; Ferguson suggests the Old Norse word _sulla_, Eng. _sully_, from its turbid waters, particularly as it was called in Leland’s _Itinera_ Sulway. I would suggest the A.S. _sol_ (mire), as this channel is a miry slough at low tide, and can be crossed on foot; Pentland Firth, corrupt. from _Petland Fiord_ (the bay between the land of the Picts and the Orkneys).

[Sidenote: FROU, FRAU (Ger.),]

lord and lady; _e.g._ Froustalla (the lord or nobleman’s stall); Frousthorp (the nobleman’s farm); Fraubrunnen (our lady’s well); Frauenberg, Frauenburg, Fraustadt (our lady’s town); Frauenkirchen (our lady’s church); Frauenfeld (our lady’s field).

[Sidenote: FUL (A.S.),]

dirty; _e.g._ Fulbeck, Fulbrook (dirty stream); Fulneck or _Fullanig_ (dirty water); Fulham or Fullenham (either the dwelling on the miry place or, according to another derivation, from _fügel_, a bird).

[Sidenote: FÜRED (Hung.),]

a bath or watering-place; _e.g._ Tisza-Füred (the watering-place on the R. Theis or Tisza); Balaton-Füred, on Lake Balaton.

[Sidenote: FURST (Ger.),]

a prince or the first in rank; _e.g._ Furstenau, Furstenberg, Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder, Furstenzell (the meadow, hill, field, wood, island, church, of the prince); but Furstberg means the chief or highest hill.

G

[Sidenote: GABEL (Teut.), GABHAL, or GOUL (Gadhelic),]

a fork, applied to river forks; _e.g._ Gabelbach (the forked stream); Gabelhof (the court or dwelling at the forked stream), in Germany. In Ireland: Goul, Gowel, and Gowl (the fork); Gola (forks); Addergoul, Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish _Eadar-dha-ghabhal_ (the place between two river-prongs); Goule, in Yorkshire (on the fork of two streams).

[Sidenote: GADEN (Ger.),]

a cottage; _e.g._ Holzgaden (wood cottage); Steingaden (rock cottage).

[Sidenote: GADR (Phœn.), KARTHA, KIRJATH (Heb.),]

an enclosure, a city, or fortified place, from _kir_, a wall; _e.g._ Gades or Cadiz, anc. _Gadr_, in Spain; Carthage, anc. _Kartha-hadtha_ (the new city, in opposition to Utica, the old); Carthagena (New Carthage); Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba, afterwards Hebron); Kirjath-sepher (of the book); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-Baal (Baal’s town); Kirjath-Sannah (of palms); Keriathaim (the double town); Kir-Moab (the citadel of Moab); Cordova, in Spain, Phœn. _Kartha-Baal_ (which may mean the city of Baal).

[Sidenote: GAMA (Tamul),]

a village; _e.g._ Alut-gama (new village), in Ceylon.

[Sidenote: GANG (Ger.),]

a narrow passage, either on land or by water; _e.g._ Birkengang (the birch-tree pass); Strassgang (a narrow street); Gangbach (the passage across the brook); Ganghofen (the dwelling at the ferry), on the R. Roth, in Bavaria.

[Sidenote: GANGA, or GUNGA (Sansc.),]

a river; _e.g._ Borra Ganga or the Ganges (the great river); Kishenganga (the black river); Neelganga (the blue river); Naraingunga (the river of Naranyana or Vishnu); Ramgunga (Ram’s river).

[Sidenote: GARBH (Gadhelic), GARW (Cym.-Cel.),]

rough; _e.g._ Rivers Gara, Garry, Garwe, Garwy, Owengarve, Garonne, Garvault, Yair, Yarrow (rough stream); Garracloon (rough meadow); Garroch head or Ard-Kingarth (the point of the rough headland), in Bute; Garioch (the rough district), in Aberdeenshire.

[Sidenote: GARENNE,]

a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low Lat. _warenna_, and that from the High Ger. _waran_ (to take precautions), had at first the sense of a protected or guarded place, and more lately of a wood to which was attached the exclusive right of the chase; _e.g._ La Garenne, Garenne, Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in various departments of France.

[Sidenote: GARIEF (South Africa),]

a river; _e.g._ Ky-garief (yellow river); Nu-garief (black river).

[Sidenote: GARRDH (Gadhelic), GARDD (Cym.-Cel.),]

a garden; _e.g._ Garryowen (Owen’s garden); Gairyard (high garden); Ballingarry (the town of the garden); Garrane and Garrawn (the shrubbery); Garranbane (white shrubbery).

[Sidenote: GARTH (Welsh),]

a hill; _e.g._ Tal-garth (the brow of the hill), in Brecknockshire; Brecknock, named after Brychan, its king, who came from Ireland in the sixth century. Its ancient name was _Garth-Madryn_ (the fox’s hill).

[Sidenote: GARTH, GART (Teut. and Scand.), GARRAD (Gadhelic), GARRD, GARZ (Cym.-Cel.),]

an enclosed place, either for plants or cattle, then a farm. It is sometimes found in the form of _gort_ in Ireland and Scotland; _e.g._ Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town); Applegarth (the apple enclosure or farm); Hogarth (an enclosure for hay); Weingarten (an enclosure for vines, or a vineyard); Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an enclosure for horses); Nornigard (the sibyl’s dwelling, _norn_, a prophetess); Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher’s farm), in Wales; Noostigard (the farm at the _naust_ or ship station); in Shetland; Smiorgard (butter farm); Prestgard (the priest’s farm); Yardley (the enclosed meadow); Yardborough (the enclosed town); Gartan (little field); Gordon, a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Goirtean_ (little farm); Gartbane and Gortban (fair field); Gartfarran (the farm at the fountain, _fuaran_); Gartbreck (spotted field); Gortnagclock (the field of the stones); Gortreagh (gray field); Gortenure (the field of the yew-tree); Oulart, in Ireland, corrupt. from _Abhalghort_ (apple-field or orchard); Bugard (an enclosure for cattle), in Shetland; Olligard (the farm or dwelling of Olaf), in Shetland; Girthon, corrupt. from _Girthavon_ (the enclosure on the river), in Kirkcudbright). On the other hand, _Garda_ or _Warda_ in French names signified originally a fortified or protected place, from an old Teutonic word _warta_; hence Gardere, Gardière, La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc.

[Sidenote: GAT (Scand.), GAEAT (A.S.), GHAT (Sansc.),]

an opening or passage; _e.g._ the Cattegat (the cat’s throat or passage); Margate (the sea-gate or passage), anc. _Meregate_, there having been formerly a _mere_ or lake here which had its influx into the sea; Ramsgate (the passage of _Ruim_, the ancient name of Thanet); Reigate, contraction from _Ridgegate_ (the passage through the ridge); Yetholm (the valley at the passage or border between England and Scotland, _yet_, Scot. a gate); Harrowgate, probably the passage of the army, A.S. _here_, as it is situated near one of the great Roman roads; Crossgates, a village in Fife (at the road crossings); Ludgate did not derive its name from a certain King _Lud_, according to popular tradition, but is an instance of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. word _hlid_ (a door), hence _Geathlid_ (a postern gate)--_v._ BOSWORTH. In India the word _ghat_ is applied to a pass between hills or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging mountain ranges); Sheergotta (the lion’s pass), between Calcutta and Benares; and Geragaut (the horse’s pass), or to a passage across a river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from a river to the buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is _Kalikuti_ (the ghauts or passes leading to the temple of the goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly; also Calicut, on the Malabar coast.

[Sidenote: GAU, GOVIA (Ger.),]

a district; _e.g._ Sundgau, Westgau, Nordgau (south, west, and north district); Aargau, Rheingau, Thurgau (the districts watered by the Rivers Aar, Rhine, and Thur); Schöengau (beautiful district); Wonnegau (the district of delight); Hainault, Ger. _Hennegau_ (the district of the R. Haine, and _ault_, the stream); Pinzgau (the district of rushes, _binse_), in Tyrol; Oehringen or Oringowe (the district of the R. Ohr).

