Chapter II: Part II: The Athletic Exercises of the Greeks

12. The Stadium 251

13. The Foot-Race 270

14. The Jump and Halteres 295

15. Throwing the Diskos 313

16. Throwing the Javelin 338

17. The Pentathlon 359

18. Wrestling 372

19. Boxing 402

20. The Pankration 435

21. The Hippodrome 451

22. The Gymnasium and the Palaestra 467

BIBLIOGRAPHY 511

INDEX 519

INDEX OF GREEK WORDS 531

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Boxer on steatite pyxis. Cnossus. (_B.S.A._ 10
vii. p. 95)

2. Armed combat on Clazomenae. Sarcophagus in 21
British Museum. (Murray, _Sarcophagi in B.M._,
Pls. ii., iii.)

3. Funeral games on Amphiaraus vase. Berlin, 1655. 29
(_Mon. d. I._ X., Pls. iv., v.)

4. Funeral games on Dipylon vase. Copenhagen. 30
(_Arch. Zeit._, 1885, Pl. viii.)

5. Plan of Olympia (after Dörpfeld) 35

6. Statue of girl runner. Copy of fifth-century 49
original. Vatican. (Helbig, _Führer_, 2nd Ed.,
384.) (From a photograph by Alinari)

7. Apollo, found at Tenea. Munich. (E. A. Gardner, 87
_Greek Sculpture_, Fig. 20)

8. Statue by an Argive sculptor. Delphi. (_Greek 89
Sculpture_, Fig. 134; _Fouilles de Delphes_, ii.
1)

9. Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo. British Museum. 91

10. Figure from E. pediment of temple at Aegina. 92
Munich. (_Greek Sculpture_, Fig. 41)

11. Bronze statuette from Ligourio. Berlin. 93
(_Greek Sculpture_, Fig. 39)

12. Bronze statuette of Hoplitodromos. Tübingen. 94
(_Jahrb._, 1886, Pl. ix.)

13. Diskobolos, after Myron. (Photograph of 96
bronzed cast made in Munich)

14. Doryphoros, after Polycleitus. Naples. (_Greek 98
Sculpture_, Fig. 74)

15. Diadumenos from Vaison, after Polycleitus. 100
(_Greek Sculpture_, Fig. 75)

16. Bronze head of ephebos. Fifth century. Munich, 102
Glyptothek, 457. (From a photograph by Bruckmann)

17. Scenes in palaestra. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 795. 105
(_Arch. Zeit._, 1878, Pl. xi.)

18. Bronze charioteer. Fifth century. Delphi. 113
(_Greek Sculpture_, Fig. 138; _Fouilles de
Delphes_, II. xlix. 1)

19. The Apoxyomenos. Rome, Vatican. (_Greek 123
Sculpture_, Fig. 98)

20. Statue of Agias by Lysippus. Delphi. (_Greek 125
Sculpture_, Fig. 141; _Fouilles de Delphes_, II.
lxiii.)

21. Farnese Heracles, by Glycon. Naples. (_Greek 147
Sculpture_, Fig. 125)

22. Athletics under the Romans. Mosaic found at 177
Tusculum. Imperial period. (_Mon. d. I._ VI.,
vii., Pl. 82)

23. Professional boxer. Mosaic from the Thermae of 190
Caracalla. Rome, Lateran. (G. F. Hill,
_Illustrations to the Classics_, Fig. 400; Secchi,
_Musaico Antoniniano_)

24. Silver staters of Elis, in British Museum. 194
Fifth century, (_a_) Head of nymph Olympia; (_b_)
Victory seated, with palm

25. Judge crowning a victor. Interior of r.-f. 206
kylix. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 532. (_Arch.
Zeit._, 1853, lii. 3; Luynes, xlv.)

