Chapter V (12)

Knowledge, influence of the progress of, in diminishing religious
persecution, i. 189. And in diminishing war, 190. The three ways in
which the progress of knowledge has lessened the warlike spirit,
203-223. The totality of human actions governed by the totality of
human knowledge, 229. Remarkable diffusion of knowledge in the United
States, 243. Books the storehouse of knowledge, 267. In what the
knowledge in which all civilization consists is based, 268. The
'learned ignorance' for which many men are remarkable, 269. Condition
and results of the literature of Europe from the sixth to the tenth
centuries, 269. Endeavours of governments to hinder the advance of
knowledge, 284. Craving of the people after knowledge, 430. Popular
form taken by the diffusion of knowledge, 430, 431. Simplicity of the
style of the authors of the last century, 437. The increase and
diffusion of knowledge in England at the latter part of the eighteenth
century antagonistic to the political events of the same period, 498.
Efforts of the French Protestant clergy to suppress the pursuit of
knowledge, ii. 70. Sudden craving after knowledge in France at the
latter part of the last century, 407

Knox, John, commencement of his career, iii. 74, 75. His influence in
promoting the Reformation, 75. His part in the murder of Beaton, 76.
Goes to Geneva, 76. Returns, 79. His petition to Parliament as to the
Church revenues, 84, 85. His death, 93

Konigseg, his services to Spain, ii. 519

La Bletterie, cause of his expulsion from the French Academy, ii. 235

Labour, effect of climate on the energy and regularity with which it
is conducted, i. 42, 43. See Wages

Labourers and employers, their wages and profits, i. 52. Effect of the
supply of food on the labouring classes, 54. Native laws respecting
the Sudras or labourers of India, 79, 80

La Bruyère, his 'Charactères,' ii. 209

Lacteals, Aselli's discovery of the, ii. 81. Recognized by Descartes,
but denied by Harvey, 81 and _note_

La Fayette, character and abilities of, i. 470. Burke's hostility to,
471. His familiarity with English language and literature, ii. 224.
His introduction of democratic opinions into France, 417

La Fontaine, 'Fables' of, ii. 209

La Force, Marshal, ii. 43

La Harpe, his 'Éloge sur Fénelon' suppressed, ii. 237

Laing, Mr., his remarks on the German literary class, quoted,
i. 239 _note_

Laland, his advocacy of atheism, ii. 352

Lamplugh, translated from Exeter to the see of York, i. 404

Lanjuinais, his work on Joseph II. ordered to be burned, ii. 236

Lanthenás, his familiarity with the English language and literature,
ii. 224

Laplace, his professed atheism, ii. 352

La Popelinière, his French historical works, ii. 269

Lateran, Matthew of Westminster's etymology of the name, i. 317

Latin, a vernacular dialect in the Middle Ages, i. 271. Results of
Latin being colloquially employed by the monks, 271 _note_

Laverdy, openly protects the Jansenists, ii. 345

Lavoisier, his discoveries in chemistry, ii. 367

Law courts, first publication of the proceedings in the, i. 434

Layamon, his translation into English of the history of Geoffrey of
Monmouth, i. 324

Le Blanc, his knowledge of the English language and literature,
ii. 219. His admiration for England, 228

Le Brun, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 225

Legat, one of the last English martyrs to religious opinions,
i. 345 _note_

Legislation, main object of, i. 23. Burke's views as to the true end
of, 459. The safest course for a legislator to pursue, 504. See
Government

Leicester, Earl of, the founder of the House of Commons, ii. 117

Lenglet du Fresnoy, his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. 235

Lens, the crystalline, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78

Leprosy, superstitions respecting, i. 127. The leprosy of the Middle
Ages extirpated from modern Europe, 155

Lerma, Duque de, prime minister of Spain, ii. 473, 474. His alliance
with the clergy, 474. And its consequences, 475-477. His part in the
expulsion of the Moriscoes, 493

Lesdiguières, Marshal, ii. 43. His apostacy, 48

Leslie, his philosophy of heat, iii. 383. Aid which he derived from
poetry, 385. His injustice to Bacon, 388

Le Trosne, suppression of his work on 'Finance,' ii. 238

Lettes, their fondness for pork, i. 314 _note_

Le Vassor, his 'Histoire de Louis XIII.,' ii. 30 _note_

L'Hopital, his recommendation of religious toleration, ii. 10. His
failure to effect any of his noble schemes, 10

Libel, Burke's attack of the power exercised by judges in trials for,
i. 464

Libraries, circulating, first establishment of, i. 431. Licences
required by Act of Parliament for keeping reading-rooms or circulating
libraries, i. 490

Lichfield, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_

Life, statements of Hindu poets as to the ancient duration of, i. 135.
Active causes of the increased duration of, 153. Examination of
Bichat's work on Life, ii. 390

Light, French researches as to the phenomena of, in the eighteenth
century, ii. 362

Lindsey, Mr. his establishment of Sunday schools, i. 430 _note_

Linen, manufacture, rise of in Glasgow, iii. 176, 179. And in other
parts of Scotland, 180

Linguet, his works suppressed and their author imprisoned,
ii. 236, 237

Linnæus, his artificial botanical system superseded by the French
natural method, ii. 376, 397

Literature, American, characteristics of, i. 241

Literature, influence of on the progress of society, i. 266. Result
which is sure to happen to a literature above the level of its age,
266, 267. Illustrations from Greece, Rome, and Germany, 267. In what
real knowledge consists, 268. Men and countries where erudition merely
ministers to ignorance, 269. Condition and effects of the literature
of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269, 270. Effect of
the monopoly of literature by the clergy, 307. Character of the
literature of India, 132. And of ancient Greece, 137

Literature, English--characteristics of, in the reign of Charles II.,
i. 234. Influence of the intellect of France on Dryden's plays, 235
_note_. Causes which have maintained the independence, and increased
the value of English literature, 235 _note_. Change in the form and
make of English literature in the last century, 436. Coleridge's
lamentations of this change, 437 _note_. Addison's establishment of
the easy and democratic style, 437. Failure of an attempt to revive
the pedantic style, 437 _note_. Abolition of servile dedications, 438.
Introduction of the plan of publishing books by subscription, 439.
First instance of a popular writer attacking public men by name, 439.
English literature unknown to the French at the end of the seventeenth
century, ii. 214 _note_. But begun to be studied after the death of
Louis XIV., 215. Its services to French, and thence to European
liberty, 227

