Chapter V (11)

Divine right of Kings, results of the abandonment of the theological
fiction of, ii. 182

Dolben, John, his character as Archbishop of York, i. 392

Dolomieu, his geological labours, ii. 368

'Domat, Life of,' by Prévost de la Jannes, suppressed, ii. 237

Douglas, Earls of, treacherously murdered by James II., iii. 49-52.
Subsequent power of the family, 57. Driven into exile, 60. Harboured
by Henry VIII. in England, 64. Return home, 69

Dramas, French, of the seventeenth century, ii. 208

Dreams, Plato's conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of,
i. 16 _note_

Dress, interference of the French Protestants with, ii. 60, 71. Dress
of the French during the reign of Louis XIV., Louis XV., and just
before the Revolution, 411

Droughts, frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427

Dryburgh Abbey, burnt by the English, iii. 15

Dryden, John, little effect of the intellect of France on his works,
i. 235. His satires, 235 _note_

Duclos, his 'History of Louis XI.' suppressed, ii. 238. His method of
writing history, 300

Duellings, causes of the greater popularity of, in France than in
England, ii. 136. Relation between chivalry and duelling, 137 _note_

Duhamel de Monceau, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397

Dukes, the order of, in abeyance in England for fifty years, ii. 146

Dumouriez, his familiarity with the English language and literature,
ii. 224

Dunbar, town of, iii. 32 _note_. Scotch presbyterian view of the
battle of, 201 _note_

Dundee burnt by the English, iii. 16

Dunfermline burnt by the English, iii. 16. Scanty population of the
town up to the seventeenth century, 27

Dupleix, Scipio, his new method of writing history, ii. 268. His
system of philosophy, 269

Dury, John, opposes episcopacy in Scotland, iii. 95. Banished from
Edinburgh, 102. Brought back in triumph, 103. Preaches in favour of
the Ruthven conspiracy, 104

Duvernet, his punishment for having written a history of the
Sorbonnes, ii. 237

Earthquakes, tendency of the fear of, to inflame the imagination, i.
122. Effect of the atmospherical changes preceding earthquakes upon
the nervous system of man, 122. Physiological effects of the fear of
earthquakes, 122, 123. Effect of earthquakes in encouraging
superstition, 123. The great earthquake at Sumbawa in 1815, 126
_note_. Frequency of earthquakes in Spain, ii. 428

Eclipses, feelings with which our fathers regarded, i. 376.
Authorities as to the superstition excited by, 377

Edda, compilation of the elder and younger, i. 301

Edinburgh burnt by Richard II., iii. 16. Population of, in the
sixteenth century, 30. Houses of the poorer classes at this time, 31
_note_. Riot of 1637, 132. Foundation of the 'Edinburgh Society' for
the improvement of manufactures, 181 _note_

Edward I. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 12

Edward III. of England, his attacks on Scotland, iii. 16. His cruelty
there, 16

Egypt, causes of its wealth and civilization, i. 48, 49. Area of the
cultivable land of, 49 _note_. Science unknown to the Egyptians, 49.
Causes of their civilization as compared with the condition of the
other races in Africa, 82. Fertility of the soil, and abundance of the
national food, dates, 83-86. Cheapness of the dhourra of Upper Egypt,
86. Lotos bread, 87. The [Greek: kyamos] of Herodotus, 87 _note_.
Encouragement given to the increase of Egyptian population by the
fertility of the Nile, 87 _note_. Evidence of Diodorus Siculus and
Herodotus, 88, 89. Testimony of the condition of the people afforded
by the existing costly and stupendous ruins, 90, 92. The two ranks of
society in Egypt, 91. Tenacity with which old manners and customs were
adhered to by them, 116. Forms of the incarnation of the Deity
presented by their artists, 143 _note_. Fifty-three cities of Egypt
bearing the same name, 298 _note_

Election, doctrine of. See Predestination

Electricity, experiments of [OE]pinus, D'Alibard, and Coulumb,
ii. 362. Popularity of electricity in France at the latter part of the
last century, 407 _note_

Elizabeth, Queen, feelings of the nobility in the reign of, ii. 139.
Her conduct towards the nobility and clergy, 143. Character of her
government, 146

Emilius, Paulus, his 'Actions of the French,' ii. 264

'Encylopædia,' publication of the, in France, ii. 351

Encylopædias, invention of, i. 433. Harris's 'Dictionary' the first,
433 _note_

England, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross
produce in, i. 75. Causes of the extinction of the love of war in,
198. The military classes in the twelfth century, 205 _note_. And in
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 205 _note_. Reasons why the
present history is confined to that of England, 231. Characteristics
of the history of England compared with those of France, 232-236. With
those of Germany, 237. And with those of America, 240. Reasons why the
history of England is more valuable than any other to the philosopher,
242, 252. England less interfered with by Government, and therefore
more prosperous than other nations, 286. Popular belief in the Trojan
descent of the English Kings, 309 _note_. Secular philosophy of the
seventeenth century, 329. Legislative improvements in the reign of
Charles II. in spite of the political degradation of the age, 381-386.
These improvements due to the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. And
to the vices and prejudices of Charles II., 388, 389. Proximate causes
of the Revolution of 1688, 399, 400. Importance of this Revolution,
402. War between England and the American Colonies, 477-481.
Importance of the success of the Americans to the preservation of the
liberties of England, 482, 483. The unjust war against France in 1793,
486. And its effect in England in producing arbitrary laws, 487.
Obligations England is under to the Roman Catholic clergy, ii. 5
_note_. Feeling of the English people as to theological disputes in
the twelfth as compared with the sixteenth centuries 6, 7. Secular
character of the civil wars in England, 7. Indifference of the people
to the rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward
VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 7. Contempt into which excommunication fell
in England, 59 _note_. Importance of the press in England in the
middle of the seventeenth century, 99. Analogy between the great Civil
war and the war of the Fronde, 99, 100. Summary of the progress of
toleration in England, 102. Point at which a marked divergence between
England and France begins, 105. Causes of this difference, 106.
Comparison of the protective spirit in France and England, 108 _et
seq._ The first instance in England of the execution of an apostate,
109, 110 _note_. Reasons why the aristocracy in France were more
powerful than in England, 113. Period of the union of Normans and
Saxons, 116. Union of the nobles and people in forcing the Crown to
concede popular privileges, 116, 117. Origin of the House of Commons,
117. Sources whence the people imbibed their tone of independence,
118. Consequences of the social divergence between France and England
in the fourteenth century, 119. The three most important guarantees
for the liberties of England, 119, 120. The state of France under
centralization contrasted with that of England under municipal
government, 126, 127. Extinction of villenage in England, 128.
Illustration of the early and radical difference between France and
England, 131. Feeble influence of chivalry in England, 134. The
Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Effect of the
Wars of the Roses upon the nobles, 138. The clergy and nobles both
weakened by Elizabeth, 143. Aristocratic character of the rebellion of
1569, 144. Character of the reign of Elizabeth, 146. Attempts of James
I. and Charles I. to revive the power of the nobles and the old
protective spirit, 147. Difference between the great English Rebellion
and the Fronde, 140, 150. Abolition of the house of Peers, 153. The
self-denying ordinance, 153. The leaders of the Rebellion, 155, 159.
Barbarism and ferocity of the English people of the seventeenth
century, according to the French writers, 214, 215. The results of the
suppression of religious scepticism in England and France compared,
257. Prejudice existing in England against Voltaire, 313. Arminianism
the popular creed at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 340.
But it gives way to Calvinism at the death of Charles I., 340.
Singular dearth of great thinkers in England during the eighteenth
century, 374. Progress of England, notwithstanding the unskilfulness
of her rulers, 466. Amazement of Frenchmen at the liberty enjoyed by
Englishmen at the beginning of the eighteenth century, 237