26. Phyllobolia. Interior of r.-f. kylix. Canino 206
Coll. (Gerh. _A. V._ 274, 1)

27. Copper coins of Delphi, in British Museum. 208
Imperial period. (_a_) Prize table, bearing crow,
five apples, vase and crown. (_b_) Ins. Πύθια in
crown of bay leaves. (_B.M. Coins_, Delphi, 39,
38)

28. Copper coin of Corinth, in British Museum. 214
Imperial period. Ins. Ἵσθμια in crown of pine
leaves. (_B.M. Coins_, Corinth, 603)

29. 30. Silver vase. Imperial period. Paris, 220,
Bibliothèque Nationale. (Le Prévost, _Mém. sur la 222
collection des Vases de Bernay_, Pls. viii., ix.)

31. Copper coin of Argos, in British Museum. 223
Imperial period. Ins. Νέμεια in crown of celery.
(_B.M. Coins_, Argos, 170)

32. Flute-players. Small Panathenaic (?) amphora, 231
in British Museum, B. 188. Sixth century

33. Panathenaic festival. B.-f. kylix, in British 233
Museum, B. 80. (_J.H.S._ i., Pl vii.)

34. Apobates. Votive relief. Hellenistic period. 238
Athens, Acropolis Museum. (_B.C.H._ vii., Pl.
xvii.)

35. Pyrrhic chorus. Monument of Atarbus. Fourth 240
century. Athens, Acropolis Museum. (Hill,
_Illustrations to the Classics_, Fig. 417; Beulé,
_L’Acropole d’Athènes_, ii., Pl. iv.)

36. Victorious boat on stele of Helvidius. 241
Imperial period. Athens, National Museum. (Ἐφ.
Ἀρχ., 1862, Pl. xxix.; von Sybel, _Katalog_, 3300)

37. Proclaiming a victor. Panathenaic amphora, in 243
British Museum, B. 144. Sixth century

38. Crowning a victor. Panathenaic amphora, in 244
British Museum, B. 138. Sixth century

39. Acrobatic scene. Panathenaic (?) amphora from 245
Camirus. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 243.
(Salzmann, _Nécropole de Cameiros_, Pl. lvii.)

40. Marble chair of judge at Panathenaea. (Stuart 246
and Revett, _Antiquities of Athens_, iii. 3, p.
20)

41. Portion of starting lines at Olympia. 253
(_Olympia_, Tafelb. i. 47)

42. The stadium of Epidaurus, S. E. corner, 255
showing starting lines and rectangular end. (From
a photograph by Mr. Emery Walker)

43. Plan of stadium at Epidaurus. (Πρακτικά, 1902, 258
Pl. i.)

44. Plan of stadium at Delphi. (_B.C.H._, 1899, 258
Pl. xiii.)

45. The starting lines at Delphi. (From a 260
photograph by Mr. Emery Walker)

46. The stadium of Delphi 262

47. Hoplitodromos starting. R.-f. amphora. Louvre. 274
(_J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 270; _Bull. Nap. nouv. sér._
vi. 7)

48. Runner starting. R.-f. kylix. Formerly at 275
Naples. (_J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 271;
Dubois-Maisonneuve, Pl. xxv.; Inghirami, _Mon.
Etrusc._ v. 2, Pl. lxx.)

49. Runner starting. R.-f. kylix. Chiusi. 276
(Hartwig, _Meisterschalen_, Fig. 6)

50. Dolichodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth 279
century. (_Mon. d. I._ I., xxii. 7 b)

51. Dolichodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. British 280
Museum, B. 609. Archonship of Niceratus, 333 B.C.
(Hill, _Illustrations to the Classics_, Fig. 390)

52. Stadiodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Munich, 281
498. Sixth century. (_Mon. d. I._ X., xlviii.,
_l_, _m_)

53. Stadiodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Fourth 283
century. (Stephani, _C. R. Atlas_, 1876, Pl. i.)