Literature, French, effect of, on English writings, i. 235.
Characteristics of French literature at the time of Descartes and
Richelieu, ii. 93, 94. The protective spirit carried by Louis XIV.
into literature, 176. Result in an alliance between literature and
government, 176, 177. Servility of men of letters at this time, 177.
Injurious effects of the protective system of Louis XIV. upon
literature, 182. And of pensions to literary men, 183, 187. The
literary splendour of the reign of Louis XIV. not of his creation,
188, 189. Causes of its decay in his reign, 208. Causes of the
junction of English and French intellects after the death of Louis
XIV. Systematic and prolonged persecution to which literature was
exposed in the eighteenth century, 230-242. Proposal of the
avocat-general as to the publication of new works, 245. Why the
Church, and not the government, was first attacked by literary men,
247. State of French historical literature from the end of the
sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 261 _et seq._

Literature, German, since the middle of the eighteenth century,
i. 237. Origin of, 237. Remarks on Mr. Kay's picture of German
education, 238 _note_. Mr. Laing's observations on the German
literary class, 239 _note_

Literature, Scotch, poverty of, down to the commencement of the
eighteenth century, iii. 183. Buchanan and Napier, 183. Character of
the Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth century, 281.
Reasons why the Scotch literature of the eighteenth century was unable
to affect the nation, iii. 465

Literature, Spanish, causes which gave it its adventurous and romantic
tone, ii. 433, 434. Hold retained by the Spanish Church over the
highest and lowest intellects, 479

Liver, business of the, i. 148. The liver and lungs always
compensatory, 148. Size of the f[oe]tal liver, 149 _note_

Locke, John, his views as to the use of money in trade, i. 212 _note_.
Causes of his Socinian views, 363. His death, ii. 374

Locomotion, effect of improved means of, in weakening the love of war,
i. 221-223

Logarithms, discovery of, iii. 183

Logos, influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea
of the, ii. 286

London, the Great Plague and Fire of, i. 387

Lords, House of, abandons its pretensions to an original jurisdiction
in civil suits, i. 384. Origin of the disrepute into which the, fell
in the reign of George III., 451-453. Abolished, ii. 153

Lotos bread of Egypt, i. 87. Herodotus on the lotos, quoted, 87 _note_

Loudun, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 61

Louis, Saint, of France, his etymology of the word Tartar,
i. 313 _note_

Louis, suppression of his thesis on 'Generation,' ii. 238

Louis IX. of France, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage
private war, ii. 116

Louis XIII., his protection of the French protestants, ii. 25. Le
Vassor's 'Histoire de Louis XIII.,' 30 _note_. Heretics not only
protected during his reign, but openly rewarded, 43. Illtreated by the
Protestants whom he had protected, 57, 58, 60

Louis XIV., his accession, ii. 96. The protective spirit carried into
literature during his reign, 176. Character of the King's private life
and public career, 178. His revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and the
results, 178-181. His reign notwithstanding held up by some to
admiration, 181. Gratitude of men of letters to him, 181. Injurious
effect of his system of protection upon literature, 182-187. The
literary glory of his reign not his work, 188. Scarcely anything added
during his reign to the sum of human knowledge, 189-202. Causes of
this intellectual decay, 202. Universal decline of France in every
department during the latter part of his reign, 210-212. His death,
213. The retrograde movement in historical literature in the reign of,
273. Causes of this, 273. His treatment of literary men, 274-277. His
thirst for glory, 277. Voltaire's 'Age of Louis XIV.,' 296. His
disposition to favour the King, 297

Louis XVI., rupture between England and France caused by the execution
of, i. 485. His edict granting civil rights to the Huguenots, ii. 335

Loyalty, causes which weakened, in the reign of Charles II., i. 388.
Origin of the deep feelings of loyalty among the French people, ii.
249. And among the Spaniards, 249 _note_. The loyalty of the English
and French compared, 250, 251. Causes of the loyalty of the Spaniards,
455 _et seq._ Connexion between loyalty and superstition, 455. Old
punishments for disloyalty in Spain, 458. The loyalty of Spain
contrasted with that of Scotland, iii. 2

Lulli, the French musician, ii. 207

Lungs, connexion between carbonized food and the respiratory
functions, i. 148. The lungs and liver always compensatory, 148

Mably, his admiration for England, ii. 229. Suppression of his
'Observations on the History of France,' 236. Guizot's edition of this
work, 236. Character of his 'History of France,' 300

Macaulay, Mr., character of his 'History of England,' i. 394 _note_

Macchiavelli, his views as to the real history of Rome, ii. 314 _note_

Machault, controller-general of France, his edict against mortmain,
ii. 332. Dislike of the clergy for him, 333. Favour with which he
regarded the Jansenists, 344

Madden, Sir F., his edition of Wace's 'Brut,' i. 325 _note_

Madrid, decline in the population of, in the seventeenth century,
ii. 501. Starving condition of the people of, 505, 509. Scenes of
robbery and murder in consequence, 509-511. No public library in,
in 1679, 527. Beautified by Charles III., 561

Magendie, his division of food into azotized and non-azotized,
i. 55 _note_

Maize, its extraordinary fecundity in Mexico and Peru, i. 109. Most
probably peculiar to the American continent, 109

Malaga captured from the Arabs, ii. 440

Malayo-Polynesian race, causes of the corruption of the early
histories of the, i. 305. Eastern and western limits of the, 304,
305 _note_

Malebranches, his 'Inquiry respecting Truth,' ii. 209

Malesherbes, M., his attack on church property in France, ii. 333

Mallet, character of his 'History of Denmark,' ii. 299

Malus, his researches into the laws of light, ii. 362

Malthus, principle of his work anticipated by Voltaire, ii. 304

Man modified by nature and nature modified by man, i. 20. Inquiry into
the laws of this double modification, 20. Inferences respecting human
actions, 21. Two classes of actions, 22. The powers of man unlimited,
51. Modes in which his energies are checked by the energies of nature,
119. Laws of the process by which the mind of man is influenced by the
aspects of nature, 119. Effects of the force and majesty of nature in
the tropics, 120. Causes which give birth to superstition, 122, 123.
Fictions in Sanscrit literature as to the longevity of the human race
at an early period of the world, 135. Moral and intellectual progress
of man, 174. No evidence of the improvement of the natural faculties
of man, 176. Dependence of his progress on an improvement of the
circumstances under which his faculties come into play, 178. The
standard of action having varied in every age, the causes of action
must be variable, 179. Stationary character of moral principles, 180.
Progressive aspect of intellectual truths, 181. Ignorant men always
mischievous in proportion to their sincerity, 183. Religious
persecutions in Rome and Spain, 185-188. More virtue than vice in
every country, 221. Inferences to be drawn as to the causes of social
progress, 224. The totality of human actions governed by the totality
of human knowledge, 229