[Sidenote: GEBEL, or DJEBEL (Ar.),]

a mountain; _e.g._ Gebel-Kattarin, in Sinai (St. Catharine’s mountain), where, according to tradition, the body of St. Catharine was transported from Alexandria; Djebel-Mousa (the mountain of Moses), in Horeb; Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), in Armenia; Jebel-Khal (black mount), in Africa; Gibraltar, Ar. _Gebel-al-Tarik_ (the mountain of Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of Calpe, A.D. 711); Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white mountain), supposed to be so called because covered with snow during a great part of the year; Gebel-Oomar (the mountain of Omar); Gibel-el-Faro (the mountain with the lighthouse), near Malaga; _Djebel-es-Sheikh_ (the mount of the sheik or shah, _i.e._ of the king), the Arabian name for Mount Hermon--_v._ INDEX.

[Sidenote: GEESTE (Ger.),]

barren land; _e.g._ Gaste, Geist, Geeste (the barren land); Geestefeld (barren field); Holzengeist (the barren land in the wood); Nordergast, Middelgast (the northern and middle barren land).

[Sidenote: GEISE (Ger.),]

a goat; _e.g._ Geisa and Geisbach (the goat’s stream); Geismar (rich in goats); Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, Geisenheim (the goat’s dwelling); Geisberg (goat’s hill).

[Sidenote: GEMENDE (Ger.),]

a common; _e.g._ Gmeind (the common); Petersgemeinde (Peter’s common); Gemeindmühle (the mill on the common).

[Sidenote: GEMUND (Ger.),]

a river-mouth or a confluence; _e.g._ Neckargemund (at the mouth of the R. Neckar); Saaregemund (at the conf. of the R. Saare and the Belise); Gmünd, in Wurtemberg (at the conf. of the two streams); Gemund and Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this word takes the form of _monde_, as in Roermonde and Dendermonde (at the mouths of the Roer and Dender); Emden, in Hanover, is a corrupt. of _Emsmünder_ (at the conf. of the Ems and a small stream).

[Sidenote: GEN,]

an abbreviated form of _magen_ or _megen_, the Teutonic form for the Cel. _magh_ (a field)--_qu. v._; _e.g._ Remagen or Rhemmaghen (the field on the Rhine); Nimeguen, for _Novio-magus_ (the new field); Schleusingen (the field or plain of the R. Schleuse); Munchingen (the field of the monks); Beverungen, on the R. Bever; Meiningen (the great field or plain), in the valley of the R. Wara.

[Sidenote: GEN, GENAU (Cel.),]

a mouth or opening; _e.g._ Llanfihangel-genaur’-glyn (the church of the angel at the mouth of the glen), in Wales; Genappe and Gennep (the mouth of the water, _abh_); Geneva (either the opening or mouth of the water, or the head, _ceann_, of the water, where the Rhone proceeds from the lake); Genoa, probably with the same meaning; Ghent or Gend, at the conf. of the Scheldt and Lys, may also mean at the mouth of the rivers, although, according to tradition, it acquired its name from a tribe of Vandals, the _Gandani_, and was called in the ninth century _Gandavum-vicum_, from the name of its inhabitants.

[Sidenote: GENT,]

in French topography, beautiful; _e.g._ Gentilly, anc. _Gentiliacum_ (the place of beautiful waters), on the Bièvre--_v._ OEUIL; Nogent (beautiful meadow).

[Sidenote: GERICHT (Ger.),]

a court of justice; _e.g._ Gerichtsbergen (the hill of the court of justice); Gerichtstetten (the station of the court of justice).

[Sidenote: GHAR (Ar.),]

a cave; _e.g._ Garbo (the cave), in Malta; Trafalgar, _i.e._ _Taraf-al-gar_ (the promontory of the cave).

[Sidenote: GHAR, GHUR, or GORE (Sansc.), NAGAR, a city,]

a fort; _e.g._ Ahmednaghar (the fort of Ahmed); Ramghur (of Ram); Kishenagur (of Krishna); Furracknagur (of Furrack); Moradnagur (of Morad); Jehanagur (of Jehan); Allighur (of Allah or of God); Bisnaghur (triumphant fort); Futtegur (fort of victory); Deoghur (God’s fort); Neelgur (blue fort); Seringagur (the fort of abundance); Chandernagore (the fort of the moon); Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali); Bissengur (the fort of Vishnu); Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar).

[Sidenote: GHARI, or GHERRY (Sansc.),]

a mountain; _e.g._ Ghaur, a mountainous district in Affghanistan; Boughir (the woody mountain); Kistnagherry (Krishna’s mountain); Rutnagiri (the mountain of rubies); Chandgherry (of the moon); Shevagherry (of Siva); Neilgherries (the blue mountains); Dhawalageri (the white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas.

[Sidenote: GILL, GJA (Scand.),]

a ravine; _e.g._ Buttergill, Horisgill, Ormsgill, Thorsgill, etc. (ravines in the Lake District named after Norse leaders); Hrafngia (the ravens’ ravine, or of Hrafan, a Norse leader); Almanna-gja (Allman’s ravine), in Iceland. The Hebrew _gäe_ (a ravine) answers in meaning to this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ravine of the children of Hinnom), corrupt. to _Gehenna_. This word, in the form of _goe_, is applied to a small bay, _i.e._ a ravine which admits the sea, as in Redgoe, Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland.

[Sidenote: GLAISE (Gadhelic),]

a small stream; _e.g._ Glasaboy (the yellow stream); Tullyglush (hill stream); Glasheena (abounding in small streams); Douglas, _i.e._ _Dubhglaise_ (the black stream), frequent in Ireland and Scotland; Douglas, in the Isle of Man, is on the R. Douglas; also the name of a parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas family derive their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful little stream), in Co. Cork; Ardglashin (the height of the rivulet), in Cavan.

[Sidenote: GLAN (Cym.-Cel.),]

a shore, a brink, a side; _e.g._ Glan-yr-afon, Welsh (the river side).

[Sidenote: GLAS (Cel.),]

gray, blue, or green; _e.g._ Glasalt (gray stream); Glascloon (green meadow); Glasdrummond (green ridge); Glaslough (green lake); Glasmullagh (green summit), in Ireland; Glass, a parish in Scotland. In Wales: Glascoed (greenwood); Glascombe (green hollow). Glasgow is said by James, the author of _Welsh Names of Places_, to be a corrupt. of _Glas-coed_.

[Sidenote: GLEANN (Gadhelic), GLYN and GLANN (Cym.-Cel.), GLEN (A.S.),]

a small valley, often named from the river which flows through it; _e.g._ Glen-fender, Glen-finnan, Glen-tilt, Glen-shee, Glen-esk, Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond, Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen-devon (valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender, Finnan, Tilt, Shee, Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Livet, Lyon, Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, Cona, Devon). In Ireland: Glennagross (the valley of the crosses); Glenmullion (of the mill); Glendine and Glandine and Glendowan, Irish _Gleann-doimhin_ (the deep valley)--sometimes it takes the form of _glan_ or _glyn_, as in Glin on the Shannon, and Glynn in Antrim; Glennan, Glenann, Glentane, Glenlaun, etc. (little valley). When this word occurs at the end of names in Ireland the _g_ is sometimes suppressed; _e.g._ Leiglin, in Carlow, anc. _Leith-ghlionn_ (half glen); Crumlin, Cromlin, and Crimlin (the winding glen); Glencross or Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a remarkable cross which once stood there; Glenelg (the valley of hunting or of the roe); Glengarnock (of the rough hillock); Glencroe (of the sheepfold); Glenmore or _Glenmore-nan-Albin_ (the great glen of Scotland which divides the Highlands into two nearly equal parts); Glenmoreston (the valley of the great cascade, _i.e._ of Foyers); Glenbeg (little valley); Glenburnie (of the little stream); Glenmuick (the boars’ valley); Glenure (of the yew); Glenfinlas (of the clear stream); Glengariff (rough glen); Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, is in Irish _Gleann-da-locha_ (the glen of the two lakes); Glennamaddy (of the dogs, _madadh_); Glinties (the glens), Co. Donegal; Forglen, a parish in Banffshire (the cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd (of the R. Nedd.)

[Sidenote: GLEIZ (Old Ger.),]

shining; _e.g._ Glisbach (shining brook); Gleisberg (shining hill); Gleesdorf, Gleesweiler (shining dwelling).