Enlistment for life, Burke's opposition to, i. 463. Enlistment for a
term of years first authorized, 463 _note_

Ensenada, his endeavours to improve the state of Spain, ii. 535

Episcopacy, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 94 _et seq._ Andrew
Melville called [Greek: hepiskopomastix], 97 _note_. Struggle between
the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy, 100, 191

Erskine, Lord, his idiomatic English, ii. 307 _note_

Essex, Earl of, joins the parliamentary forces, but suspected by the
democrats, ii. 151, 152

Europe, the civilization of, governed by climates, i. 50. Social and
political consequences of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65.
Influence of physical causes in accelerating the progress of man in
Europe, 82. Differences between the civilizations in and out of, 152.
The energies of nature tamed by man in, 154. The country outstripped
by the populations of the towns in, 156. Mental laws more important
than physical for the history of, 156. Contrast between ancient and
modern military genius in, 199-202

Europe, remarks on the origin of the ecclesiastical establishments of,
i. 259-263. Benefits conferred by literature on, 267. Condition of
the mind of, from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269

Excommunication, a French Protestant, ii. 59. Notions of theologians
respecting, 59 _note_. Contempt into which excommunication fell in
England, 59 _note_

Expediency, doctrine of, i. 425, 426. Its gradual diffusion amongst
us, 426 _note_

Eye, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78

Fables, Voltaire's demolition of the belief in national, ii. 312

Falkirk, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_

Famines, impossibility of the return of, in Europe, i. 155. List of,
155 _note_. Frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427

Fathers, authority of the, according to Jewel and Hooker, i. 340.
Chillingworth's contempt for their authority, 349. Exposure of the
gross absurdities of the, 428

Favart, Madame, story of, ii. 243

Fear, special tendency of, to inflame the imagination, i. 120

Fenacute, story of the giant, i. 320

Fénelon, treatment of, by Louis XIV., ii. 276. His 'Telemachus,' 276

Ferdousi, his 'Shah Nameh,' and its authority in Persian history,
i. 303

Fermat, his services to geometry, ii. 190

Fernel, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195

Ferrier, excommunicated by the French Protestants, ii. 58. Result of
this measure, 59, 60

Fetichism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Comte,
i. 251 _note_

Feud, feudum, first use of the words, ii. 110 _note_

Feudal incidents, destruction of, in England, i. 386

Feudal system, origin of the, in Europe, ii. 110. Connexion between it
and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Does not destroy the spirit
of protection, but only compels it to assume a new form, 111.
Commencement of the European hereditary aristocracy, 112. The power of
the English and French aristocracy compared, 113 _et seq._
Sub-infeudation in France and in England, 119. Boncerf's treatise on
feudal law, 237. Voltaire's, the first historical endeavour to explain
the origin of feudality, 302

Fever, Cullen's theory of, iii. 424

Finance, suppression of the works of Darigrand and Le Trosne on,
ii. 238. Sudden eagerness in France in the eighteenth century for
inquiries relating to, 328, 329. Necker's celebrated Report, 329.
Burke's the first financial reforms, 464

Fire-arms, invention of, i. 206

Flanders, exports from, into Scotland, iii. 24

Food, effect of the supply of, among wandering and agricultural
tribes, i. 8. Moral consequences of diminishing the precariousness of
food, 9. Influence of food on the human race, 40. The two effects of
food necessary to existence, 55. Influence of climate on the necessary
kind of food, 56, 60. Connexion between food and the laws of
population, 57, 66, 88. Carbon and oxygen in food, 60-62. Amount of
carbon required in food in summer and in winter, 63. The potato, the
principal food of the labouring class in Ireland, 65. Countries
asserted to be more populous when the ordinary food is vegetable than
when it is animal, 68 _note_. Character of the general food of the
people of India, rice, 70. And of that of Egypt, dates, 83.
Extraordinary fecundity of the maize and banana plants in America,
109-111. Instances from the animal kingdom, proving the connexion
between carbonized food and the respiratory functions, 148. French and
German discoveries as to the functions of food, 367

Forbes, James, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 203 _note_

Force, indestructibility of, iii. 363

Forces, theory of the parallelogram of, i. 30

Forestalling and regrating, Burke's attack of the laws against, i. 462

Forgetfulness, laws regulating, i. 32

Fornication made a felony by the English Commonwealth, i. 361 _note_.
Repeal of the law by Charles II., 362 _note_

Fossils, Daubenton's labours respecting fossil bones, ii. 371.
Previous opinions as to, 371 _note_. Researches of Agassiz in fossil
ichthyology, 383

Fourcroy, popularity of his lectures on chemistry, ii. 407 _note_

Fourier, his views as to the laws of the conduction of heat, ii. 362.
His mathematical theory, 362

Fox, Charles James, his remark on good churchmen, i. 395 _note_. His
declaration in the House of Commons against the arbitrary laws
proposed for extinguishing the liberties of the country, 493

