Chapter II: Part 2

Commons, the,
summoned to Parliament, ii. 73, 153, 154;
their right to share in all legislative action established, 196,
202;
House of, fully constituted, 203;
petitions against papal encroachments, 225;
its advance under Edward III., 231, 232, 298;
shrinks from meddling with administration, 299;
increasing share in legislation, 301;
resists John of Gaunt's demands, 303;
its action in the Good Parliament, 305;
in Parliament of 1377, 311, 312;
struggle with Richard II., 370;
demands confiscation of Church lands, iii. 15, 21;
changes in its character during Wars of the Roses, 99;
struggle with Wolsey, 245;
petition to Henry, VIII., 290;
first detailed account of its proceedings, iv. 5;
opposes Northumberland's policy, 66;
struggle with Elizabeth, 238, 239;
advance under her, v. 56, 57;
relations with James I., 154, 155, 160-163, 179-182;
action in Parliament of 1621, 221, 222, 224, 225;
in that of 1625, 245-247;
in that of 1626, 250, 253;
draws up the Petition of Right, 260;
action in 1640, 340;
resolves on the trial of Charles I., vi. 66;
abolishes Monarchy, 68;
sets up a Commonwealth, _ib._;
passes the Exclusion Bill, 319;
rejects the Securities Bill, 320;
impeaches Fitzharris, 323;
its sovereignty, vii. 80;
position under William, III., 81;
relations with Marlborough, 123;
the Whigs' management of, 176;
proposals for its reform, viii. 9, 10, 63, 67, 75, 76, 195;
adopts Catholic emancipation, viii. 196.
_See_ Parliament

Commonwealth
established in England, vi. 68, 69;
proclaimed in London, 73

"Commune," the, in towns, i. 318; ii. 69

Companies, trading, v. 161

Compiègne, Jeanne d'Arc taken prisoner at, iii. 53

"Complaint of the Commons of Kent," iii. 65, 66

Comprehension Bill, vii. 63

Compton, Bishop of London, vii. 18, 19, 28, 35

Compurgation, i. 239, 313

Comyn, John, regent of Scotland, ii. 170, 171

Comyn, John, of Badenoch, ii. 173

Condé, Louis I., Prince of, iv. 188, 209, 264, 267

Condé, Louis II., Prince of, vi. 190

Congregation, Lords of the,
their relations with Mary of Guise, iv. 168;
occupy Edinburgh, 169;
relations with Elizabeth, 170-174;
treaty with Francis and Mary, 176;
rise against Mary, 245, 246

Congress,
the first American, vii. 330;
at Philadelphia, viii. 19, 20, 22

Connaught
conquered by the English, iii. 329;
Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364, 365

Connecticut,
first settlement of, v. 319, 320;
refuses to join in war against England, viii. 203

Conquereux, battle of, i. 212

Conservators of the Peace, ii. 123

Consilt, battle of, ii. 54

Constable, Sir Robert, iii. 325

Constable, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132

Constance of Britanny, i. 247, 260

Constantine, king of Scots, i. 119, 120

Constantinople
captured by the Turks, iii. 189;
English exiles at, i. 167

"Constitutional Clubs," viii. 95, 100

Constitutions of Clarendon, i. 235

Contades, General, vii. 264

Continental System, viii. 175, 176;
its results, 177

Contract, the Great, v. 179

Convention
of 1660, vi. 152;
declares itself a Parliament, 194;
of 1689, vii. 44-47;
becomes a Parliament, 60;
the Constituent, vi. 94-98;
the French, viii. 101;
Scottish, of 1659, vi. 150;
of 1689, vii. 51.
_See_ Parliament

Convocation,
provincial, of the clergy, ii. 158;
its legislative power taken away, iii. 301, 307;
of 1413, iii. 20;
of 1512, Colet's address to, 202, 203;
of 1531, 296, 297;
of 1532, 301;
of 1533, 303;
of 1604, its canons, v. 156;
of 1689, vii. 63;
of Perth, ii. 171

Conway,
castle built at, ii. 121;
captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10;
recovered by Percy, 11

Cook, Captain, vii. 278

Cooper, Anthony Ashley, vi. 95;
his early life, 215, 216;
attacks Cromwell's memory, 148;
advises the return of excluded members of the Rump, 151;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 194.
_See_ Ashley

Cope, Sir John, vii. 228

Copenhagen,
battle of, viii. 163;
bombardment of, 180

Copper, export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279

Copy-holders, i. 323

Corfe, Eadward the Martyr slain at, i. 139

Cormac's _Glossary_, i. 8

Cornwal, John, ii. 357

Cornwall
conquered by Ecgberht, i. 102;
Royalist rising in, vi. 5, 6;
tin-mines in, i. 30; ii. 107;
export of tin from, iv. 279;
of copper, _ib._;
West Welsh of, become vassals of Æthelstan, i. 120

Cornwall, Henry, Earl of, i. 345

Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. _See_ Richard

Cornwallis, Charles, second earl and first marquis,
captures Charlestown, viii. 32;
surrenders at York Town, _ib._;
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 130, 138;
victories in India, 131

Coronation-stone, the Scottish, ii. 162

Coroners, i. 264; ii. 149

Corresponding Society, viii. 106

Cortes, Hernan, iv. 329

Corunna,
Drake's descent on, iv. 355;
siege of, 367, 368;
battle of, viii. 187

Cotentin, the,
conquered by William Longsword, i. 155;
ceded to Robert by Henry I., 201

Cotton, Bartholomew de, i. 274

Cotton, manufacture of, viii. 53, 59, 193

Council
of Agitators, vi. 52;
the Continual, ii. 114, 353; iii. 22, 23;
the Great, i. 256, 351;
changes in its character after Norman Conquest, ii. 144;
its importance under Henry II., 144, 145;
powers over taxation recognised by the Great Charter, 145;
mode of summons to, 146;
its composition under Henry III., _ib._;
claim to appoint ministers, 38;
demands for reform, 45;
its assembly regulated by Provisions of Oxford, 61;
becomes Parliament, 156;
the King's, i. 256;
its later developements, ii. 112;
criminal jurisdiction, iii. 178;
position under the Tudors, v. 186, 187;
set aside by James I., 187;
character after the Restoration, vi. 303;
reorganized by Temple, _ib._, 304;
of Nine, ii. 275;
of the North, v. 285, 363;
of Officers, vi. 49, 52, 64, 65;
its plan for a new Parliament, 74;
forces Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament, 149;
Permanent, of Fifteen, ii. 61;
the Privy, i. 256;
of State, under the Commonwealth, vi. 72;
broken up, 91;
new one formed, 94;
new, named by the Convention, 99;
its organization, 100

Councils,
Church, their political results, i. 84, 224;
Occasional, called by Edward III., ii. 292, 299;
Provincial, of 1282, 120

Counties, restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102

County court (shire-court),
preserved by William I., i. 185, 186;
towns represented in, ii. 73;
its composition and functions, 149;
principle of representation in, _ib._, 150;
election of knights of the shire in, 151, 152

Country Party, the, vi. 272, 298

Courcy, John de, ii. 374

Courtenay, Bishop of London, ii. 309;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 339-341, 346