Manchester, Earl of, joins the Parliamentary forces, ii. 151

Manichæans, their doctrine of predestination, i. 13

Manrent, in Scotland, iii. 65 _note_

Mansfield, Lord, his speech on the Theological Society, i. 436 _note_

Manufactures, few and insignificant improvements made in, in France
during the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 193. Sudden rise of the
manufactures in Scotland, in 1707, iii. 171, 172

Marat, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 224

Marchand, Prosper, his 'Dictionnaire Historique,' ii. 267 _note_

Margat, suppression of his 'History of Tamerlane,' ii. 235

Marlborough, Duke of, character of, i. 201

Marmontel, how treated by a French noble, ii. 239, 240

Marriages, determined by uniformity of sequence, and not by the temper
and wishes of individuals, i. 32. Effects of the price of food upon
marriages, 32

Marsy, his 'Analysis of Bayle' suppressed, ii. 236

Martin, bishop of Tours, Bossuet's estimate of, ii. 287. The
Benedictines' life of, 288. His miracles, 288 _note_

Martyrs, adoration of, in the early ages of the Church, i. 145 _note_

Mary, Queen, restores England to Catholicism, ii. 7. But fails to
effect a restoration of church property, 7 _note_

Mary of Guise, her marriage with James V. of Scotland, iii. 63. Her
attempt to establish a standing army, 77. Becomes regent, 77. Deposed,
80

Masillon, the last of the great French pulpit orators, ii. 348

Masquerades forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Mathematicians, their pretence to certainty in their own pursuits,
ii. 326. The study of mathematics in France in the seventeenth
century, 189

Mathew of Westminster, his history of Judas, i. 316. His origin of the
custom of kissing the Pope's toe, 317. His etymology of the Lateran,
317

Maxwell, Lord, iii. 71. His venality, 71 _note_

Mazarin, Cardinal, his anti-ecclesiastical policy, ii. 96. His
toleration, 96, 97. His alliance with Oliver Cromwell, 98. Signs the
treaty of the Pyrenees, 98

Mechanics, why less superstitious than agriculturists, i. 376-379

Medici, Catherine de', her protection of the French Protestants,
ii. 25. Her foreign policy, 35

Medicine, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV.,
ii. 195, 196

Meetings, public political, establishment of the right of, i. 434.
Passing of an Act intended to stifle religious or political meetings,
489

Melrose Abbey robbed by the English, iii. 15

Melville, Andrew, takes the lead of the Scotch reformed church,
iii. 93. Begins a struggle with the State, which lasted for sixty
years, 94. His name of [Greek: episkopomastix], 97 _note_. Appointed
moderator at St. Andrew's in 1582, 101. His personal insult to the
king, 110. Summoned by the king to England, 124. Imprisoned in the
Tower, 124

Memory, aberrations of, the laws respecting the, i. 32

Mental laws, examination of the method employed by metaphysicians for
discovering, i. 152. Failure of their two methods, 164. Mental laws
either moral or intellectual, 168. Comparison between moral and
intellectual laws, 168, 175. Necessity of ascertaining the fundamental
laws of intellectual progress, 242. Advantages to be gained in that
respect from studying the histories of Germany, America, France,
Spain, and Scotland, 243

'Mence, Institutes of,' authority of in India, i. 75. Vast antiquity
of the, according to the Hindu writers, 137

Menzies, John, the Aberdeen preacher, iii. 203 _note_

Mercenaries employed by William the Conqueror and his immediate
successors, ii. 114

Mercury, mine of, at Almaden, ii. 540

Mescua, Mira de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479

Metaphysics; metaphysical inquiry preceded and often controlled by the
physical, i. 10 _note_. The only successful mode of prosecuting the
study of metaphysics, 17. Examination of the two metaphysical methods
of generalizing mental laws, 156. Definition of the term metaphysics,
164 _note_. The English inductive and the Scotch deductive methods,
245 _et seq._ Robert Simson and Matthew Stewart, 247. Adam Smith, 249.
David Hume, 250. Examination of the method employed by metaphysicians
for discovering mental laws, 152. Failure of their two methods, 164.
Descartes, the originator of the modern method of philosophy, ii. 81,
82. Analogy of his philosophy with the anti-theological policy of
Richelieu, 83. The eminent characteristic of the philosophy of
Descartes, 87. Analysis of his principles, 88, 89. Services which
metaphysicians formerly rendered to the Church, 262. Analysis of the
works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353-360. Rise of the reactionary
party in France at the beginning of the present century, 389. See also
Philosophy

Meteorology, causes which have retarded the progress of,
i. 377 _note_. Supernatural causes attributed by ignorance to changes
in the weather, 378 _note_

Method, importance of the philosophy of, ii. 387

Mey, suppression of his treatise on 'French Law,' ii. 237

Mexico, authentic existing materials for forming an opinion on the
ancient state of, i. 95. Characteristics of the climate of, and
reasons for its early civilization, 99. Exuberance of the maize plant
in, 109. The potato introduced by the Spaniards into, 110, 111.
Extraordinary fecundity of the banana in, 111. Success with which
astronomy was cultivated in, 112. Condition of the upper and lower
classes of the inhabitants of, when discovered by the Europeans, 114.
Custom of caste in Mexico, 115. Frivolous waste of labour of the
Mexicans, 116. Their immense buildings, 117

Mezeray, character of his 'History of France,' ii. 270, 271. How
treated by Louis XIV., 274, 275. His 'Abrégé Chronologique,'
275 _note_

Michael, St., foundation of the order of, i. 313 _note_

Micrometer, discovery of the, ii. 192

Microscope, invention of the, ii. 198, 199

Middle Ages, the childish admiration of the, dispelled by Voltaire,
ii. 305

Middleton, Dr., ferment caused by his 'Free Inquiry,' i. 428

Mill, James, his method of investigating speculative jurisprudence,
i. 426

Mill, John, his inquiry into the method of investigation which
political economists ought to follow, i. 250 _note_

Millet, use of, as food in India, i. 71 _note_

Millington, Sir Thomas, his botanical discoveries, ii. 200. Causes of
his opposition to ecclesiastical authority, i. 363

Milton, John, parts of his works translated into French by Mirabeau,
ii. 225

Minana, Spanish historian, ii. 480

Mineralogy, French researches in, at the end of the eighteenth
century, ii. 399. Doubts as to the true method of investigating, 399.
The discovery of isomorphism, 400

Mines, military employment of gunpowder in, i. 206 _note_

Mirabeau, his knowledge of the English language and literature,
ii. 225. His professed atheism, 352

