Chapter VIII: After the Union

_Discontent with the Union_ (1)--_change of dynasty_
(2)--_Jacobite rising_ (3)--_measures of the Government_
(4)--_rising in the North of England_ (5)--_battle of
Sheriffmuir_ (6)--_arrival of James_ (7)--_trials and
penalties_ (8)--_malt-tax riots_ (9)--_Porteous riots_
(10)--_the Forty-five_ (11)--_taking of Edinburgh_
(12)--_battle of Preston-pans_ (13)--_battle of Falkirk_
(14)--_battle of Culloden_ (15)--_Charles's wanderings_
(16)--_penalties after the Forty-five_ (17)--_abolition of
slavery_ (18)--_attacks on the Romanists_ (19)--_trials
for sedition_ (20)--_Reform Bill_ (21)--_religious
sects_ (22)--_the Disruption_ (23)--_social progress_
(24)--_literature and art_ (25)--_summary_ (26).

=1. Discontent with the Union.=--Though the _Union_ was such a good thing for Scotland, the people were a long time in finding this out. The old national jealousy was roused; they thought that their dearly loved independence was being sacrificed. There were riots in different places; and though the people were quieted by the assurance that the insignia of loyalty, the regalia or crown jewels, should not be carried out of the kingdom, for long afterwards the Union was very unpopular, and had to bear the blame of everything that went wrong. There was still too a large party, chiefly in the Highlands, attached to _James Stewart_, known as the _Chevalier de St. George_ or the _Old Pretender_, as the Whigs called him. _Jacobitism_, which was in England a mere empty word used to express any sort of discontent with the existing state of things, meant something more in Scotland. There it was the traditionary feeling of loyalty and love towards the ancient line of kings; and for _James_, their representative, there were many who were ready to venture their lands, or their life if need were. As long as _Anne_ lived there was no excuse for an outbreak, for she too was a _Stewart_, and it was hoped that her brother might succeed her.

=2. Change of Dynasty.=--When _Anne_ died, the son of _Sophia_, _George, Elector of Hanover_, succeeded without opposition, according to the _Act of Settlement_. Before long, he and his _German_ favourites became very unpopular. This gave the _Jacobites_ hopes that, if they raised the standard for _James_, all the discontented in both kingdoms would join them in an attempt to restore him to the throne of his fathers.

=3. Jacobite Rising.=--To give to such an attempt the least chance of success, three conditions were necessary. Firstly, that the rising should take place at the same time in both kingdoms; secondly, that it should be helped by _France_; and thirdly, that the prince for whom it was made should come among his people, and lead them in person. All three were wanting in this unfortunate rebellion. _James_ made no personal effort to get the crown on the death of his sister, though six weeks passed before _George_ came over from _Hanover_. During this interval James issued a manifesto from _Plombières_, August 29, 1714. In this manifesto he asserted his right to the crown, and explained that he had remained quiet while his sister lived, because he had no doubt of her good intentions towards him. A year, however, was allowed to pass before any active steps were taken. Just when the plans for the rising were all made, _Louis XIV._ of France, who was the best friend the _Chevalier_ had, died, and was succeeded by the next heir, his great-grandson, an infant. The _Duke of Orleans_, who became _Regent_, was disposed to be friendly to the Government of England; indeed his regency was one of the few times when there was any real friendliness between the two countries. By his order some ships lying at Havre, which had been fitted out for _James_, were unloaded, and the arms stored in the royal magazines. These ships were intended for the succour of the rebels in _Scotland_, where the standard was raised for _James_ by John Erskine, Earl of Mar, at the junction of the Clung and the Dee, September 6, 1715. Mar had begun life as a Whig, but had changed sides so often that he was nicknamed _"Bobbing John_." He had addressed a loyal letter to _King George_ on his accession, but as, by the change of ministry, he lost his office of _Secretary of State_ for _Scotland_ and saw no hope of getting it back again, he became an ardent _Jacobite_, and the leader of the party in Scotland. The very day before he set off to raise the _Highlands_ for _James_ he attended a levee of the _King_. Before his coming north he sent letters to the principal _Jacobites_, inviting them to a hunting-match. This meeting was attended by the _Marquesses of Huntly_ and _Tullibardine_, the eldest sons of the _Dukes of Gordon_ and _Athole_, by the _Earl of Southesk_, by _Glengarry_, the chief of the _MacDonalds_, and many others. They all swore to be true to one another, and to _Mar_, as James's general, and then returned to their several districts to raise their followers. Only sixty men gathered at the raising of the standard, but before the end of the month the northern clans had risen. James was proclaimed at _Aberdeen_, _Brechin_, and _Dundee_, and nearly all the country north of the Tay was soon in the hands of the rebels. They laid a plan for seizing _Edinburgh Castle_, but this was found out and defeated.

=4. Measures of the Government.=--There were at this time not more than between eight and nine thousand troops in the whole island. Of these not more than fifteen hundred were in Scotland; and no more were sent there, for an expected rising in the south-western counties of England was then thought much more dangerous than the rising in the North. In _Scotland_ the chief command was given to the _Duke of Argyle_, whose family were deadly enemies of the _Stewarts_, and whose almost princely power over a large tract of country made him the most likely person to counteract their influence. The _Earl of Sutherland_, who was also a friend of the Government, was sent to raise his followers in the North. The _Habeas Corpus Act_ was suspended by Act of Parliament, a reward of 100,000_l._ was offered for seizing the Pretender, dead or alive, and the King was empowered to seize all suspected persons. A great number of suspected persons were summoned to Edinburgh to give security for their good conduct, but none of them came; indeed some were by this summons induced to take arms for James. Several noted Jacobites were put in ward in Edinburgh Castle.

=5. Rising in the North of England.=--The active measures taken by the Government had put down the intended rising in the _West_ of England, but in the _North_ they had only hurried it on. An order was sent down for the arrest of _Mr. Forster_, member for Northumberland, and _James Radcliffe, Earl of Derwentwater_. On hearing this, Forster and Derwentwater took up arms at once, and soon mustered three hundred horse. About the same time _Lord Kenmure_ proclaimed James at _Moffat_, and was joined by the Earls of _Nithsdale_, _Wintoun_, and _Carnwath_, and several other persons of note. He joined his force, about two hundred horsemen, with that of Forster, and they marched to Kelso, to wait there for the arrival of _Brigadier MacIntosh_, who was marching southward with a detachment of about fourteen hundred men, from Mar's army, which he brought over the _Firth of Forth_ in safety, in the face of three English men-of-war. The combined force, about two thousand strong, marched along the _Border_. After much debate and hesitation, their leaders at last decided to enter Lancashire, where they expected the Roman Catholic gentry to rise and join them. The _posse comitatus_, or general muster, which had been raised by the _Bishop of Carlisle_ and _Lord Lonsdale_, fled before them at _Penrith_, leaving a number of horses in their hands. After this success the rebels marched on, proclaiming _James_ as they went, and levying money. On the 9th November they reached _Preston_, where they were joined by an ill-armed, undisciplined rabble of recruits. But on the appearance of the King's troops Forster made no effort to defend the town. He was seized with a panic, and surrendered with his followers, to the number of fourteen hundred, November 12.