Fox, Henry his eminent statesmanship, i. 450. Causes of George III.'s
dislike of him, 450. Burke's character of Fox, 450 _note_. Burke's
rupture with him, 469

France, rent paid by the cultivator, in proportion to the gross
produce of the land, i. 75. French notions of the English people
previous to the application of steam to purposes of travelling, 219.
The history of England compared with that of France, 234. Debt which
French owes to English civilization, 236. Effects of the interference
of the government with the people, 236. The results of the suppression
of scepticism in France compared with the exercise of individual
judgment in England, 257. How and when the political institutions of
France might have been saved, 258. Condition of historical literature
in France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 261-273.
Proximate causes of the French Revolution after the middle of the
eighteenth century, 325 _et seq._ The social changes of the French
people immediately preceding the Revolution, 405. Instances of this,
406-412. Tolerance and freedom from superstition of the French, 263.
Great numbers of smugglers in France in the last century, 279. The
bards of ancient Gaul, 292 _note_. Corruption of Druidical traditions
in Gaul by Christian priests, 306. Popular belief in the middle ages
of the Trojan descent of the French kings, 309. Pork a common food in
France in the time of Charlemagne, 314 _note_. Effects of the writings
of Descartes, 329. Detestation of George III. of the French people,
448. Burke's epithets applied to France and the French at the time of
the Revolution, 472. Effects produced by the French Revolution upon
the policy of the English government, 484. First step towards an open
rupture between England and France, 485. Effects of the execution of
Louis XVI., 485

France, Causes which gave rise to the civil wars of the seventeenth
century, ii. 56 _et seq._ Condé's rebellion in 1615, 61. Rebellion of
the Protestants in Béarn, 61, 62. And at La Rochelle, 63-66. Results
which would have happened if the Protestants had gained the upper
hand, 67-72. Breaking out of the war of the Fronde, 99. Importance of
the press in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95. Analogy
between the great civil war of England and the war of the Fronde, 99,
100. Summary of the progress of toleration in France, 102. Point at
which a marked divergence between England and France begins, 105.
Causes of this difference, 106. Comparison of the protective spirit in
France and England, 108 _et seq._ Reasons why the feudal aristocracy
were more powerful in France than in England, 113-118. In France every
man either a tyrant or a slave, 119. System of subinfeudation, 119.
Consequences of the early social divergence between England and France
in the fourteenth century, 119-121. Futility of French municipal
institutions, 121. Feebleness of the States-General, 121. Beginning of
the tendency to centralization in France, 122. Its baneful effects,
122, 123. Machinery by which it is worked, 123. Number of civil
functionaries in the country, 123 _note_. Mode of examining criminals
in France, 124. And of preventing crime, 125. The education of the
people controlled by the government, 125. The worst kind of monopoly
established by the government, and its effects on the people, 126. The
great power and tyranny of the nobles, 128. Slavery in France, 129.
The inequality of taxation, 129. Privileges reserved to themselves by
the nobles, 130. Illustration of the early and radical difference
between France and England, from the history of chivalry, 131-134.
From the vanity of the French, 136. And from the practice of duelling,
136. Difference between the Fronde and the great English rebellion,
149. Objects of the Fronde, 149, 150. Causes why a war of classes was
impossible, 150. Results of the energy of the protective spirit and
power of the nobles on the issue of the Fronde, 160. Vanity and
imbecility of the French nobles, 162, 163. Examination of the
consequences of the protective spirit being carried into literature by
Louis XIV., 176. Servility of the people at this period, 177.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., 178. The subsequent
dragonnades, 179. And their disastrous effects on the prosperity of
France, 181. Universal decline of France during the latter part of the
reign of Louis XIV., 210. Joy of the people at his death, 213.
Indignities to which French literary men were subject in the
eighteenth century, one of the precursors of the revolution, 230-242.
Outrages committed by the upper classes in the same period, 243.
Stringent cruelty of the French laws, 244. Proposal of the French
avocat-general in 1780 respecting new books, 245. The crusade against
Christianity in the last century, 247. Causes of the excessive loyalty
of the French people, 249. War of opinion between France and Spain in
the fifth and sixth centuries, 435

Francis I. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12

Franks, their conversion to Christianity and attack of their Visigoth
neighbours, ii. 435

Frauds and Perjuries, security to private property effected by the
Statute of, i. 385

Frederick the Great, contrast between his warlike and domestic policy,
i. 201

Free Trade. See Trade.

Free will, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of the
theory of, 13. Connexion of free will with Arminianism, 14

Féret, causes of his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. 235

Fresnel, his researches into the laws of light, ii. 362

Frewen, Dr., Archbishop of York, his character, i. 392

Froissart, his the earliest instance in the Middle Ages of an
improvement in writing history, i. 325

Fronde, war of the, analogy between it and the civil war in England,
ii. 99. Difference between the Fronde and the great English Rebellion,
149. Character and position of the leaders of the Fronde, 160. And
consequent failure of the rebellion, 168-173

Fruit, amount of carbon in, i. 61

Fuch's, his investigations in the vegetable kingdom, ii. 198 _note_

Gaimar, his translation into Anglo-Norman of Geoffrey Monmouth's
history, i. 325

Garlon, suppression of the 'Therapeutics' of, ii. 238

Garrows, cause of their superstitions respecting the tiger,
i. 125 _note_

Gascoigne, his invention of the micrometer, ii. 192

Gassion, raised to the dignity of French marshal, ii. 98. Authorities
respecting him, 98 _note_

Gaul, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle
Ages, i. 311

Génard, suppression of his 'School of Man,' ii. 238

Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Monmouth, his history of King Arthur, i. 321.
Translations of the work, 324, 325

Geography, physical, study of, i. 2

Geology, first exhibition of the sceptical character of, i. 429
_note_. Views of Dr. Arnold and Mr. Baden Powell, 430 _note_. Buffon's
recantation of some of his views on, ii. 236. Causes of its great
progress in modern times, 365. Labours of French geologists at the
latter part of the last century, 368. Cuvier's foundation of
palæontological science, 369 _note_. Remains of organic and inorganic
life in the secondary and tertiary strata, 370. The doctrine of
universal changes, 369, 371. Daubenton's union of comparative anatomy
with geology, 371. Character of Hutton's geological speculations, iii.
388, 396. Causes which have altered and are still altering the crust
of the earth, 388. The deductive and inductive methods of studying
geology, 390. William Smith's foundation of English geology, 391.
Werner's foundation of the German school, 393. Hall's verification of
Hutton's views, 401

