Chapter V (13)

Rousseau, J. J., his opinion of the works of Montaigne, ii. 18 _note_.
Persecuted by the Government, 236. Influence of his works, 330.
Enthusiasm of the nation in his favour, 331 _note_. Immense demand for
his works, 331 _note_. Belongs to the Calvinistic sect, 345

Royal Society, avowed object of the establishment of the, i. 371

Rubis, De, his work on the European monarchies, ii. 270

Russia, cause of the war between Turkey and, i. 195. And of Russian
predilection for war, 196

Ruthven, Raid of, iii. 103, 104

Sabbath, the Scotch, iii. 265

Sahara desert, its extent, i. 47. Condition of its inhabitants, 48

Sailors, causes of the superstitions of, i. 375, 379

Saint-Fargeau, Pelletier de, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Saint Lambert, his professed atheism, ii. 352

Salamanca, reply of the University of, when urged to teach the
physical sciences, i. 125 _note_

Sales, Delisle de, persecuted for his writings, ii. 237

Sancroft, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392.
Dr. Birch's opinion of him, 392 _note_. His attempts to convert James
II. to Protestantism, 395 _note_. His open disloyalty, 401, 407, 408

Sandoval, Spanish historiographer, ii. 480

Sanscrit, character of the works written in, i. 132, 133. And of the
Sanscrit language, 134 _note_

Saracens, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the
Middle Ages, i. 312

Saragossa besieged by Childebert and Clotaire, ii. 435 _note_

Saumaise, his opinion of the English people of the seventeenth
century, ii. 214 _note_

Saumur, decisions of the Protestant assembly at, ii. 56

Saveur, considered as the inventor of acoustics, ii. 190 _note_

Saxe, Maurice de, his treatment of the actress Chantilly, ii. 243

Saxo Grammaticus, confusion in his life of Ragnar Lodbrok, i. 298

Scandinavia, causes of error in the early history of, i. 300. The
elder and younger Eddas, 301. Pork the chief food of the Scandinavians
in early times, 314 _note_. Scandinavian pirates in Scotland, iii. 5

Scepticism; the spirit of doubt the necessary precursor of
improvement, i. 334. Hence the immense importance of scepticism, 335.
First open appearance of scepticism in England and France, 336.
Authorities as to the increase of scepticism in England since the
latter part of the eighteenth century, 356 _note_. What the author
means by the term scepticism, 357 _note_. Degree of suffering produced
on some minds, 357. Legislative improvements of the reign of Charles
II. caused by the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. Encouragement
given to scepticism by the conduct of the clergy, 414. Rapid
succession of sceptical controversies early in the eighteenth century,
427. First appearance of scepticism in France, ii. 14. Rabelais, 15.
Intimate connexion between scepticism and toleration in France, 16.
Montaigne, the first systematic sceptic in that country, 16. The first
open declaration of scepticism in France, 18. Reason why scepticism
was favoured by Henry IV. of France, 23. Scepticism of Hooker and
Chillingworth, and of Montaigne and Descartes, 86, 87. Spread of
scepticism in France in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95
_note_. Analogy between the progress of scepticism in England and
France, 103, 104. Period when the spirit of inquiry began to weaken
the church, 109. Commencement of the struggle between the advocates of
inquiry and the advocates of belief, 109, 110. Rise and extent of
historical scepticism, 261. The first sceptical book in the French
language, by Montaigne, 266

Schism Act, passing of the, i. 452

Scholastic prejudices overthrown by Descartes, ii. 92

Science unknown to the Egyptians, i. 49. Relation between inventions,
discoveries, and method, ii. 386, 387