[Sidenote: GLINA (Sclav.),]

clay; _e.g._ Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke, Glinow (names of places near clay pits); Glina (the clayey stream).

[Sidenote: GLOG (Sclav.),]

the white thorn; _e.g._ Glogau, _Gross_, and Upper Glogau, in Silesia (places abounding in white thorn); Glognitz, with the same meaning.

[Sidenote: GNADE (Ger.),]

grace; _e.g._ Gnadenhütten (the tabernacles of grace), a Moravian settlement on the Ohio; Gnadenthal (the valley of grace), in Africa; Gnadenburg and Gnadenfeld (the city and field of grace).

[Sidenote: GOBHA (Gadhelic),]

a blacksmith--in topography _Gow_ or _Gowan_; _e.g._ Ardgowan (the blacksmith’s height); Balgowan, Balnagowan, Balgownie, Balgonie, in Scotland, and Ballygow, Ballygowan, Ballingown, Ballynagown, in Ireland (the dwelling of the blacksmith); Athgoe (the blacksmith’s ford). In early times the blacksmith was regarded as an important personage, being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and the ancient Irish, like other nations, had their smith god, Goban, hence the frequent use of the word in their topography.

[Sidenote: GOLA, or GALA (Sclav.),]

a wood; _e.g._ Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye or Kolkwitz, and Gahlen (the woody place); Galinchen (the little Gahlen, _i.e._ a colony from that town); Kallinichen, _i.e._ the colony from Gallun (the woody place); Gollnow, in Pomerania, from this root; but Gollnitz, near Finsterwalde, is corrupt. from _Jelenze_ (stag town), from _jelen_.

[Sidenote: GOLB, GULB (Sclav.),]

the dove; _e.g._ Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin, Golembecks, Golembki (dove town); Gollombken, in Prussia, Ger. _Taubendorf_ (dove town).

[Sidenote: GORA (Sclav.), Ὁρος (Grk.),]

a mountain or hill; _e.g._ Goritz, Ger. _Goïs_ (the town on the hill), in Hungary, in a province of the same name; Gorlitz (behind the hill), called also _Sgoretz_; Gorigk, Ger. _Bergheide_ (hilly heath); Gorgast (hill inn), _gosta_ corrupt. into _gast_; Podgorze, Podgorach, Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the hill). This word sometimes takes the form of _hora_, as in Zahora, in Turkey (behind the hill); Czernahora (the black hill).

[Sidenote: GORT (Gadhelic),]

a field, cognate with the Lat. _hortus_ and Span. _huerta_, and the Teut. _garth_--_v._ p. 87; _e.g._ Huerta-del-rey (the king’s orchard), in Spain.

[Sidenote: GRAB (Sclav.),]

the red beech; _e.g._ Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig, Grabow (the place of red beeches); Grabin, Ger. _Finsterwalde_ (the place of red beeches or the dark wood).

[Sidenote: GRABEN (Ger.), GRAB, GRAEF (A.S.),]

a grave or trench, from _graben_, _grafan_ (to dig); _e.g._ Mühlgraben (the mill trench or dam); Vloedgraben (the trench for the flood); Schutzgraben (the moat of the defence); Grafton and Graffham (the moated town); Gravesend (the town at the end of the moat); Bischofsgraef (the bishop’s trench). In Ireland the prefix _graf_ is applied to lands that have been grubbed up with a kind of axe called a _grafan_--hence such names as Graffan, Graffin, Graffee, Graffy.

[Sidenote: GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.),]

a count or earl; _e.g._ Graffenau, Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, Grafenstein (the meadow, hill, wood-clearing, and rock of the count); Grafenworth and Grafenhain (the count’s enclosure or farm); Grafenthal (the count’s valley); Grafenbrück (the count’s bridge); Grafenmühle (the count’s mill); Gravelines, in Flanders, anc. _Graveninghem_ (the count’s domain). In Sclavonic names, Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the count’s town); Grobinow (count’s town), Germanised into _Kroppstadt_.

[Sidenote: GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.),]

a farm or storehouse for grain, from the Lat. _granaria_, cognate with the Gadhelic _grainnseach_, Low Lat. _grangia_; _e.g._ Grange, a parish and village in Banffshire; Les Granges (the granaries); La Neuve Grange (the new farm), in France; La Granja, in Spain; Grangegeeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places producing grain).

[Sidenote: GRENZE (Ger.), GRAN (Sclav.),]

the boundary or corner; _e.g._ Grenzhausen (the dwellings on the boundary); Banai-Militar Granze (the border territory under the government of a military officer called _The Ban_); Gransee (the corner lake); Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in Hungary; Gran, a town in Hungary, in a province of the same name through which the R. Gran flows.

[Sidenote: GRIAN (Gadhelic),]

the sun; _e.g._ Greenock, either from _grianach_ (sunny) or the knoll, _cnoc_ (of the sun); Greenan, Greenane, Greenawn, and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), translated by the Irish Latin-writers _solarium_; but as it occurs in topographical names in Ireland, it is used as another name for a royal palace; Grenanstown, in Co. Tipperary, is a sort of translation of its ancient name _Baile-an-ghrianain_ (the town of the palace); Greenan-Ely (the palace of the circular stone fortress, _aileach_); Tullagreen (the hill of the sun); Monagreany (sunny bog).

[Sidenote: GRIES (Ger.),]

sand or gravel; _e.g._ Griesbach (sandy brook); Griesau, Griesthal (sandy valley); Grieshaim (sandy dwelling); Grieswang (sandy field); Griesberg (sand hill); Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). _Gressius_ and _Gresum_ in _bas_ Lat. have the same meaning, and have given names to such places in France as Les Grès, Grèses, Les Gresillons, La Gressée, La Grezille, etc.

[Sidenote: GROD, GOROD, GRAD (Sclav.), HRAD (Turc.),]

a fortified town; _e.g._ Belgrade and Belgorod (white fortress); Ekateringrad and Elizabethgrad (the fortified town of the Empress Catharine and Elizabeth); Zaregorod (the fortress of the Czar or Emperor); Novgorod (new fortress); Paulograd and Ivanograd (the fortress of Paul or Ivan, _i.e._ John); Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk, Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns), in Poland and Russia; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the same meaning, in Bohemia.

[Sidenote: GRODEN (Frisian),]

land reclaimed from the sea; _e.g._ Moorgroden, Ostergroden, Salzgroden, places in Holland.

[Sidenote: GRÖN, GROEN, GRUN (Teut. and Scand.),]

green; _e.g._ Groenloo, Gronau (the green meadow); Grunavoe (green bay); Grunataing (green promontory); Grunaster (green dwelling), in Shetland; Greenland, translated from _Terra-verde_, the name given to the country by Cortoreal in 1500, but it had been discovered by an Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the red), in the ninth century, and named by him _Hvitsaerk_ (white shirt), probably because covered with snow; Greenwich, A.S. _Grenavie_, Lat. _viridus-vicus_ (green town).

[Sidenote: GRUND (Ger.),]

a valley; _e.g._ Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys of the Rivers Amsel and Ity); Riesengrund (the giant’s valley); Laucha-grund (the valley of the R. Laucha), in Thuringia.

[Sidenote: GUADA,]

the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Arabic _wädy_ (the dried-up bed of a river); _e.g._ Guadalaviar, _i.e._ Ar. _Wadi-l-abyadh_ (the white river); Guadalete (the small river); Guadalimar (red river); Guadarama (sandy river); Guadalertin (the muddy river); Guadaloupe (the river of the bay, _upl_); Guadiana (the river of joy), called by the Greeks _Chrysus_ (the golden); Guadalquivir, _i.e._ _Wad-al-kebir_ (the great river); Guaalcazar (of the palace); Guadalhorra (of the cave, _ghar_); Guadalbanar (of the battlefield); Guadaira (of the mills).

[Sidenote: GUÉ (Fr.),]

a ford, perhaps from the Celtic _gwy_, water; _e.g._ Gué-du-Loire (the ford of the Loire); Gué-de-l’Isle (of the island); Le Gué-aux-biches (of the hinds); Boné, formerly _Bonum-vadum_, Lat. (the good ford), in France; Bungay, in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, corrupt. from _Bon-gué_ (good ford).

