Chapter VI: Manufacture of Phosphorus

Operations included in the ordinary method of preparing phosphorus;
Burning the bones to ash; Kiln used for this purpose 117

Improved form of kiln proposed by Fleck; Mode of operation with a kiln
of this construction 118

Quantity of substance which remains after burning the bones;
Composition of bone ash; Conversion of the bone ash into a coarse
powder; Decomposition of the bone ash by sulphuric acid 119

Separate processes which have to be distinguished; Embodiment of these
processes in equations 120

Actual yield of phosphorus; Methods by which the formation of calcium
phosphate may be effected; Process without the assistance of
heat 121

Decomposition of the bone ash in the warm way 122

Apparatus for hot lixiviation 123

Evaporation of the liquor; Mixing the fluid with charcoal 124

Yield of so-called distilling mass; Utilization of the liquor obtained
in treating bones for the manufacture of glue with hydrochloric acid;
Concentration of the liquor for crystallization 125

Mode of obtaining the calcium phosphate contained in the
mother-liquor; Drying the crystals 126

Mixing the crystals with charcoal; Evaporating pans; Treatment of
the residue of basic calcium phosphate left in the manufacture of
phosphorus; Distillation of the phosphorus; Conversion of the acid
calcium phosphate into calcium metaphosphate and reduction of the
latter; Retorts and furnace for distilling the mixture of acid
calcium phosphate and charcoal; The galley-furnace 127

Modification of the galley-furnace, described and
illustrated 128

Furnaces for the use of coke as fuel; Receivers for collecting the
phosphorus distilling over 129

Process of distillation; Indication of the commencement of
distillation 130

Removing the phosphorus from the receivers; Regaining the phosphoric
acid contained in the water from the receivers; Constitution of crude
phosphorus 131

Refining and purifying the phosphorus; Various methods of
purification; Percentage of loss of phosphorus 132

Distillation of the crude product in order to obtain pure phosphorus;
Retorts and distilling apparatus for this purpose, described and
illustrated 133

Process of distillation; Different qualities of the phosphorus
passing over in the various stages of distillation; Separation of the
phosphorus passing over according to quality 134

Moulding the refined phosphorus; Seubert’s apparatus for this
purpose 135

Disadvantages of Seubert’s apparatus; Improved apparatus by which
the operation is rendered perfectly free from danger, described and
illustrated 136

Moulding the phosphorus in wedge-shaped sheet-metal boxes 137

Mode of storing and shipping phosphorus; Manufacture of phosphorus
with the assistance of electricity; Mixture used for the
operation 138

Furnace employed for the electrolytic manufacture of phosphorus,
described and illustrated 139

Mode of operating the furnace 140

CHAPTER VII.

METHODS OF BLEACHING GLUE.

Bleaching in the air; Bleaching with chlorine 141

Bleaching with animal charcoal 142

Bleaching with sulphurous acid; Apparatus for the production of the
acid solution, described and illustrated 143