Geometry, algebra first successfully applied to, by Descartes, ii. 77.
Who is regarded as the first geometrician of the age, 80. Ages of
Descartes and Fermat, 189, 190. Hypothetical arguments as exhibited
by, iii. 306

George I., his utter ignorance of the English language, i. 441

George II., his indifferent knowledge of the English language, i. 441.
His ignorance of English politics, 442. His highest ambition,
442 _note_

George III., fortunate circumstances which surrounded his accession, i.
444. Revival of the doctrine of divine right, 445. The king's respect
for church ceremonies, 445 _note_. Alliance between the Crown and the
clergy, 445. The king's ignorance, 446. And hatred of great statesmen,
446, 447. Favour with which he regarded slavery, 447. His hatred of
the French, 448. The 'King's Friends,' 448, 449. Notorious incapacity
of his ministers, 449. His hatred of the elder Pitt and of Fox, 449,
450. Mode in which he brought the House of Lords into disrepute, 453.
His hatred of the Americans, 466. Favours Burke in his violent old
age, 476, 477. His policy respecting the American colonies, 477, 479.
Reaction of this policy upon England, 481, 482. His policy towards the
French republic, 484 _et seq._ His monstrous principles, 466. His
inability however, to do harm to English institutions, 466

George IV., his character, ii. 466

Germany, Comparison of the history of England and, i. 237.
Interference of the German governments with the people, 237. Origin of
German literature, 237. Character of German intellect among the
highest and lowest minds, 238, 239. Process through which the esoteric
literature of Germany is passing at the present time, 267. Cultivation
of metaphysics in Germany in the latter part of the last century,
ii. 373

Gervaise, suppression of the 'Letters' of, ii. 237

Gibbon, Edward, fame of his 'Decline and Fall,' i. 429 _note_. His
fifteenth and sixteenth chapters, 429

Gipsies, origin of the, according to the writers of the middle ages,
i. 312

Glasgow in the fifteenth century, iii. 26, 27. Rise and progress of,
175. The first bank at, 181

Gloves, Spanish manufacture of, in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, ii. 502

Goblets, game of, forbidden to be seen by French Protestants, ii. 70

God, Cartesian method of the ultimate proof of the existence of,
ii. 89. Horrible notions of the Scotch clergy respecting, iii. 239

Gomberville, his refutation of the idle stories as to the extreme
antiquity of the French, ii. 270

Gongora, the Spanish poet, ii. 480

Göthe, his obligations to Mallet's 'History of Denmark,' ii. 299

Gordon, Dr., the nonjuring bishop, i. 412 _note_

Government, inquiry into the influence of, on the progress of society,
i. 272. Illustrated by the abolition of the corn laws, 273. The most
important measures of modern British legislation the result of
pressure from without, 275. The best legislation the result of the
abrogation of former legislation, 275. Injuries caused to trade by the
interference of politicians, 276. Smuggling, with all its attendant
crimes, caused by legislation, 277. Baneful effects of legislative
attempts to encourage religious truth, and discourage religious error,
281. Consequent increase of hypocrisy and perjury, 281, 282. And of
usury by the laws against usury, 283. Effects of legislation in
hindering the advance of knowledge, 284. England less interfered with
by government than other nations, 286. True duties of legislators,
287. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of theology, 326-328.
Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of
political degradation, 381

Gowrie conspiracy, the, iii. 110

Gracian, the Spanish Jesuit and prose writer, ii. 480

Granada, capture of, from the Arabs, ii. 440

Gravitation, Newton's discovery of the law of, ii. 191. Tardy
reception of the law in France, 191, 192

Greece, condition of, contrasted with that of India, i. 138. Its area,
138. Its material phenomena, 139. Comparison of the Greek and Hindu
divinities, 140. The hero-worship of the Greeks, 144. Statesmen,
orators, and authors of ancient, 199. Reason of the evanescence of the
civilization of ancient Greece, 267

Greek language forbidden by the French Protestants to be taught,
ii. 69

Greek Church, cause of the small amount of authority possessed by the
head of the, compared with that of the Latin Church, ii. 303

Greenock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise and
progress of, 174

Grenobles, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60

Grew, Dr. Nathaniel, his botanical discoveries, ii. 199, 200

Grey, Mr. (afterwards Earl), his remarks in the House on the
subservient conduct of Pitt, i. 447 _note_

Grimaldi, prime minister of Spain, ii. 545

Grosley, his admiration for England, ii. 228. Suppression of his
'Memoirs on Troyes,' 238

Grotius, his principles of foreign policy compared with those of
Vattel, ii. 40 _note_

Guibert, suppression of his work on 'Military Tactics,' ii. 238

Guise, the murder of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in
the, ii. 11

Guises, their influence in Scotland, iii. 77, 78

Guizot, his republication of Mably's 'Observations,' ii. 236

Gunpowder, invention of, i. 203. And of fire-arms, 204. Gunpowder
first used in mining towns, 206 _note_. Influence of the invention of,
in lessening the warlike spirit, 206-209

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, his domestic and warlike policy
contrasted, i. 200

Guthrie, the Scotch preacher, iii. 202 _note_, 204 _note_

Habeas Corpus Act, passing of the, i. 385. Effect of the suspension of
the, in 1794, 496

Haco, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 11

Haillan, Du, his the first history of France, ii. 264. Character of
his work, 264, 265

Hajin tribe, cause of their worship of the tiger, i. 125 _note_

Hall, Chief Baron, his charge to the jury in a case of witchcraft in
1665, i. 363 _note_

Hall, Sir James, his verification of the geological speculations of
Hutton, iii. 401

Hardwicke, Lord, his notions of political economy, i. 211 _note_

Harris, his account of the extinction of feudalism, i. 386

Harriss's 'Dictionary of Arts and Sciences,' the origin of
Encyclopædias, i. 433 _note_

Harvey, his discovery of the circulation of the blood, ii. 80. Denies
the existence of the lacteals, 81 _note_

Haüy, his studies in crystallography, ii. 401

Heat, together with moisture, the causes which regulate the fertility
of every country, i. 96. Difference between the heat of the eastern
and western coasts of North America, 98; and of South America, 100.
French researches on the phenomena of heat in the last century, ii.
361. The laws of heat, iii. 362. The indestructibility of force and
interchange of forces, 363. Black's theory of latent heat, 367.
Leslie's philosophy, 383