[Sidenote: GUISA (Old Ger.),]

to gush, found in river names; _e.g._ Buachgieso (the bending stream); Goldgieso (golden stream); Wisgoz (the white stream).

[Sidenote: GUNGE (Sansc.),]

a market-town; _e.g._ Saibgunge (the market-town of the Englishmen); Futtegunge (the town of victory); Sultangunge (of the Sultan); Shevagunge (of Siva); Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier).

[Sidenote: GUT, GOED (Ger.),]

a property; _e.g._ Schlossgut (the property of the castle); Wüstegut (the property in the waste land); but this word, used as a prefix, denotes _good_, as in Guttenberg, Guttenbrun, Guttenstein (the good hill, well, and fortress).

[Sidenote: GWEN (Cym.-Cel.),]

fair, white, cognate with the Gadhelic _fionn_; _e.g._ Gwenap (the fair slope); Gwendur and Derwent (the fair water); Berwyn (the fair boundary); Corwen (the fair choir); Ventnor (the fair shore); Guinty or Guindy (the fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. _Gwent_, Latinised _Venta_, meant a fair open plain, and was applied to the counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, and Hampshire, as well as to the coast of Brittany: thus Winchester was formerly _Caer-gwent_ (the fortress of the fair plain), Latinised _Venta-Belgorum_ (the plain of the Belgians). There was a _gwent_ also in Norfolk, Latinised _Venta-Icenorum_ (the plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the derivation of Vannes and La Vendée, in Normandy, if not from the _Veneti_--_v._ FEN.

[Sidenote: GWENT (Welsh),]

a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name now confined to nearly all Monmouthshire, but which anciently comprehended also parts of the counties of Gloucester and Hereford, being a district where _Caer-went_ or the _Venta-Silurum_ of the Romans was the capital; Corwen (the blessed choir or church); Yr Eglwys-Wen (the blessed choir or church); Wenvoe, in Glamorgan, corrupt. from _Gwenvai_ (the happy land).

[Sidenote: GWERN (Cym.-Cel.),]

the alder-tree, also a swamp; _e.g._ Coed-gwern (alder-tree wood).

[Sidenote: GWY, or WY (Cym.-Cel.),]

water; _e.g._ the Rivers Wye, the Elwy (gliding water); Llugwy (clear water); Mynewy (small water); Leveny (smooth water); Garway (rough water); Conway (the chief or head water, _cyn_); Gwydir, _i.e._ _Gwy-tir_ (water land), the ancient name of Glastonbury; Gwynedd (water glen), an ancient region in North Wales.

[Sidenote: GWYRDD (Welsh),]

green, verdant; _e.g._ Gwyrdd-y-coed (the winter green).

H

[Sidenote: HAAR (Teut.),]

an eminence; _e.g._ Haarlem (the eminence on the clayey soil, _leem_).

[Sidenote: HAFEN, HAVN (Teut. and Scand.), HOFEN, HAMM, HAVRE (Fr.),]

a harbour, from _haff_ (the ocean); _e.g._ Frische-haff (freshwater haven); Kurische-haff (the harbour of the _Cures_, a tribe); Ludwig’s-hafen (the harbour of Louis); Charles’s-haven, Frederick’s-haven (named after their founders); Delfshaven (the canal harbour); Vilshaven (the harbour at the mouth of the R. Vils); Thorshaven (the harbour of Thor); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Hamburg (the town of the harbour), formerly _Hochburi_ (high town); Soderhamm (the south harbour); Osterhafen (east harbour); Ryehaven, in Sussex (the harbour on the bank, _rive_); Milford-haven (the harbour of Milford), the modern name of the Cel. _Aber-du-gledian_ (the confluence of the two _swords_), a word applied to _streams_ by the ancient Britons; Whitehaven, in Cumberland, according to Camden named from its white cliffs; Stonehaven (the harbour of the rock), in allusion to the projecting rock which shelters the harbour; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, in allusion to the new harbour made in 1713--its former name was _Meeching_; Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, named in contradistinction from the old harbour at Leith.

[Sidenote: HAG, HAGEN (Teut. and Scand.), HAIGH, HAY, HAIN,]

an enclosure, literally a place surrounded by a hedge, cognate with the Celtic _cae_; _e.g._ Hagen, in Germany, and La Haye, Les Hayes, and Hawes (the enclosures), in France, Belgium, and England; Hagenbach (the hedged-in brook); Hagenbrunn (the enclosed well); Hagueneau (the enclosed meadow), a town in Germany; Fotheringay (probably originally an enclosure for fodder or fother); The Hague, Ger. _Gravenhage_ (the duke’s enclosure, originally a hunting-seat of the Princes of Orange); Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure); Jacob’s-hagen (James’s enclosure), in Pomerania; Urishay (the enclosure of Uris), in Hereford; Haigh and Haywood (the enclosed wood), in Lancashire.

[Sidenote: HAGO, HEGY (Hung.),]

a hill; _e.g._ Kiraly-hago (the king’s hill); Szarhegy (the emperor’s hill).

[Sidenote: HAI (Chinese),]

the sea; _e.g._ Hoanghai (the yellow sea); Nankai (the southern sea).

[Sidenote: HAIDE, or HEIDE (Teut.),]

a heath or wild wood; _e.g._ Falkenheid (the falcon’s wood); Birchenheide (the birch-wood); Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath); Hatfield, Hadleigh, Hatherley, and Hatherleigh (the heathy field or meadow); Hadlow (heath hill); Haidecke (heath corner); Heydecapelle (the chapel on the heath), in Holland.

[Sidenote: HAIN (Ger.),]

a grove or thicket; _e.g._ Wildenhain (the wild beasts’ thicket); Wilhelmshain (William’s grove or thicket); Langenhain (long thicket); Grossenhain (the thick grove).

[Sidenote: HALDE (Ger.),]

a declivity, cognate with _hald_, Scand. (a rock); _e.g._ Leimhalde (clayey declivity); Frederick’s-hald, in Norway, so named by Frederick III. in 1665. Its old name was simply _Halden_ (on the declivity).

[Sidenote: HALL, or ALH (Teut.), HEAL (A.S.),]

a stone house, a palace; _e.g._ Eccleshall (church house), in Staffordshire, where the Bishops of Lichfield had a palace; Coggeshall, in Essex (Gwgan’s mansion); Kenninghall (the king’s palace), in Norfolk, at one time the residence of the princes of East Anglia.

[Sidenote: HALL and HALLE,]

in German topography, is a general name for a place where salt is manufactured. The word has its root in the Cym.-Cel. _halen_ (salt), cognate with the Gadhelic _salen_ and the Teut. _salz_, probably from the Grk. _hals_ (the sea). Hall and Halle, as town names, are found in connection with _Salz_; as in Hall in Upper Austria, near the Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and Hall, near the salt mines in the Tyrol; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, on the R. Saale; Reichenhall (rich salt-work), in Bavaria; Hallein, celebrated for its salt-works and baths, on the Salza; Hallstadt, also noted for its salt-works; Hall, in Wurtemberg, near salt springs; Halton, in Cheshire, probably takes its name from the salt mines and works in the neighbourhood; _Penardhalawig_ (the headland of the salt marsh) was the ancient name of Hawarden, in Flint and Cheshire; Halys and Halycus (salt streams), in Galatia and Sicily.