Coutras, battle of, iv. 355

Covenant,
the Scottish, iv. 115, 116;
renewed in 1638, v. 333;
taken by the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16, 17;
forced on the army, 50;
taken by the Convention of 1660, 152;
burnt in Westminster Hall, 204

Coventry,
Parliament at, iii. 75;
Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 269

Coventry, Sir William, vi. 245, 272

Coverdale, Miles, iii. 334

Cowell, John, v. 169

Cowley, Abraham, vi. 165

Cowling Castle, headquarters of the Lollards, iii. 20, 27

Cowper, William, Lord Keeper, vii. 125;
chancellor, 175

Cowper, William, poet, viii. 46

Cox, Richard, iv. 119

Crabbe, George, viii. 46

Craft-gilds, i. 316-318

Craggs, Secretary of State, vii. 192

Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, v. 229, 236

Cranmer, Thomas, iii. 272;
supports the king's divorce, 291;
proposes an appeal to the universities, _ib._;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 303;
crowns Anne Boleyn, _ib._;
tenders the oath of allegiance to More, 318, 319;
attitude towards Lutheranism, 336;
opposes persecution, 346;
drifts into Protestantism, iv. 48, 59, 127;
welcomes foreign refugees, 51;
his view of Episcopacy, 60;
remonstrates against Edward's "plan" for the succession, 70;
sent to the Tower, 75;
tried for treason, _ib._;
his political position, 103, 104;
share in the English Liturgy, 103;
convicted of heresy, 104;
death, 105;
Strype's _Life of_, 3

Crécy, battle of, ii. 237-239

Cremona, battle of, vii. 118

Crépy, treaty of, iv. 32, 33

Creton's _History of Richard II._, ii. 179

Crewe, Chief Justice, v. 254

Crompton, Samuel, viii. 60

Cromwell, Henry, vi. 109

Cromwell, Oliver,
his youth, v. 103; vi. 24, 25;
alleged scheme of emigration, v. 320;
share in Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8;
at Marston Moor, 19, 22;
quarrel with Manchester at Newbury, 24;
his person, 25;
regiment, 26;
temper, 27;
relations with Dissidents, 33, 36;
his policy, 34;
victory at Naseby, 40, 41;
pleads for religious liberty, 44, 45;
resigns his command, 53;
rejoins the army, _ib._;
negotiates with the king, 57;
opposes the ordinance against heresy, 60;
besieges the royalists in Pembroke, 61, 162;
victory at Preston, 62;
marches into Scotland, _ib._;
charged with treason, 63;
suppresses a revolt of the army, 75;
campaign in Ireland, 76, 77, 79;
returns, 79;
Lord-General, _ib._;
invades Scotland, _ib._;
victory at Dunbar, 80;
occupies Edinburgh, 82;
victory at Worcester, 84;
supports the demand for a new Parliament, 87;
drives out the Rump, 90, 91;
resigns his power to the Convention, 95;
his political and social views, 97, 98;
Protector, 100, 102;
his administration, 103;
quarrel with the Parliament of 1654, 102, 103, 105;
his military despotism, 106-108;
settlement of Scotland, 108, 109;
of Ireland, 109, 110;
of England, 111, 112;
foreign policy, 114-117;
struggle with Parliament of 1655, 119;
the Crown offered to, _ib._, 120;
refuses it, 121, 122;
inaugurated as Protector, 122;
successes abroad, 123, 124;
failure at home, 125;
his theory of the Christian State, 127, 128;
failing health, 143;
his "House of Lords," 144;
dissolves the Parliament, 145;
last illness, 146;
death, 147;
his corpse outraged, 201;
authorities for his history, v. 73

Cromwell, Richard, vi. 147, 149

Cromwell, Thomas,
his early life, iii. 282, 283;
relations with Wolsey, 283-285;
counsel to Henry about the divorce, 285;
his policy, 294, 295;
Lord Privy Seal, 304;
Vicar-General, 306;
dealings with the monasteries, 310, 311;
with the clergy, 311, 312;
his reign of terror, 312-315;
temper, 315, 316;
relations with the nobles, 321, 322;
reform of religion, 333;
Church policy in Ireland, 341, 342;
orders removal of images, 343;
dealings with Parliament, iv. 8, 9;
last struggle, iii. 347-351;
fall and death, 352;
results of his policy, iv. 7-14

Crotoy relieved by Talbot, iii. 56

Crowland, i. 86;
burnt by northmen, 104;
Chronicle of, ii. 179, 180

Croys, the, iii. 122, 125

Crusades,
their effect on learning, i. 282;
of Richard I., 261;
of Edward I., ii. 90;
Henry IV.'s project of, iii. 25;
Henry V.'s, 36, 38

Cuba
conquered by England, vii. 307;
restored to Spain, _ib._

Cudworth, Ralph, vi. 169

Culloden, battle of, vii. 230

Cumberland, William, Duke of, vii. 227, 230, 248, 251

Cumberland, Henry Clifford, first Earl of, iii. 323

Cumberland, Henry Clifford, second Earl of, iv. 162

Cumberland, George Clifford, third Earl of, iv. 353, 358

Cumbria,
British kingdom of, i. 60;
conquered by Ecgfrith, 87;
by Eadmund, 123;
granted to Malcolm, king of Scots, _ib._

Cup-thegn (butler), i. 132

"Customs" of the realm, i. 235

Customs duties,
Edward I.'s, ii. 107, 164, 172, 189;
granted to Edward IV. for life, 89, 152;
new, imposed by James I., v. 172;
granted to Charles I. for a year only, 246

Cuthbert, St., i. 74-76, 87, 88

Cuthwulf, king of the West Saxons, i. 37

Cynric, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49

Dacres, William, third Lord, iv. 162

Dacres, Leonard, iv. 269

Dægsastan, battle of, i. 60

Dalaber, Anthony, iii. 262

Dalrymple, John, Master of Stair, vii. 52, 53

Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of,
Lord Treasurer, vi. 282;
his policy, 282-286;
duped by Charles, 287;
his bill for the security of the Church, 288;
foreign policy, 289, 290;
impeached, 299;
dismissed, 300;
released from the Tower, vii. 2;
warns William against James II., 28;
signs the invitation to William, 35;
prepares for a rising, 37;
raises Yorkshire, 41;
his policy in the Convention of 1689, 46;
Lord President, 67

Danegeld, i. 186, 207, 216, 350; ii. 104

Danelaw, the, i. 107;
its struggle with Ælfred, 116, 117;
subdued by Eadmund, 120;
rises against Eadred, 123;
final submission, _ib._, 124;
Dunstan's policy towards, 137

Danes. _See_ Northmen

Daniel, poet and historian, v. 4, 35

Darcy, Thomas, Lord (of Aston), iii. 323-325

Darien, colony of, vii. 89

Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, iv. 220, 221;
marries Mary Stuart, 224;
quarrels with her, 227;
share in Rizzio's murder, 228;
dissolves Parliament, 229;
reconciled to Mary, _ib._;
plots against him, 242, 243;
death, 244