Scotland, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross
produce, i. 75. Character of the method of investigation of the great
thinkers of, 245. Cause and effect of the divergence and hostility
between the practical and speculative classes of, 246. Robert Simson
and Matthew Stewart, 247. Superstition, intolerance and bigotry of the
clergy and people, 264, 265. The bards of Scotland, 292 _note_. Origin
of the Scotch people, according to the writers of the Middle Ages,
312. Abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, by William III., 406.
Condition of Scotland to the end of the fourteenth century, iii. 1 _et
seq._ Scotland and Spain compared as to loyalty, 2. Similarity of the
two countries as to superstition, 4. Investigation of the causes of
Scotch liberality in politics united with illiberality in religion, 4
_et seq._ Influence of the physical geography of the country on the
course of events, 5. Scotch roads in the seventeenth century, 5
_note_. The Roman invasion, 7. The Irish invasion, 9. The Norwegian
invasion, 10. Attacks of the English, 12. Immediate consequences of
their struggle with the English in the Scottish character, 13.
Agriculture stopped, 16. Cannibalism, 17. Wars on the borders, 18. The
growth of towns stopped by the wars, and the power of the nobles
thereby increased, 18. Circumstances favourable to the authority of
the nobles, 19. Weakness of the Crown, 20, 21. Ravages of the
Highlanders, 21, 22. Prevalence of barter, 23. Industry impossible,
and the commonest arts unknown, 23, 24. Dirty habits of the people, 25
_note_. Scanty population of the Scotch towns, 26 _et seq._ Their
utter feebleness, 32. Causes of the alliance of the Crown with the
Church, 34. Superstition of Scotland, and its causes, 35, 36.
Witchcraft, 37. Ignorance of the upper and lower classes, 41, 42.
Triumph of the aristocracy over the Church and Crown, 43. Their
subsequent decline, 43. Condition of Scotland in the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries, 45. Vigorous measures of Albany against the
nobles, 45. And of James I., 46. And of James II., 49. Clanship, 50.
The Crown encouraged by the clergy against the nobles, 54. Struggle in
consequence, 55 _et seq._ The Reformation in Scotland the result of
this struggle, 62. Battle of Solway and death of James V., 68, 69.
Murder of Cardinal Beaton, 74. Career of John Knox, 75. Influence of
the Guises, 77, 78. Mary of Guise deposed from the Regency, 80. Treaty
of Berwick, 81. Supremacy of the nobles established, and destruction
of the Church, 81. Quarrel between the nobles and the preachers about
the wealth of the Church, 84. Presentation of the First Book of
Discipline, 87. The shares of the new and old clergy, 87. The nobles
said to have been instigated by the devil, 88. Persecution of the new
clergy by Morton, at the head of the nobles, 91. The consequent
rupture between Church and State, 93. The struggle under the leader,
ship of Andrew Melville, 94. Attack on the bishops, ending with the
abolition of episcopacy, 94 _et seq._ The Second Book of Discipline,
98. Struggle between the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy,
100. Violent language used by the clergy, Melville's personal insult
to the King, 110. The Gowrie conspiracy, 110. Boons conferred upon
their country by the clergy, 112. Condition of Scotland during the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 115 _et seq._ Attempts of James
VI. (now James I. of England) to subjugate the clergy, 115. He forces
episcopacy upon them, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission, 125.
Tyrannical conduct of the bishops, 128. The reaction, and its causes,
129. Framing of the National Covenant, 132. Overthrow of the Bishops,
133. Oppressions of Charles II., 137-139. His attempts to establish a
permanent despotism baffled, 140. Episcopacy re-established, 141.
Dragonnades in the west, 143, 144. Cruelties of James II., 147.
Consequences of the alliance between the Crown and the clergy, 147.
The reaction of 1688, 151. Causes of the rebellion of the Highlanders
in 1715 and 1745 in favour of the Stuarts, 153. Insignificance into
which the Highlanders sank after 1745, 157. Beginning of the trading
spirit, 160. Connexion between the rise of the trading spirit and the
abolition of hereditary jurisdictions, 161, 162. Armour ceased to be
worn, 161. Causes of the decline of the power of the nobles, 162, 167.
Treatment which they received in London, 163, 164. Rage in Scotland
for speaking with an English accent, 163 _note_. Causes of the
abolition of clanship, 167, 168. Sudden rise of trading and
manufacturing interests, 171. Their growth assisted by the union with
England, 172. Facts illustrative of the history of Scotch industry
down to the middle of the eighteenth century, 178 _et seq._ The first
banks in Scotland, 181. Rise of a new and splendid literature, 183.
Which, however, fails to diminish the national superstition, 184.
Recapitulation of the history of the struggle with episcopacy, 191 _et
seq._ Cromwell's chain of fortresses in Scotland, 194. Causes of the
war of the people against Charles I., 197. Events which produced the
solemn League and Covenant, 198. Effect and cause of Scotch
superstition, 203. Zeal of the people to hear sermons of inordinate
frequency and of terrible length, 203. Effect of the pretensions and
arrogance of the clergy on the Scotch mind, 203, 269 _et seq._
Examination of Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth
century, 281. And of Scotch physical philosophy, 361. Superstition and
illiberality in religion still existing in Scotland, 469. Notions
countenanced there respecting the origin of epidemics, 471.
Correspondence between the Presbytery of Edinburgh and Lord Palmerston
on the origin of the cholera in 1853, 473

Sculpture, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 209

Segovia, appearance of, in 1659, ii. 503 _note_. Decline of the silk
and wool manufactures of, 503 _note_

Seiks, cause of their superstition respecting the wounds inflicted by
the tiger, i. 125 _note_

Serpent, worship of the, i. 126 _note_

Serra, his views as to the exportation of the precious metals,
i. 212 _note_

Serres, historiographer of France, importance attached by him to
correct dates in history, ii. 267

Severus, his expedition against Scotland, iii. 8

Sévigné, Madame, her name for Queen Mary, consort of William III.,
ii. 214 _note_

Seville, decline of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 501

Sewell, Mr., his remarks on the doctrines of passive obedience and
divine right, i. 394 _note_

Sexes, proportion kept up by the law of Nature in the births of the,
i. 168. Opinions respecting the origin of the, 170 _note_, 173 _note_.
Method by which the discovery of the proportion has been made, 172

Shaftesbury, Earl of, Lord Chancellor, his notions of political
economy, i. 211 _note_

Shakspeare, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 _note_. His
pure English, ii. 307 _note_

Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, iii. 141. His cruelty and rapacity,
141

Sheldon, Gilbert, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391,
392

Shetland Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10

'Siam, History of,' by Turpin, ii. 238

Silk trade of Toledo, lost, ii. 502

Sinclair, Sir John, his services to statistical science, i. 33 _note_

Sion College, the only public library in London at the end of the
seventeenth century, i. 431 _note_

Sigfussen Sæmund, his compilation of the Elder Edda, i. 301

Silesia, origin of the name of, i. 312

Simson, Professor Robert, his efforts to revive the pure Greek
geometry, i. 247. Notice of him, 247 _note_. His reasons for
recommending the old analysis, 248 _note_

Sines, law of the, pointed out by Descartes, ii. 278

Sins, specimens of the, invented by the Scotch clergy, iii. 261

Siva, antiquity of the worship of, in India, i. 141. How represented
by the Hindus, 141. His wife Doorga or Kali, 141