=6. Battle of Sheriffmuir.=--Meanwhile Mar was managing the affairs of James almost as badly in Scotland. He entered _Perth_ September 28 with a force of 5,000. On the 2nd of October a detachment of eighty horse captured a vessel with 300 stand of arms, which were intended for the _Earl of Sutherland_ in the North. The vessel had been driven by stress of weather to seek shelter at Burntisland, on the coast of Fife. Instead of pushing on while his followers were inspirited by this success, _Mar_ stayed at _Perth_ doing nothing. The _Duke of Argyle_, who was sent to oppose him, arrived in Scotland and marched to Stirling in the middle of September. He had then only 1500 men at his command, but before Mar made any attempt to engage him his army had been more than doubled by reinforcements from Ireland. It was not till November 10 that Mar left Perth. He marched south as far as Ardoch. Argyle brought his troops forward to Dunblane. On Sunday the 13th, the two armies advanced to meet each other, and a battle was fought at _Sheriffmuir_, a moor on the slope of a spur of the Ochils. The result was doubtful. Each army defeated and put to flight the left wing of the other and then drew off the field, the rebels to _Ardoch_, _Argyle_ to _Dunblane_, and both lost about the same number of men. Each side claimed the victory, but _Argyle_ took possession of the field the next day. After the battle _Argyle_ went back to _Stirling_ and _Mar_ to _Perth_. There the clans began to desert him, going home as usual with their plunder, while _Argyle's_ force was increased by six thousand _Dutch_ troops.

=7. Arrival of James.=--James at last made his appearance, but not till his followers had been taken prisoners in the one country and had lost their spirit in the other. He landed at _Peterhead_, December 22, attended by only six persons. He was met by _Mar_, and went on to _Scone_, whence he issued six proclamations, and fixed his coronation for January 23. The news of his landing had somewhat revived the spirit of his followers, but, when they met, both parties were disappointed; James with their scanty numbers, and they with his heaviness and stupidity. Soon after, a vessel coming from France with gold for the rebels was stranded and the money lost. At last _Argyle_ began to advance against _James_, who retreated from _Perth_, greatly to the disgust of the clans. From _Perth_ they went to _Dundee_, and from thence to _Montrose_. Twelve hours after they had left Perth Argyle entered it, but he was so slack in his pursuit of the rebels as to give rise to suspicions of his own loyalty. A few days later, February 4, James set sail secretly for _France_ with _Mar_ and several other nobles. He left a letter for _Argyle_, and all the money he had with him for the benefit of the poor people in the villages round Perth, which had been burnt by his order. His men, grieved and disappointed to find that their leader had deserted them, went back to their native glens. Most of the officers escaped to the _Orkneys_, and from thence to the _Continent_.

=8. Trials and Penalties.=--Few prisoners had been made in Scotland. Of those taken at _Preston_, the half-pay officers were at once shot as deserters, the common soldiers were imprisoned in _Chester_ and _Liverpool_, while their leaders were taken up to London, which they entered with their hands tied behind them and their horses led. Six nobles, the _Earls of Nithsdale_, _Wintoun_, and _Carnwath_, _Viscount Kenmure_, and the _Lords Widdrington_ and _Nairn_, were arraigned before the House of Lords on a charge of treason. All except Wintoun pleaded guilty, and threw themselves on the _King's_ grace; but they were all condemned to death. This sentence was executed on _Derwentwater_ only. _Kenmure_ and _Nairn_ and _Carnwath_ were reprieved, while _Nithsdale_ escaped by the help of his wife the night before the day on which he was condemned to die; and _Wintoun_, though found guilty on his trial, escaped also. _Forster_, _MacIntosh_, and several others, had the same good fortune. Of those lower in rank, twenty-two were hanged in _Lancashire_ and four in _London_. An _Act of Grace_, passed in 1717, released _Carnwath_, _Widdrington_, _Nairn_, and all others who were still in prison; but it did not restore the estates which they had forfeited by their treason. The following year another Jacobite conspiracy was got up. In this both Spain and Sweden were concerned; Spain promised to help with money, while _Charles the Twelfth of Sweden_ was to invade _Scotland_ with twelve thousand soldiers. It was discovered, and prevented by the arrest of the persons suspected of sharing in it.

=9. Malt-tax Riots.=--In 1713 it was proposed to extend the malt-tax which was paid in England, to Scotland. But this measure met with such strong opposition on the part of the Scotch members as almost to threaten a dissolution of the Union. At length, in 1724, a duty of threepence on every barrel of ale was laid on instead of the malt-tax. But though this time the members agreed to the new tax, the people would not, and a serious riot broke out at _Glasgow_. Two companies of foot were sent from _Edinburgh_ to put down the tumult, under the command of _Captain Bushell_, who ordered his men to fire, whereby nine persons were killed and many more wounded. This only made the rioters more furious. _Bushell_ narrowly escaped being torn in pieces by the mob, and had to seek refuge in _Dunbarton Castle_. The tumult was not put down till _General Wade_ brought up a force large enough to overawe the mob, and sent the magistrates prisoners to Edinburgh. There they were tried and acquitted. To avoid paying the tax, the brewers of Edinburgh made a compact to brew no more beer if the duty were not taken off. In consequence of these disorders the office of _Secretary of State_ for Scotland was done away with, because the _Duke of Roxburgh_, who held it, was suspected of encouraging the discontent. At length the _Earl of Islay_ was sent down to Edinburgh, and succeeded in restoring quietness. _Bushell_ was tried for murder and found guilty, but was afterwards pardoned and promoted.

=10. Porteous Riots: 1736.=--Twelve years later the peace was again broken by a tumult at Edinburgh. One _Wilson_, a smuggler, lying under sentence of death for having taken part in a fray in which a Custom-house officer was killed, had won the sympathy of the people by the clever way in which he had managed the escape of a fellow-prisoner. When he was hanged at the Grass Market, the mob pelted the guard with stones. On this _Porteous_, _Captain_ of the _City Guard_, ordered his men to fire, and several innocent persons in the crowd were killed and wounded. _Porteous_ was tried, and condemned to death as a murderer, but a reprieve was sent down from London. Then the people, remembering the case of _Bushell_, determined to take the law into their own hands. On the evening before the day which had been fixed for the execution of the sentence, while Porteous was feasting with his friends to celebrate his escape from danger, they gathered in great numbers. To ensure against surprise they disarmed the city guard, took their weapons, and themselves guarded the gates, so as to prevent any tidings being carried to the regiment quartered in the suburbs. They then marched to the Tolbooth, formerly the Parliament-house, but now used as a prison. The door was so strong that it defied all their efforts to burst it open. They set fire to it, upon which the jailer threw out the keys. Leaving the doors open to let the other prisoners escape, they then went straight to Porteous' cell, dragged him out of the chimney where he was hiding, and carried him to the Grass Market, the place of public execution. There they hanged him to a dyer's pole, with a rope which they had taken from a dealer's stall on the way, and in payment for which they had left a guinea. They then dispersed, without noise or further violence. The ringleaders were never discovered, though all ministers of parishes were required to read from their pulpits once a month for a year a proclamation calling on their congregations to give them up. The Government brought in a Bill for disgracing the city by the loss of the charter and the razing of the gates. But this measure was not carried, and the only penalties inflicted were that _Wilson_, the Provost, was declared incapable of holding office in future, and that the city was fined 2,000_l._ for the benefit of Porteous' widow.