Miracles, the celebrated dispute respecting, i. 428

Missionaries, influence of religion on the progress of society
illustrated by the efforts of the, i. 255

Mississippi, area drained by the, i. 97 _note_

Mohammed, cause of his death, according to Mathew Paris, i. 315. And
cause of his becoming a heretic, 316. How regarded by Bossuet,
ii. 286

Mohammedanism, area of the countries in which it is professed,
ii. 286. Lofty ideas of the Mohammedan writers on the oneness of God,
287 _note_. The Mohammedans in Spain, 439

Molina, Tirso de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 480

Monboddo, Lord, his lamentation over the extinction of pedantry in
English literature, i. 437 _note_

'Monconys, Voyages de,' i. 371 _note_

Money, notions of the use of, in trade, in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, i. 210-212. Right of coining allowed to the
aristocracy of France, but never in England, ii. 115

Monks, results of Latin being colloquially employed by the, of the
Middle Ages, i. 271 _note_

Monotheism, forms of religion preceding, according to Hume and Comte,
i. 250 _note_

Monsoons, causes of the, i. 102 _note_

Monstrosities, animal, discoveries respecting, ii. 396 _note_

Montaigne, Michel de, first appearance of his essays, ii. 16.
Difference between him and Rabelais, 16. Regarded as the first French
sceptic, 16. Opinions of Dugald Stewart and Rousseau of his writings,
18 _note_. Immense influence of his works, 18 _note_. Compared with
Charron, 19. His scepticism compared with that of Descartes, 86. His
the first sceptical work published in France, 266

Montalvan, Spanish dramatist, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 479

Montbarey, Prince de, character of his censures of Louis XV.,
ii. 406 _note_

Montesquieu, his erroneous notions as to political economy, i. 212
_note_. His knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218.
His admiration for England, 228. His the first information concerning
the real history of Rome, 314. Character of his 'Spirit of Laws,' 314.
His method, and its value, 315

Montgomery, Robert, appointed Archbishop of Glasgow, iii. 100.
Excommunicated by the General Assembly, 100. Submits, 100.

Montgon, suppression of the 'Letters' of, ii. 237

Montlosier, his geological labours, ii. 368

Moral truths, little changes which they have undergone, i. 180. Moral
truths in the New Testament quoted from pagan authors, 180 _note_.
Influence of moral feelings on individuals, but not on society in the
aggregate, 228. Separation of theology from morals, 424. Consequences
of this separation, 425-427

Morals, Charron's, the first attempt to create a system of morals
independent of theology, ii. 19

Morellet, l'Abbé, his translation of the 'Wealth of Nations' into
French, ii. 219, 239. His punishment in the Bastille, 240

Moriscoes, their expulsion from Spain, ii. 485 _et seq._ Number
expelled, 494

Morris-dances forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Mortmain, Machault's edict against, in France, ii. 332

Morton, the Regent, his persecution of the reformed clergy of
Scotland, iii. 91

Mosaic cosmogony first impugned, i. 429

Mounier, his familiarity with the English language and English
institutions, ii. 225. His proposal for the establishment of two
Chambers in France, 225

Muhlberg, results of the battle of, ii. 446

Municipal privileges in England, ii. 119. Futility of, in France, 121

Murder, uniform reproduction of the crime of, i. 24, 25

Muscular system, waste or decomposition of the, i. 56 _note_

Music forbidden by the Scotch clergy, iii. 258

Muskets, the, of the fifteenth century, i. 206 _note_

Names, origin of the habit of generalizing, i. 297 _note_

Nantes, edict of, confirmed by Catherine de' Medici, ii. 25. By her
son Louis XIII., 25. And by Mazarin, 96

Napier, Sir William, his military genius and works, i. 200

Napier, John, his discovery of logarithms, iii. 183

Naples, foundation of the city of, according to the writers of the
Middle Ages, i. 313

Napoleon I., compared with Richelieu, ii. 27

Nasmyth, his researches into the structure of the teeth, ii. 385

'Nations, Morals, Manners, and Character of,' Voltaire's, ii. 297

Nature, laws of, origin of the perception of the, i. 9. Causes of the
disturbances in the laws of, 30. Influence and results of the general
aspects of, on the human race in its infancy, 39, 118. Modes in which
the energies of Nature hamper the energies of Man in South America,
106. Laws of the process by which the aspects of Nature influence the
human mind, its natural movements, and natural progress, 119. Feelings
inspired by the force and majesty of natural phenomena in tropical
regions, 120, 121. Physiological effects of the fear of earthquakes,
122, 123. Comparison of the material phenomena of Greece and India,
139, 140. Instance in the proportion of births of the sexes of the
regularity of natural laws, 168

'Nature, the System of,' publication of, ii. 351

Necessity, doctrine of, its displacement of the doctrine of Chance,
i. 9. Origin of the doctrine, ii. 343

Necker, M., his Report on the Finances of France, ii. 329. Eagerness
of the French to read it, 329. Character of the work, 330. His
anti-ecclesiastical policy, 333. His Calvinist opinions, 345.

Newspapers, first publication of, on Sundays, i. 431. Establishment of
political ones, 434. And of the right to publish parliamentary
debates, 435. Vast increase in the circulation of newspapers in the
latter half of the last century, 439 _note_

Newton, Sir Isaac, his imagination i. 124 _note_. His death, ii. 374

Niebuhr, his arguments as to the early history of Rome anticipated by
Voltaire, ii. 311. The three principles fundamental to his history
which it is impossible to refute, 311

Nile, effects of the overflow of the, on the civilization of Egypt, i.
48, 49. Herodotus's expression [Greek: dôron tou potamou], 49 _note_

Nîmes, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60

Nobles. See Aristocracy

Nonconformists. See Dissenters

Nonjurors, the, amongst the bishops and inferior clergy, i. 408-412.
The last of the nonjuring bishops, 412 _note_

Norfolk, Duke of, concludes the treaty of Berwick, iii. 81

North, Lord, overpersuaded by George III. to engage in war with
America, i. 480 _note_

Norwegians, their invasion of Scotland, iii. 10

Nosology, the, of Cullen, iii. 426

Nutrition, M. Chevreul's generalizations of the laws of,
ii. 198 _note_

Oaths, causes which have given rise to, in England, of every kind and
in every direction, i. 282. Amount of perjury in England caused by
legislation, 282 _note_

[OE]pinus, his experiments on electricity, ii. 362

Oils, amount of carbon in, i. 61

Okey, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Opinion, public, origin of the supremacy of, i. 209. The real cause of
the abolition of the corn-laws, 273