Dartford, peasant revolt at, ii. 319

Dartmouth,
Breton descent on, iii. 16;
Warwick and Clarence land at, 138

Dartmouth, George Legge, first Lord, vii. 77

Daun, General, vii. 263, 302

Davenant, Sir William, v. 303

David I., king of Scots, i. 217; ii. 133;
his Laws, ii. 171

David II., king of Scots. _See_ Bruce

David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon, ii. 134, 136

David, brother of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, ii. 119, 121

Davies, Sir John, v. 303

Davison, Secretary of State, iv. 352

Dean, Forest of, iron-mines in, i. 30

Deane, General, vi. 108

Debt, the National, vii. 87

"Defenders," viii. 119

Deira,
kingdom of, i. 36;
conquered by Bernicians, 52, 53;
submits to Oswald, 67;
to Penda, 71.
_See_ Northumbria

Dekker, Thomas, v. 42

Delaware, colony of, vii. 236

Denham, Sir John, vi. 325

Denmark,
its monarchy founded, i. 128;
relations with Sweden and Hanover, vii. 188, 189;
joins leagues against England, viii. 162, 180;
its fleet captured, 180, 181

Deorham, battle of, i. 38, 61

Derby,
one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
conquered by Æthelflæd, 118;
Charles Edward at, vii. 228

Derby, Henry Plantagenet I., Earl of, ii. 234, 235, 243

Derby, Henry Plantagenet III., Earl of, ii. 353

Derby, Henry III. of Lancaster, Earl of. _See_ Henry IV. (king).

Derby, Edward Stanley, third Earl of, iv. 267, 269

Derby, William Stanley, ninth Earl of, vii. 23

Derby, Earls of. _See_ Ferrars.

Derbyshire, lead mines in, ii. 107

D'Erlon, General, viii. 208, 209

Dermod, king of Leinster, i. 251, 252

Derry, colonisation of, v. 289

Derwentwater, James Radcliffe, third Earl of, vii. 184

Desmond, Gerald Fitzmaurice (or Fitzgerald), fifteenth Earl of, iv.
315, 316

Desmond, James Fitzgerald, seventeenth Earl of, v. 62

Despenser, Hugh, justiciar, ii. 64, 66, 87

Despenser, Hugh, the elder, ii. 194, 198.

Despenser, Hugh, the younger, ii. 194, 195, 199

Dettingen, battle of, vii. 224

Devon
rises against William. I., i. 168;
against Somerset, iv. 55;
secured by Prince Maurice for Charles I., vi. 13;
rising in, under Monmouth, vii. 9

Devonshire, William Cavendish, fourth Earl of (_see_ Cavendish), vii.
28;
signs the invitation to William III., 35;
prepares for a rising, 37;
heads the rising in the Midlands, 41

Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, fifth Earl of, iii. 69

Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, sixth Earl of, ii. 80

Devon, Edward Courtenay, Earl of, iv. 78

D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, iv. 5; v. 72

D'Eyvill, John, ii. 84

Dieppe burnt by the English fleet, i. 333

Digby, Sir Everard, v. 159

Digby, Sir Kenelm, vi. 168

Digges, Sir Dudley, v. 251, 253

Dioceses, English,
origin of their limits, i. 82, 83;
organized by Theodore, 83

Directory, the French, viii. 113

"Disinherited," the, ii. 84, 86-89

"Dissidence," growth of, vi. 30-32

D'Oillis, the, i. 284

Domesday Book, i. 186

Domfront taken by Henry V., iii. 33

Dominic, St., ii. 9

Dominicans (Black Friars) come to England, ii. 11

Domrémy, home of Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46

Donne, John, v. 303

Dorset, risings in, i. 168; vii. 9

Dorset, John Beaufort, Marquis of (Earl of Somerset), iii. 7

Dorset, Thomas Grey, second Marquis of, iii. 209

Dorset, Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, v. 22

Dorset, Charles Sackville, sixth Earl of, vii. 23

Douay,
English college at, iv. 307;
Oxford refugees at, 317

Douglas, Archibald, fourth Earl of, iii. 13, 14, 39

Douglas, Sir Archibald, Regent of Scotland, ii. 211

Douglas, James, ii. 184, 204, 205, 210

Douglas, house of, their struggle with the Scot kings, iii. 184

Dover,
tumult at, in 1051, i. 152;
resists Lewis of France, 355; ii. 2;
surrenders to Henry III., 83;
treaty of, vi. 257

Dowdall, Archbishop of Armagh, iv. 62

D'Oysel, French ambassador in Scotland, iv. 173

Drake, Francis,
his voyage round the world, iv. 333, 334;
expedition to the Spanish Main, 349;
to Cadiz and Corunna, 355;
in the fleet against the Armada, 361, 362;
expedition to Lisbon, 367

Drama, English,
its beginnings, v. 20-22;
developement under Elizabeth, 22-24;
after the Restoration, vi. 163, 164

Drayton's _Polyolbion_, v. 35

Dreux captured by Henry V., iii. 36;
battle of, iv. 210

Drogheda, massacre at, vi. 76, 77

Dryden, Sir Erasmus, vi. 325

Dryden, John, vi. 165, 324, 325;
founder of the school of critical poets, 326;
his tragedies, 327;
comedies, 328, 329;
_Annus Mirabilis_, 330;
attitude in politics and religion, 331;
_Absalom and Ahitophel_, 332-334;
influence on literature, vii. 154-157

Dublin, sieges of, i. 252; vi. 76

Dublin, John Allen, Archbishop of, murdered, iii. 328

Dubois, the Abbé, vii. 187

Dudley, Lord Guildford, iv. 69, 75, 84

Dudley, Lord Robert, iv. 193.
_See_ Leicester

Dudley, Edmund, iii. 199

Dudo of St. Quentin, i. 6

Dumouriez, General, viii. 101, 107

Duncan, Admiral, viii. 127

Dundas, Henry, viii. 171

Dundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount, vii. 51, 52

Dunes, battle of the, vi. 124

Dunkirk
ceded to Cromwell, vi. 124;
sold to France, 214;
dismantled, vii. 142

Dunluce, ships of the Armada wrecked off, iv. 363

Dunning, John, Solicitor-General, viii. 15

Dunois, Count of, iii. 49, 50, 62

Dupleix, General, vii. 233-235

Duquesne, Fort, vii. 243, 245, 266

Duns Scotus, ii. 276

_Dunstable, Annals of_, i. 273

Dunstan, St., i. 120-123;
his struggle with Eadwig, 136;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 137;
policy and rule, _ib._, 138;
fall, 139;
_Lives of_, 6

Durham,
historians of, i. 243;
King John at, 340

Durie, John, v. 138

Eadberht, king of Northumbria, i. 96, 97

Eadgar, King, i. 137, 138;
his Law, 144

Eadgar, king of Scots, i. 197

Eadgar, the Ætheling, i. 154, 165, 168, 170, 197

Eadgyth, wife of Eadward the Confessor, i. 150, 165

Eadmer, i. 173, 243

Eadmund, St., king of East Anglia, i. 104

Eadmund (the Magnificent), King, i. 120, 122, 123

Eadmund Ironside, King, i. 143;
his children, 144, 153

Eadred, King, i. 123, 136

Eadric, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 142-144

Eadward the Elder, King, i. 117-119, 305

Eadward the Martyr, King, i. 139

Eadward the Confessor, King, i, 149-153, 158, 160;
his Laws, 150, 199, 340;
_Life of_, 6