=11. The "Forty-five."=--In 1719 there was a small attempt made to get up another Jacobite rising. This attempt was favoured by Spain, which, just at this time, under the guidance of _Cardinal Alberoni_, minister of _Philip the Fifth_, once more began to take an active part in European affairs. England had joined the _Quadruple Alliance_ against Spain, which was therefore ready to help in an attempt to overthrow the English Government. The _Marquess of Tullibardine_ landed on the _Lewis_ with a body of three hundred Spanish soldiers. But the stores and arms which were to have been sent to him were lost on the way, and, though about two thousand _Highlanders_ mustered, they were defeated at _Glenshiels_ by the regular troops. The Highlanders fled to the hills, while the _Spaniards_ surrendered, and thus the attempt came to nothing. But the clans were still unsubdued, and were ready to break out again at any time. _General Wade_, who had been commander-in-chief since the 1715, made excellent roads in many places where there had been none before, and an Act was passed for disarming the _Highlanders_. But this did more harm than good. The clans that were faithful to the Government gave up their arms; but this only made them unable to resist the rebels, who kept theirs hidden and ready for use when occasion should come. England was now engaged in a continental war; most of the troops were out of the kingdom, and the time seemed favourable for another effort. France too promised help. Early in 1744 an army of 1,500 men under the command of Marshal Saxe, one of the most skilful generals in the French service, was collected at _Dunkirk_, and embarked in French transports for the invasion of England. But the fleet was dispersed by a storm, and the French were unwilling to give any further help. The next year _Charles Edward_, son of the _Old Pretender_, called the _Young Chevalier,_ who was to have led this expedition, determined to make a venture on his own account. Without money, without arms, with only seven followers, he landed at _Moidart_, on the west coast of _Inverness_, and called on the Jacobite clans to muster and follow him: July 25, 1745. In vain their chiefs, headed by _Cameron of Lochiel_, pointed out to him the rash folly of such an enterprise, he persisted, and they, letting loyalty get the better of common sense, took up the cause and summoned their clansmen. The standard of James was raised at _Glenfillan_, August 19, and the commission, naming Charles _Regent_ in his stead, was read to about a hundred motley but enthusiastic followers. Already a small band of them had had a foretaste of victory. On their way to the muster they had compelled two companies of regular troops, which they had intercepted on their way to relieve the garrison of _Fort William_, to lay down their arms. This was followed by a series of successes as unlooked for as they were extraordinary. _Sir John Cope_ was sent to oppose the rebels with all the troops that the Government could raise. But he mismanaged matters, and, instead of bringing the enemy to a battle, he let the Highland army, which was gathering like a snowball on its way, pass him. While he went northward, it came down unopposed upon the Lowlands, entered _Perth_, and advanced towards _Edinburgh_, where James was proclaimed.

=12. Taking of Edinburgh.=--The citizens were in the greatest alarm when they heard that the _Highlanders_ had crossed the _Forth_. A small band of volunteers and a regiment of dragoons under _Colonel Gardiner_ marched out to meet the rebels as far as _Colt Bridge_. But when the first shots were fired by a small reconnoitring party from the Highlanders, they turned and galloped back to _Edinburgh_. This shameful flight was called the _Canter of Coltbrigg_. Charles summoned the city to surrender; the perplexed magistrates, not knowing what to do, tried to win time by sending repeated messages to Charles. But early the following morning a body of five hundred _Camerons_ under _Lochiel_ surprised and entered one of the city gates. They then secured the watchmen, opened the other gates, and thus the city was in the hands of the rebels. At noon of the same day the heralds and pursuivants were obliged to proclaim _James_ at the _Cross_ as _King James the Eighth_, and to read his _Royal Declaration_ and the _Commission of Regency_. Charles entered the city the same day, _September 17_, and took up his quarters in the Palace of Holyrood. That night all the Jacobites in the city gathered at a ball to celebrate his arrival.

=13. Battle of Preston-pans.=--Meanwhile _Cope_ had brought back his troops by sea and landed them at _Dunbar_. _Charles_ marched out from _Edinburgh_ to meet him. At a village near _Preston-pans_, so called from the pans used there for crystallizing the sea-salt, the _Highlanders_ defeated the regular troops, and came back triumphant to _Edinburgh_ with the money and the cannon which they had taken, September 20. In this battle Colonel Gardiner was killed close to his own park wall. _Charles_ lingered at Edinburgh, holding his court at _Holyrood_, till November 1, when he began his march towards England, at the head of an army of five to six thousand men. _Carlisle_ surrendered to Charles, who left a garrison to defend the castle, and marched on unresisted through Preston and Manchester, as far as _Derby_, which he reached on December 4. _Charles_ was now two days' march nearer London than the army under _William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland_, son of _George the Second_, which had been sent to oppose him. A panic prevailed in London, where the citizens expected hourly to see the wild Highlanders enter and spoil the city. Their fears were, however, unfounded. Jealousies and discord were rife among the rebel chiefs. At Derby Charles held a council of war. Some of his officers advised one thing, some another. But as they would not agree to march on to London without delay, Charles, sorely against his will, was obliged to give the order for retreat, and to lead his dispirited followers back again as quickly as they had come. Cumberland followed close on their rear. At _Clifton Moor_, near _Penrith_, there was a slight skirmish, in which the rebels had the advantage. But they did not wait to risk a battle there, but hurried north, passing on their way through _Dumfries_ and _Glasgow_, where they levied contributions.

=14. Battle of Falkirk.=--When Charles reached _Stirling_, his army was joined by reinforcements which raised its number to eight or nine thousand. He prepared to lay siege to the Castle. _General Hawley_ was seat from Edinburgh with a nearly equal force to relieve it. The two armies met on _Falkirk Moor_, January 17, 1746. Hawley was as totally and shamefully beaten as _Cope_ had been at Preston. Instead of following up his advantage by pursuing and destroying the royal army, Charles remained inactive in the field, and allowed his followers to plunder the bodies of the slain. The next day he went on with the siege of Stirling. The _Duke of Cumberland_ was now sent north, with full power to put down the rebellion as he pleased. He reached _Edinburgh_ January 30, and the very next day set out at the head of an army in quest of the rebels. Charles raised the siege of Stirling, and hurried north. He entered _Inverness_, and took _Forts George_ and _Augustus_, where he found supplies of food, guns, and powder, of which his army stood in great need.

=15. Battle of Culloden.=--Meanwhile the King's troops were closing round the rebels, who, cooped up in the barren mountains, were reduced to the greatest straits. All supplies sent from France were cut off before they reached them, and for several days they had no food but a little raw oatmeal. It was plain that the battle that was unavoidable must be a defeat. _Culloden Moor_ was the scene of this the last battle fought on British ground. The rebels, who were nearly starving, and who had been worn out by a long march and an attempted night-attack that had altogether failed, soon gave way, and were easily routed by the Duke's well-disciplined and nearly twice as numerous army: April 16, 1746. The _French_ auxiliaries fled towards _Inverness_, where they laid down their arms. The rebels lost one thousand men, a fifth of their whole number; the victors only three hundred and ten. About twelve hundred of the fugitives rallied at Ruthven; but Charles begged them to disperse, and every man sought his own safety as he best might. The after measures of the victors were disgraceful to all concerned. No quarter was given; the wounded were slaughtered in cold blood, or burnt in the houses to which they had crawled for shelter. For three months martial law prevailed; the country was wasted, the houses burnt, the cattle lifted, the people left to perish. It was not till July that the Duke, who in Scotland was called _the Butcher_, went back to London, where he was hailed as the deliverer of his country, and rewarded with a pension of 25,000_l._ a year.