Optics, discoveries of Descartes in, ii. 78

Orders of chivalry, origin of the, ii. 132, 133

Ordinance, the Self-denying, passed, ii. 153

Oregon or Columbia river, the only river of importance on the western
coast of North America, i. 97

Orkney Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10

Orleans, Duke of, his residence in England, ii. 226

Osteology, comparative, Ambrose Paré's contributions to, ii. 195

Owen, Professor, his researches into the structure of the teeth,
ii. 384, 385. His services to comparative anatomy, 386

Oxford, effort of the clergy to instil their principles at, i. 442
_note_. Pitt's denunciation, 442 _note_. Execution of the first
heretic at, ii. 109

Oxygen in food, i. 55 _et seq._

Paganism, large amount of, existing in every Christian sect,
i. 260 _note_

Paisley, population of, in 1700, iii. 28. Rise and progress of, 176

Palæontology, Cuvier the founder of, ii. 369. Its importance to
geology, 369 _note_. Daubenton's labours, 371. Owen's, 386

Palatine, endeavours of Richelieu to save the, ii. 38 _note_

Paley, Dr., effect of his utilitarian moral system, i. 426 _note_

Palm-tree, the date, its importance in Africa, i. 83, 84

Palm-wine, of Africa, i. 84 _note_

Paravicino, Spanish poet, his sermons, ii. 480

Paré, Ambroise, his eminence in surgery, ii. 195. One of the founders
of comparative osteology, 195

Paris, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the
Middle Ages, i. 310. State of the pulpit oratory of, in 1771, ii. 348

Paris, Mathew, his statement as to the reason why Mohammedans refuse
to eat pork, i. 315. Sismondi's eulogy of him as an historian,
315 _note_

Parliament, gradual diminution of the number of ecclesiastics in,
i. 416, 417. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons,
418. Establishment of the right to publish the debates in Parliament,
435. And of the doctrine of personal representation, 435

Parr, Dr., classical style of his English, ii. 307

Pascal, Blaise, period in which he flourished, ii. 189. His great
works, 189. His 'Provincial Letters,' 209

Pathology, characteristics of, iii. 410. Compared with Physiology,
411. Account of the generalizations of Cullen and of Hunter, 413.
Difference between the science of pathology and the art of
therapeutics, 416. Cullen's theory of the solids and fluids, 418. His
theory of fever, 424. His nosology, 426. His services to pathology,
429, 447

Patin, his opinion of the English of the seventeenth century,
ii. 214 _note_

Patronage of literature. See Protective spirit

Pecquet, his discovery of the chyle, ii. 194

Pedantry of ancient English authors, i. 436. Discarded for a lighter
style, 437

Pelagius, his doctrines as to free will, ii. 338. Absence of the
speculative spirit in, 342. His learning, 342

Penal code, increasing severity of the, in the reign of George III.,
i. 463

Pensions, literary, injurious effect of, ii. 183-187

Perjury, cause of the increase of, i. 281. Amount of, in England,
282 _note_

Persecution of the Christians under the Roman Emperors, causes of,
i. 185. And of those of Spain, 187. Causes of the diminution of
religious persecution, 188. Number of persons put to death in Holland
and Spain, 189. Old theological theory of the justification of
persecution, 344

Persia, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Causes of the absence of authentic
information respecting the early history of, 303. The 'Shah Nameh' of
Ferdousi, 303. Antagonism between Mohammedanism and the old Persian
history, 303. Results anticipated from a decipherment of the Persian
cuneiform inscriptions, 304 _note_

Perth burnt by the English, iii. 14, 16. Population of, in the
sixteenth century, 30

Peru, physical condition of, i. 107. Exuberance of maize of, 109. And
of the banana of, 111. Condition of the upper and lower classes of the
people of, when discovered by the Europeans, 113. Rigid enforcement of
caste in Peru, 114 _note_. Frivolous waste of labour of the Peruvians,
117. Their immense buildings, 117. The effect of earthquakes in Peru
in encouraging superstition, 122, 123

Pestilence, superstitions respecting, i. 127. Pestilences 'the
harvests of the ministers of God,' 130 _note_

Petit, Antoine, popularity of his lectures on anatomy, ii. 406 _note_

Pharamond, authorities for the existence of, ii. 265 _note_

Philip Augustus, his policy in regard to the French aristocracy,
ii. 115

Philip II. of Spain, his fondness for bacon, i. 314 _note_. His hatred
of the Calvinists, ii. 341. His character, 449, 450. His war against
the Dutch Protestants, 451. Object of all his wars and negotiations,
452. His celebrated Armada, 453. Supported in everything by his loyal
subjects, 453. Ascendancy retained by him over the ecclesiastical
hierarchy, 473 _note_. His cruelty to the Moriscoes, 485, 486. His
character as a ruler, 468, 473. His part in the extension of the
influence of the Church, 475

Philip III. of Spain, his cruelty to the Moriscoes, ii. 489

Philip IV. of Spain, his character, ii. 468

Philip V. of Spain, his accession, ii. 513. His policy, 513. Attacks
the inquisition, but is unable to abolish it, 521. Opposed by his
people in everything, 522 _note_

Philip the Fair, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage private
war, ii. 116

Philippine Islands, pure form of the Polytheism of the, i. 305.
Spanish conquest of the, ii. 464

Philology, study of, i. 2. Buffier the only Jesuit whose name has a
place in the history of abstract philosophy, ii. 342 _note_.
Examination of the Scotch philosophy of the eighteenth century, iii.
281. Causes of the success of the deductive and not of the inductive
method in Scotland, 282. The Scotch method compared and contrasted
with those of Germany and England, 289, 290. Summary of the most
important distinctions between deduction and induction, 290.
Hutcheson's philosophy, 292. Adam Smith's, 304. Hume's, 331. Reid's,
348. See also Metaphysics

Phlebitis first recognized by Hunter, iii. 454

Phosphorus, amount of, in the brain, i. 57 _note_. First announced by
Hensing, 57 _note_