Eadwig, King, i. 136, 137

Eadwig, son of Æthelred II., i. 144

Eadwine, king of Northumbria, i. 62-64, 66

Eadwine, earl of Mercia, i. 160, 165, 167, 170

Eadwulf, earl of Northumbria, i. 146

Ealdorman, the,
his office, i. 48, 49;
becomes a delegate of the king, 131;
rises again to independence, 134;
replaced by the earl, 146

Ealdred, Archbishop of York, i. 166

Earl, the, i. 11, 50;
superseded by the thegn, 51

Earldoms,
the four great, i. 146;
abolished, 185

Earls supersede ealdormen, i. 146

East Anglia,
its conquest, i. 36;
Christianity in, 59;
subject to Mercia, 91;
revolts, 102;
conquered by the northmen, 104;
bridled by Eadward the Elder, 117, 118;
earldom of, 146;
Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96

"Easterlings," i. 303

Eastern Counties, Association of the, vi. 8, 13

East India Company, iv. 284; vii. 63, 232

East-Saxons,
their settlement, i. 35;
conversion, 59

Ebbsfleet, i. 31, 32, 58

Ecclesiastical Courts separated from civil Courts, i. 188

Ecgberht, king of Wessex, i. 101-103

Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 86-89

Ecgwine, Bishop of Worcester, i. 86

Eddi's _Life of Wilfrid_, i. 4

Edgecote, battle of, iii. 134

Edgehill, battle of, vi. 3

Edinburgh
founded, i. 63;
seat of the Scot kings, 147;
won by Bruce, ii. 191;
burnt by the English, iv. 28;
castle of, besieged by Henry IV., iii. 9;
treaty of, iv. 176;
riot at, against the new Liturgy, v. 328;
the Covenant signed at, 333;
rises against James VII., vii. 50;
"James the Eighth" proclaimed at, 228

_Edinburgh Review_, the, viii. 195

Edington, battle of, i. 107

Edith. _See_ Matilda

Edmund Rich, St., i. 287-289;
Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 33;
obtains dismissal of Peter des Roches, _ib._;
dealings with Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, 58;
retires to Pontigny, 42

Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III., ii. 59, 82,
87, 187, 188

Edmund, Earl of Woodstock, ii. 293

Edward (I.), son of Henry III.,
defeated by the Welsh, ii. 59;
joins Earl Simon, 64, 65;
rejoins Henry, 65;
marches against Llewelyn, 67;
surrenders Windsor, _ib._;
attempts to surprise London, 70;
share in battle of Lewes, _ib._;
prisoner, 71;
escapes, 75;
seizes Gloucester, 76;
defeats the younger Simon, _ib._;
meets Simon at Evesham, 77;
attitude after the battle, 81;
marches against Axholme, 85;
negotiations for peace, _ib._;
captures Adam Gurdon, 87;
effects off his influence, 89;
goes on Crusade, 90;
King, _ib._;
his motto, 41;
his temper, 91-93;
influence of chivalry on, 94, 95;
spirit of legality, 96;
moral temper, 97;
military skill, _ib._, 98;
political genius, 98, 99;
constitutional aspect of his reign, 100, 101;
first measures, 102, 103;
progress of art and trade in his reign, 105-107;
brings Llewelyn to submission, 108, 109;
judicial reforms, 109-113;
policy towards the barons, 116, 117;
towards the Church, 118, 119;
conquest of Wales, 119-121;
legislation, 122-124;
visit to Aquitaine, 123;
expels the Jews, 131;
relations with Scotland, 135-140;
quarrel with France, 141, 142;
summons Scotch barons to war in Guienne, 143;
admits burgesses to Parliament, 154;
his scheme for representation of clergy in Parliament, 157;
storms Berwick, 160, 161;
Scotland submits to, 161, 162;
struggle with the clergy, 163;
exactions from merchants, 164;
quarrel with barons, 164, 165;
goes to Flanders, 165;
confirms the Charters, _ib._, 166, 170;
truce with France, 168;
victory at Falkirk, 169;
treaty with France, 170;
second conquest of Scotland, 171;
his "New Custom," 172;
absolved by the Pope from his oath to observe the Charters, _ib._;
his vow on the swan, 173, 174;
death, 174

Edward (II.), son of Edward I., ii. 173, 174;
character and policy, 184-186;
marriage, 186;
relations with Gaveston and the barons, 186-188;
struggle with the Ordainers, 188-191;
marches on Scotland, 191;
defeated at Bannockburn, 192, 193;
accepts the Ordinances, 194;
campaign of 1319, _ib._;
relations with the Despensers, 194, 195;
truce with Scotland, 196;
relations with France, 197, 198;
flies to Lundy Island, 198;
deposed, 199, 200;
murdered, 200;
authorities for his reign, 177

Edward (III.) of Windsor, son of Edward II., ii. 198;
proclaimed king, 199;
arrests Mortimer, 207;
relations with France, 208, 209;
acknowledged as suzerain by Edward Balliol, 211;
takes Berwick, _ib._;
receives Balliol's homage, 212;
declares war on France, 213;
number of his forces, 216;
continental alliances, 216-219;
Vicar-General of the Empire, 219;
negotiations with France, _ib._;
besieges Cambray, 220;
complains of papal exactions, 225;
alliance with Flemish towns, 226, 227;
besieges Tournay, 228;
losses in Scotland, 229, 230;
relations with Parliament, 230-233, 292, 299;
supports John of Montfort in Britanny, 233;
invades Normandy, 235;
marches on Paris, _ib._;
victory at Crécy, 237-239;
causes of his military success, 242, 243;
besieges Calais, 243;
his treatment of the six burgesses, 245-247;
the imperial crown offered to, 248;
his character, 249-251;
founds the Order of the Garter, 252;
rebuilds Windsor Castle, _ib._
alliance with Charles of Navarre, 258;
with David Bruce, 263, 264;
ravages France, 265;
treaty with Burgundy, _ib._;
with the Regent of France, 266;
forbids entry of Papal bulls, 273;
policy in Spain, 287;
truce with Charles V., 288;
his evil rule, 290, 291;
compromise with the Pope, 296;
death, 311

Edward (IV.), Earl of March, iii. 75;
victory at Mortimer's Cross, 78;
King, 80;
his finance, 89, 152;
protection of trade, 106;
his temper, 112, 116-118;
relations with Lewis XI., 120, 121, 123, 124;
marriage, 124;
double-dealing with Lewis and Charles the Bold, 129, 130;
league with Charles, 130;
relations with Warwick, 131-135;
driven out, 139;
returns, 141;
victory at Barnet, 142;
marches against Margaret, 143;
defeats her at Tewkesbury, 144, 145;
new alliance with Charles against Lewis, 148;
invades France, 149;
makes peace with Lewis, 150;
his rule, 151-153;
death, 163

Edward V., King, iii. 163, 167;
More's _Life of_, 83, 218

Edward (VI.), son of Henry VIII.,
born, iii. 326;
scheme for his marriage, iv. 26;
his temper, 67;
"plan" for the succession, 69, 70;
death, 70;
_Journal_, 3;
Hayward's _Life of_, _ib._;
his Grammar Schools, 62