Skye, Isle of, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 11

Slavery, favour with which it was regarded by George III., i. 447,
463. Burke's attack on, 463. Extinction of slavery in England,
ii. 128. Its recent extinction in France, 129

Small-pox, extra European origin of, i. 130 _note_

Smith, Adam, publication of his 'Wealth of Nations,' i. 214. Its
influence in a few years, 214, 215. His views as to the usury laws,
214 _note_. His services to mankind, 216. His method of metaphysical
investigation, 249. French translations of his 'Theory of the Moral
Sentiments,' ii. 219. And of his 'Wealth of Nations,' 219. Examination
of his philosophy, as shown together in the 'Moral Sentiments' and in
the 'Wealth of Nations,' iii. 305. His obliviousness and disregard of
facts, 340, 341. His method of studying pathology compared with that
of Cullen, 417

Smith, William, character of his geological speculations, iii. 391

Smuggling, the only means of keeping up trade during the evil
interference of legislation, i. 277. Moral evils of smuggling, 278,
279

Social laws, triumph of, over every obstacle, i. 31. Best method of
arriving at social truth, ii. 1

Socrates, effect produced by his method of dialectics upon some Greek
minds, i. 357

Soil, influence of, on the human race, i. 40. The Great Sahara, 47.
The valley of the Nile, 48, 49. Heat and moisture the causes which
regulate the fertility of every country, 96

Soldiers, why less superstitious than sailors, i. 376, 379

Solids, Cullen's theory of the, iii. 418

Solis, the Spanish historian, ii. 480

Solway, battle of, iii. 68

Somers, Lord, prosecution instituted against him by the House of
Commons, i. 452. Protected by the House of Lords, 452

Sorbonne, Duvernet's history of the, ii. 237

Sowrdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux, ignominiously beaten, ii. 32. Flies
to Carpentras, 33

Space, the idea of, of the metaphysicians, i. 160. Authorities on the
different theories of space, 161 _note_

Spain, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Physical causes of the superstition
existing in, 123. Triumph of the imagination, and absence of science
in, 124. Causes of the persecutions in, 187. Numbers of persons put to
death by the inquisition in, 189. Pork, a common food in, in former
ages, 314 _note_. Archbishop Turpin's account of Charlemagne's
conquest of, 319, 320. Scepticism punished, and its promulgation
prevented in, 336. Influence of French literature in, in diffusing
scepticism late in the last century, 336 _note_. Outline of the
history of the intellect of, from the fifth to the middle of the
nineteenth century, 425. Heat and dryness of the climate, 427. And
therefore droughts and famines frequent and serious, 427. Earthquakes,
428. Causes of the prevalence of a pastoral life in Spain, 432.
Settlement of the Visigoths and establishment of their opinions, 434.
Attacks of the Franks upon their Arian neighbours, 435. Rise of the
influence of the Spanish priesthood, 436. Character of Durham's
'History of Spain and Portugal,' 438 _note_. Proofs of the power of
the Spanish clergy, 437, 438. Harsh character of the Spanish laws
against heresy and the Jews, 438. The eight centuries of struggle
between the Arabs and Spaniards, 439, 440. Effect of the dangers of
the Spaniards in exciting their superstitious feelings, 441. Their
chest of relics in the Asturias, 441. Their miracles and dreams, 442.
The three ways in which the Mohammedan invasion strengthened the
devotional feelings of the Spanish people, 444. Capacity and honesty
of Isabella in the war with the Arabs, 444. Ferdinand and Isabella's
decree against the Jews, 445. The number of Jews actually expelled
from Spain, 446 _note_. Domestic and foreign policy of Charles V.,
446. His obedience to the tendencies of his age, 447-449. Character of
Philip II., 449, 450. His war against the Dutch Protestants, 451.
Number of persons put to Death by Alva, 451. Object of all the wars
and negotiations of Philip II., 452. The Armada prepared to humble
England, 453. Unshaken loyalty of Philip's subjects, 454, 455. Causes
of the spirit of loyalty which has distinguished the Spanish above
every other European nation, 455. The Arab invasion one of the causes,
456. The old ballads, 456. The poem of 'The Cid,' 457. Loyalty of the
Spanish codes, 458. Consequences of Spanish loyalty and superstition,
461 _et seq._ Rapid progress of Spain in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries, 463. Her territories in America and in other parts of the
world, 464. Her military superiority over her contemporaries, 464. Her
eminent literary men who were also soldiers, 464. Causes of her
decline, 465, 467. Essential difference between English and Spanish
civilization, 465, 466. The decay of Spain in the seventeenth century
due to the weakness of her people, 470. The declining energy of the
government the cause of the increasing influence of the clergy, 472.
Davila's statement of the Spanish theory of government, 472 _note_.
Flourishing state of the Church, 475. Her hold over the highest as
well as the lowest intellects, 478, 479. Great numbers of works on
Spanish ecclesiastical history, 483. Expulsion of the Moors from
Spain, 483-485. Cruelty with which they were treated, 485-494. Effect
of the expulsion of the Moors in impoverishing the country, 497. Steps
which mark the decline of Spain, 500. Loss of population and of
manufactures, 501-504. Increase of poverty, 504-506. Destruction of
the military reputation of Spain, 506, 515. The whole kingdom
unprotected, 509. Gangs of robbers and murderers in the capital, 510
_note_. The Austrian dynasty succeeded by the Bourbons, 513. Policy of
the first Bourbon, Philip V., 513. The Dukes of Berwick and Vendôme,
515-517. The finances of Spain administered by Orry, 518. Alberoni
Ripperda, and Konigseg, 519. Endeavours of foreigners to improve the
country by weakening the Church, 521. The clergy forced to contribute
to the taxes, 523. Alliances formed between Spain and the Mohammedans,
525, 549. Inertness and ignorance of the people, high and low, at this
period, 526. State of medical science in the seventeenth century, 532.
Foreign aid called in to remedy native ignorance, 536. Expulsion of
the Jesuits, 546. Attacks made on the Inquisition, 547. Foreign policy
of Spain under the influence of foreigners, 549. A prospect of the
return of wealth opened up, 550, 551. Effects of the vigour displayed
by Charles III., 552 _et seq._ Causes of his failure to produce
permanent good, 553. Decline of Spain under Charles IV., 571.
Endeavours in the nineteenth century to improve the country, 574.
Causes of their failure, 575. Immense natural advantages of Spain,
583. Her great men, 585. Her progress prevented by national ignorance,
589. The essential vice of the Spanish people, 592, 593. Causes which
keep Spain in her miserable condition, 593 _et seq._ Scotland
contrasted with Spain as to loyalty and superstition, iii. 1