[Sidenote: HAM, HEIM (Teut. and Scand.), HJEM, HEIM,]

a home or family residence, literally a place of shelter, from _heimen_, Ger. (to cover), _hama_, A.S. (a covering), cognate with the Grk. _heima_; _e.g._ Hampstead and Hampton (the home place); Okehampton (the dwelling on the R. Oke), in Devonshire; Oakham (oak dwelling), so called from the numerous oaks that used to grow in its vicinity; Buckingham (the home of the Buccingus or dwellers among beech-trees); Birmingham, probably a patronymic from the Boerings; Addlingham and Edlingham (the home of the Athelings or nobles); Horsham (Horsa’s dwelling); Clapham (Clapa’s home); Epsom, anc. _Thermæ-Ebbesham_ (the warm springs of Ebba, a Saxon queen); Flitcham (Felex’s home); Blenheim, Ger. _Blindheim_ (dull home), in Bavaria; Nottingham, A.S. _Snotengaham_ (the dwelling near caves); Shoreham (the dwelling on the coast); Waltham (the dwelling near a wood); Framlingham (the dwelling of the strangers), from the A.S.; Grantham (Granta’s dwelling); Ightham (the parish with eight villages), in Kent; Wrexham, anc. _Writtlesham_ (the town of wreaths), A.S. _wreoth_; Ingelheim (the dwelling of the Angli); Ingersheim (of Ingra); Oppenheim (of Uppo); Rodelheim (of Rodolph); Southampton (the _south_ dwelling, in distinction from Northampton); Twickenham (the dwelling between the streams, where the Thames seems to be divided into two streams); Rotherham, anc. Cel. _Yr odre_ (the boundary), Lat. _Ad-fines_ (on the boundary); Wolverhampton (the dwelling endowed by the Lady Wulfrana in the tenth century); Godmanham, in Yorkshire (the holy man’s dwelling), the site of an idol temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, whose name it bears. This root-word is often joined to the name of a river, thus--Coleham, Coverham, Debenham, Hexham or Hestildisham, Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, Tynningham (_i.e._ towns or villages on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben, Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne); Cheltenham, on the Chelt; Oxnam, Co. Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a place of shelter for oxen); Hameln, on the R. Hamel, in Hanover; Drontheim or Trondjeim (throne dwelling); Kaiserheim (the emperor’s dwelling); Heidelsheim (the dwelling of Haidulf), in Bavaria; Hildesheim, probably the dwelling near the field of battle, Old Ger. _hilti_ (a battle); Mannheim (the dwelling of men), as contrasted with _Asheim_ or _Asgarth_ (the dwelling of the gods), in Baden; Hildersham, in Yorkshire, anc. _Hildericsham_ (the dwelling of Childeric). Ham is often contracted into _om_, _um_, _en_, or _am_, etc.--as in Dokum (the town of the port or dock), in Holland; Nehon, in Normandy, corrupt. from Nigel’s home; Angeln (the dwelling of the Angli); Oppeln, in Silesia (the dwelling of Oppo); Edrom, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Adderham_ (the dwelling on the R. Adder); Ednam, on the Eden, in Roxburghshire; Hitchen, on the Hiz or Hitche, in Herts; Fulham, anc. _Fullenham_ (the home of birds), A.S. _fugil_; Hownam (the dwelling of Howen or Owen), in Roxburghshire. In Flanders _ham_ or _heim_ often takes the forms of _eim_, _em_, etc., as in Killim (the dwelling of Kilian); Ledringhem (of Ledro); Hem (of Hugnes); Pitgain (of the well); Wolsen, for Wolfsheim; Bohemia (the home of the Boii); Dahlen (valley dwelling); Wolsen (Wolfa’s dwelling).

[Sidenote: HAMMAN (Ar. and Turc.), HAMMAH,]

hot springs; _e.g._ Hamman-Mousa (the hot springs of Moses); Hamman-Pharoon (of Pharaoh); Hammah-de-Cabes (the warm baths of Cabes), in North Africa; Alhama (the town of the warm baths), the name of several places in Spain.

[Sidenote: HAMMER (Scand.)]

This word sometimes signifies a village or small town, and sometimes a rock; _e.g._ Lillehammer (the little town); Oesthammer (east village); Hamr (a steep place), in Shetland; Hammerfeste, in the island of Qualoe, probably means the rock fortress, _faestung_. In German topography it is generally connected with the blacksmith’s hammer, and is common in localities where metals are worked, thus--Hammersmeide (hammer-smithy); Silberhammer (a place where silver is wrought), near Dantzic. Kemble also suspects a reference to Thor’s hammer in the names of some towns or villages in England; _e.g._ Hamerton, in Huntingdon, and also in Middlesex; Hammerwich, in Staffordshire; Hamerton-kirk, in Yorkshire.

[Sidenote: HANG (Ger.),]

a declivity, from _hängen_ (to hang), A.S. _hongian_; _e.g._ Hangenheim (the dwelling on the declivity); Pannshanger (Penn’s slope), in Herts; Clehonger (clayey slope), Hereford.

[Sidenote: HAR, HAER (Teut.),]

the army; _e.g._ Harwich (army town or bay), in Essex, so called because the Danes had a great military depot at this place; Herstal, in Belgium, anc. _Hari-stelle_ (army place); Hargrave (the army entrenchment), in Norfolk; Harbottle (the army’s quarters), in Northumberland. In Edmond’s _Names of Places_ this prefix, as well as _hor_, is referred to an A.S. word signifying hoary; under which he places Harborough, in Leicestershire, the name of which is traced by Bailey to _havre_ (oats).

[Sidenote: HART, HARZ (Teut.), HYRST (A.S.),]

brushwood or a wood; _e.g._ the Harz Mountains, with the town of Harzburg (the fortress in the wood); Harsefeld (woody field), in Hanover; Hurst, in Kent; Deerhurst (deer wood or thicket); Hurst-Monceaux (the wood of Monceaux, probably a Norman baron), in Sussex; Hurst, a town in Lancashire; Lyndhurst (the wood of lime-trees); Midhurst (in the middle of the wood); Hawkhurst (hawk wood); Gravenhorst (the count’s wood); Horstmar (rich in wood)--_v._ MAR; Billing’s-hurst (the wood of the Billings), a patronymic; Farnhurst and Ferneyhurst (ferny wood); Sendenhorst (the rushy wood), in Westphalia; Herzovia or Herzegovia (a woody district), in Turkey; Murrhard, in Wurtemberg, means the wood on the R. Muhr; Delmenhorst, on the Delme, in Hanover. Hart, in English topography, however, refers more commonly to _heort_ (the hart), as in Hart_grove_, Hart_land_, Hart_ley_, Hart_field_, Harts_ford_, Harts_hill_. It occasionally takes the form of _chart_, as in Seal-chart (holy wood); Chart-Sutton (the wood at the south town).

[Sidenote: HASEL, HAEZEL (Teut.),]

the hazel-tree; _e.g._ Hessle (the place of hazels); Haselburn and Haselbrunnen (the stream and well of the hazels); Haslau (hazel meadow); Heslington (the dwelling among hazels); Hasselt, in Belgium, _i.e._ Hasselholt, Lat. _Hasseletum_ (hazel grove); Hasseloe (hazel island), in Sweden and Denmark; Hazeldean and Haslingden (the hollow of the hazels).

[Sidenote: HATCH, HÆCA (A.S.),]

a bolt, a gate, hence an enclosed dwelling; _e.g._ Hatch-Beauchamp (the enclosed dwelling of Beauchamp, a personal name); Colney-Hatch (of Colney); West-Hatch, in Somerset; Pilgrim’s Hatch, in Essex.

[Sidenote: HAUGH, HEUGH, HOW, HOPE.]

In Scotland these words generally denote a low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream,--as in Hobkirk (_i.e._ the church in the _hope_ or meadow); Howwood (the wood in the hollow); Hutton, for _How_ton (the dwelling in the hollow), parishes in Scotland. In England _how_ and _haugh_ come more frequently from the Scand. _haugr_ (a heap or mound often raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland),--as in Silver-how, Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably from mounds over some Norse leader’s grave; Haugh, in Lincoln; Haugham (the dwelling near the mound); Howden, in Yorkshire (the valley of the _haugr_ or mound); Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in France, is from _haugr_ or from the _houg_, as also Les Hogues and La Hoguette (the little mound); Gretna Green is the modern name for _Gretan-how_ (the great hollow). _Haugr_ also means a temple or high place, fenced off and hallowed, among the Scandinavians; and to this word so derived Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby.

[Sidenote: HAUPT (Ger.), HOVED (Scand.), HEAFOD (A.S.),]

a head, a promontory; _e.g._ Howth Head, in Ireland, from the Danish _hofed_--its Irish name is _Ben Edair_ (the hill of Edar); Brunhoubt (the well head); Berghaupt (hill head); Ruckshoft (ridge head), in Germany; Hoft (the headland), in the island of Rugen; Sneehatten (snowy head), in Norway; Hoddam (holm head), in Dumfriesshire.