Phrenologists, the principal obstacle in the way of the, i. 176 _note_

Phyllotaxis, ii. 397 _note_

Physical science, present state of, compared with history, i. 7.
Physical, the natural precursor of metaphysical inquiries, 10 _note_.
Remarks on the influence exercised by physical laws over the
organization of society and over the character of individuals, 39.
Effects of food, climate, and soil, 40 _et seq._ Democratic character
of the physical sciences, ii. 409. Popular works of Desaguliers and
Hill on physical truth, 432 _note_. Examination of the Scotch method
employed in physical philosophy, iii. 361. The laws of heat, 362.
Black's philosophy of latent heat, 367. Reasons why it is incumbent on
physical philosophers to cultivate the imagination, 381, 382. Leslie's
philosophy of heat, 383. Geological speculations in Scotland, England,
and Germany, 388-393. Watt's invention of the steam-engine, 402.
Methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of the
composition of water, 403. Nature of the supposed difference between
the organic and inorganic world, 407. Life probably a property of all
matter, 408. Division of organic science into physiology and
pathology, 411. Theory in science, 414. Hunter's idea of uniting all
the physical sciences, 443. The deductive method supreme in Scotland
in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 462. The two methods
compared, 462-464. Science the ally of religion, 477. Attempts of the
clergy of the reign of Charles II. to oppose the spread of physical
science, i. 372. The term _natural_ science, in contradistinction to
_supernatural_, as used at this period, 372 _note_

Physiologists, view taken by, of the origin of the sexes, i. 170.
Probable causes of the small contributions of physiologists towards
the power of predicting events, 171 _note_

Physiology, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV.,
ii. 194. Glisson's services to, 196. Characteristics of the science
of, iii. 410. Compared with pathology, 411. John Hunter's
generalizations, 428 _et seq._

Piracy of the Rochellois, in the seventeenth century, ii. 63

Pistols, invention of, i. 206 _note_

Pitt, William, the elder, his reputation as a statesman, i. 449.
Reason why he was hated by George III., 450

Pitt, William, his subserviency to George III., i. 447, 448. His
abandonment of liberal principles, 447. Prosecutes and persecutes his
brother reformers, 447 _note_

Plague, the Great, i. 387

Plants, effects of heat and moisture on, the geographical distribution
of, i. 96

Plato, his conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of spectral
phenomena or dreams, i. 16 _note_

Platonism, its natural precursor the atomic doctrine, i. 10 _note_.
Influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea of the
Logos, ii. 286

Poetry cultivated solely by the ancient Sanscrit authors, i. 132, 133.
Indian metres, 133. Cause of the reverence felt for great poets,
294 _note_

Poisons, general theory of, i. 56 _note_

Poissy, conference of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in
the, ii. 10

Political economy, study of, i. 2. Influence of the discoveries made
in, in lessening the warlike spirit, 209. Misconception of the true
nature of barter in early times, 210-212. Movement of the eighteenth
century, 213. Smith's 'Wealth of Nations,' 214. His method of treating
the laws of wealth, 249. Mr. John Mill's and Mr. Rae's inquiry into
the proper method of investigation, 250 _note_. French translations of
the 'Wealth of Nations' in the eighteenth century, ii. 219. Voltaire's
opinions respecting, 304. Rise of the French political economists in
the middle of the eighteenth century, 327. The revolutionary tendency
of this economical movement, 327. Schism effected between the nation
and government by the economists, 328. Influence exercised shortly
before the revolution by the economists, 329. Examination of Adam
Smith's 'Wealth of Nations,' iii. 314. Salutary effects of man's
constant endeavours to better his condition, 319. Malthus's work on
population, 326. Constant struggle between capital and labour,
according to Adam Smith, 326, 327. Views of David Hume, 333

Politics, separation of theology from, i. 424. Consequences of this
separation, 425-427. Effect of the protective spirit carried into
politics, ii. 107

Polytheism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Hume,
i. 251 _note_. Natural creed of the Romans, 252. The religion of the
Malayo-Polynesians, 304, 305

Pope, origin of kissing his toe, according to Mathew of Westminster,
i. 317. Voltaire's Reasons for the unity and consolidation of the
power of the popes as compared with that of the Greek patriarchs,
ii. 303

Population, connexion between food and the laws of, i. 57. Case of the
potato and Irish population, 66. A poor diet said to be more
favourable to fecundity than a rich one, 68 _note_. Voltaire's ideas
respecting the ratios by which population and food increase, ii. 304.
Malthus's work on, iii. 326

Pork, in general use in Europe as food, for centuries, i. 314. Cause
of the refusal of the Mohammedans to eat pork, according to Mathew
Paris, 315. Eaten in Asia and Africa, 315 _note_

Porson, Richard, his letter on the texts of the Heavenly Witnesses,
i. 429. His appreciation of the beauties of the English language,
ii. 307

Portugal, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123.
Absence of science and triumph of the imagination in, 124

Potato, the principal food of the labouring classes in Ireland, i. 65.
Time of its introduction into that country, 65 _note_. The potato crop
compared with that of wheat, 65. Used as food by the ancient
Peruvians, 110. Introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards, 110, 111. The
starch of the potato frozen into saccharine in Southern Peru,
111 _note_

Pouissin, his works of art, ii. 209 _note_

Prathama-Raja, the Hindu poets' account of, i. 136

Precision contrasted with certainty in writing history, ii. 325

Predestination, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of
the theory, 13. Calvin, Augustin, and the Manichæans, 13. Ambrose, 13
_note_. Writers on the absurdity of 'an omnipotent arbitrary deity,'
13 _note_. Barrenness of the hypothesis of predestination in a
scientific investigation, 14. The doctrine of providential
interference bound up with that of predestination, 19 _note_

Preëmption, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385

Prerogative, royal limits set to the, after the expulsion of the
Stuarts, i. 402. None of our sovereigns since Queen Anne allowed to be
present at state deliberations, 442 _note_. Reaction in favour of
divine right, 445

Prescription, old customary French law of, ii. 115

'Presidial Jurisdiction,' by Jousse, suppressed, ii. 238

Press, efforts made by governments to destroy the liberty of the, i.
284, 285. Foundation of the public press in England, and its effect on
English civilization, 386. Final abolition of the censorship over the,
in England, 402. Practice of the English clergy of censuring all books
that encouraged free inquiry, 414. First publication of Sunday
newspapers, 431. Speech of Danvers as to the power of the press in his
time, 484 _note_. War carried on in the reign of George III. against
free discussion of the acts of the government, 488, 491. Vindictive
prosecutions and persecutions of eminent men, 488. Importance of the
press in England and France in the middle of the seventeenth century,
99

Preston-pans, battle of, iii. 154

Prévost de la Jannes, his 'Life of Domat' suppressed, ii. 237

Prévost, his views as to the laws of the radiation of heat, ii. 362

Priapus, Voltaire's remarks on the worship of, quoted, ii. 303 _note_

Pride compared with vanity, ii. 163

Pride, Colonel, his origin, ii. 155

Primi, the Abbé, his 'History of Louis XIV.,' ii. 276. Thrown into the
Bastille, 277