Stafford, William, his work on the theory of politics, 'A Brief
Conceipt of English Policy,' i. 212 _note_

Stanyan's 'History of Greece,' ii. 218

Starch, amount of oxygen in, i. 62

Starvation, proximate causes of, i. 58 _note_

States-General of France, feebleness of the, ii. 121

Statesmen, why as a body they are always in the rear of their age,
i. 213

Statistics, study of, i. 2. Importance of, 23 _note_. Of murder and
other crimes, 24-29. Value of statistics in the light thrown upon the
study of human nature, 33. Early writers on statistics, 33 _note_.
Dislike of Adam Smith and David Hume for statistics, iii. 339.
Objections to them, 339 _note_

Steam, effect of the application of, to purposes of travelling, in
weakening the love of war, i. 219-221

Steam-engine, Watt's invention of the, iii. 402

Stearn, Richard, his character as Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392

Stepney, Mr., his notions of political economy, i. 211 _note_

Stewart, Professor Matthew, his crusade against the algebraic or
symbolical analysis, i. 247

St[oe]ffler, John, his predictions as to the deluge of 1524, i. 330

Stoics, the, on the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in
insanity, i. 17 _note_

Stuart, Charles, the young Pretender, his stupidity and drunkenness,
i. 444 _note_

Subinfeudation, effects of, in France, ii. 119

Suicide, the crime of, dependent upon the individual, i. 26. Futility
of endeavours to diminish, by legislation, 26 _note_. Bentham on the
perjury of English juries in cases of, 26 _note_. Regularity of the
recurrence of, 28. Causes of, 28. Supposed effect of gloomy weather on
the love of, 220 _note_. Statistics of, 28, 29

Sully, Marshal, ii. 43. His historical work, 266

Sumatra, superstitions of the people of, respecting tigers,
i. 126 _note_

Sumbawa, the great earthquake and volcanic eruption of 1815 at,
i. 126 _note_

Sunday schools begun, i. 430. Opposition of the clergy to their
establishment, 431 _note_

Superstition, physical causes which give birth to, i. 122, 123.
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, 123, 126. The worship of ferocious
animals, 125, 126. The fear of death, 127. Pestilences, 127. Extent of
popular superstition in Prussia, 238 _note_. Progress of the English
intellect in the seventeenth century in shaking off ancient
superstitions, 363. Instance in Scotland of the popular belief in
supernatural causation, 373. Causes of the superstitions of sailors
and agriculturists, 375. Terror inspired by comets and eclipses, 376.
The study of final causes abandoned by Descartes, ii. 91. Connexion
between loyalty and superstition, 455. Similarity between Scotland and
Spain as to superstition, iii. 4. Scotland favourable to superstition,
35. Sources of superstition, 35. Cause and effect of Scotch
superstition, 203. Superstition of the Scotch still existing, 471.
Superstitions every day becoming effaced as physical science advances,
477

Surgery, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV.,
ii. 195

Surnames, origin of, in Europe, ii. 112

Sweden, intolerance, bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of,
i. 264. Swedish heroes of antiquity, 298

Switzerland, Calvinism the popular creed of, ii. 339

Sydenham, Thomas, his reformation in therapeutics, ii. 196

Sympathy, examination of, iii. 310. Hunter's pathological speculations
respecting the principles of, 450

Taille, the, in France, ii. 129. Authorities respecting the,
129 _note_. The diminution of the, proposed by the Fronde, 150 _note_

Talleyrand, M. de, his admiration for Charron's 'De la Sagesse,'
ii. 19 _note_

'Tamerlane, History of,' by Margat, suppressed, ii. 237

Tarrega, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479

Tartars, origin of the, according to the writers of the Middle Ages,
i. 313. And according to Whiston, 313 _note_. Effects of the
barrenness of the steppes of, in keeping the people uncivilized, 45

'Taste, Essay on,' by Cartaud, suppressed, ii. 237

Taxation; settlement of the right of the people of England to be taxed
entirely by their own representatives, i. 384. Disputes between the
two Houses of Parliament respecting taxation, 384 _note_

Taylor, Jeremy, his abilities and virtues, i. 393. Marked neglect with
which he was treated by Charles II., 393. His assertion of the
doctrine of passive obedience, 401 _note_

Teeth of animals, researches of Nasmyth and Owen on the structure of,
ii. 384, 385

Temperaments, the theory of, the principal stumbling-block of the
phrenologists, i. 176 _note_