=16. Charles's Wanderings.=--Charles, whose foolhardy ambition had brought all this misery on his simple followers, passed five months in perilous wanderings. A great price was set on his head; but, poor as the Highlanders were, not one of them would stoop to win it by betraying him. At one time, when he was tracked by the soldiers, he was saved by a young lady called _Flora MacDonald_, who got a passport for him under the name of _Betty Burke_, her maid. In this disguise he escaped to _Skye_. After this he came back to the mainland, and lived for some time with seven robbers in a cave. They kept him hidden and supplied his wants as well as they could, and used to go in disguise to the nearest town to pick up what news they could. One day, as a great dainty, they brought him back a pennyworth of gingerbread. When he left them Charles joined two of his adherents, _MacPherson_ of _Cluny_ and _Lochiel_, and he and they stayed in a strange hiding-place called the _Cage_ on the side of _Ben-alder_, till two French vessels appeared on the coast. In one of these he embarked, September 20, at _Lochnannagh_, the same place where, fourteen months before, he had landed. Thus Charles escaped to the Continent, but his memory was long cherished in the country that had suffered so much for him. He was compelled to leave France after the _Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle_, and ended an unsettled, discontented, dissipated life at Rome in 1788. His brother _Henry_, called the _Cardinal of York_, the last of the Stewart line, survived him nearly twenty years.

=17. Penalties after the "Forty-five."=--There was much greater severity shown after this rebellion than there had been after that in 1715. The Scottish prisoners were brought for trial to England for fear that they might meet with too much partiality in their own country. _John Murray_, of _Broughton_, who had been Charles's secretary, turned informer. Through him the secrets of this conspiracy which had been going on ever since 1740 were brought to light. _Charles Radcliffe_, brother to the _Earl of Derwentwater_, who had been beheaded in 1716, who had then escaped from prison, was retaken on board a French vessel carrying supplies to the rebels, and was put to death on his former sentence. The _Earls of Cromarty_ and _Kilmarnock_ and _Lord Balmerino_ were brought up for trial before the House of Lords. _Cromarty_ and _Kilmarnock_ pleaded guilty; _Balmerino_ tried to save himself by a quibble about a flaw in the indictment, but this was overruled, and they were all three condemned to death. _Cromarty_ was pardoned, but _Kilmarnock_ and _Balmerino_ were beheaded. Nearly a year after, _Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat_, was brought up for trial; he was found guilty, chiefly on the evidence of _Murray_, was condemned, and beheaded. He had acted a double part throughout, for, though he had taken part in all the plans of the rebels, he had taken care not to join them in person. Of those lower in rank about eighty were condemned to death, and great numbers were sent to the plantations. The last sufferer for the Jacobite cause was _Dr. Cameron_, brother of _Lochiel_. He escaped after 1745, but when he returned to England in 1753 he was seized and suffered death as a traitor, though he protested that he had never borne arms against the King, and had been with the rebel force only as a surgeon and not as a soldier. An _Act of Indemnity_ was at length passed, in 1747, from which, however, eighty persons were excepted. Though the end of this unjustifiable and unfortunate rebellion was what every one must have foreseen, its temporary and unlooked-for success showed how necessary it was to take strong measures for breaking up the old Highland system. A Bill was passed for disarming the clans, and to forbid the wearing of the Highland dress, and at the same time heritable jurisdictions were done away with. The Episcopal Church, whose attachment to the Stewarts was well known, suffered severely. The Episcopal churches were destroyed, and the ministrations of the Episcopal clergy forbidden. _Duncan Forbes_, of _Culloden_, the President of the Court of Session, though a firm friend of the Government, distinguished himself throughout the rebellion by his efforts in the cause of humanity and justice. Before it broke out, he had done more than any other man to keep the rising down, and, after it had been crushed, he did all in his power to lessen the sufferings of the rebels and the severity of the Government. To the discredit of the ministry and of the country, his services were left unrewarded.

=18. Abolition of Slavery.=--In 1756 the lawfulness of negro slavery was first questioned in Scotland, and twenty years later it was settled that negro slavery should exist no longer. There were still, however, some natives of the soil who were in a state very little better. The _colliers_ and _salters_ were sold like serfs with the works in which they toiled. This shameful servitude was not the remains of ancient villanage, but had simply arisen out of custom. So strong, however, had the force of custom made it, that Parliament did not venture at once to sweep it away. It was settled that all the colliers and salters born after a certain date should be free, and those then at work after a certain term of service. In 1799 their freedom was established by law.

=19. Attacks on the Romanists.=--When the penal laws against the _Roman Catholics_ in _England_ were repealed in 1778, _Henry Dundas_, the _Lord Advocate_, proposed a similar measure for Scotland. On the strength of this, riots broke out in _Edinburgh_ and _Glasgow_. In _Edinburgh_ the mob destroyed the Roman Catholic chapels and the houses of several persons who were suspected of being Romanists. In _Glasgow_ they destroyed a factory belonging to a Romanist. So great was the excitement raised throughout the country by the fanatics, who bound themselves together in _Protestant Associations_, and the property and persons of the Roman Catholics were treated with such violence, that they themselves petitioned that the Bill might be dropped. It was not till 1793 that a Bill was brought in and passed without opposition to relieve the Roman Catholics in Scotland from the penalties to which they were liable on account of their religious opinions.

=20. Trials for Sedition.=--The excesses of the _French Revolution_ led to a reaction of feeling in Great Britain against all liberal opinions, as being likely to bring about a similar revolution in this country. This led to much injustice and oppression. Persons were charged with stirring up sedition on the slightest grounds, or on no grounds at all; were found guilty, and punished on the most scanty evidence. In Scotland the panic was even greater than in England, and the proceedings of justice more unjust. In 1793 _Thomas Muir_, an advocate, and _Fyshe Palmer_, a clergyman, were tried, and sentenced to transportation, the one for fourteen years, the other for seven, for no other crime than that of discussing _Parliamentary Reform_. Others suffered a like fate; and though these cases were brought before the House of Commons, and though the sympathy of the people was with them, they met with no redress. _Braxfield_, the _Lord Justice Clerk_, gained an infamous notoriety by his violent language towards the prisoners, and by the illegal sentences which he passed against them.

=21. Reform Bill.=--It was not till nearly forty years had passed, that the reforms, for suggesting which these men had suffered, and the need of which had long been felt, were at last carried out by the passing of the _Reform Bill_ in 1832. By it the entire representation was remodelled. Up to this time the County franchise had depended not on the possession of land, but on the right of superiority over land which might be held by others. This right could be bought and sold, and was quite independent of property or residence in the county, so that in most cases there were but a handful of electors, in one county only one, to return the member. The franchise was now extended to all persons having property in the county to the value of 10_l._ yearly, and to certain classes of leaseholders. The case of the _Burghs_ was even worse. Only the royal burghs were represented at all, and these were grouped together and returned one member only for each group. This member was elected by delegates chosen from the _Town Council_ of each burgh, so that the election was really and truly in the hands of the _Corporations_. By the new Bill, _Edinburgh_ and _Glasgow_ were each to send two members to Parliament, the five towns next in importance were each to send one, while some changes were made in the grouping of the smaller burghs. The members for the burghs were to be elected by householders in the burghs paying 10_l._ yearly rent. The number of members was increased from forty-five to fifty-three.