Heat, animal food necessary for keeping up the, i. 55, 58. The
blood-corpuscles and animal heat, 58 _note_. Heat disengaged by the
union of carbon and oxygen, 58, 59 _note_

Heavenly witnesses, controversy on the text of the, i. 429

Helvétius, his knowledge of the English language and literature,
ii. 218. His admiration for England, 229. Persecuted by the
government, 236. His professed atheism, 352. Analysis of his essay
'On the Mind,' 353

Hénault, his method of writing history, ii. 300

Henrion, his views as to fossil bones, ii. 371 _note_

Henry II. of England, his destruction of the baronial castles,
ii. 114 _note_

Henry II. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12

Henry III. of England, his inability to do permanent harm to English
institutions, ii. 466

Henry III. of France, murder of, predominance of the theological
spirit shown in the, ii. 11. His zeal against heresy, 13. His
affection for monks, 29 _note_

Henry IV. of France, his accession, ii. 12. His character as a ruler,
12. His apostasies, 13, 14. Publishes the Edict of Nantes, 14. Refuses
to accede to the pope's request to punish the Protestants, 22, 23. His
measures for their protection, 23, 24. His death, 24. Henry the first
French sovereign stained with the imputation of heresy, 267

Henry IV. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 18 _note_

Henry VII. of England, his establishment of the Yeomen of the Guard,
ii. 7 _note_

Henry VIII. of England, indifference of the people to his arrangement
of the formularies of the Church, ii. 7. His bodyguard, 7 _note_.
Character of his reign, 138

Henshaw, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199

Herculaes, origin of the story of the exploits of, i. 297

Hereditary descent connected with the formation of character, question
of, i. 176 _note_. Hereditary talents, vices, and virtues, 177 _note_

Heresies, the great religious, founded on previous philosophies, i. 11
_note_. Destruction by the legislature of the writ 'De Hæretico
Comburendo,' 383. The first papal call on the secular power to punish,
ii. 109 _note_. Harshness of the early Spanish laws for the punishment
of heresy, 438

Hero-worship, ancient Greek, causes of the, i. 144

'High-church' and 'low-church,' origin of the terms, i. 412 _note_

Highlanders, their ferocity, iii. 21, 22. Let loose upon the
Lowlanders in 1678, 145. The only powerful friends of James II., 151.
Their love of war and rapine, 151, 152. Reasons which induced them to
rebel in favour of the exiled Stuarts, 152. Their rebellions of 1715
and 1745 not the result of loyalty, 153. Their veneration for their
chieftains, 156 _note_. Their insignificance after 1745, 157, 168

Hill, Sir John, his the first publication of popular scientific works
in numbers, i. 432 _note_. His great success, 432 _note_

Hilton, Laird of, story of the, and the minister, iii. 217

Hindostan, Persian origin of the word, i. 69 _note_

History, statement of the resources for investigating, i. 1.
Confidence in the value of, 1. Use made of the materials for
investigating, 3. Instances of endeavours to remedy the backwardness
of history, 4. Present prospects of historical literature, 5.
Inferiority of the most celebrated historians to the most successful
cultivators of physical science, 7. Materials from which a philosophic
history can alone be composed, 20, 33. Reasons why historians have not
yet collected materials for writing history, 229. Reasons why the
present history is restricted to that of England, 231, 242. Hume's
method of treating history, 251 _note_. Why the history of England is
eminently valuable, 252. Origin of history, and state of historical
literature during the Middle Ages, 288. Value of historical inquiries
in throwing light on the changes in society, 290, 291. The ballad form
of the earliest histories, 291. Error in history caused by the
invention of writing, 296. Corruptions in early history caused by
changes in religion, 300. Illustration of this from Scandinavian
history, 301. Trustworthiness of histories where there has been no
change in religion, 301-304. The influence of the clergy the most
active cause of the corruption of early history, 307. Absurdities
believed in consequence, 309-325. Beginning of the first improvement
in writing modern history, 325. Prevalence of credulity in the time of
Comines, 326, 327. Character of Bodin's historical work, 326.
Intellectual regeneration of the seventeenth century, 329. Instances
of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This absurd way of
writing history the natural result of the spirit of the age, 333. The
history of every civilized country the history of its intellectual
development, 387. Importance to history of the question whether normal
phenomena should or should not precede the study of abnormal ones, ii.
1, 2 _note_. Condition of historical literature in France before the
end of the sixteenth century, 261. The Middle Age historians of France
merely annalists, 263. Du Haillan's the first French history, 264. De
Thou's work, 266. Sully's history, 266. Serres' view of the importance
of correct dates in history, 267. Dupleix's 'History of France,' 268.
La Popelinière's 'History of Histories,' 269. Improvement in the
method of writing history in the seventeenth century, 270. De Rubis's
work, 270. Gomberville's, 270. Berthault's, 270. Mezeray's great work,
271. The retrograde movement under Louis XIV., 273. As illustrated in
the works of Audigier and Bossuet, 279. Reasons why history is
superior to theology, 289. Bossuet's method of writing history
compared with that of Voltaire, 291. Other historians by whom
Voltaire's views were adopted, 299 _et seq._ His opinions as to
feudality, 302. As to free trade, 304. As to political economy, 304.
His demolition of the admiration entertained for classical works, and
for the fables of early history, 306-312. Value of Montesquieu's
method, 315. History separated from biography by him, 316, 317.
Turgot's views of the duties of a historian, 321. Difference between
certainty and precision in writing history, 325. The first and most
essential quality of an historian, iii. 186

Hobbes, Thomas, his works, i. 390. Animosity of the clergy against
him, 390. Encouraged by Charles II., 391. Popularity of his works at
this time, 391 _note_

Hogg, Thomas, story of, and the 'factour,' iii. 214

Holbach, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219

Holcus arundinaceus, use of, as food by the Egyptians, i. 87

Holland, rescued by man from the grasp of the sea, i. 154. Number of
Anabaptists put to death in, 186 _note_. The Dutch fleet in the Thames
and Medway, 382. Proposal of the Bishop of Beauvais, ii. 38 _note_.
Calvinism the popular creed of, 339. The war carried on by Philip II.
against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Number of heretics put to death by
Alva, 451