[Sidenote: HAUS (Teut.), HUUS (Scand.), HAZA (Hung.),]

a dwelling, allied to _casa_, Lat., It., Span., and Port.; _e.g._ Mühlhausen (at the mill house); Saxenhausen (the dwelling of the Saxons); Wendenhausen (of the Wends); Schaffhausen (the ship station), which consisted originally of a few storehouses on the banks of the Rhine for the reception of merchandise; Dunkelhauser (the dark house); Aarhuus (the town on the watercourse), a seaport in Denmark; Aggers-huus, in Norway, on the R. Agger. This district and river seems to have been named from an _agger_ or rampart erected near Christiania in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward-huus (the dwelling in the island of the watch-tower), on the coast of Fenmark; Holzhausen (the dwelling at the wood); Burghausen (the fortified dwelling); Distilhousen (the dwelling among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, Bogdan-haza (God’s house); Oroshaza (the dwelling of the Russians); Chaise-Dieu, Lat. _Casa-Dei_ (the house of God), in France. Also in France, Chaise, Les Chaises; Casa-nova (new house); Casa-vecchia (old house), in Corsica; Chassepierre, Lat. _Casa-petrea_ (stone house), in Belgium; Casa-bianca (white house), in Brazil.

[Sidenote: HEL, HELLE, HELGE, HEIL,]

prefixes with various meanings in Eng., Ger., and Scand. topography. Sometimes they mean holy, Ger. _heilig_, as in Heligoland (holy isle); Heilbron (holy well); Heligensteen (holy rock); Heilberg and Hallidon (holy hill); Heiligencreuz (the town of the holy cross), Hung. _Nemet-keresztur_ (the grove of the cross); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Heiligenstadt (holy town); Halifax, in Yorkshire (holy face), is said to have been named from an image of John the Baptist, kept in a hermitage at the place; Hoxton, in Sussex, was originally _Hageltoun_ (holy town), because it was there that St. Edmund suffered martyrdom. Sometimes, however, _hell_ denotes a covered place, as in Helwell, in Devonshire (the covered well); sometimes it means _clear_, as in Hellebrunn (clear or bright fountain); Heilbronn, in Wurtemberg (fountain of health), named from a spring formerly used medicinally. Hellefors, a waterfall in Norway, and Hellgate, New York, seem to derive their names from a superstition connected with _Hel_, the goddess of the dead; Holyhead, in Wales, is in Welsh _Pen-Caer-Gibi_ (the hill fort of St. Cybi, called _holy_ in his honour); Holy Island, Lat. _Insula-sancta_, obtained its name from the monastery of St. Cuthbert--its more ancient name, _Lindisfarne_, is probably the ferry, _fahr_, of the brook Lindis, on the opposite shore; Holywell, in Flint, took its name from St. Winifred’s Well, celebrated for its miraculous cures--its Welsh name is _Tref-fynnon_ (the town of the clear water); Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Cel. _Der Congal_ (the oak grove of St. Congal).

[Sidenote: HELLR (Scand.),]

a cave into which the tide flows; _e.g._ Hellr-hals (the neck or strait of the cave); Heller-holm (the island of the cave); Hellersness (the headland of the caves).

[Sidenote: HELY (Hung.),]

a place; _e.g._ Vasarhely (the market-place); Varhely (the place of the fortress); Marosvasarhely (the market-place on the R. Maros), in Ger. _Neumarkt_; Vasarhely-hod-Mezö (the market-place of the beaver’s meadow); Szombathely (the place where the Saturday market is held, _szombat_); Csotortokhely (the Thursday market-place), Germanised _Donners-markt_; Udvarhely (court place); Szerdahely (Wednesday market-place), _Vasar_, Hung. (a market), from Turc. _Bazar_.

[Sidenote: HEN (Cym.-Cel.),]

old; _e.g._ Henly (the old place), on the Thames; Hentland, for Hen-llan (old church, now St. Asaph’s); Henlys (old palace): Hen-egglys (old church), in Anglesea.

[Sidenote: HEN (Cym.-Cel.),]

old, ancient; _e.g._ Henlys (the ancient hall).

[Sidenote: HENGST (Teut.),]

a horse--hence Hengiston, in Cornwall, either an enclosure for horses or the town of Hengist; Hengestdorf or Pferdsdorf (horse’s village); Hengistridge (horse’s ridge); Hinksey (the horse’s island or marshy place); Hinkley (the horses’ meadow).

[Sidenote: HERR, HERZOG (Ger.), HERTOG (Dutch),]

a duke or lord; _e.g._ Herzogenbosch or Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s grove); Hertogspodler (the duke’s reclaimed land); Herzogenburg (the duke’s fortress); Herzogenrath (the duke’s cleared land); Herrnsbaumgarten (the duke’s orchard); Herrnhut (the Lord’s tabernacle), founded by Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, for the Moravian Brethren, in 1722; Herisau (the duke’s meadow), Lat. _Augia-Domini_, in Switzerland.

[Sidenote: HESE, or HEES (Teut.),]

a hedge or thicket; _e.g._ Hessingen (the dwelling in the thicket); Maashees (the thicket on the R. Maas); Wolfhees (the wolf’s thicket).

[Sidenote: HILL (A.S.), HYL, HOLL (Scand.),]

an elevation, cognate with the Ger. _hugel_; _e.g._ Silver-hill, named after Sölvar, a Norse leader, in the Lake District; Hilton, Hilston (hill town); Woolwich, anc. _Hyl-vich_ (hill town); Butterhill (the hill of Buthar), a personal name in the Lake District.

[Sidenote: HINDU (Pers.),]

water; _e.g._ the Rivers Indus, Inde, Indre, etc.; Hindostan (the district watered by the R. Indus).

[Sidenote: HIPPO (Phœn.),]

a walled town; _e.g._ Hippo, near Carthage. There were three cities called Hippo in Africa and two in Spain: Olisippo (the walled town), now Lisbon; Oreppo, Belippo, Lacippo.

[Sidenote: HIR (Cym.-Cel.),]

long.

[Sidenote: HIRSCH (Ger.),]

the hart; _e.g._ Hirzenach (the hart’s stream); Hersbrock (the hart’s marsh); Hirschberg, Lat. _Corvamontem_ (the hart’s hill); Hirschfeld, Herschau, Hirschholm, Hirschhorn (the field, meadow, hill, peak of the harts).

[Sidenote: HISSAR (Turc.),]

a castle; _e.g._ Kezil-hissar (red castle); Kara-hissar (black castle); Eski-hissar (old castle), anc. _Laodicea_; Demir-hissar (iron castle); Guzel-hissar (white castle); Sevri-hissar (cypress castle); Sultan-hissar (the sultan’s castle); Kulci-hissar (the castle on the R. Khelki).

[Sidenote: HITHE (A.S.),]

a haven; _e.g._ Hythe, in Kent; Greenhithe (the green haven); Lambeth, anc. _Lomehithe_ (clayey haven); Maidenhead, anc. _Mayden-hithe_, i.e. the wharf _midway_ between Marlow and Windsor; Queenhithe (the queen’s haven); Redriff, in Surrey, anc. _Rethra-hythe_ (the haven of sailors), A.S. _rethra_, also called Rotherhithe (the haven for horned cattle), Old Eng. _rother_; Stepney, anc. _Stebon-hythe_ (Stephen’s haven or timber wharf); Erith, A.S. _Ora-hithe_ (shore haven), in Kent; Challock, in Kent, corrupt. from _ceale hythe_ (chalk haven).

[Sidenote: HJALTI (Scand.),]

a Viking; _e.g._ Shapansay, anc. _Hjalpansay_ (the Viking’s island); Shetland, _i.e._ _Hjaltiland_, with the same meaning.

[Sidenote: HLINC (A.S.),]

a ridge; _e.g._ Linch, in Sussex; Rouselinch (Rouse’s ridge), in Worcestershire.