Teratology, formation of the science of, ii. 396, 397 _note_

Terray, M., his attack on Church property in France, ii. 333. His open
protection of the Jansenists, 345

Test Act, the, i. 396. Suspended by James II., 397. Repealed,
426 _note_

Theology, state of the, of Europe from the sixth to the tenth
centuries, i. 270. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of
theology, 326-328. Theological justification of persecution, 344.
Increasing indifference to theological matters in England in the
seventeenth century, 350. Chillingworth's views, 350, 351. Connexion
between the Reformation and the dogma of an infallible church, 350,
351. The authority of private judgment recognized, 352. Ecclesiastical
power almost extinct in Europe, 354 _note_. Decline in British
theology at the present time, 355 _note_. Efforts of the clergy to
check the progress of scepticism, 356. Political character of the
opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and
Charles I., 359. Antagonism in the reign of Charles II. between the
physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Reasons of the
hostility of the clergy, 373. Separation of theology from morals and
politics, 424. Effect of this separation, 425. Attempts to put down
the Theological Society, 436 _note_. Theological influence greater in
France in the sixteenth century than in England, ii. 6. Charron's the
first attempt made in a modern language to construct a system of
morals without the aid of theology, 19. Preparation of the way for the
separation of theology from politics, 40, 41. Analogy of the
anti-theological policy of Richelieu with the philosophy of Descartes,
83. Mischief done to the old theology by Descartes' principles, 90.
Effect of the protective spirit carried into theology, 107. Former
subservience of philosophy to theology, and universal interest which
theological discussions once inspired, 262. Exactness of the knowledge
of theologians on subjects on which nothing is known, 284 _note_.
Reasons why theology is inferior to history, 289. Voltaire's attack on
mere theologians, 308, 309. The question of free will taken up by
theologians, 338. De Maistre's method of investigation, 389 _note_.
Reasons why the theological or deductive method of philosophy was
followed in Scotland, iii. 284. The deductive method of philosophy
only applicable to theology, 464

Theory, necessity of, in science, but dangerous in practice, iii. 414

Thermotics, attention given to, in France, in the eighteenth century,
ii. 361, 362

Therapeutics, Sydenham's reformations in, ii. 196. Difference between
the art of, and the science of, pathology, iii. 416

Thibet, bards of, i. 292 _note_

Thomas, suppression of his 'Eloge on Marcus Aurelius,' ii. 238

Thomson, Hugh, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 204 _note_

Thread manufacture of Paisley, rise of the, iii. 176

Thumb-screw, torture of the, iii. 149

Tigers worshipped by the Hajin tribe, i. 125 _note_. Superstitions of
the Garrows and Seiks respecting them, 125 _note_. How regarded by the
Malasir, 125 _note_. And by the inhabitants of Sumatra, 126 _note_

Tissues, food necessary for repairing the waste of the, i. 55, 58.
Bichat's views respecting the, ii. 379-382. The degenerations of,
382 _note_. The study of, neglected by Cuvier, 383 _note_

Toledo, power of the clergy at, in the seventeenth century, ii. 437.
Captured from the Arabs, 440. Decline of, in the seventeenth century,
502

Toleration, religious, origin of, in England, i. 337. Unusual amount
of toleration in Holland two centuries back, 337 _note_. State of the
two hostile creeds in England in the reign of Elizabeth, 338. Hooker's
'Ecclesiastical Polity' compared with Jewel's 'Apology for the Church
of England,' 340. Causes which always hasten the march of toleration,
53, 54. Summary of the progress of toleration in England and France,
102. The religious toleration of the French government in the middle
of the eighteenth, century, 334

Toleration Act, passing of the, i. 402

Toolholos, or bards of Thibet, i. 292 _note_

Tooth, golden, work of Dr. Horst on the, i. 332

Tories, the, re-established in power under George III., i. 443, 446

Tournaments, origin of, ii. 134. Extinction of, 134

Tournefort, his inferiority as a botanist, ii. 201

Townsend, his views respecting political economy, ii. 304

Tracheæ of plants, discovery of the, ii. 199

Trade-wind, tract north and south of the equator covered by the,
i. 101. Causes of the, 192. Way in which the trade-wind is connected
with the civilization of South America, 103

Trade, absurd notions respecting, in the 17th and 18th centuries,
i. 213. Number of laws passed by the English legislature respecting,
213 _note_. Struggles of Parliament against the principles of free
trade, 215. Objects of early commercial treaties, 216 _note_. Why the
commercial spirit, formerly warlike, is now pacific, 218. Injuries
inflicted upon trade by the interference of legislators, 276.
Uncertainty of legislation the bane of commerce, 277, 278. Burke's
advocacy of free trade, 462. Effect of the protective spirit carried
into trade, ii. 107. Voltaire the first historian to recommend free
trade, iii. 304. The free trade of the American colonies in the
eighteenth century, 186

Tragedies of Corneille, period in which they appeared, ii. 209

Transubstantiation, relation of the Cartesian philosophy to the
doctrine of, ii. 90. Development of the doctrine of, by the
metaphysicians, 262

Travelling, advantages of, in producing contact and respect, and in
weakening the love of war, i. 219-221

Travis, George, his letters on the text of the Heavenly Witnesses,
i. 429

Trojan origin of different nations, believed in, in the Middle Ages,
i. 309

Tuffnel, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Turenne, created a marshal, ii. 98