Holyrood robbed by the English, iii. 15

Homer, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 _note_

Hooke, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199

Hooker, Richard, his 'Ecclesiastical Polity' compared with Jewel's
'Apology for the Church of England,' i. 339, 340. And with
Chillingworth's 'Religion of Protestants,' 348. Connexion between the
Reformation and the views advocated by Hooker, 351. Locke's opinion of
his philosophy, 351. Compared with Chillingworth, ii. 86. His
scepticism, 86

Horst, Dr., his work on the Golden tooth, i. 332

Howe, John, his exile, i. 398

Huguenots. See Protestants, French

Humber, origin of the name of the, according to the historians of the
Middle Ages, i. 311

Hume, David, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 250, 426
_note_. His 'Natural History of Religion' and 'History of England,'
251. His views as to monotheism, 251 _note_. His 'Political
Discourses' translated into French by Le Blanc, ii. 219. Examination
of his philosophy, iii. 331. His want of imagination, 331. Importance
and novelty of his doctrines, 333. His disregard of facts, 337. His
method, 338. His injustice to Bacon, 338. His 'Natural History of
Religion,' 343. Comparison between his method and that employed by
Cudworth, 348

Humidity, together with heat, the causes which regulate fertility,
i. 96. Difference between the humidity of the eastern and western
coasts of North America, 98. And of South America, 100. Relation
between the amount of rain and the extent of coast, 99. The heavy
rains of Brazil, 103

Hungary, disease in, from eating pork, i. 314 _note_

Hunter, John, account of his generalizations, iii. 428. His grandeur
and obscurity of language, 428. Conflict of the methods employed by
him, and the consequent result, 429-432. His industry in collecting
facts, 433. His discovery as to the red globules of the blood, 436.
His inquiries as to the movements of animals and vegetables, 439. His
idea of uniting all the physical sciences, 443. His inquiry into the
malformation of crystals, 443. His physiological and pathological
inquiries, 447. His pathological speculations respecting the
principles of action and the principles of sympathy, 450 _et seq._
Causes of the little influence which he exercised over his English
contemporaries, 457

Hutcheson, Francis, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 248.
Remarks of Sir J. Mackintosh and M. Cousin, 248 _note_. Notice of him,
iii. 292. Examination of his philosophy, 292. Its results, tendency,
and method, 295-300

Hutton, James, his attempts to explain the former changes of the
earth's crust by reference solely to natural causes, i. 429 _note_.
Establishes the first library in Birmingham, 431 _note_. Character of
his geological speculations, iii. 388, 396. Verification of his views,
401

Hyænas regarded by the Abyssinians as enchanters, i. 126 _note_

Hydrostatics, Boyle's discoveries in, i. 368 _note_

Hypocrisy, cause of the increase of, due to evil legislation, i. 281

Idolatry, the natural fruit of ignorance, i. 258

Ichthyology, fossil, researches of Agassiz in, ii. 383

Ignorance and idolatry, i. 258. The 'learned ignorance' for which many
men are remarkable, 269

Imagination, special tendency of fear to inflame the, i. 120. Triumph
of the imagination in the tropics, from this cause, 121. Instances in
the case of earthquakes, 122. And in disease, 127. Imaginative
character of the literature of ancient India, 132. The imagination
controlled by the understanding in Greece 138-146

Imbert, his French translation of Clarke's 'Letters on Spain'
suppressed, ii. 234

Impeachments, general effect of the abolition of, i. 386

Independence, personal, idea of, takes root, i. 436. First occurrence
of the word 'independence,' in the modern acceptation of the word,
436 _note_

India, fertility and civilization of, i. 69. Character of the food of
the people of, 70, 71. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth in
India in all ages, 72. Amount of rent paid by the cultivator in India
in proportion to the gross produce of the land, 76. Testimony of
Bishop Heber to the poverty of the labouring classes, 77 _note_.
Provisions of the native laws respecting the caste of the Sudras, 78.
And of the Brahmins, 79, 80. Character of the ancient Indian
literature, 132. And of the religion and art of, 137. Contrasted with
Greece in these conditions, 137. Absence of harbours in India, 138.
Antiquity of the worship of Siva in, 141. The bards of, 292 _note_.
Causes of trustworthiness in the early history of, 301 _note_.
Antiquity of the history of, 302 _note_. Cause of the existence of
this history, 303 _note_

'Individualisme,' De Tocqueville on the word, i. 436 _note_

Indulgence, Declaration of, of James II., i. 397. Refusal of the
clergy to read it in their churches, 399

Indulgences, theory of, of the Church of Rome, ii. 339

Innovation, aversion of the aristocracy for, ii. 139

Inquisition in Spain, character of the founders of the, i. 187.
Establishment of the, in Spain, ii. 446. The different punishments for
heresy, 448. Attacked by Aranda, 547. The last heretic burned by the
Inquisition, 548

'Inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,' the first constitution
addressed, ii. 109

Insanity, former notions respecting, ii. 404. Pinel's views of the
aberrations of the human mind, 404

Insects, incredible number of, in Brazil, i. 106

Insolvents, Burke's opposition to the cruel laws against, i. 463

Intellect, English; English literature unknown in France in the reign
of Louis XIV., ii. 213. Causes of the junction of English and French
intellects after this king's death, 214. Essential difference between
the civilization of England and Spain, 465. Outline of the history of
the English intellect from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of
the eighteenth century, 333. Origin of religious toleration in
England, 337. Hooker contrasted with Jewel, 339, 340. Theology and
persecution, 344. Scepticism and the spirit of inquiry on other
subjects, 340. Chillingworth's 'Religion of Protestants,' 347. The
rapid increase of heresy in the middle of the seventeenth century, 347
_note_. Increasing indifference to theological matters, 350. The work
of Chillingworth a vindication of religious dissent, 352. Political
character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns
of James I. and Charles I., 359. Its frivolous form in the reign of
Charles II., 362. Progress of the English intellect in the seventeenth
century towards shaking off ancient superstitions, 363. Destruction of
the old notions as to witchcraft, 363 _note_. Sir Thomas Browne's
works, 365. Boyle's discoveries, 368. Foundation of the Royal Society,
371. Ecclesiastical opposition to physical science in the reign of
Charles II., 372. Popular belief in supernatural causation, 373.
Improvements in legislation in the reign of Charles II., and the
causes which produced them, 388, 389. Hobbists, 390. Effects of the
alliance of the clergy with James II., 395. Dissolution of this
alliance, 396. Union of the clergy and dissenters, 399. Causes which
produced the revolution of 1688, 400. Effects of the expulsion of the
Stuarts on English civilization, 402. Struggle between William III.
and the clergy, 405. Loss of the clergy of all power out of the
Church, 416-418. The clergy weakened by the founders of Wesleyanism,
419-424. Loss of the intellectual vigour of the dissenters, 422. But
increase in their numbers, 423 _note_. Final separation of theology
from morals and politics, 424-427. Discoveries of geologists, 429.
Diffusion of knowledge among the people, 430. Sunday schools, 430.
Sunday newspapers, 431. Country printing offices, 431. Popular works
on physical truth first published, 432. Invention of encyclopædias,
433. Literary periodical reviews, 433. Reading clubs, 433. Debating
societies, 433. Right of public meeting, and publication of
parliamentary debates, 434, 435. Doctrine of personal representation
and of personal independence, 436. Change in the style of authors,
436. Review of the reactionary and retrogressive period of English
history, 441. Political degeneracy of England during the reign of
George III., 446-455. Sketch of the career of Edmund Burke, 455 _et
seq._ Arbitrary laws of George III. against the liberties of his
country, 487, 488. Gloomy prospects of the people late in the
eighteenth century, 494. Secret imprisonment of opponents of the
government, 494. Effect of the suspension of the habeas corpus act in
1794, 496. Preparation for a counter reaction, owing to the progress
of knowledge, 498. To which, and to the power of public opinion,
England owes her reforms of the present century, 498. The Scotch and
English methods of philosophy contrasted, iii. 290.