=22. Religious Sects.=--When the Presbyterian polity was re-established by law in 1690 the _Episcopalians_ took in some degree the place which had been held by the _Covenanters_. As they would not acknowledge _William_ and _Mary_ as lawful sovereigns, they were looked on as a dangerous and obstinate sect of dissenters, just as the _Cameronians_ had been considered in the reign of James. They had been turned out of the churches, but they were forbidden to have private meeting-houses. In _Queen Anne's_ reign an Act of Toleration was passed to protect such of them as would use the _English Liturgy_ and pray for the Queen in the course of the service. After the Rebellion of 1715 new laws were passed against them; the validity of orders from Scottish bishops was called in question, and the ministration of all clergymen who were not licensed was forbidden. After the Rebellion of 1745 they fared still worse; many of their meeting-houses were burned or dismantled by Cumberland's soldiers. An Act was passed forbidding any clergyman to read the service to more than five persons at once, and no letters of orders were considered valid unless given by some _Irish_ or _English_ bishop. In 1755 a clergyman named _Connacher_ was accused of illegally celebrating marriages, and, by an Act passed against the Covenanters in the reign of Charles the Second, he was banished, and forbidden to return on pain of death. Hence it came to pass that, just after the two kingdoms were politically united, they were more widely severed in religious opinion than they had ever been before, so that a conscientious member of the Church established by law in the one kingdom would have been looked on as a dangerous dissenter in the other. It was not till 1792 that an Act was passed relieving the Episcopalians from the penal laws in force against them. In 1784 _Dr. Samuel Seabury_, from _Connecticut_, was consecrated by three Scottish bishops, _Petrie_, _Skinner_, and _Kilgour_ the primus, at _Aberdeen_, so that the Episcopal Church of America is an offshoot from the once proscribed and persecuted Episcopal Church in Scotland. Besides the Episcopalians there were many sects of Presbyterians who seceded from the Establishment chiefly on the question of patronage. At last, in 1843, the Church of Scotland split into two parties. This is called the _Disruption_. About ten years before this time _Edward Irving_, Minister of the Scotch Church in London, a very eloquent preacher, was forced to secede from the Presbyterian Church for holding extravagant views with regard to the power of speaking in unknown tongues and working miracles. His followers founded a new sect, which has since won many adherents in both kingdoms. In its rites and ceremonies it now resembles much more nearly the Roman than the Presbyterian Church.

=23. The Disruption.=--This division was brought about by a dispute about the right of patrons to force ministers on parishes, whether the congregations objected to them or not. The spirit of the _Presbyterian Church_ had always been opposed to patronage. By the _First Book of Discipline_ it had been laid down that the people should elect their own ministers; by the _Second Book of Discipline_, that they should at least have the right of objecting to any chosen for them by the heritors or landowners in the parish. After the _Revolution_, an Act of 1690 confirmed them in this privilege, but after the _Union_ in 1712 the _heritors_, eager to regain what they thought their rights, obtained a repeal of this Act and the restoration of their former powers. In spite of the protests of the people and of the Church, this Act gradually became custom as well as law, and led to several schisms; for those congregations who did not choose to have ministers forced on them whom they did not approve, broke off, and founded separate sects. At length, in 1834, the _Non-intrusion_ party, as those who were opposed to patronage were called, had a majority in the Assembly, and passed the _Veto Act_. This Act declared it to be "a fundamental law of the Church that no pastor shall be intruded on a congregation contrary to the will of the people," and that, if the heads of families object to any candidate presented by the patron, the _Presbytery_ shall reject him. In the same year, _Mr. Young_ was presented to the parish of _Auchterarder_, in Perthshire. Several persons objected to him, and the _Presbytery_, acting on the _Veto Act_, rejected him. The patron, _Lord Kinnoul_, appealed to the _Court of Session_ for the enforcement of his civil rights and obtained a verdict in his favour; but the _Presbytery_ appealed to the _House of Lords_. Here too it was given against them, but they still refused to make trial of _Mr. Young_. In another parish, _Strathbogie_, the presentee, _Mr. Edwards_, was objected to by the congregation, and the Presbytery refused to admit him to the parish. He also obtained a decree in his favour from the _Court of Session_, when the Presbytery yielded, and for this they were suspended and deposed by the General Assembly. From this it was clear that the majority in the Assembly were determined to go all lengths in resisting the civil power. In the end the Church had to yield, and to recall the illegal _Veto Act_. Rather than agree to this, in 1843, more than a third of the clergy left the Church. Their leaders were _Dr. Chalmers_ and _Dr. Candlish_. Great numbers of the people went "out," as it was called, with their ministers, and the _Free Church_ which was thus originated has ever since been the successful rival of the Establishment.

=24. Social Progress.=--The removal of the Government to London attracted thither not only all the Scottish nobles, but also all the wealthy and the ambitious commoners. Thus _Edinburgh_ lost much of its importance through the _Union_, though it still remained the intellectual capital, where the members of the Courts of Law and of the University took the lead in society. Meanwhile _Glasgow_, the capital of the west, where the manufactures which were first introduced by _Duncan Forbes_ had taken firm root, gradually rose to much greater importance in wealth and commerce. During this period two great elements of civilization, productive industry and intellectual culture, have done much to improve the _Lowland_ population, among whom book-learning has always been in advance of material comfort. It was not till after the _Rebellion_ of 1745 that the spirit of industry first began to animate the people. But the Highlands remained for some time in a very bad state. The spirit of the people was broken, and the severe climate, barren soil, and lack of minerals left them no resource but the fisheries. The _Highland Society_, founded in 1784, did much to improve the state of agriculture, by reclaiming the waste districts; and latterly great numbers of the people have emigrated. At the time of the Union Scotland was without agriculture, manufactures, or trade; since then she has risen to excellence in them all, and has produced some of the most useful inventions of modern times. _James Watt_, who perfected the invention of the steam-engine, and thus placed a new power in the hands of man, was born at _Greenock_ in 1736. It was in Scotland that this power was first put to use for traffic by steam navigation. A small pleasure-boat, worked by a steam-engine, was tried on _Dalswinton Loch_ in _Dumfriesshire_ in 1788; another effort was made on the _Forth_ and _Clyde Canal_ in 1802; but the first steamboat actually used for traffic was the _Comet_, which began to ply on the _Clyde_ in 1812. It was projected by _Henry Bell_, a house-carpenter in _Glasgow_. Many improvements in calico-printing and dyeing, and in all sorts of machinery, are likewise due to _Scotchmen_. Among others _Macadam_ is noteworthy for originating that system of road-making which is now known by his name.