Turgot, M., his lectures and their influence, ii. 320. Sir James
Mackintosh's opinion of his writings, 321. Influence he exercised
shortly before the Revolution, 329. His anti-ecclesiastical policy,
333. Said to have been a Jansenist, 345

Turkey, causes of the war between Russia and, i. 95

Turks, their defeat before Vienna, ii. 447

Turku, the ancient name of Abo, i. 299

Turner, Sir James, his cruelties in Scotland, iii. 143, 144 _note_

Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, his absurd history of Charlemagne,
i. 318

Turpin, M., suppression of his 'History of Siam,' ii. 238

Understanding, Kant's views as to the scientific conception of the,
i. 18 _note_. Why controlled by the imagination in India, and
paramount in Greece, 138-146

United States of North America, rent paid by the cultivator in, in
proportion to the gross produce of the land, i. 75. Causes of low
rent, 76 _note_. Comparison of the history of England with that of the
United States, 240. Characteristics of American literature, 241. Love
of the people for the study of the law, 241 _note_. Policy of George
III. respecting, 477, 479. His hatred of the Americans, 480 _note_.
Effect of the Declaration of Independence in hastening the French
Revolution, ii. 416

Usury-laws, Adam Smith's views as to the, i. 214 _note_. Jeremy
Bentham's demolition of the, 214 _note_. Increase of usury due to the
attempts of legislators to keep it down, 283. Efforts of the Church to
suppress it, 283 _note_. Jeremy Bentham's treatment of the usury-laws
referred to, 284 _note_

Vanity compared with pride, ii. 163

Vassy, massacre of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in
the, ii. 11

Vattel, his views as to political economy, i. 212 _note_. His
principles of foreign policy compared with those of Grotius,
ii. 40 _note_

Vega, Lope de, his offices in the Church and in the Inquisition,
ii. 479. His joy at the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 496 _note_

Velly, character of his 'History of France,' ii. 300

Vendôme, Duc de, his command of the Spanish army, ii. 517

Veneration, origin of, ii. 171

Venner, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Vergil, Polydore, his attack of the popular belief in the Trojan
descent of the English kings, i. 309 _note_

Verse, historical and scientific works written in, i. 293, 294 _note_.
See Poetry

Vico, his opinions as to the real history of Rome, ii. 314

Villaret, character of his 'History of France,' ii. 300

Villaviciosa, Spanish poet, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 481

Vienna, defeat of the Turks before, ii. 447

Villenage, extinction of, in England, ii. 128

Visigoths, their settlement in Spain, and establishment of their Arian
opinions there, ii. 434. Attacked by the orthodox Franks, under Clovis
and his successors, 435

Voisins, Gilbert des, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Volcanic eruption of 1815 at Sumbawa, i. 126 _note_

Voltaire, his visit to England and study of its language and
literature, ii. 216-218. His admiration for England, 228. Persecutions
to which he was exposed, 231. His method of writing history compared
with that of Bossuet, 291. As instanced in his 'History of Charles
X.,' 292. Turns his attention to physical and speculative science,
295. Returns to history, 295. His 'Age of Louis XIV.,' 296. His
'Morals, Manners, and Character of Nations,' 297. His intellect, 301.
His habit of looking at epochs, and not at the character of the men by
whom a country is governed, 301. His tragedies, 302. His endeavours to
explain the origin of feudality, 302. His remark on licentious
religious ceremonies, 303. The first historian to recommend free
trade, 304. His anticipation of Malthus's principle, 304. His attack
on the admiration entertained for the Middle Ages, 305. And for the
pedantic admirers of antiquity and classical models, 306-308. Ignorant
prejudice against him in England, 313. His vast labours aided by
Montesquieu, 314

Wace, his translation into Anglo-Norman of Geoffrey of Monmouth's
history, i. 325

Wages, in what they consist, i. 52. And on what they depend, 53.
Enquiry into the physical conditions which over supply the labour
market and keep the average rate of wages at a low point, 54 _et seq._
Effects of climate on wages, 62-64. Social and political consequences
of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65. Highest, lowest, and average
rates of wages in England during the last few years, 66 _note_. Rates
of wages in Ireland, 67. And in India, 73, 74. Adam Smith's views as
to the conflict between capital and, iii. 327

Wales, injuries done by clerical historians to the traditions of the
bards of, i. 306

Wall, his part in Spanish affairs, ii. 544

Walpole, Sir Robert, endeavours of the House of Commons to hunt him to
the death, i. 452. His refusal to tax the colonies, 478

War, decline of the practice of, i. 190. Causes of this, 190, 191,
198. Military spirit of Russia and Turkey, and its causes, 195, 196.
Love of war extinct in England, 198. Contrast between the military
genius of ancient and modern Europe, 199-202. Causes of the decay of
this genius in modern times, 202-223. The right of private war allowed
to the French nobles, ii. 115. Early extinction of private war in
England, 138

Warburton, Dr., Bishop of Gloucester, his separation of theology from
politics, i. 425. Effect of his opinions, 426

Watches, superiority of the English in the seventeenth century,
ii. 193 _note_

Water, methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of,
iii. 403

Watson's 'History of Philip II.,' translated by Mirabeau, ii. 225

Watt, James, his invention of the steam-engine, iii. 402. His
discovery of the composition of water, and the method employed, 403

Wealth, effects of climate, food, and soil on the accumulation of,
i. 41. Effects of wealth on the existence of an intellectual class,
42. Physical causes by which the creation of wealth is governed,
42 _et seq._ Laws of the distribution of wealth, 51. Interest,
profits, and wages, 52. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth
in India in all ages, 72-77