54. Hoplitodromoi, boxers, wrestlers. R.-f. kylix 286
of Euphronius. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 523.
(Hartwig, _Meisterschalen_, Pl. xvi.; _J.H.S._
xxiii. p. 278.) For interior _vide_ Fig. 115

55. Hoplitodromoi; the turn. R.-f. kylix. Formerly 287
in Berlin. (_J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 278; _Jahrb._,
1895, p. 190)

56. Hoplitodromoi. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 2307. 288
(_J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 277; Gerh. _A.V._ 261)

57. Hoplitodromoi; the finish. R.-f. kylix. 289
British Museum, E. 818. (_J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 285)

58. Hoplitodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. British 290
Museum, B. 608. Archonship of Pythodelus, 336 B.C.
(_Mon. d. I._ X., xlviii. _e_, 3)

59. Hoplitodromoi. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 1240. 292
(_J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 284)

60. Leaden halter from Eleusis. Athens, National 298
Museum, 9075. (Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1883, 190; Jüthner, _Ant.
Turn._ Fig. 1)

61. Photograph of halteres in British Museum, 299
(_a_) Cast of stone halter from Olympia (Jüthner,
Fig. 9). (_b_) Limestone halter from Camirus
(_B.M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, Fig. 41).
(_c_) Leaden halter (_J.H.S._ xxiv. p. 182)

62. Stone halter from Corinth. Athens, National 300
Museum. (Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1883, p. 103; Jüthner, _Ant.
Turn._ Fig. 8)

63. Jumper and flute-player. R.-f. pelike. British 302
Museum, E. 427. (_J.H.S._ xxiv. p. 185)

64. Jumpers, akontistes, diskobolos, flute-player. 303
R.-f. krater. Copenhagen (?). (_J.H.S._ xxiv. p.
185; _Annali_, 1846, M.)

65. Jumpers practising and paidotribes. R.-f. 304
kylix. Bologna. (_J.H.S._ xxiv. p. 186; Jüthner,
_Ant. Turn._ Fig. 16)

66. Jumpers, diskobolos, paidotribai. R.-f. kylix. 305
Bourguignon Coll. (_Arch. Zeit._, 1884, xvi.) For
interior _vide_ Fig. 80

67. Jumper about to land. B.-f. amphora. British 306
Museum, B. 48. (_J.H.S._ xxiv. p. 183, ii. p. 219;
Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._ Fig. 15)

68. Jumper running. R.-f. kylix. Chiusi. (_J.H.S._ 307
xxiv. p. 188; Klein, _Euphronios_, p. 306)

69. Standing jump without halteres. R.-f. pelike 309
belonging to Dr. Hauser. (_J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 272;
_Jahrb._, 1895, p. 185)

70. Youth swinging halteres. R.-f. oinochoe. 311
British Museum, E. 561. (_J.H.S._ xxiv. p. 192)

71. Diskobolos holding stone diskos. B.-f. 314
amphora. British Museum, B. 271. (_J.H.S._ xxvii.
Pl. i.) For reverse _vide_ Fig. 141

72. Bronze diskos found at Aegina. Berlin. 315
(Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._ Fig. 20)

73. Bronze diskos of Exoïdas. British Museum, 3207 317

74. Marking the throw of diskos. (_a_) R.-f. 320
kylix. Chiusi. (_b_) R.-f. kylix of Hischylus.
Würzburg, 357, A. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 11; Jüthner,
_Ant. Turn._ Fig. 27)

75. The standing diskobolos. Vatican. Copy of 321
fifth-century original. (From a photograph by
Anderson)

76. Palaestra scene; diskobolos, akontistes. R.-f. 323
kylix. British Museum, E. 6. (_J.H.S._ xxiii. p.
273)

77. Diskobolos, flute-player. B.-f. kelebe. 324
British Museum, B. 361. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 15)

78. Diskobolos. R.-f. krater of Amasis. Corneto. 324
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 16; Hartwig, _Meisterschalen_,
Fig. 56 a)

79. Diskobolos and paidotribes. R.-f. pelike. 325
British Museum, E. 395. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. Pl. iii.)

80. Diskobolos. Interior of Fig. 66 326

81. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. Fifth century. 326
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 18; _Burlington Fine Arts
Club_, 1903, Pl. 50)

82. Diskobolos, paidotribes. B.-f. lekythos. 328
British Museum, B. 576. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. Pl. ii.)

83. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. New York. 329
(_Bulletin of Metropolitan Museum of Art_, iii. p.
32)

84. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. British 330
Museum, 675. Fifth century. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p.
22)

85. Diskobolos. R.-f. kylix. Louvre. (_J.H.S._ 331
xxvii. p. 27; Hartwig, _Meisterschalen_, lxiii. 2)

86. Coins of Cos, in British Museum, representing 332
diskobolos. Fifth century. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 30)

87. Diskobolos. Panathenaic amphora. Naples, Race. 333
Cum. 184. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 32; Jüthner, _Ant.
Turn._ Fig. 31)

88. Diskobolos, flute-player, paidotribes, youth 334
fastening amentum, skapanai. B.-f. hydria. British
Museum, E. 164. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 32; _B.C.H._,
1899, p. 164)

89. Diskobolos. R.-f. kylix. Boulogne, Musée 335
Municipale. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 33; _Le Musée_,
ii. p. 281)

90. Diskobolos. B.-f. hydria. Vienna, 318. 336
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 34)

91. Youth fastening amentum. R.-f. kylix. 340
Würzburg, 432. (Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._ Fig. 37)

92. Various methods of attaching the amentum. 341
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 250)

93. Warrior holding spear by amentum. B.-f. kylix. 342
British Museum, B. 380. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 252)

94. Warriors throwing spears with amenta. François 343
vase, Florence. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 253;
Furtwängler, _Vasenmalerei_, Pl. xiii.)

95. Illustrations of use of the throwing thong. 344
(_a_, _b_) Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._ Figs. 47, 48.
Reconstruction of throw, (_c_) Detail from _B.M.
Vases_, B. 134. (_d_) The ounep of New Caledonia.

96. Palaestra scene; a wrestling lesson, 345
preparations for javelin-throwing. R.-f. psykter.
Bourguignon Coll. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 259; _Antike
Denkmale_, ii. 20)

97. Akontistes. B.-f. stamnos. Vatican. (_J.H.S._ 346
xxvii. p. 261; _Mus. Greg._ II. xvii.)

98. Mounted warriors throwing javelins by means of 347
amenta. B.-f. vase. Athens, Acropolis Museum, 606.
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 261; B. Graef. _Die antiken
Vasen v. d. Acropolis_, Pl. xxxi.)

99. Diskobolos, akontistes, boxer fastening 348
himantes. R.-f. amphora, in British Museum, E.
256. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. Pl. xix.)

100. Akontistai. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 562 A. 349
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 262; Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._
Fig. 41)

101. Akontistai. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 3139 inv. 350
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 263; Hartwig,
_Meisterschalen_, Pl. xlvi.)

102. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Torlonia, 270 (148). 351
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 264; Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._
Fig. 49)

103. Akontistes, diskobolos, skapane. R.-f. 353
amphora. Munich, 408. (_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 265;
Furtwängler, _Vasenmalerei_, xlv.)

104. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Rome(?) (Jüthner, 354
_Ant. Turn._ Fig. 43)

105. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 2728. 355
(_J.H.S._ xxvii. p. 268; Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._
Fig. 42)

106. Throwing the javelin on horseback. 357
Panathenaic amphora. British Museum. (_J.H.S._
xxvii. Pl. xx.)

107. Pentathlon. Panathenaic amphora. British 360
Museum, B. 134. Sixth century. (_J.H.S._ xxvii.
Pl. xviii.)

108. Pentathlon. Panathenaic amphora. Leyden. 361
Sixth century. (_Arch. Zeit._, 1881, ix.)

109. Wrestling types on coins, in British Museum. 372
(_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 271.) (_a_, _b_, _c_) Aspendus,
fifth and fourth centuries; (_d_) Heraclea in
Lucania, fourth century; (_e_, _f_) Syracuse,
_circa_ 400 B.C.; (_g_) Alexandria, Antoninus Pius

110. One of a pair of wrestling-boys, generally 379
known as diskoboloi. Hellenistic period. Naples.
(From a photograph by Brogi)

111. Wrestling. Panathenaic amphora. British 381
Museum, B. 603. Archonship of Polyzelus, 367 B.C.
(_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 263)

112. Theseus and Cercyon wrestling. R.-f. kylix. 382
British Museum, E. 84. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 264)

113. Wrestling group from b.-f. amphora. British 383
Museum. B. 295. _Vide_ Fig. 143. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p.
270)

114. The flying mare. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, 384
E. 94. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 268)

115. The flying mare. Interior of Fig. 54 385

116. Wrestling groups. Prize vase. R.-f. krater of 386
Andocides. Berlin, 2159. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 270;
_American Journal of Archaeology_, 1896, p. 11)

117. Wrestling. R.-f. krater. Oxford, Ashmolean 387
Museum, 288. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 274; _Catalogue of
Ashmolean Museum_, Pl. xiii.)