=25. Literature and Art.=--After the Union, the English dialect of the Lowlands ceased to be the language of literature and of the upper ranks in society. Thus the national literature of the country came to an end, and the works of Scotchmen went to swell the mass of English Literature. But even in this period Scotland has had, besides many smaller songsters, two poets peculiarly her own, who have sung in the dialect still spoken by the people. _Allan Ramsay_, born in _Clydesdale_ in 1685, began life as a barber's boy in _Edinburgh_; he then turned poet and bookseller, and besides his own poems, which were very popular, he collected and published the songs and ballads of the forgotten bards of earlier days. Nearly a century later lived _Robert Burns_, the peasant poet, a cotter's son, born in _Ayrshire_ in 1759. His genius overcame the disadvantages of his humble birth, and inspired innumerable songs, which place him in the first rank among poets of all nations, and will win for him an abiding place in the hearts of his fellow-countrymen as long as a Scottish tongue is left to sing them. _Adam Smith_, who by his "Wealth of Nations," published in 1776, may be said to have founded the science of _Political Economy_, was born at _Kirkaldy_, and was Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Glasgow; and about the same time _Dr. Robertson_, Principal of the University of Edinburgh, wrote several historical works of great merit. _David Hume_, the infidel philosopher, was born at Edinburgh in 1711. He is best known as the author of a popular but untrustworthy History of England. _Tobias Smollett_, the humourist, was a native of Cardross. Besides several very clever novels, the best of which are "Humphrey Clinker" and "Roderick Random," he wrote a complete History of England from the first historical mention of Britain down to the year 1768. The latter part of this history is now generally added to the History by Hume, who did not carry his work down to later times than the Revolution. _Hugh Blair_, a Presbyterian divine, wrote "Lectures on Belles Lettres" and several volumes of sermons which are still highly esteemed. _Dugald Stewart_, Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, was distinguished as a scholar and philosopher. His chief works are the "Philosophy of the Human Mind" and "Outlines of Moral Philosophy." Among Scottish artists who rose to eminence during this period are _Allan Ramsay_, the son of the poet, _Runciman_, _Raeburn_ and _Sir David Wilkie_, born in Fifeshire in 1785. He chiefly excelled in painting scenes from rural life, and was limner to the King for Scotland. Of poets who wrote in the English of the south, Scotland can lay claim to _James Thomson_, the author of "The Seasons," "The Castle of Indolence," and some tragedies; to _Beattie_, the author of "The Minstrel;" and to _Thomas Campbell_, born at Glasgow in 1777. His imaginative poem, "The Pleasures of Hope," laid the foundation of his fame. It is written in a graceful and highly-finished style, but is far surpassed in originality and spirit by the ballads which he wrote to commemorate the "Battle of the Baltic" and the other actions of the French war. _John Galt_ deserves to be remembered as the author of some clever novels, the best of which are the "Ayrshire Legatees" and "The Entail." Nearer to our own time _Walter Scott_, the poet and romancist, gave to English literature its best works of fiction, and at once introduced and perfected the modern novel. Among writers of fiction _Miss Ferrier_ must not be forgotten. In her witty, satirical novels, "Marriage," "Destiny," "The Inheritance," she has left admirable pictures of Scottish life and manners. _John Lockhart_, the son-in-law and biographer of Scott; _John Wilson_, Professor of Moral Philosophy in Edinburgh, the _Christopher North_ of the "Noctes Ambrosianæ;" his friend and contemporary _James Hogg_, the poet, better known as the "Ettrick Shepherd;" the two _Alisons_, father and son, the elder the author of the "Essay on Taste," the younger of the "History of Europe," may all be reckoned among Scotchmen who have done honour to their country by their literary labours. In the world of science Scotland has been represented by _James Ferguson_, the astronomer, _Hugh Miller_, the great geologist, who began life as a stonemason; _Sir David Brewster_, who is famous for his discoveries in optics, and many others. _Mungo Park_, the _African_ explorer of a past day, and _Dr. Livingstone_, who in our own time has worked so long in the same field of discovery, were both also born in Scotland. But now that the two nations have become so closely united, national jealousy and national pride are both alike well-nigh forgotten, and Scotchmen are content to throw their energy and talents at home and in the colonies into the common stock of British glory.

=26. Summary.=--The separate History of Scotland, which may be said to have ceased with the Union, is chiefly remarkable from its unconnected and fragmentary character. Each of the periods into which it is naturally divided breaks off abruptly, and exercises little or no influence on the period which comes after it. The Celtic system comes to an end with the last of the Gaelic kings. During the English period English laws and English customs are introduced, but this English influence is suddenly checked by the War of Independence, and the period which begins with the independent kingdom is no more the natural result of the second than the second is of the first. During the third period the Roman Law is introduced, and France takes the place of England as the model for imitation. The Scottish system of representation, which became fixed during this period, had much more in common with the French National Assembly than with the English Parliament. The Three Estates, which met in one chamber, were the Church, the barons, that is the tenants holding direct from the Crown, and the burghers. The Commons as a class were not represented at all. It is the Reformation which first brings the Commons into notice. The feudal character of the legislature and of the national representation drove the energies of the people into the only channel that was left open to them--that of religious thought. Hence it came that in Scotland the great struggle for political freedom was fought out under the cloak of a contest for liberty of conscience. From the Reformation to the Union the history of the country is little but the record of a series of religious wars. The history of Scotland also gives us a picture of pure and unmixed feudalism. The feudal system which was introduced under the sons of Malcolm and Margaret took much firmer root in Scotland than it ever did in England; and, as it was here untouched by the Common Law and the growth of the constitution which acted as checks upon it in England, it grew to such an excess of power that it quite overshadowed the power of the Crown. The practice of making hereditary jurisdictions, and of granting powers of regality, still further increased the influence of the feudal nobles. Feudalism existed in Scotland long after it had been overthrown in England. Its power was first broken by the Act which was passed in 1748 for abolishing heritable jurisdictions, and even after that Act it continued to influence the representation. Feudalism in Scotland was not finally overthrown till the passing of the first Reform Bill in 1832. Nor was it till after that reform that the Commons of Scotland were represented at all in Parliament The rebellions in favour of the Stewarts in 1715 and 1745, though they were the cause of much useless bloodshed, led to very happy results as far as the social prosperity of the country was concerned. The abolition of the heritable jurisdictions did much good, for it placed agriculturists in a much freer position, while the money which was paid to the great proprietors as a compensation for their feudal rights gave a fresh spring to the circulation of the country. At the time of the Union Scotland was without agriculture, manufactures, shipping, or commerce. Since then she has risen to excellence in them all.

INDEX.

A.
Abjuration Oath, 151.
Agricola, Julius, invasion of, 4.
Aidan founds Lindisfarne, 9.
Albany, Robert, Duke of, 61;
his regency, 63;
his death, 66.
Alexander I., 20;
defeats the men of Moray, _ib._;
defends the liberty of the Church, 21.
Alexander II., invades England, 29;
his marriage, 30;
his death, 31.
Alexander III., his coronation, 31;
his death, 32.
Ancrum, rout of the English at, 90.
Angus, Archibald, Earl of (Bell the Cat), 78.
Anne, 161;
her death, 168.
Arbroath Abbey founded, 29.
Argyle, Archibald, Earl of, refuses to take the Test, 151;
his rising, _ib._;
is beheaded, 152.
Argyle, Archibald, Marquess of, his government, 138;
crowns Charles II., 141;
is beheaded, 144.
Arkinholm, battle of, 74.
Armstrong, John, his hanging, 87.
Arran, James Hamilton, Earl of, 81;
his power, 83;
his regency, 89.
Arran, Ochiltree, created Earl of, 115.
Auchterarder, case of, 187.