Edward (the Black Prince)
proposed as Count of Flanders, ii. 233;
exploits at Crécy, 237, 238;
ravages Guienne, 259, 260;
campaign on the Loire, 260;
victory at Poitiers, 261-263;
invested with Aquitaine, 281;
supports Pedro the Cruel, 283;
victory at Navarete, 284;
imposes hearth-tax on Aquitaine, _ib._;
summoned by France to answer the Gascon appeal, 285;
storms Limoges, 286;
marriage, 293;
sickness, 286, 302;
action in the Good Parliament, 305;
death, 306

Edward, son of Henry VI., iii. 71, 137, 140, 145

Egypt
conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132;
the French driven from, 165, 166

_Eikon Basilike_, vi. 72

Elba, Napoleon at, viii. 205

Eleanor of Castille, wife of Edward I., ii. 93

Eleanor of Poitou, wife of Henry II., i. 226;
her claims on Toulouse, 233;
turns against Henry, 254;
imprisoned, 255;
joins Richard in Sicily, 260;
secures Aquitaine for John, 268;
besieged at Mirebeau, _ib._;
dies, 270

Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III., ii. 32, 69, 72, 74

Eleanor, daughter of King John, ii. 36

Eliot, John, v. 195, 248, 249;
attacks Buckingham, 249-252;
sent to the Tower, 253;
released, _ib._;
proposes a Remonstrance, 262;
share in the Avowal, 268;
death, 273

Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., iv. 46;
her classical scholarship, iii. 212;
Thomas Seymour's attempt to marry her, iv. 56;
sent to the Tower, 85, 136;
Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession, 89;
her person, 134;
scholarship, _ib._, 135;
relations with Mary, 136;
Philip's policy towards, 137, 138;
set free, 138;
accession, 146;
religious policy, 148-150, 152, 153;
coronation, 153;
refuses to marry Philip, 154;
relations with Paul IV., 155, 156;
her title acknowledged by Parliament, 156;
restores the Prayer-Book, 158, 159;
drops the title "Head of the Church," 160;
dealings with the clergy, 161, 162;
relations with Parker, 165, 166;
with the Scotch Lords of the Congregation, 170, 172-175;
treaty with Mary and Francis, 176;
character, 177-181;
statesmanship, 182-186;
supports the Huguenots, 189;
temporises with Pius IV., 192;
refuses to send envoys to Trent, 193, 194;
schemes for her marriage, 193, 195, 199;
refuses a safe-conduct to Mary Stuart, 200;
difficulties with Mary, 202-204;
treaty with the Huguenots, 209, 210;
with France, 219;
her changes in the system of the monarchy, 232;
policy in Ireland, 240;
drift of her religious policy, 247, 248;
difficulties with Mary and Alva, 257, 258;
demands Mary's release, 259;
refuses to recognize Murray's government, _ib._;
renews marriage negotiations with Austria, 260;
negotiates for Mary's restoration, 262;
her temporizing policy, 264;
bull of deposition against her, 265, 270;
her relations with England, 274, 275, 287-289;
checks the "liberty of prophesying," 290;
relations with Parliament, 292, 293; v. 56-58;
resists Puritan pressure, iv. 293, 294;
scheme for her marriage with Henry of Anjou, 297;
expels the "water-beggars," 298;
attitude towards the Netherlands, 300;
persecutes the Catholics, 308, 309;
alliance with the Netherlands, 311;
scheme for her marriage with Francis of Anjou, 313, 316, 337, 338;
dealings with the Catholics, 319, 320;
relations with Drake, 334;
confers new powers on the Ecclesiastical Commission, 340;
refuses Protectorate of the Netherlands, 349;
sends them aid, _ib._;
alliance with James VI., 350;
plots against her, _ib._;
signs the death-warrant of Mary Stuart, 352;
her victory over party disunion, 364, 365;
sends an expedition to Portugal, 367;
help to Henry IV., 371;
league with France and the Netherlands, v. 60;
her loneliness, 63;
waning popularity, 64, 65;
last days, 65, 66;
death, 67;
materials for her history, iv. 3-5

Elizabeth, Czarina of Russia, vii. 246, 306

Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., iii. 133, 167, 168, 170, 171;
marries Henry VII., 175

Elizabeth, daughter of James I., v. 210

Elizabeth Woodville. _See_ Woodville

Elizabeth of France, wife of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372

Ellandun, battle of, i. 102

Elliott, General, viii. 31, 41

Elmet conquered by Eadwine, i. 63

Elmham's _Life of Henry V._, ii. 179

Ely
burnt by northmen, i. 104;
Cnut at, 145;
the Ætheling Ælfred blinded at, 148;
surrenders to William, 170;
seized by the Disinherited, ii. 88