Printing, early knowledge of, in China, i. 302 _note_. Legislative
restrictions in former times on, 386 _note_. When first generally
practised in country towns, 431, 432 _note_

Probability, Romish doctrine of, i. 22 _note_

Profits, in what they consist, i. 52. Always reduced by high wages,
74

Progress, moral and intellectual, i. 174. Comparison of the moral with
the intellectual element, 175. See Knowledge; Intellect; Man

Progress, social, inferences to be drawn as to the causes of, i. 224

Proselytism, why opposed by Charron, ii. 20 _note_

Protective spirit, effect of the prevalence of the, in France, in
trade and in politics, ii. 106, 107. History of the protective spirit,
and comparison of it in France and England, 108. This spirit not
destroyed by the feudal system, but only assumed a new shape, 111. New
form of the protective spirit which continues in France to the present
time, 122. The results compared in France and England, 126. Activity
of the protective spirit in France, as shown by the history of
chivalry, 131-134. Effect of this spirit carried into religion at the
period of the Reformation, 137. Attempts of Charles I. to revive the
old protective spirit, 147. Results of the energy of the protective
spirit on the issue of the Fronde, 160-174. The protective spirit
carried by Louis XIV. into literature, and its result, 176 _et seq._
Lamentable results of the system of patronage in the reign of Louis
XIV., 202. Reasons why government patronage should take a wrong
course, 203. Illustrations of, 206. Reaction against the protective
spirit in France, and preparations for the French Revolution, 213, 226

Protestantism, compared with Roman Catholicism, i. 261. Intolerance,
bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of Sweden, 264.
Intolerance of Protestants compared with that of the Catholics, ii.
51. Policy of Mazarin as to the French Protestants, 96 _et seq._ The
war of Philip II. against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Refusal of Henry
IV. of France to punish them at the request of the pope, 22, 23. The
King's measures for their protection, 23, 24. The Edict of Nantes
confirmed by Catherine de Medici and by Louis XIII., 25. Richelieu's
liberal treatment of the Protestants, 37-39, 42. The Protestant
Confederation of 1633, 39. Desertion of the Protestant leaders, and
consequent fall of the Protestant party into the hands of the clergy,
47-50. De Rohan and his brother the only staunch Protestant leaders in
1621, 49. Causes of the intolerance of the French Protestants, 50, 51.
Causes which produced their former superstition, 52-54. Evidence of
their intolerance, 55. Decisions of the assembly at Saumur, 56. And of
other assemblies, 57. Their interference in the functions of
government and in other matters, 60. Bitterness of feeling exhibited
in the works put forth by them, 61. Join the rebellion under Condé,
and are defeated, 61. Their rebellion in Béarn, 61, 62. Civil war
raised by them, and its character, 63. Their wealth, accumulated by
industry and piracy, 63. The General Assembly of La Rochelle and its
decisions, 64, 65. The consequent civil war, 66. Treaties of
Montpelier and La Rochelle, 66. Interference of the Protestants in the
commonest occurrences of life, 68. Results which would have happened
to France if the Protestants had gained the upper hand, 71, 72. The
rebellion of the Protestants put down by Richelieu, who, however,
refuses to persecute them, 73. Siege of La Rochelle, 74. Civil rights
conceded to Protestant by a royal edict, 335

Providential interference, doctrine of, i. 19 _note_

Prussia, Extent of popular superstitions in, i. 238 _note_. Origin of
the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Punishments future, Charron's views as to the doctrine of,
ii. 22 _note_

Punjab, Arab conquest of the, i. 46.

Puppet-shows forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Puritans, their government of England, i. 360. Their fanaticism, and
little superstition, 361. Instances of their ignorance of the real
principles of government, 361

Purveyance, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385

Pyramids of Egypt, a testimony of the degraded condition of the
people, i. 90, 92. Weight of the great pyramid, 90 _note_. Hypotheses
as to the purposes for which they were built, 90 _note_. Estimate of
the expense of building one of the pyramids, 91 _note_

Pyrenees, treaty of the, signed by Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 98

Quæns, historical error to which their name gave rise, i. 298

Quid emptores, statute of, ii. 119

Quiché Indians, corrupt Christianity of the, i. 265 _note_

Quinault, the poet of French music, ii. 207

Rabelais, not the first French sceptic, ii. 15, 16. His ridicule of
the clergy, 15. Difference between him and Montaigne, 16

Racine, his works, ii. 208. Pensioned to write a history of France for
Louis XIV., ii. 277

Rae, Mr., his inquiry into the method of investigation which political
economists ought to follow, i. 250 _note_

Ragi, use of the grain called, in the south of India, i. 71

Ragnar Lodbrok, confusion in Saxo-Grammaticus's life of, i. 298

Raikes, Robert, his organization of Sunday schools, i. 430 _note_

Railways, effect of, in correcting national prejudices, and in
diffusing desires for peace, i. 221-223

Rainbow, the causes of the, detected by Descartes, ii. 79. Notions of
the Hebrews and of other nations respecting the, 79 _note_

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his military genius and works, i. 200

Ravaillac, murders Henry IV. of France, ii. 24. Accounts of him,
24 _note_

Raynal, l'Abbé, suppression of his work on the Indies, ii. 236

Reading clubs, formation of, i. 433

Reaumur, appearance of his work on the natural history of animals,
ii. 197 _note_

Rebellion, the Great English, causes which gave rise to, ii. 147.
Characteristics of the, 148. Difference between it and the Fronde,
149. Conduct of the nobles, 151, 152. The true character of the
Rebellion, 154. Plebeian origin of the leaders, 155-159. Causes of its
success, 174, 175

Reboulet, suppression of his 'History of Clement XI.,' ii. 238

Red Sea Canal, number of lives sacrificed in the construction of the,
i. 93

Reform, the principle of, abandoned by William Pitt, i, 447. Mr.
Grey's remarks on Pitt's conduct, 447 _note_

Reformation, connexion between the, and the views advocated by Richard
Hooker, i. 351 _note_. Immediate fall of the Church in England at the
first assault of the Reformation, ii. 4. Influence of the Reformation
generally in increasing the power of the Catholic clergy, 5 _note_.
The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Analogy
between the Reformation and the Revolutions of the seventeenth
century, 138-140. Short existence of the Reformation in Spain, 450.
Causes which brought about the Reformation in Scotland, iii. 62. John
Knox, 75. The Reformation established, 78

Reform Bill, important effects of the, i. 502

Reid, Thomas, examination of his philosophy, iii. 348. Estimate of the
value of what he effected, 353. Opposition between his method and that
of Bacon, 356