B.
Baillie, of Jerviswood, his death, 151.
Balliol, Edward, his invasion, 57.
Balliol, John, his claim to the throne, 36;
his coronation, 39;
his alliance with France, _ib._;
his submission to Edward, 41.
Balmerinoch, John Elphinstone, Lord, his imprisonment, 130.
Bannockburn, battle of, 50.
Barbour, John, Archdeacon of Aberdeen, biographer of Bruce, 48.
Barton, Andrew, his death, 81.
Bass Castle holds out for James, 158.
Beaton, Cardinal David, his murder, 92.
Beaton, James, Archbishop of St. Andrews, his conscience, 84.
Beaugé, battle of, 65
Beck, Anthony, his flight, 42.
Bell, Henry, his steamboat, 188.
Berwick, importance of, 34;
siege of, 40;
treaty of, 100.
Blackadder, Robert, first Archbishop of Glasgow, 82.
Blanks, Spanish, 119.
Boece, Hector, his fabulous history, 94.
Bothwell, Adam, Bishop of Orkney, 106.
Bothwell Bridge, battle of, 150.
Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, 104;
marries Queen Mary, 105;
his flight, 106.
Boyd, Thomas, created Earl of Arran, 76.
Boyds, power of, 76.
Brechin, bell-tower of, 18.
Brigham, treaty of, 36.
Brown, John, story of, 152.
Bruce, grant of Annandale to, 36.
Bruce, Robert, one of the claimants of the crown, 36.
Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick, his coronation, 47;
his reverses, 48;
his victory at Bannockburn, 50;
his comrades, 51;
his parliaments, 55;
his death, 56.
Brunanburh, battle of, 12.
Bunby, tutor of, Laird of, slain by Douglas, 73.
Buchan, Alexander, Earl of, Wolf of Badenoch, 62.
Buchan, Countess of, crowns Bruce, 47;
caged by Edward, _ib._
Buchan, Herrying of, 49.
Buchan, John Stewart, Earl of, 65.
Buchanan, George, his works, 124.
Burns, Robert, the poet, 189.

C.
Cambuskenneth, Parliament of, 55.
Cameron, Richard, leader of the Cameronians, 149.
Candlemas, burnt, 59.
Carberry, surrender at, 106.
Carham, battle of, 12.
Casket letters, 107, 109.
Chapman, Walter, sets up first printing press, 83.
Charles Edward Stuart (the Young Pretender), his landing, 176;
his Court at Edinburgh, 177;
his invasion of England, 178;
his perils, 180.
Charles I., his resumption of Benefices, 129;
his visit to Scotland, 130;
his double dealing, 132;
his appeal to the Scots, 137;
his treaty with the Engagers, 138;
his death, 139.
Charles II., proclamation of, 139;
his arrival in Scotland, 140;
his coronation, 141;
his defeat at Worcester, _ib._;
his restoration, 143;
his misgovernment, 144-151;
his death, 151.
Charles XII. of Sweden, his project of invasion, 173.
Claverhouse, James Graham of, beaten at Drumclog, 149;
his revolt, 155;
is beaten at Killiecrankie, 157.
Cnut, invasion of, 13.
Colliers and salters, slavery of, 183.
Cope, Sir John, his flight, 177.
Coltbrigg, canter of, 177.
Columba, comes from Ireland, 6;
founds Iona, 7;
converts Picts, _ib._
Committee of Articles, its origin, 69.
Common Order, Book of, 114.
Comyn, John, the Red, his murder, 46.
Constantine I., his reign, 10.
Constantine II., commendation of, 11.
Constantine III., reign of, 12.
Conventicles, 146;
laws against, 148.
Court of Session, founding of, 88.
Covenant, first, 98;
renewals of, 119, 132.
Culloden Moor, battle of, 179.
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (the Butcher),
victor at Culloden, 180.

D.
Dalriada founded, 6.
Darien scheme, 159.
Darnley, Henry Stewart, Lord, 102;
his murder, 105.
David I., Prince of Strathclyde, 20;
encourages Normans, 22;
invades England, _ib._;
character of, 25.
David II., first anointed King of Scots, 56;
taken prisoner, 58.
Discipline, books of, 101, 118.
Disruption, causes of, 186.
Donald I., King of Scots, 10.
Donald Bane seizes the throne, 17.
Donald, Dhu, last Lord of the Isles, 81.
Douglas, Archibald, Earl of (Tine-man), slain at Verneuil, 66.
Douglas, Earl of, slain at Otterburn, 61.
Douglas, Gavin, Bishop of Dunkeld, 84;
his poems, 95.
Douglas, James of, his larder, 51;
his raids into England, 53;
his death, 56.
Douglas, James, Earl of, defeated at Arkinholm, 74.
Douglas, William, Earl of, beheaded, 72.
Douglas, William, Earl of, his murder, 74.
Drumclog, Conventicle at, 149.
Drummond of Hawthornden, his poems, 165.
Drummond, James, Earl of Perth, 153.
Drunken Parliament, 145.
Dunbar, William, his poems, 95.
Dunbarton, taking of, 111.
Duncan I., death of, 13.
Dunfermline Church founded by Margaret, 17.
Dunkeld, attack on, 157.
Dunnottar, regalia sent to, 142;
Covenanters imprisoned in, 153.
Duplin, battle of, 57.

E.
Eadgar, reign of, 19.
Eadgar the Ætheling, comes to Scotland, 14;
overthrows Donald Bane, 17.
Eadmer, Bishop of St. Andrews, 21.
Eadmund joins Donald Bane, 17.
Education Act, passing of, 161.
Edward I., holds a Council at Norham, 37;
first conquest of Scotland, 40;
second conquest, 44;
attempts to unite Scotland to England, 45;
his death, 47.
Edward II., his invasion of Scotland, 49;
his defeat and flight, 50.
Edward III., his invasion of Scotland, 59.
Ejection, 145.
Elphinstone, Bishop, founds University at Aberdeen, 83.

F.
Falaise, convention of, 27.
Falkirk, battle of, 44.
Falkirk Moor, battle of, 179.
Flodden, battle of, 81.
Forbes, Duncan, of Culloden, his philanthropy, 182.
Fordun, John of, writes Scotichronicon, 66.
Forster, Thomas, his rebellion, 170.
Fort William, building of, 158.
"Forty-five," rebellion of, 175.

G.
Galloway, final subjection of, 28.
George I., 168.
Glasgow, founding of University at, 75.
Glencoe, massacre of, 158.
Glen Fruin, battle at, 127.
Glenfillan, standard of rebellion raised at, 177.
Glenlivat, battle of, 120.
Gordon, rise of the House of, 74.
Gowrie Plot, 120.
Grahame Malise, his conspiracy, 69.
Grange, William Kirkcaldy of, 106;
declares for the Queen, 111;
his death, 114.
Gray, Sir Patrick, wrath of, 73.
Green, Captain, trial of, 162.
Grig seizes the throne, 11.
Gruach, her claims to the throne, 13.
Guthrie, James, his fate, 144.

H.
Hadrian, wall of, 4.
Halidon Hill, battle of, 58.
Hamilton, James, of Bothwellhaugh, murderer of the Regent, 110.
Hamilton, Marquess of, Commissioner, 132;
his invasion of England, 138;
his death, 139.
Harlaw, battle of, 65.
Hawley, General, his defeat, 179.
Henry, son of David I., death of, 24;
his children, 25.
Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of, his invasions, 90, 91.

I.
Ida founds Northumberland, 6.
Indulgence, the passing of, 153.
Intercommuning, law against, 148.
Inverness, its importance, 35.
Irvine, surrender at, 42.
Irving, Edward, his schism, 186.