[Sidenote: HO (Chinese),]

a river or water; _e.g._ Euho (the precious river); Hoangho (the yellow river); Peiho (white river); Yuho (imperial river); Keangho (rapid river); Hoonan (south of the lake); Hoohe (north of the lake, _i.e._ of Lake Tongting).

[Sidenote: HOCH, HOHEN (Ger.), HEAH, HEAG (A.S.), HOOG (Dutch),]

high; _höhe_ (a height); _e.g._ Hohurst and Hohenhart (high wood); Hohenberg (high hill); Homburg (high hill fort); Homburg-von-der-höhe (the high fort in front of the height); Hochfeld (high field); Hochain (high enclosure); Hochstadt, Hochstetten, Hochstatten (high dwelling); Hocheim (high home or dwelling), from which place Hock wines are named; Hochwiesen, Sclav. _Velko-polya_ (high meadow or plain); Hochst for Hochstadt, and Hoym for Hochham (high town); Hohenelbi, Grk. _Albipolis_ (the high town on the Elbe); Hohenlohe (the high meadow or thicket); Hohenstein and Hohenstauffen (high rock); Hohenwarth, Lat. _Altaspecula_ (the high watch-tower); Hohenzollern (the high place belonging to the Zwolf family); Hohenscheid (the high watershed); Hockliffe (high cliff), in Bedford; Higham, Highworth (high manor or dwelling); Highgate (high road); Wilhelmshöhe (William’s high place); Hoy, in Shetland (the high island).

[Sidenote: HOF (Teut.), HOEVE (Dutch),]

an enclosure, manor, and court. In Scandinavia _hoff_ means a temple; _e.g._ Eyndhoven (the manor at the corner); Neuhof and Neunhoffen, in France (new manor); Hof and Hoff (the enclosure), in Belgium; Hof, in Bavaria, on the R. Saale; Stadt-am-hof, in Bavaria, anc. _Curia Bavarica_ (the place at the court); Hof-an-der-March (the court or manor on the R. March); Schoonhoven (beautiful manor), in Holland; Nonnenhof (the nun’s enclosure); Meerhof (the dwelling on the marshy land); Peterhof (the court dwelling founded by Peter the Great); Hoff (the temple), in Iceland; Hoff, a village near Appleby, has the same meaning, as it is situated in a wood called Hoff-land (the temple grove). In Iceland, when a chieftain had taken possession of a district, he erected a temple (_hoff_) and became, as he had been in Norway, the chief, the pontiff, and the judge of the district; and when the Norwegians took possession of Cumberland and Westmoreland they would naturally act in the same manner.

[Sidenote: HOHN (Old Ger.),]

a low place, as in Die-Höhne (the hollows), in the Brocken.

[Sidenote: HÖLLE (Teut.),]

a cave, from _hohl_ (hollow); _e.g._ Hohenlinden, anc. _Hollinden_ (the hollow place of lime-trees); Holland or the Netherlands (the low countries); also Holland, a low-lying district in Lincolnshire; Holdeornesse (the low promontory of the province of Deira); Holmer, in Hereford (the low lake, _mere_).

[Sidenote: HOLM (Scand.),]

a small island; _e.g._ Flatholm (flat island); Steepholm (steep island); Priestholm (of the priest); Alderholm (of alders); Holm, in Sweden, and Hulm, in Norway (the island); Stockholm, anc. _Holmia_ (the island city, built upon stakes). But _holm_ also signifies occasionally a hill, as in Smailholm, in Roxburghshire (little hill); and Hume, or _holm_, Castle, in Berwickshire (on a hill). Sometimes also it signifies a low meadow on the banks of a stream, as in Durham, corrupt. from _Dun-holm_ or _Dunelme_ (the fortress on the meadow), almost surrounded by the R. Wear; Langholm (the long meadow); Denholm (the meadow in the deep valley); Twynholm, anc. _Twynham_ (the dwelling on the hillock), Welsh _twyn_, a parish in Kirkcudbright; Brachenholm (ferny meadow); Lingholme (heather island), in Windermere; also Silverholme (the island of Sölvar, a Norse leader); Bornholm, in the Baltic, anc. _Burgundaland_ (the island of the Burgundians); Axholme, an insulated district in Co. Lincoln, formed by the Rivers Trent, Idle, and Don, from _uisge_, Cel. (water); Drotningholm, in the Mälar Lake near Stockholm (queen’s island), from Swed. _drottmig_ (a queen); Battleholme, found in some places in the north of England, according to Ferguson, means fertile island, from an Old English word _battel_ or _bette_ (fertile).

[Sidenote: HOLT, HOLZ (A.S. and Ger.),]

a wood; _e.g._ Aldershot (alder-tree wood); Bergholt (the hill or hill fort in the wood); Evershot (the boar’s wood, _eofer_); Badshot (badger’s wood); Bochholt (beech-wood); Jagerholz (huntsman’s wood); Oosterhout (east wood); Holzkirchen (the church at the wood); Thourhout, in East Flanders (the wood consecrated to the god Thor); Tourotte, in the department of Oise, in France (also Thor’s wood); Hootenesse (woody promontory), in Belgium; Diepholz (deep wood); Meerholt and Meerhout (marshy wood); Holt, a woody district in Norfolk.

[Sidenote: HOO, or HOE (Scand.),]

a spit of land running into the sea; _e.g._ Sandhoe (the sandy cape); The Hoe, in Kent; Kew, in Surrey, anc. _Kay-hoo_ (the quay on the spit of land).

[Sidenote: HORN (Ger.), HYRNE (A.S.), HOORN (Dutch),]

a horn-like projection or cape jutting into the sea, or a valley between hills, curved like a horn; _e.g._ Hoorn (the promontory), a seaport in Holland, from which place the Dutch navigator Schoutens named Cape Horn, Hoorn being his native place; Hornburg (the town on the projection); Hornby (corner dwelling); Horncastle (the castle on the promontory); Hornberg and Horndon (the projecting hill); Hornsea (the projection on the coast); Matterhorn (the peak in the meadows), so called from the patches of green meadow-land which surround its base; Schreckhorn (the peak of terror); Finsteraarhorn (the peak out of which the Finster-Aar, or dark Aar, has its source). This river is so named to distinguish it from the Lauter or _clear_ river. Skagenshorn (the peak of the Skaw, in Denmark); Faulhorn (the foul peak), so called from the black shale which disintegrates in water; Wetterhorn (stormy peak); Katzenhorn (the cat’s peak); Silberhorn (the silvery peak); Jungfrauhorn (the peak of the maiden).

[Sidenote: HOUC, or HOOG (Teut.),]

a corner or little elevation, akin to the Scottish _heugh_ and the Scand. _haugr_; _e.g._ Hoogzand and Hoogeveen (the sand and marsh at the corner); Hoogheyd (corner heath); Hoogbraek (the broken-up land at the corner); Stanhoug (stone corner).

[Sidenote: HUBEL, or HUGEL (Ger.),]

a little hill; _e.g._ Haidhugel (heath hill); Steinhugel (stony hill); Huchel and Hivel (the little hill); Lindhövel (the hill of lime-trees); Gieshübel (the hill of gushing brooks).

[Sidenote: HUNDRED (Eng.), HUNTARI (Ger.),]

a district supposed to have originally comprised at least one hundred family dwellings, like Welsh _Cantref_ (from _cant_, a hundred), the name of a similar division in Wales; _e.g._ Hundrethwaite (the cleared land on this Hundred), a district in Yorkshire.

[Sidenote: HÜTTE (Teut. and Scand.),]

a shed or cottage; _e.g._ Dunkelhütte (dark cottage); Mooshutten (the cottage in the mossy land); Buxtehude (the hut on the ox pasture); Huttenwerke (the huts at the works or mines); Hudemühlen (mill hut); Hutton (the town of huts). But Landshut, in Bavaria, does not seem to be derived from _hütte_, but from _schutz_, Ger. (a defence), as it is in the neighbourhood of an old fortress, on the site of a Roman camp.

[Sidenote: HVER (Norse),]

a warm, bubbling spring; _e.g._ Uxaver (the oxen’s spring), in Iceland.

I

[Sidenote: I (Gadhelic),]

an island; _e.g._ I-Colum-chille or Iona (the island of St. Columba’s cell); Ierne or Ireland (the western island or the island of Eire, an ancient queen).