Emma of Normandy, wife of Æthelred II., i. 141, 156

"Emperor's men," the, i. 303

Empson, Sir Richard, iii. 199

Engla-land, i. 138

England, Old, i. 9

England,
character of its settlement, i. 44-48;
work of the northmen in, 129;
first use of the name, 138;
its peace under Cnut, 146;
prosperity under Eadward and Harold, 153;
effects of foreign rule on, 176-178, 278;
fusion of Normans and English in, 200, 281;
invaded by Robert of Normandy, 200, 201;
civil war in, 219, 220;
anarchy in, 220, 221;
revival of national feeling in, 280, 281;
Norman immigration to, 302;
effects of loss of Normandy on, 325, 326;
under Interdict, 330, 331;
Friars arrive in, ii. 11;
Provençals and Poitevins in, under Henry III. 32, 33;
early finance, 103;
relations with the Papacy, 26-28, 218, 219, 221-223, 225, 273-275,
303;
social changes after the Black Death, 254, 255;
social strife in, 266-268, 289, 316, 317;
sufferings under Edward III., 290, 291;
constitutional, its beginnings, 100;
its freedom established, iii. 85;
moral and intellectual decay during Wars of the Roses, 97, 98, 115;
social condition in fifteenth century, 104-107;
agricultural changes in, 107, 108;
evictions and enclosures in, 109, 110;
definition of its foreign policy, 128;
intellectual progress under Edward IV., 153, 154;
the New Learning in, 191-196, 201;
relations with the Papacy under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 299, 300,
302;
rejects Papal jurisdiction, 305;
foreign Protestants in, iv. 51, 58, 59, 305;
condition under Somerset, 54, 55;
religious disorder in, 61;
condition under Northumberland, 66;
religious changes in, under Mary, 75;
submits to Rome, 88, 89;
effects of the Reformation on, 121, 122;
attitude in Mary's later years, 134, 138, 139;
condition at her death, 146, 147;
religious chaos under Elizabeth, 162-165;
becomes Protestant, 166, 167, 247, 248;
its importance to the Papacy, 253, 254;
parties in, 263;
social condition under Elizabeth, 274-277, 283-287;
religious condition, 289-291, 302-305;
volunteers from, in the Netherlands, 324;
unites against the Armada, 358;
effect on, of the fight with Spain, 364;
its maritime warfare with Spain, 370, 371;
intellectual developement under Elizabeth, v. 1-11;
condition at her death, 75, 76;
growth of wealth and social advance, 77;
rise of the squires, 78;
growth of national spirit in, _ib._, 79;
growth of the religious spirit in, 81;
foreign rule of the Stuarts in, 148, 149;
James I.'s proposal for its union with Scotland, 154;
change in its attitude towards the crown, 171, 172, 183, 184;
condition under Charles I., 280-282, 315, 316;
declared a Commonwealth, vi. 68, 69;
scheme of union with Holland, 81;
with Scotland, 85;
with Ireland, 86;
war with Holland, _ib._, 88;
condition under Cromwell and the major-generals, 106-108;
progress of the Puritan ideal in, 125-128;
scientific movement in, 131-133;
Latitudinarians in, 133-137;
modern, its beginnings, 160-161;
intellectual progress after the Restoration, 163-171;
union with Scotland and Ireland dissolved, 180;
Restoration settlement of, 196-198;
quarrel with the Dutch, 223, 224;
war with Holland, 225-226, 238, 239, 261;
attitude towards Lewis XIV., 228;
its diplomacy under Charles II., 247, 248;
declares war against Lewis XIV., vii. 49;
alliance with Holland, 102, 104, 105;
Union with Scotland, 127, 128;
its European position after the Revolution, 147, 148;
its European policy, 149-151;
its intellectual influence, 151-153;
character of political controversy in, 161;
strength and weakness of public opinion in, 162-164;
social condition under the Georges, 170, 171;
alliance with France and Holland, 187;
condition under Walpole, 195-198;
alliance with France and Prussia, 199;
quarrel with Spain for trade in America, 216, 217;
declares war, 218;
intercourse with India, 232;
relations with America, 240, 241, 243, 244;
treaty with Frederick II., 247, 248;
war with France, 248, 249, 264;
becomes a world-power, 274-277;
annexations in the Pacific, 278, 279;
its empire, 279;
relations with America after the Seven Years' War, 280-283;
results of the Revolution in, 286, 287;
intellectual advance in the eighteenth century, 292, 293;
war with Spain, 306;
conquests in the West Indies, 307;
its gains by the treaty of Paris, _ib._;
English and American theories of its relation to America, 321-325;
growing influence of public opinion in, viii. 1, 2, 10, 11;
war with America, 22-26, 32, 41;
relations with Ireland, 33;
position after the American war, 45;
religious movement in, 46, 47;
industrial progress, 53-60;
growing influence of the trading class in, 61;
its condition as compared to the rest of Europe, 80;
alliance with Prussia and Holland, 85;
attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 88, 93-95;
panic in, 103-106;
war with France, 108, 109;
its colonial acquisitions in 1795, 112;
condition during the French war, 114;
its dogged temper, 115, 116;
effects of the war on its industry and trade, 157, 158;
League of Neutrals against her, 159, 160;
declares war against Buonaparte, 170;
effects of the Continental System on its industry and trade, 177;
condition during the French war, 192-195;
war with America, 198, 203-205;
last strife with Napoleon, 207-211.
_See_ English People

Engle, the,
their early home, i. 9, 10;
settle in East Anglia and the north, 36;
conquer Bernicia, 52.
_See_ English, Mercians, South-Engle

English people,
their life in Old England, i. 10-22;
religion, 22-24;
temper, 24-26;
love of the sea, 27;
character of their conquests, 39-44;
of their settlement, 44-48;
changes in organization after the conquest, 48-52;
tendencies towards unity, 53-55, 61, 83, 130;
union under Ecgberht, 103;
fusion of northmen with, 126, 127;
effects of struggle with the northmen on, 129, 130;
tendencies towards disintegration, 133, 134;
effects of foreign rule on, 176-178;
fusion of Normans with, 200, 281;
support William Rufus, 191, 192;
support Henry I., 201, 202;
revival of national feeling, 280, 281;
attitude under George III., vii. 312-314;
new life in America, viii. 43, 44.
_See_ England

Episcopacy
abolished in Scotland, v. 140;
restored, 143, 166, 167;
again abolished, 335;
proposal to abolish it in England, 354

Erasmus, Desiderius, iii. 193, 194;
his relations with Warham, 196, 212;
teaches Greek at Cambridge, 201;
protests against war, 211;
his _Praise of Folly_, 199, 219;
edition of St. Jerome, 212, 213;
of the New Testament, 213, 215;
his theology, 214;
defends the New Learning against Luther, 256

Eric, king of Sweden, i. 128

Essayists, the English, vii. 158-160

Essex
settled by the East Saxons, i. 35;
submits to Wulfhere, 85;
peasant revolt in, ii. 321;
Protestantism in, under Mary, iv. 144;
royalist rising in, vi. 59

Essex, Arthur Capel, first earl of,
commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 301;
supports Shaftesbury and the Exclusion, 315, 319;
plots with Monmouth, etc., 336;
death, 337

Essex, Robert Devereux, second earl of, v. 43, 62, 63

Essex, Robert Devereux, third earl of,
marries Frances Howard, v. 190;
divorced, 191;
resists a forced loan, 255;
captain-general of the Parliamentary army, vi. 1;
movements in 1642, 2, 3;
captures Reading, 5;
his inactivity, 6, 8-10;
retires to Uxbridge, 12;
relieves Gloucester, 13, 14;
movements in 1644, 19, 22, 23;
retires, 35

Essex, Earls of. _See_ Fitz-Peter, Mandeville

Essex, Frances, Countess of. _See_ Howard

Estates of the realm, various groupings of, in Parliament, ii. 202,
203

Etherege, Sir George, vi. 157

Eugene of Savoy, Prince, vii. 118, 120, 121, 131, 134

Euphuism, v. 5

Eustace, Count of Boulogne, i. 152, 167

Eustace, son of King Stephen, i. 226, 227

Eustace the Monk, ii. 2

Eva, daughter of Dermod of Leinster, i. 252

Evelyn's _Diary_, vi. 157

Evesham
founded, i. 86;
battle of, ii. 77, 78

Evreux, Charles of, ii. 315

Exchange, the Royal, founded, iv. 280

Exchequer, Court of, i. 206; ii. 109;
Richard Fitz-Neal's _Dialogue_ on, i. 174, 244;
closed, vi. 261

Excise,
Walpole's scheme of, vii. 195, 201, 202;
revived by Pitt, viii. 77

Exeter,
northmen at, i. 106;
Welsh driven from, 120;
subdued by William I., 167, 168;
tailors' gild at, 318;
William of Orange received at, vii. 40

Exeter, Henry Holland, duke of, iii. 140, 142

Exeter, John Holland, duke of (Earl of Huntingdon), iii. 7, 8

Exeter, Edward Courtenay, marquis of, iii. 322, 348, 350

Exton, Sir Piers, iii. 8

Exclusion Bill, the, vi. 307, 308, 319, 320

Eylau, battle of, viii. 175

Fabyan's _Chronicle_, ii. 179

Fairfax, Edward, his version of Tasso, v. 2

Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, vi. 4

Fairfax, Sir Thomas,
his victory at Nantwich, vi. 18;
commander-in-chief of the New Model army, 35, 36;
victory at Naseby, 40, 41;
in the west, 41;
marches on Oxford, 46;
suppresses royalist rising in Kent, 61;
Colchester surrenders to, 64;
marches on London, 65;
suppresses mutiny, 75;
superseded by Cromwell, 79;
joins Monk, 151