118. Reverse of Fig. 143 388

119. Peleus and Atalanta. B.-f. amphora. Munich, 389
584. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 275; Gerh. _A. V._ 177)

120. Wrestling, cross-buttock. Panathenaic 390
amphora. Boulogne, Musée Municipale, 441. Sixth
century. (_Le Musée_, ii. p. 275, Fig. 15)

121. Wrestling groups. B.-f. amphora. Munich, 391
1336. (_J.H.S._ xxv. Pl. xii.)

122. Wrestling group, paidotribes. R.-f. kylix. 392
Philadelphia. (_Trans. of University of
Pennsylvania_, 1907, Pl. xxxv.)

123. Wrestling groups, brabeutes. B.-f. amphora. 393
Munich, 495. (_J.H.S._ xxv. Pl. xii.)

124. Theseus and Cercyon. R.-f. kylix. British 394
Museum, E. 48. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 285)

125. Theseus and Cercyon. R.-f. kylix. British 394
Museum, E. 36. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 285)

126. Theseus and Cercyon. Metope of Theseum. 395
(_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 286; _Greek Sculpture_, Fig. 66)

127. Bronze wrestling group. Paris. (Clarac, 802, 396
2014; Reinach, _Musée de Saint-Germain-en-Laye_,
124)

128. Wrestling, cross-buttock. B.-f. amphora. 397
Vatican. (_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 288; _Mus. Greg._ xvii.
1, _a_)

129. Bronze wrestling group. British Museum. 398
(_J.H.S._ xxv. Pl. xi.)

130. Bronze wrestling group. St. Petersburg. 399
(Stephani, _C.R._, 1867, i. 1, 5; _J.H.S._ xxv. p.
290)

131. Bronze wrestling group. Constantinople. 400
(_J.H.S._ xxv. p. 291; _Jahrb._, 1898, xi.)

132. Boxers taking the oath. R.-f. kylix. British 403
Museum, E. 63. (Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._ Fig. 54)

133. Boxing scenes. R.-f. kylix of Duris. British 404
Museum, E. 39. (_J.H.S._ xxvi. Pl. xii.; Jüthner,
_Ant. Turn._ Fig. 53)

134. Interior of Fig. 151 406

135. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, 407
B. 607. Archonship of Pytliodelus, B.C. 336.
(_Mon. d. I._ X., xlviii. _e_, 2; Jüthner, _Ant.
Turn._ Fig. 67)

136. Statue of boxer seated. Rome, Terme Museum. 408
(From a photograph by Anderson)

137. Right hand of boxer from Sorrento. Naples. 409
(Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._ Fig. 63)

138. Caestus from mosaic in the thermae of 411
Caracalla. Rome, Lateran. (Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._
Fig. 74)

139. Boxers (?) fighting over prize. Bronze 412
situla. Watsch. (Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._ Fig. 61;
_Mitth. d. Central. Comm._, 1883, Pl. ii.)

140. Boxers fighting over tripod. Fragment of 413
b.-f. situla from Daphnae. British Museum, B. 124.
(_Tanis_, ii. 30)

141. Boxer giving signal of defeat. B.-f. amphora 416
in British Museum, B. 271. For reverse _vide_ Fig.
71

142. Boxers, runners, jumper, wearing loin-cloth. 418
B.-f. stamnos. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 252.
(De Ridder, _Catalogue des Vases peints_, i. p.
160)

143. Boxers, wrestlers. B.-f. amphora of 420
Nicosthenes. British Museum, B. 295. _Vide_ Figs.
113, 118

144. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Berlin, 1831. 422
Sixth century. (Jüthner, _Ant. Turn._ Fig. 60)

145. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Campana Coll. 423
Sixth century. (Stephani, _C.R._, 1876, 109, 44)

146. Boxers. R.-f. kylix of Pamphaeus. Corneto. 424
(Marquardt, _Pentathlon_, Pl. i.; _Mon. d. I._
XI., xxiv.)

147. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Louvre, F. 278. 425
Sixth century. (_J.H.S._ xxvi. p. 222)

148. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, 427
B. 612. Fourth century

149. Marble head of boxer, with ear-lappets. 433
Formerly in possession of Fabretti. (Schreiber,
_Atlas_, xxiv. 8; Fabretti, _De Columna Trajani_,
p. 267)

150. Boxers, akontistes, diskobolos, runners. 433
B.-f. hydria. British Museum, B. 326. (Marquardt,
_Pentathlon_, Pl. ii.)

151. Pankration, boxing, hoplitodromos. R.-f. 436
kylix. British Museum, E. 78. (_J.H.S._ xxvi. Pl.
xiii.)

152. Pankration. R.-f. kylix. Baltimore. (_J.H.S._ 437
xxvi. p. 9; Hartwig, _Meisterschalen_, Pl. lxiv.)

153. Pankration. Fragment of R.-f. kylix. Berlin. 438
(_J.H.S._ xxvi. p. 8; Hartwig, _Meisterschalen_,
Fig. 12)

154. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth 439
century. (_Mon. d. I._ I., xxii.)

155. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth 440
century. (_Mon. d. I._ I. xxii.)

156. Heracles and Antaeus. B.-f. hydria, Munich, 441
114. (_J.H.S._ xxvi. p. 21; _Arch. Zeit._, 1878,
x.)

157. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora of Kittos. 442
British Museum, B. 604. Fourth century. (_J.H.S._
xxvi. Pl. iii.)

158. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. British 443
Museum, B. 610. Archonship of Nicetes, 332 B.C.
(_J.H.S._ xxvi. Pl. iv.)

159. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Lamberg 444
Coll. (_J.H.S._ i. Pl. vi.)

160. Heracles and Triton. B.-f. amphora. British 445
Museum, B. 223. (_J.H.S._ xxvi. p. 15)

161. Heracles and Antaeus. R.-f. kylix. Athens. 446
(_J.H.S._ x. Pl. i.; xxvi. p. 11)

162. Wrestling groups on Graeco-Roman gems in 447
British Museum. (_J.H.S._ xxvi. p. 10)

163. Marble group of pankratiasts. Uffizi Palace, 449
Florence. (Photograph by Brogi)

164. Plan of Aphesis in Hippodrome at Olympia. 453
(After Weniger. _Clio_, 1909, p. 303)

165. Four-horse chariot-race. Panathenaic amphora 456
found at Sparta. Sixth century. (_B.S.A._ xiii.
Pl. v.)

166. Two-horse chariot-race. Panathenaic amphora. 458
British Museum, B. 132. Sixth century

167. Coins of Philip II. of Macedon, in British 459
Museum, (_a_) Silver tetradrachm; victorious
jockey with palm branch, (_b_) Gold stater;
two-horse chariot

168. Silver tetradrachm of Rhegium, in British 460
Museum. Early fifth century. Mule chariot

169. Riding-race. Panathenaic amphora. British 461
Museum, B. 133. Sixth century

170. Silver staters of Tarentum, in British 462
Museum. Third century. (_a_) Mounted torch-bearer.
(_b_) Apobates dismounting

171. Silver tetradrachms of Catana, in British 464
Museum. Fifth century. Four-horse chariot

172. Silver decadrachms of Sicily, in British 465
Museum. Four-horse chariot, (_a_) Agrigentum,
413-406 B.C. (_b_) Syracuse, 400-360 B.C.