Weather, alleged effect of gloomy, on the love of suicide,
i. 220 _note_

Wellington, Duke of, his character as a warrior and statesman, i. 201,
202

Welsh, John, story of, and the Popish mocker, iii. 212

Werner, A. G., character of his method of geological speculation,
iii. 393

Wesley, John, his abilities as a theological statesman, i. 421, 422.
Calumnies and insults to which he and his followers were subjected by
the clergy, 423. His ambitious views as to his sect, 424 _note_

Westphalia, Congress of, purely secular policy of the, ii. 41. The
revenues of the Church seized by the contracting parties, 41.
Indignation of the pope at the treaty, 41 _note_

Whewell, Dr., his errors, ii. 401 _note_

Whigs, their long monopoly of power, i. 443. Displaced by the Tories
in the reign of George III., 443, 446

Whitby, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_

White, Blanco, on free will, quoted, i. 15 _note_

Whitefield, George, his career, i. 421 _note_. Character of his
sermons, 421 _note_. Excitement produced by him, 421 _note_.
Opposition of the clergy to him, 423, 424 _note_

Wightman, one of the last English martyrs to religious opinions,
i. 345 _note_

Will, free, controversies of the Calvinists and Arminians as to,
ii. 338

William the Conqueror, his modification of the feudal system in
England, ii. 114

William III., main characteristics of the reign of, i. 402, 403.
Eulogy of Sir A. Alison, 403 _note_. Hostility between the King and
the clergy, 405. His abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, 406. His
deprivation of the Archbishop of Canterbury and six of his brethren,
410

Williams, John, Bishop of Lincoln, the last ecclesiastical lord
keeper, i. 417 _note_

Witchcraft, period of the destruction of the old notions respecting,
i. 363 _note_. Charge of Chief Baron Hale in 1665, 363 _note_. The
last witches executed in England and in Spain, 364 _note_. John
Wesley's belief in the existence of witches, 364 _note_. Repeal of the
statutes against witchcraft, 364 _note_. Witchcraft in Scotland,
iii. 37

Woodrow, value of his 'Analecta,' iii. 230 _note_

Wool manufactures of Spain in the eighteenth century, ii. 542

Writing, invention of, a cause of error in history, i. 296. Modes in
which it effects this, 296, 297

Yeomanry, rights of English, ii. 119. Unknown in France, 120. Decay of
the Yeomanry in England, 120 _note_

Yeomen of the Guard, establishment of the, ii. 7 _note_

Zamora, Spanish poet, ii. 480

Zoology, state of the science of, in France under Louis XIV., ii. 197

Zoology, generalizations in, of Frenchmen in the eighteenth century,
ii. 375. The statical and dynamical parts of, 375. Impetus given to
the science by Cuvier and Bichat, 376-381

Zurich, antiquity of, according to Swiss authorities, i. 312

THE END.

* * * * *

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Transcriber's Notes:

The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and formatting have been maintained.

Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked as a misprint.

Index entries out of sequence have not been corrected.

Text in italics has been marked with underscores (_text_).

The ligatures OE and oe have been marked as [OE] and [oe], the acute accent above r as [/r] and the macron above a letter as [=letter].

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The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.