[Sidenote: IA (Cel.),]

a country or land; _e.g._ Galatia and Galicia, and anc. _Gallia_ (the country of the Gauls); Andalusia, for Vandalusia (the country of the Vandals); Batavia (the good land), _bette_, good; Britania or Pictavia (probably the land of painted tribes); Catalonia, corrupt. from _Gothalonia_ (the land of the Goths); Circassia (the land of the Tcherkes, a tribe); Croatia (the land of the Choriots or mountaineers); Suabia (of the Suevii); Moravia (the district of the R. Moravia); Moldavia (of the R. Moldau). It is called by the natives and Turks Bogdania, from Bogdan, a chieftain who colonised it in the thirteenth century. Ethiopia (the land of the blacks, or the people with the sunburnt faces), from Grk. _ops_ (the face), and _aitho_ (to burn); Phœnicia (the land of palms or the _brown_ land), Grk. _Phœnix_; Silesia (the land of the Suisli); Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); Russia, named after Rourik, a Scandinavian chief; Siberia, from _Siber_, the ancient capital of the Tartars; Kaffraria (the country of the Kaffirs or unbelievers), a name given by the Arabs; Dalmatia (the country of the Dalmates, who inhabited the city _Dalminium_); Iberia, the ancient name of Spain, either from the R. Ebro or from a tribe called the Iberi or Basques; Caledonia, perhaps from _Coille_ (the wood).

[Sidenote: IACUM,]

an affix used by the Romans, sometimes for _ia_ (a district), and sometimes the Latinised form of the adjectival termination _ach_--_qu. v._ p. 5; _e.g._ Juliers, Lat. _Juliacum_ (belonging to Julius Cæsar); Beauvais, Lat. _Bellovacum_ (belonging to the Bellovaci); Annonay, Lat. _Annonicum_ (a place for grain, with large magazines of corn); Bouvignes, in Belgium, Lat. _Boviniacum_ (the place of oxen); Clameny, Lat. _Clameniacum_ (belonging to Clement, its founder); Joigny, anc. _Joiniacum_, on the R. Yonne; Annecy, Lat. _Anneacum_ (belonging to Anecius); Cognac, Lat. _Cogniacum_ (the corner of the water), Fr. _coin_, Old Fr. _coiny_, Cel. _cuan_.

[Sidenote: IERE,]

an affix in French topography denoting a possession, and generally affixed to the name of the proprietor; _e.g._ Guilletière (the property of Guillet); Guzonière (of Guzon).

[Sidenote: ILI (Turc.),]

a district; _e.g._ Ili-Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); Rumeli or Roumelia (the district of the Romans).

[Sidenote: ILLIA (Basque),]

a town; _e.g._ Elloirio, Illora, and Illura (the town on the water, _ura_); Lorca, anc. _Illurcis_ (the town with fine water); Elibyrge (the town with the tower), Grk. _pyrgos_; Elché, anc. _Illici_ (the town on the hill, _ci_); Illiberus (new town, surnamed Elne after the Empress Helena), in Spain; the isle of Oleron, anc. _Illura_ (the town on the water).

[Sidenote: IM and IN,]

a contraction for the Ger. _in der_ (in or on the); _e.g._ Imgrund (in the valley); Imhorst (in the wood); Eimbeck (on the brook); Imruke (on the ridge).

[Sidenote: ING, INGEN, INGA,]

an affix used by the Teutonic races, as a patronymic, in the same sense as _Mac_ is used in Scotland, _ap_ in Wales, and _O_ in Ireland. _Ing_ is generally affixed to the settlement of a chief, and _ingen_ to that of his descendants. _Ing_, preceding _ham_, _ton_, _dean_, _ley_, _thorp_, _worth_, etc., is generally an abbreviation of _ingen_, and denotes that the place belonged to the family of the tribe, as in Bonnington, Collington, Collingham, Islington (the home of the Bonnings, the Collings, and the Islings). In French topography _ingen_ takes the forms of _igny_, _igné_, or _inges_; and it appears, by comparing the names of many towns and villages in England and the north-west of France with those of Germany, that Teutonic tribes forming settlements in these countries transferred the names in their native land to their new homes. For the full elucidation of this subject reference may be made to Taylor’s _Words and Places_, chap. vii. and the Appendix, and to Edmund’s _Names of Places_, p. 58. Only a few examples of the use of this patronymic can be given here; thus, from the _Offings_--Oving and Ovingham, corresponding to the Ger. Offingen and the Fr. Offignes. From the _Eppings_--Epping, Ger. Eppinghofen, and Fr. Epagne. The _Bings_--Bing, Bingham, Bingley; Ger. Bingen; Fr. Buigny. The _Basings_--Eng. Basing, Basingham, Bessingby; Fr. Bazigny. From the _Raedings_--Reading, Co. Berks. The _Harlings_--Harlington. The _Billings_--Bellington. From the _Moerings_ or _Merovingians_ many French towns and villages are named; _e.g._ Morigny, Marigné, Merignac, Merrigny; in England--Merring, Merrington. We can sometimes trace these tribe names to the nature of the localities which they inhabited. Thus the _Bucings_, from which we have Boking and Buckingham, to a locality abounding in beech-trees, _boc_; the _Durotriges_, from which we have Dorset and Dorchester, are the dwellers by the water, _dur_; as well as the _Eburovices_, who gave their name to Evreux, in France. _Ing_, also, in A.S. names, sometimes means a meadow, as in Clavering, in Essex (clover meadow), A.S. _Claefer_; Mountnessing, Co. Essex (the meadow of the Mountneys, who were formerly lords of the manor); Godalming (the meadow of Godhelm).

[Sidenote: INNER (Ger.),]

opposed to _ausser_ (the inner and outer), as in Innerzell, Ausserzell (the inner and outer church).

[Sidenote: INNIS (Gadhelic), YNYS, ENEZ (Cym.-Cel.), INSEL (Ger.), INSULA (Lat.), NESOS (Grk.),]

an island, also in some cases pasture land near water, or a peninsula. It often takes the form of _inch_, as in Inchkeith (the island of the Keith family); Inchcolm (St. Columba’s Island); Inchfad (long isle); Inchgarvie (the rough island); Inchard (high isle); Inch-Cailleach (the island of the old women or nuns), in Loch Lomond, being the site of an ancient nunnery; Inchmarnoch (of St. Marnoch), in the Firth of Clyde; Inchbrackie (the spotted isle); Inchgower (the goat’s isle); Inchtuthill (the island of the flooded stream); Craignish, anc. _Craiginche_ (the rocky peninsula); Durness, in Sutherlandshire, is a corrupt. from _Doirbh-innis_ (the stormy peninsula); Ynys-Bronwen (the island of Bronwen, a Welsh lady who was buried there), in Anglesey; Ynis-wyllt (wild island), off the coast of Wales; Inysawdre (the isle and home of refuge), in Glamorgan. In Ireland: Ennis (the river meadow); Enniskillen, Irish _Inis-Cethlenn_ (the island of Cethlenn, an ancient queen of Ireland); Ennisheen (beautiful island); Devenish, in Lough Erne, is _Daimhinis_ (the island of oxen). But Enniskerry is not from this root; it is corrupt. from _Ath-na-scairbhe_ (the rough ford); Orkney Isles, Gael. _Orc-innis_ (the islands of whales); they are sometimes called _Earr-Cath_ (the tail of Caithness); Innisfallen, in Lake Kallarney (the island of Fathlenn); the Hebrides or Sudereys, called _Innisgall_ (the islands of the Gaels); the Aleutian Islands, from Russ. _aleut_ (a bald rock); in Holland, Duiveland (pigeon island), and Eyerlandt (the island of the sand-bank); Eilenburg, in Saxony (the town on an island in the R. Mulda); Isola, a town in Illyria (on an island); Issola or Imo-Isola (low island), in Italy; Lille, in Flanders, anc. _L’Isle_, named from an insulated castle in the midst of a marsh; Peloponnesus (the island of Pelops); Polynesia (many islands).

[Sidenote: INVER, or INBHIR (Gadhelic), INNER,]