173. Scenes in gymnasium. Boxers, wrestlers, 473
paidotribai, diskobolos, akontistes. R.-f. kylix.
Canino Coll. (Gerh. _A. V._ 271)

174. Riding lesson in gymnasium. R.-f. kylix. 474
Munich, 515. (_Arch. Zeit._, 1885, xi.)

175. Scenes in apodyterion of gymnasium. R.-f. 475
kylix. Copenhagen. (Gerh. _A. V._ 281)

176. Scene in apodyterion. R.-f. krater. Berlin, 476
2180. (_Arch. Zeit._, 1879, 4)

177. Boxing, massage. Bronze cista. Vatican. 477
(_Mus. Greg_. i. 37)

178. Korykos. Small r.-f. amphora. St. Petersburg, 478
Hermitage, 1611. (_Annali_, 1870, R.)

179. Korykos. Ficoroni cista. Kirchner Museum, 479
Rome. (Müller-Wieseler, _Denkmäl. d. alt. Kunst_,
i. 61, 309)

180. Men washing at fountain. B.-f. hydria. 480
Leyden, 7794 b. (Roulez, _Choix de vases peints du
Musée de Leyde_, Pl. xix.)

181. Youths washing at a public basin. R.-f. vase. 481
(Tischbein, _Vases Hamilton_, i. 58)

182. Youths washing at a basin. R.-f. kylix. 482
British Museum, E. 83. (Gerh. _A. V._ 277; Tucker,
_Life in Ancient Athens_, Fig. 36)

183. Strigil in British Museum, inscribed with 483
owner’s name Κέλων. Fifth century. (_B.M.
Bronzes_, 256)

184. Plan of gymnasium at Delphi. (_B.C.H._, 1899, 484
Pl. xiii.)

185. Plan of palaestra at Olympia. (_Olympia_, 487
Taf. lxxiii.)

186. Stele of Diodorus, a gymnasiarch; showing 490
oil-tank, crown, palms, votive tablets, and
wrestler’s cap. Found at Prusa. Imperial period.
(_Berichte d. Sächsischen Gesellschaft d.
Wissenschaften_, 1873, Pl. i.; Schreiber, _Atlas_,
xxi. 6)

187. Plan of lower gymnasium, Priene. (_Priene_, 493
Fig. 271)

188. Bath-room in gymnasium, Priene. (_Priene_, 495
Fig. 278)

189. Plan of gymnasia at Pergamum. (Simplified 499
from _Ath. Mitth._ xxix. Pl. viii.; xxxiii. Pl.
xviii.)

190. Stele representing victorious crew. Athens. 508
Hellenistic period. (_J.H.S._ xi. p. 149)

LIST OF THE COMMONEST ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES

_Arch. Zeit_ Archäologische Zeitung.

_Ath. Mitth._ Mittheilungen des Deutschen Arch. Inst.,
Athenische Abtheilung.

_B.C.H._ Bulletin de Correspondance hellénique.

_Berl. Vas._ Furtwängler, Beschreibung der
Vasensammlung zu Berlin.

_B.M. Bronzes_ British Museum Catalogue of Bronzes.

_B.M.C._ British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins.

_B.M. Vases_ British Museum Catalogue of Vases, 1893,
etc.

_B.S.A._ Annual of the British School at Athens.

_C.I.G._ Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

_C.R._ Comptes rendus de l’Académie des
Inscriptions.

Dar.-Sagl. Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des
antiquités.

Ditt. _Syll._ Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum
Graecarum.

Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. Ἐφημερὶς Ἀρχαιολογική.

Gerhard, _A. V._ Gerhard, Auserlesene Vasenbilder.

_Greek Sculpture_ E. A. Gardner, Handbook of Greek
Sculpture.

_I.G._ Inscriptions Graecae.

_Jahrb._ Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen
Instituts.

_J.H.S._ Journal of Hellenic Studies.

Krause, _Gym._ J. H. Krause, Die Gymnastik und
Agonistik der Hellenen.

_Mon. d. I._ Monumenti dell’ Instituto.

_Ol._ Olympia. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung.

_Ol. Ins._ Die Inschriften von Olympia = Textb. v.
of “Die Ergebnisse.”

_Ox. Pap._ Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri.

_Rev. Arch._ Revue Archéologique.

_Röm. Mitth._ Mittheilungen des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts, Römische
Abtheilung.