Intellect, French, outline of the history of the, from the middle of
the sixteenth century to the accession to power of Louis XIV., ii. 1.
Greater power of the Church in France than in England, 4. As shown by
the successful efforts of the clergy to withstand the Reformation, 4.
This influence greater in France than in England during the sixteenth
century, 6. Hence the impossibility of toleration in France, 7, 8. The
civil wars in France conducted in the name of Christianity, 8.
Internal condition of the country before the accession of Henry IV.,
11. Beginning of toleration by the publication of the Edict of Nantes,
14. Appearance of scepticism, 14, 15. Rabelais and Montaigne, 15.
Charron, 19. The party of the 'Politiques', 22 _note_. Decline of the
ecclesiastical power in France, 26. Richelieu's endeavours to humble
the French nobles, 28. Fails, but effectually humbles the clergy, 29.
Favour shown by Richelieu to the Protestants, 37-39. Causes of the
religious feuds of the seventeenth century, 55. Character of the civil
war raised by the Protestants, 63-66. Efforts of the Protestants to
suppress the thirst for knowledge, 69, 70. And to hamper and vex the
people, 71, 72. The liberal policy of Richelieu only part of a much
larger movement, 76. Illustration of this from the philosophy of
Descartes, 77. Who is regarded as one of the founders of French prose,
80. His origination of the modern method of philosophy, 81, 82.
Progress of the French mind as shown in the very existence of the
ideas of Descartes and Richelieu, 93. Spread of scepticism in France
in the reign of Louis XIII. and during the minority of Louis XIV., 95.
The anti-ecclesiastical spirit exhibited by Mazarin, 96. Injurious
effects of the protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into
literature, 176-188. Proof that the literary splendour of his reign
was not his work, 188. Effect of his protection in stopping the
progress of science, 190. In mathematics, 191. And in astronomy, 191.
Newton's discoveries neglected for forty-five years, 191. Absence of
mere practical ingenuity in the reign of Louis XIV., 192. Few and
insignificant improvements effected during this period in
manufactures, 193. Decline at the same time in physiology, surgery,
and medicine, 194-196. In zoology and chemistry, 197. And in botany,
197. Results which followed the decline of the national intellect in
the reign of Louis XIV., 203 _et seq._ Reaction against the protective
spirit on the death of Louis XIV., and preparations for the French
Revolution, 213. Ignorance of the English language and literature at
the end of the seventeenth century, 214. Causes of the junction of the
French and English intellect after the death of Louis XIV., 215.
Voltaire and his works, 216. Other authors, 216 _et seq._ Admiration
for England expressed by Frenchmen, 222. Who disseminate liberal
opinions which the government attempts to stifle, 228, 229.
Persecution of literary men, 230-242. The avocat-general's proposition
as to the publication of new works, 245. Reasons why French literary
men at first attacked the Church and not the government, 247-251.
Effects of the hostility of the French intellect against the state,
258. Rise and extent of scepticism in France, 261 _et seq._ The two
epochs through which the French intellect passed during the eighteenth
century, 327. Inquiries respecting political economy, 327-329.
Eagerness of the French for economical and financial inquiries, 329.
Influence of Rousseau, 330-332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault
and his successors, 332-334. Concession of civil rights to
Protestants, 335. Revival of Jansenism, and consequent overthrow of
the Jesuits, 344, 345. Destruction of the French Church, 347. Rise and
progress of atheistical opinions, 351. Tendency of the French
intellect during the latter half of the eighteenth century to withdraw
from the internal, and concentrate attention upon the external world,
351-353. Works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353-360. Researches as to
the laws of heat, light, and electricity, 361-363. And in chemistry
and geology, 364. The study of physical phenomena in connexion with
the French Revolution, 375. Impetus given to zoology by Cuvier, 375.
And by Bichat, 376. Reaction in France at the commencement of the
present century, 388, 389. Researches in botany and mineralogy at the
end of the last century, 395. And in the aberrations of the human
mind, 404

Intellect, German. The Scotch method of philosophy compared with that
of Germany, iii. 289

Intellect, human, sole source of the, ii. 89

Intellect, Scotch, examination of the, during the seventeenth century,
iii. 191-280. And during the eighteenth century, 281-482. Barrenness
of the Scotch mind in science in the seventeenth century, 284. Causes
of this, 287. Results of the ignorance of the inductive or analytical
method, 289. Scotland in this respect compared and contrasted with
Germany and England, 288. Hutcheson, Adam Smith, Hume, and Reid,
292-360. Examination of Scotch physical philosophy, 361 _et seq._
Difference between the results achieved by Scotchmen in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 458. The deductive method
supreme in both centuries, 462. Reasons why the Scotch literature of
the eighteenth century affected the nation so little, 465.
Superstition and illiberality still existing in Scotland,
471 _et seq._

Intellect, Spanish, outline of the history of the, from the fifth to
the middle of the nineteenth century, ii. 425 _et seq._ Influence of
the clergy over the Spanish intellect, high and low, 479