p. xii: 361-sqq. -> 361-seq.
p. xiv: 420-sqq. -> 420-seq.
p. 7: vol iv. p. 313: -> p. 313;
p. 7: vol. xviii. p, 309 -> p. 309
p. 12: by the English. -> by the English.'
p. 13: Somerville's Memoire -> Memorie
p. 18: sovereignty over Scotland. -> Scotland.'
p. 18: Chalmer's Caledonia -> Chalmers' Caledonia
p. 20: days of Robert the First, -> First,'
p. 21: 18, 27, 375; vol. -> 18, 27, 375, vol.
p. 21: 485; vol. x. p. 584; vol. -> 485, vol. x. p. 584, vol.
p. 23: Extract from the -> Extracts from the
p. 24: mercery and haberdashery. -> haberdashery.'
p. 25: vol. i. p. 512 -> 512.
p. 26: the bishop and chapter. -> chapter.'
p. 29: though it is is -> though it is
p. 30: Great Tay, through Perth, -> 'Great
p. 31: ces salles parées. -> parées,
p. 37: the Spottiswoode -> The Spottiswoode
p. 41: could sign his own name.' -> name."
p. 46: justiciaries to assist. -> assist.'
p. 50: not the king himselue -> himselfe
p. 62: Calderwood's Historie -> History
p. 64: Henry VIII., "in -> 'in
p. 65: Pitcairn's Criminal Trials of -> in
p. 66: favor ony heretike. -> heretike.'
p. 78: 'the secound of Maij. -> 'the secound of Maij.'
p. 80: he (the orator)' -> he (the orator)
p. 86: on the extreame povertie -> 'on
p. 91: "To requyre payment -> 'To
p. 94: _Church and State in Scotland_ vol. -> _Scotland_, vol.
p. 95: in this reformed Kirk. -> Kirk.'
p. 97: and ordaines, That -> that
p. 106: miscreants and bribers -> bribers.
p. 107: salbe the worst.' -> worst."'
p. 111: Edinburgh, 1847. p. xxxix. -> Edinburgh, 1847, p. xxxix.
p. 119: of Montrose, in 1600 -> 1600.
p. 121: pp. 265, 266, 272; vol. -> 272, vol.
p. 129: twentie thowsand pounds." -> twentie thowsand pounds.'
p. 137: The Diary of Mr. John Lamont, -> Lamont
p. 147: Duke of York's instigation. -> instigation.'
p. 147: instigation.' _Shield's Hind let loose_ -> Shields' Hind
p. 147: See _Shield's Hind let loose_ -> Shields' Hind
p. 148: According to Burnet, the -> 'the
p. 149: with an exquisite torture; -> torture;'
p. 152: greatest of his works -> works.
p. 154: to about 4500 men; -> men;'
p. 158: London, 4to, 1817, vol ii. p -> vol. ii. p.
p. 162: Fountainhall's Notes on -> Notes of
p. 204: _Burnet's History of his own Time_, vol -> vol.
p. 211: whole counsel of God. -> God.'
p. 215: before he reached him!"' -> him!'
p. 218: p. 43, in vol i. -> vol. i.
p. 224: _Binning's Sermons_, vol. ii. p. 118; vol. -> 118, vol.
p. 226: his people by Satan, -> Satan,'
p. 228: and continoues sick." -> sick.'
p. 228: when this happened. -> happened.'
p. 250: Fleming's Fulfilling of -> of the
p. 250: Balfour's Annals -> Annales
p. 253: then when they are are -> then when they are
p. 254: and we should chose -> choose
p. 262: On the 22d October -> On the 22nd October
p. 264: The History -> Historie
p. 280: _Chalmers' Caledonia_, vol -> vol.
p. 287: _Gray's Precious Promises_, p. 139 -> p. 139.
p. 288: _of Edinburgh_,, -> _of Edinburgh_,
p. 311: vol. ii. p. 23, seqq. -> vol. ii. pp. 23 seq.
p. 312: united with biography, -> biography.
p. 313: vol. ii. p: 206. -> p. 206.
p. 328: the wages of labour. -> labour.'
p. 333: _Brougham's Works_, Glasgow, 1856. -> 1856,
p. 336: to determine what Adam's -> Adam
p. 338: Moral Sentiment -> Sentiments
p. 349: of Smith, not -> nor
p. 352: murder by persons unknown?' -> unknown?
p. 358: pp. 36, 37, 340, 343; vol. -> 343, vol.
p. 358: pp. 115, 116, 288-299; vol. -> 288-299, vol.
p. 358: vol. i. p. 305; vol. -> 305, vol.
p. 359: vol. i. p. 329, 334; vol. -> 334, vol.
p. 361: into execution in his writings. -> writings.'
p. 368: concealed in them,--_latet_ -> _latent_
p. 387: says of it, very grvaely -> gravely
p. 392: strata from the year 1790. -> 1790.'
p. 398: were of igneous origin. -> origin.'
p. 410: if not superior, to Newton. -> Newton.'
p. 436: _Hunter's Works_, vol. i. p. 43; vol. -> 43, vol.
p. 473: 'The members were of opinion that it was -> 'that it was
p. 483: Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 324. -> i. 324
p. 484: statement respecting, ii. 281. -> ii. 281
p. 488: one of Linnæus, -> one of Linnæus, ii.
p. 490: civil war, ii, -> ii.
p. 491: at an early period in, -> at an early period in, i.
p. 492: peace of Westphalia, ii, -> ii.
p. 494: they appeared, ii. 208. -> 208
p. 496: his secular philosophy, 329 -> 329.
p. 497: with the clergy, 420, -> 420.
p. 497: for the relief of the, 463. -> 463
p. 498: Dryburgh Abbey -> Abbey,
p. 498: sixteenth century, iii. 30. -> sixteenth century, 30.
p. 500: term of years first authorized. -> authorized,
p. 501: establishments of, -> establishments of, i.
p. 502: first financial reforms, i. -> first financial reforms,
p. 502: Fossils; -> Fossils,
p. 504: Francis 1. of France -> Francis I. of France
p. 505: surrounded his accession, -> surrounded his accession, i.
p. 505: 'Letters' of, ii, -> ii.
p. 506: of political degradation. -> degradation,
p. 506: admiration for England, ii, -> ii.
p. 507: studies in crystallography -> crystallography,
p. 508: causes of the, i. 144. -> i. 144
p. 510: French by Le Blanc, ii, -> ii.
p. 511: in the reign of Louis XIV., -> in the reign of Louis XIV., ii.
p. 512: of the government, 494, -> 494.
p. 514: Ismorphism -> Isomorphism
p. 515: his accession, -> his accession, i.
p. 515: 'Ecclesiastical Polity,' -> 'Ecclesiastical Polity,' i.
p. 519: literary class, 239 _note_. -> _note_
p. 520: to favour the King, 297. -> 297
p. 520: the Jansenists, ii. 344 -> the Jansenists, 344
p. 521: of human knowledge, 229. -> 229
p. 523: drained by the, 97 -> drained by the, i. 97
p. 524: literature, i. 437 _note_. -> _note_
p. 525: Calvinist opinions, 345. -> 345
p. 530: Mathew Paris, i. 315. -> Mathew Paris, 315.
p. 533: theory of rent, i. 250 -> theory of rent, 250
p. 534: Religious teleration -> toleration
p. 534: clergy inevitable, ii. 347. -> clergy inevitable, 347.
p. 535: pointed out by Descartes, -> pointed out by Descartes, ii.
p. 543: once inspired, ii. 262. -> once inspired, 262.
p. 544: in the eighteenth century, 558 -> 186
p. 545: conception of the, 18 -> conception of the, i. 18
p. 546: aided by Montesquieu, 314. -> 314
p. 546: tax the colonies, 478 -> 478
p. 547: office in, i 432 -> office in, i. 432