J.
James I., his capture, 63;
his return, 67;
his treatment of the chiefs, 68;
his murder, 69;
his judicial reforms, _ib._;
his poems, 70.
James II., his accession, 71;
murders Douglas, 74;
his death, 75.
James III., 75;
his marriage, 76;
his favourites, 78;
his death, 79.
James IV., 79;
his marriage, 80;
his fleet, 81;
his alliance with France, _ib._;
his invasion of England, 82;
his character and death, _ib._
James V., 83;
his erection, 85;
war with England, 87;
his death, 88;
his judicial reforms, _ib._;
his poems, 89.
James VI., his coronation, 107;
his favourites, 115;
his imprisonment at Ruthven, 116;
his marriage, 117;
his contest with the ministers, 120;
his accession to England, 122;
his restoration of episcopacy, 126;
his visit to Scotland, 127;
his death, 128.
James VII., his conduct as Duke of York, 150;
his persecutions, 151;
his deposition, 153.
James Stuart, Chevalier de St. George, Old Pretender, 168;
his rebellion, 169;
his landing in Scotland, 172.
Jameson, George, noted painter, 165.
Jedburgh, destruction of, 64.
John of Bretayne, Lieutenant of Scotland, 45.

K.
Kentigern, Apostle of Strathclyde, 8.
Killiecrankie, battle of, 157.
Kilsyth, battle of, 137.
Knox, John, first mention of, 92;
leader of the Reformers, 99;
his death and character, 113.

L.
Langside, battle of, 108.
Lennox, Matthew Stewart, Earl of, his marriage, 90;
his regency, 111;
his death, 112.
Leslie, David, leader of the Covenanters, 137.
Lethington, William Maitland of, 109;
his death, 115.
Liturgy tumults, 131.
Lorn, John Macdougal of, Bruce's enemy, 48.
Lulach, son of Gruach, 14.
Lyndesay, Sir David, his poems, 95.

M.
MacAlpin, Kenneth, first King of Picts and Scots, 9.
Macbeth, reign of, 13.
Macduff, appeal of, to Edward I., 39.
Maclauchlan, Margaret, death of, 152.
Malcolm I. obtains grant of Strathclyde, 12.
Malcolm II. gets Lothian, 13.
Malcolm III., Canmore, marries Margaret, 15;
meeting with William, _ib._;
raids into England, _ib._, 16;
death of, 16.
Malcolm IV. subdues Galloway, 26;
meets Henry at Chester, 27.
Malt-tax riots, 174.
Mar, Alexander Stewart, Earl of,
defeats the Highlanders at Harlaw, 64.
Mar, John Erskine, Earl of, Regent, 113.
Mar, John, Earl of (Bobbing John), his rebellion, 169.
Margaret, the Maid of Norway, her death, 36.
Margaret, St., her reforms, 16.
Mary, Princess of Orange, 154.
Mary Stewart, her birth, 88;
her removal to France, 91;
her first marriage, 92;
her return to Scotland, 100;
her second marriage, 102;
her favourites, 103;
her flight to Dunbar, 104;
her third marriage, 105;
her surrender, 106;
her escape from Loch Leven, 107;
her flight into England, 109;
her death, 117.
Matilda, daughter of Malcolm, marries Henry of England, 20.
Middleton, Earl of, Commissioner, 143.
Mile Act, the, 145.
Milton, chapter of, 53.
Mitchell, his attempt on the life of Sharp, 148.
Moidart, landing of the young Chevalier at, 177.
Monk, General, his reduction of Scotland, 141;
his share in the Restoration, 143.
Montrose, James Graham, Earl of, takes up arms for the Covenant, 133;
joins the King, 136;
his rising for Charles II., 140;
his death, _ib._
Moray, extent of, 10.
Mormaers, their office, 9.
Morton, James Douglas, Earl of, his regency, 115.
Murray, James Stewart, Earl of, 102;
his regency, 107;
his murder, 110.

N.
Napier, of Merchiston, his writings, 166.
Nectansmere, battle of, 9.
Neville's Cross, battle of, 58.
Norham, Council at, 37.
Northampton, Council at, 28;
peace of, 54.
Northmen, first coming of, 10;
settle in the Sudereys, 11;
invasion of under Magnus, 19;
last invasion of, 31.

O.
Olifant, Sir William, defender of Stirling Castle, 44.
Otterburn, raid of, 60.

P.
Penrith, skirmish at, 171.
Perth, Clan battle at, 62;
murder of James at, 69;
Articles of, 127.
Philiphaugh, battle of, 137.
Picts united to Scots, 9.
Pinkie, battle of, 91.
Porteous riots, 174.
Preston, battle at, 171.
Preston-pans, battle of, 178.

Q.
Quakers, indulgence to, 153.

R.
Rabbling, 154.
Ramsay, Allan, his poems, 89.
Ramsay, Allan, the painter, 189.
Randolf, Earl of, of Moray, 53.
Reform Bill, passing of, 184.
Reformation, causes of, 97;
statutes passed, 100;
results of, 123.
Regalia, story of, 142.
Reseby, John, burning of, 66.
Rizzio, murder of, 103.
Robert I., _see_ Bruce.
Robert II., his marriages, 59;
his death, 61.
Robert III., his change of name, 61;
his imbecility, 61;
his death, 63.
Rothesay, David, first Duke of, 61.
Roxburgh, siege of, 75.
Ruthven, Lord, his share in the murder of Rizzio, 103.
Ruthven, raid of, 116.

S.
St. Andrews, founding of University at, 66.
Sanquhar, Declaration of, 149.
Sauchieburn, battle of, 79.
Scotia, Nova, founding of, 128.
Scott, Sir Walter, 190.
Scots, first coming of, 6.
Seabury, Dr. Samuel, his consecration, 186.
Sedition, trials for, 183.
Severus, invasion of, 5.
Sharp, James, Archbishop of St. Andrew, his consecration, 144;
murder of, 148.
Sheriffmuir, battle at, 171.
Siward defeats Macbeth, 14.
Slavery, abolition of, 183.
Smith, Adam, his "Wealth of Nations," 189.
Smollett, Tobias, the novelist, 189.
Solway, Moss, defeated at, 87.
Spider, Bruce's, 48.
Standard, battle of, 23.
Stewart, origin of the name, 59.
Stirling, battle of, 43.
Stirling, Earl of, founder of Nova Scotia, 128.
Supplication, Great, 131.

T.
Tables, choosing of, 131.
Test Act, passing of, 150.
Theodosius makes Valentia a Roman province, 5.
Thomas, the Rhymer, his predictions, 32.
Tippermuir, battle of, 136.
Toleration, Act of, 185.
Touraine granted to Douglas, 65.
Treasurer, first appointment of, 70.
Tudor, Margaret, marries James IV., 80.
Tulchan Bishops, 113.
Turriff, Trot of, 133.

U.
Union, 163;
results of, 164;
discontent with, 167.
Uttoxeter, surrender at, 138.

V.
Verneuil, battle of, 65.
Veto Act, passing of, 187.

W.
Wallace, William, his rising, 42;
his victory at Stirling, 43;
his defeat at Falkirk, 44;
his military genius, _ib._;
his betrayal and death, 45.
Warbeck, Perkin, his reception in Scotland, 80.
Watt, James, his inventions, 188.
Whiggamores' Raid, the, 138.
William of Orange, 154;
his reduction of the Highlands, 158;
his death, 161.
William the Lion, his capture, 27.
Wilson, Margaret, death of, 152.
Wyntoun, Andrew, his chronicle, 66.

End of Project Gutenberg's History of Scotland, by Margaret Macarthur