Intellectual progress of man, i. 174. Progressive aspect of
intellectual truths, 181. Mischievousness of ignorant men in
proportion to their sincerity, 183

Interest, in what it consists, i. 52. Rate of interest in India in
900 B.C., 74. And in 1810 A.D., 75

Inverness burnt by the Highlanders, iii. 22

Ireland, the potato the principal food of the people of, for above two
hundred years, i. 65. Period of its introduction into that country, 65
_note_. Potato crops as compared with those of wheat, 65. Daily
average consumption of potatoes in Ireland, 66 _note_. Evil
consequences of the cheapness and abundance of food, 67. Idleness of
the Irish at home compared with their industry abroad, 68 _note_. The
bards of Ireland, 292 _note_. Their contributions to the early history
of their country, 292 _note_. Injuries done to the traditions of the
bards of, by clerical historians, 306. Pork the chief food of the
Irish in the twelfth century, 314 _note_. Causes which have produced
the present superstition of the Irish Catholics, ii. 53, 54. The Irish
invasion of Scotland, iii. 9

Irritability, Glisson's anticipation of the truth respecting,
ii. 196 _note_

Isomorphism, Mitscherlich's discovery of, in minerals, ii. 400

Italy, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123.
Triumph of the imaginative and small proportion of scientific men in,
124

Jacobites, extinction of the hopes of the, i. 444

James I., political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical
authority in the reign of, i. 359. His attempts to revive the power of
the nobles, ii. 147. His imprisonment in Scotland, iii. 103. Recovers
his liberty, 104. Bearded by the ministers, 104. The Gowrie
Conspiracy, 110. Ascends the throne of England, 115. Attempts to
subjugate the Scotch Church, 115. His cruelties, 117. Forces
episcopacy upon Scotland, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission,
125

James I. of Scotland, attacks the nobles, and favours the Church, iii.
46, 47. Causes of his failure, 47, 48. Put to death by his
aristocracy, 49

James II. of England, his accession, i. 395. Attempts of Archbishop
Sancroft to convert him to Protestantism, 395 _note_. Services
rendered to him by the Protestant clergy, 396. Alliance between the
Roman Catholic King and the Protestant clergy, 396. Causes of the
dissolution of this alliance, 397. His declaration of indulgence, 397.
Establishes the first standing army in England, 397 _note_.
Persecutions in his reign, 397, 398. Union of the Churchmen and
Dissenters, and production of the revolution, 400. His character, iii.
147. His fiendish cruelty, 147-149. His ignominious flight, 151

James II. of Scotland, his treachery, iii. 49-52

James IV. of Scotland, his policy, iii. 56

James V. of Scotland, seized by the Douglases, iii. 57. His escape,
58, 59. Favours the Church, and punishes the nobles, 59, 60. Who bring
about the Reformation, 62. Accepts the title of 'Defender of the
Faith,' 62. His marriage with Mary of Guise, 63. Cause of his death,
69

Jamin's 'Thoughts,' suppression of, ii. 238

Jansenism, tenets of, ii. 343. Its introduction into France, previous
to the time of Louis XIV., but suppression by him, 344. Its revival in
the eighteenth century, and its effect on the democratic movement,
344. Its overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345

Java, early civilization of, i. 305. Causes of the loss of the
historical traditions of, 305. Establishment of Mohammedanism in, 305
_note_. Period of the Indian colonization of, 305 _note_. Traditions
of Java preserved in the island of Bali, 306

Jefferson, Thomas, his part in the French Revolution, ii. 418

Jeffreys, Lord, his cruelty, i. 397

Jehangueir, the emperor, his extraordinary wealth, i. 77 _note_

Jerusalem, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the
Middle Ages, i. 311

Jesuits, the, banished from France by Henry IV., ii. 23. Recalled, 23,
24 _note_. Services of the early Jesuits to civilization, 336. Their
system of education, 336. Their incompatibility with the opinions of
the eighteenth century, 337. Buffier the only Jesuit name in the
history of abstract philosophy, 342 _note_. The order overthrown in
France in the last century, 345, 346. Regarded as the instigators of
Damiens' attempted assassination of Louis XV., 345. Expelled from
Spain, 546

Jewel, Bishop, his 'Apology for the Church of England' compared with
Hooker's 'Ecclesiastical Polity,' i. 340. And with Chillingworth's
'Religion of Protestants,' 348

Jews, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by
the history of the, i. 257, 258. Importance of the history of the,
according to Bossuet, ii. 285. Harshness of the early Spanish laws
against them, 438. Decree of expulsion of Ferdinand and Isabella, 445.
Number of Jews expelled from Spain, 446 _note_

Johnson, Dr., on free will, i. 14 _note_

Joubert, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195

Jousse, suppression of his 'Treatise on Presidial jurisdiction,'
ii. 238

Joyce, Cornet, his origin, ii. 155

Judas, history of, according to Matthew of Westminster, i. 316

Judges in France, ii. 124. Period when judges were first knighted in
England, 135 _note_

Julian, the emperor, causes of his persecution of the Christians,
i. 186

Jurisdictions, hereditary, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 161, 169

Jury, origin of trial by, ii. 117 _note_

Jussieu, his botanical generalizations, ii. 397

Justice, permanent improvement in the administration of, in England,
i. 402

Juxon, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391

Kamtschatkans, religious regard they pay to some animals,
i. 126 _note_

Kant, his views as to the scientific conception of the understanding,
i. 18 _note_; quoted, 35-38

Ken, Bishop, deprived, i. 408, 410. Refuses to admit in the secular
power the right of deprivation, 410

Kennedy, Bishop of St. Andrew's, his power in Scotland, iii. 53. His
counsel to the king, 53, 54

Kilmarnock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise of the
manufactures of, 180

'King's Friends,' the party so called, i. 448

Kings, causes of the diminution of the respect formerly felt for, ii.
182. Reasons why their information is inaccurate, and their prejudices
numerous, 183. Their nonsensical or blasphemous titles, 183 _note_

Kirke, Colonel, his cruelty, i. 397

Kirk-sessions in Scotland, in the seventeenth century, iii. 206, 207.
Their tyranny, 209, 210

Knights Templars, discourse of St. Bernard on the, quoted,
ii. 133 _note_

Knighthood, bane of the order of, in France, ii. 133, 134. Little
respect paid to it in England, 135. Compulsory knighthood in that
country, 135