Religion; views of Hume and Comte respecting monotheism, i. 251
_note_. Influence of religion on the progress of society, 254.
Illustration from the efforts of the missionaries, 255. From the
history of the Jews, 257, 258. From the early history of Christianity,
259. And from Sweden and Scotland, 263-266. Baneful results of
legislative attempts to encourage religious truth and discourage
religious error, 281-285. Origin of religious toleration in England,
337. The last executions in England for heresy, 345. The right of
private judgment held sacred by Chillingworth, 349. Whose work formed
a decisive vindication of religious dissent, 352. Passing of the
Toleration Act, 402. Easy and rapid changes in the national faith
under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, ii. 7. Charron's
the first instance in modern language of the doctrine of religious
development, 21. An end put to religious wars by Richelieu, 40.
Authorities respecting religious wars, 40 _note_. Effect of the peace
of Westphalia, 42. Origin of the difference between religious theory
and religious practice, 51. Eagerness of the clergy rather directed
against error than against virtue, 52 _note_. Causes of the energy and
vitality of a religion not protected by the government, 53, 54.
Descartes' remarks on the slaves to form in religion, 85. Causes which
lessen the disposition to form new creeds, 263 _note_. Religious wars,
massacres, and persecutions, the result of ignorance of the duties of
governments, i. 262

Rent, theory of, i. 51 _note_. Considered as a division of wealth, 53
_note_. Rent in England, Scotland, France, and the United States, 75.
In India, 76. Mode of ascertaining the true theory of rent,
250 _note_. Remarks on the theory of, iii. 336

Representation, personal establishment of the political doctrine of,
i. 435

Reptiles, noxious, worship of, i. 126 _note_

Respiration, theory of, ii. 367

Retz, Cardinal de, character of, ii. 102. Secular view taken by him of
political affairs, 102

Reviews, literary periodical, origin of, i. 433

Revolution of 1688, proximate cause of the, i. 399, 400. Importance
of the, to England, 402. Sudden repentance of the clergy in having
promoted it, 403

Revolution, the French, preparations for the, ii. 213. Precursors of
the, 230, 247. Causes of the hideous peculiarities of the, 248. Its
proximate causes, after the middle of the eighteenth century, 323. The
first epoch through which the French intellect passed in the
eighteenth century, viz., the attack on the Church, 323. The second
epoch, viz., the attack on the State, 327. Rise of the political
economists, 327. Sudden increase of works relating to finance and
other questions of government, 328. Influence of Rousseau, 330, 331.
Attack of the government on the Church, 332. Machault's edict against
mortmain, 332. Excitement caused by the edict, 333 _note_. The
anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault's successors, 333. Religious
toleration of the government, 434. Revival of Jansenism in France, and
consequent overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345. After the fall of the
Jesuits, the fall of the clergy inevitable, 347. Reasons for this,
349. Rise and progress of atheistical opinions in France, 351. Study
of physical phenomena in France in connexion with the Revolution,
375-404. Effect of the American Rebellion in hastening the Revolution
in France, 416, 417. Jefferson's part in the final blow dealt to the
French government, 418. Summary of the causes of the French
Revolution, 418

Revolution, the Scottish, of 1559, iii. 81

Rey, the first European philosophic chemist, ii. 197

Rhyme, antiquity of, i. 293 _note_

Rice, the general food of the people of India, i. 70. Nutritive
qualities of, 70, 71. Immense yield of a rice-crop, 71

Richard I. of England, historical error as to his appellation of the
Lion, i. 299

Richardson, admiration of Diderot for the works of, ii. 218

Richelieu, Cardinal, his character, ii. 27, 29. Compared with
Napoleon, 27. Fails to diminish the power of the French nobility, 28.
Effectually humbles the clergy, 29-31. His treatment of the clergy how
regarded by them, 33. Charges brought against him, 34. Review of his
career, 34, 35. Supports the new secular scheme of government against
the old ecclesiastical schemes, 36. His liberal treatment of the
Protestants, 37-42. His endeavours to save the Palatine, 38. The
peculiar glory of his administration, 39. Correspondence of his policy
in regard to the French Protestant and Catholic Churches, 42 _et seq._
Puts down the rebellion of the Protestants, but abstains from
persecuting them, 73. Confirms the Edict of Nantes, 74. Determines on
the siege of Rochelle, 74. Reasons why he put down the Protestant
party, 75, 76. His liberal policy part only of a much larger movement,
76. Analogy of the philosophy of Descartes with Richelieu's
anti-theological policy, 83, 92

Rio de Janeiro, vigour and profusion of the vegetation near,
i. 103 _note_

Rioja, Spanish poet, ii. 480

Riolan, period in which he flourished, ii. 194

Ripperda, his services to Spain, ii. 519, 542

Roads in Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, iii. 5,
6 _note_. Aversion of the Highlanders to roads, 159, 160 _note_

Robertson, Dr., value of his 'History of Scotland,' iii. 19 _note_

Robinson, John, Bishop of Bristol, the last ecclesiastic who held any
of the high offices of state, i. 417 _note_

Rochelle, La, intolerance of the Protestants in the town of, ii. 57.
Determinations of the general assembly of 1620, ii. 63, 64. The civil
war and its character, 63-66. Peace of La Rochelle, 66. The great
siege of, 74

Rochester, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_

Rohan, Duc de, employed by Richelieu, ii. 44. De Rohan and his brother
Soubise the only staunch Protestant leaders in 1621, 49. An amnesty
granted to him by Richelieu, 75

Rohan, Chevalier de, his ill-treatment of Voltaire, ii. 231

Roland, Madame, her knowledge of the English language and literature,
ii. 226

Rolle, his remark on the peers created by George III., i. 454

Romans, the, in Scotland, iii. 7. Character of their civilization in
their best days, 8. Cause of their decline, 8, 9

Rome, causes of the persecutions of the Christians by the Emperors of,
i. 185. Reason of the evanescence of the civilization of ancient, 267.
Voltaire's services in purging the early history of Rome of its
absurdities, 309, 310. Niebuhr's arguments anticipated by Voltaire,
310, 311. Montesquieu's the first account of the real history of Rome,
314. Machiavelli's views, 314 _note_. Vico's opinions, 314 _note_

Roses, wars of the, effect of the, upon the English nobles, ii. 138

Ross, Western, seized by the Norwegians, ii. 11. Annexed to the Crown
of Scotland, 46

Ross, John, his violent sermon against James VI., iii. 107.

Rouelle, his geological labours, ii. 368

Roundheads, title first bestowed, ii. 149