Falaise,
birthplace of William the Conqueror, i. 157;
treaty of, ii. 140;
reduced by Henry V., iii. 33

Falconberg, William Neville, Lord, iii. 113

Falkirk, battles of, ii. 168, 169; vii. 229

Falkland, Lucius Cary, second viscount,
his plans of Church reform, v. 354;
abandons Strafford's impeachment, 356;
his political position, 368;
becomes Charles's minister, 375;
joins Charles at York, 378;
death, vi. 14;
influence on religious thought, 133

Family Compact, the, vii. 215

"Farm" of a borough, ii. 152

Farmer, Anthony, vii. 25

Farmers, rise of, ii. 240

Farne, islet of, i. 71

Fastolfe, Sir John, iii. 46, 162

Fawkes, Guido, v. 158, 159

Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster, iv. 106

Felton, John, v. 264, 265

Ferdinand (I.), Archduke of Austria, iii. 208, 243; iv. 19;
Emperor, 98; v. 174, 175

Ferdinand (II.), Archduke of Austria, v. 213;
king of Bohemia, 216;
Emperor, 217

Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, iii. 186, 187, 207;
forms the Holy League, 209;
seizes Navarre, _ib._;
dies, 234

Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, viii. 185

Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, iv. 91

Ferrars, Robert, fourth earl of Derby, i. 254

Ferrars, Robert, eighth earl of Derby, ii. 87

Feudalism,
tendency to, in England after Danish wars, i. 133, 135, 136;
the Conqueror's dealings with, 181-185;
antagonism of the universities to, 289-291;
revives under Henry III., ii. 4, 5;
its military basis, 239;
ruin, iii. 92-94

Fielding, Henry, vii. 297

Fifth-monarchy men, vi. 182

Filmer, Sir Robert, vi. 171

Finance,
early English, ii. 103;
William I.'s system of, i. 186

Finch, Sir John,
Chief-Justice, v. 331;
Lord Keeper, 351

First of June, battle of the, viii. 111

Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 201;
his reply to Luther, 257:
quarrel with the Commons, 290;
sent to the Tower, 319;
beheaded, 321

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, viii. 121, 128

Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, iii. 328

Fitz-Hamo, Robert, ii. 48

Fitzharris, Edward, vi. 323

Fitz-Maurices, the, Earls of Desmond, ii. 377

Fitz-Maurice, James, iv. 315

Fitz-Neal, Richard, bishop of London and treasurer, i. 174, 223;
his _Dialogue on the Exchequer_, 174, 244

Fitz-Osbern, Roger, i. 189

Fitz-Osbern, William, i. 167, 168, 183

Fitz-Peter, Geoffry, Earl of Essex and justiciar, i. 267, 338, 339,
341

Fitz-Ralf, Richard, Chancellor of Oxford, ii. 295

Fitz-Stephen, Robert, i. 252

Fitz-Urse, Reginald, i. 241

Fitz-Walter, Robert,
captain of the Londoners, i. 305;
conspires against John, 335;
leader of the barons, 343;
"Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church," 346;
counsels alliance with France, 355;
besieges Lincoln, ii. 2

Fitz-Warenne or Fitz-Warin, Fulk (the third), i. 343; ii. 42

Fitz-Warenne, Fulk (the fifth), ii. 116

Fitzwilliam, William, fourth Earl, viii. 104, 120

Five Boroughs, the, i. 117, 120

"Five members," the, v. 373-376

Flambard, Ranulf, i. 192, 199.

Flamsteed, John, vi. 166

Flanders,
its wool trade with England, ii. 107, 226;
interdict in, 219, 224;
alliance with Edward III., 226, 227;
civil strife in, 233;
joins Edward again, 244;
struggle with France, 349;
English gild of Merchant Adventurers in, iii. 155;
decay of its trade, iv. 281;
refugees from, in England, 305, 323;
attacked by France, vi. 124

Flanders, Lewis le Mâle, Count of, ii. 244, 286

Flanders, Margaret of, ii. 286

Fleet, English,
created by Ælfred, i. 116;
successes under John, 333, 337;
under Hubert de Burgh, ii. 2, 3;
repulsed from Abermenai, 54;
reduces Anglesea, 109;
victory at Sluys, 228;
defeated by Spaniards, 313;
harries the coast of Britanny, iii. 16;
Henry VIII.'s, iv. 28, 29;
Elizabeth's, 360;
its fight with the Armada, 361, 362;
declares for Charles I., vi. 59;
re-created by Vane, 78;
increased under William III., vii. 105, 107;
blockades Cadiz and threatens Naples, 223;
its share in the war with France, viii. 111, 127, 133;
blockades Malta, 162, 165;
attacks Copenhagen, 163, 180

Fleetwood, General, vi. 121, 145, 150

Flemings
in Pembrokeshire, ii. 48, 55;
settle in England under Edward III., 226;
besiege Bouvines, 234;
attack France, 244

Fletcher, Giles, v. 304

Fletcher, Phineas, v. 304

Fleurus, battles of, vii. 75; viii. 109

Flint,
Richard II. taken prisoner at, ii. 381;
castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11

Flodden, battle of, iii. 210

Flood, Henry, viii. 37

Florence,
revival of letters at, iii. 189;
commercial treaty with, iv. 282

Florence of Worcester, i. 6, 173, 280

Florida,
Huguenot colony in, iv. 330;
ceded to England, vii. 307;
to Spain, viii. 41

Flushing pledged to Elizabeth, iv. 349

Foliot, Gilbert, his letters, i. 173

Folk, the, i. 19

"Folk-land," i. 47

Folk-moot, the, i. 19, 20.

Fontenoy, battle of, vii. 227

Ford, John, v. 303

Forests,
Assize of the, i. 267;
Charter of the, ii. 165, 166, 170;
Law of the, 34;
commission of, under Charles I., v. 277;
New, disafforested by Great Charter, i. 352

Forster, Thomas, vii. 184

Fort St. George (Madras), vii. 232

Fort William (Calcutta), vii. 232

Fort William (Inverness-shire), vii. 52

Fortescue, Sir Faithful, vi. 3

Fortescue, Sir John, iii. 86

Fotheringay, Mary Stuart beheaded at, iv. 352

Fougères sacked by the English, iii. 62

Fourmigny, battle of, iii. 62

_Four Masters, Annals of the_, i. 7

Fox, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, iii. 336

Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 202, 216, 230, 285

Fox, Charles James,
leader of the Whigs, viii. 63, 64;
his jealousy of Shelburne, 65;
his India Bill, 67, 68;
his joy at the capture of the Bastille, 84;
supports the Prince's claim to the Regency, _ib._;
his Libel Act, 92;
supports Pitt in giving self-government to Canada, 92;
Burke's quarrel with him, _ib._;
returns to office, 174;
death, 178

Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_, iv. 3

France,
war of William the Conqueror with, i. 190;
invaded by Otto of Germany, 338;
regency offered to Simon of Montfort, ii. 40;
relations with Scotland, 141, 170, 171, 197, 213;
treaty with Edward I., 170;
claim of Edward III. to the throne, 208;
Edward III. declares war with, 213;
greatness at opening of Hundred Years' War, 215, 216;
relations with the papacy, 217, 224;
condition after battle of Poitiers, 264;
ravaged by Edward III., 265;
Edward III. renounces his claims on, 266;
renewal of war with, 285;
invaded by John of Gaunt, 287;
relations with Scotland and Flanders, 349;
truces with Richard II., 354, 368;
relations with Henry IV., iii. 6;
with the Percies, 12, 14;
with Owen Glyndwr, 15, 18;
civil war in, 16;
relations with the Council of Henry IV., 23, 24;
truce with, 26;
Henry V.'s claims on, 28, 29;
treaty with him, 35, 36;
political position at close of Hundred Years' War, 119;
relations with Maximilian and England, 170, 171;
growth of its power, 205, 206;
attacked by English, Germans, and Spaniards, 247;
Mary Tudor's war with, iv. 108;
relations with Scotland under Mary of Guise, 169-173;
growth of the Huguenots in, 174, 206-208;
Huguenot rising in, 209;
massacre of Protestants in, 299;
parties in, on death of Henry III., 369;
re-united under Henry IV., 373;
league with England and the Netherlands, v. 60;
alliance with Holland, 316;
growth of its power, vi. 113, 114;
treaty with Cromwell, 117;
its growing prosperity, 187-189;
alliance with England and Holland, vii. 187;
alliance with England and Prussia, 199;
position after Treaty of Utrecht, 212;
union with Spain, 213, 214;
supports her against England, 219;
alliance with Prussia, 221;
claims on America and India, 232;
war with England, 248, 249, 264, 265;
withdraws from India and America, 307;
policy in American war, viii. 28;
league with America and Spain, 30;
Pitt's treaty of commerce with, 79;
condition in the eighteenth century, 81, 82;
volunteers from, in Washington's army, 83;
revolution in, _ib._, 86, 95, 96, 101;
attitude towards England, 97-100;
attacked by the Coalition, 101;
royalty abolished in, _ib._;
attacks Holland, 102;
declares war on England, 103;
reverses in 1793, 107;
successes, 109, 110;
Directory in, 113;
dealings with Ireland, 121, 123-125;
attacks Austria and Italy, 122;
conquers Switzerland, 134, 135;
takes Rome, 136;
relations with Russia, _ib._, 137;
conquers Italy, 139;
forced to evacuate it, 140;
Consulate in, 142;
position after the Peace of Lunéville, 144, 145;
driven from Egypt, 165, 166;
invaded by the Allies, 202;
the Bourbons return to, 203;
Napoleon's last struggle in, 206;
literature of, its influence on Chaucer, ii. 359, 360

Franchise, restriction of, iii. 99-102

Francis of Assisi, St., ii. 9, 12, 13

Francis II., Emperor, viii. 96

Francis I., king of France, iii. 232;
campaign in Italy, 233;
treaties with Maximilian and Charles, 234;
with Henry VIII., 235;
meeting with Henry, 241;
struggle with Henry and Charles, 247;
defeats in Italy, 248, 250;
prisoner, 250;
treaties with Henry, 266, 270;
released, 267;
intrigues with Lutherans and Papacy, iv. 22;
attacks Charles, 24;
negotiations with Scotland, _ib._;
treaty with Charles, 32;
with Henry, 33;
sends explorers to America, 330

Francis (II.), of France,
marries Mary Stuart, iv. 53, 169;
king, 174;
treaties with Elizabeth and the Scots, 176;
death, 188

Franciscans (Grey Friars) in England, ii. 11

Frankfort,
English Protestants at, iv. 118, 119;
their "troubles," 127, 128

Franklin, Benjamin,
his plan for the defence of the American colonies, vii. 243;
sent as their agent to England, 326;
counsels submission to the Stamp Acts, 330;
relations with Chatham, viii. 20;
mission to France, 28

Frank-pledge, i. 238, 322

Frederick II., Emperor, i. 293; ii. 7, 27

Frederick III., Emperor, iii. 146, 147

Frederick, Elector Palatine,
marries Elizabeth of England, v. 210;
king of Bohemia, 217;
driven out, 220, 226

Frederick II., king of Prussia, vii. 220;
alliance with France, 221;
victory at Chotusitz, 223;
Silesia ceded to, _ib._;
seizes Prague, 225;
driven from Bohemia, _ib._;
victory at Hohenfriedburg, 227;
treaty with England, 247, 248;
seizes Dresden, 248;
victory at Prague, _ib._;
defeated at Kolin, _ib._;
victories at Rossbach, Leuthen and Zorndorf, 263;
defeated at Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, _ib._;
at Plauen, 264;
campaign of 1760, 302;
share in partition of Poland, viii. 85;
death, _ib._

Frederick, Prince of Wales, vii. 218

Free Companies, the, ii. 281, 282

Freeholders succeed the villeins, ii. 333

Freeman, the English, i. 11, 12;
sinks into the villein, 133, 321

Fréteval,
Henry II. and Thomas reconciled at, i. 240;
Richard I. surprises Philip's treasure at, 263

Friars, the, ii. 10-14;
Lord Bacon's comment on, 21;
their political influence, 22, 23;
character and effect of their preaching, 24;
attempt conversion of Jews, 127;
oppose Wyclif, 335

Friedland, battle of, viii. 175

Frisians in Ælfred's fleet, i. 116

"Frith" of Wedmore, i. 107

Frobisher, Martin, iv. 331, 361

Froissart, Jean, ii. 178

Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, viii. 191

Fyrd, the, i. 116, 161, 257; ii. 103, 122, 240

Gage, General, viii. 19

Gaimar, Geoffrey, i. 174, 247

Gainsborough, Swein dies at, i. 143

Gall, St., i. 68

Gardiner, Stephen, iii. 272, 279;
Bishop of Winchester, 298;
expelled from the Council, 348;
supersedes Norfolk in the king's counsels, iv. 24;
excluded from the regency, 46;
imprisoned, 54;
Chancellor, 74;
proposes Mary's marriage with Courtenay, 78;
his aversion to the Spanish match, 80;
attitude towards Rome, 87;
tract _On True Obedience_, _ib._;
change in his attitude, 88;
threat to the Protestant refugees, 119;
desires "to go roundly to work" with Elizabeth, 137;
death, 98

Garnet, Henry, Provincial of the Jesuits, v. 159

Garter, Order of the, founded, ii. 252

Gascony,
Simon of Montfort's rule in, ii. 38-40;
seized by Charles IV., 197;
restored to Edward III., 266;
resists the hearth-tax, 285;
barons appeal to France against the Black Prince, _ib._;
its final loss, iii. 70, 71

Gates, General, viii. 26

Gauden, Dr., vi. 72

Gaunt, Elizabeth, vii. 11

Gaunt, John of. _See_ John

Gavel-kind, i. 324

Gaveston, Piers, ii. 186-188, 190

Gay, John, vii. 161

Gemblours, battle of, iv. 312

Geneva, Calvin at, iv. 126

Genoa annexed by Napoleon, viii. 172

Genoese at battle of Crécy, ii. 236, 238

Geoffry, Archbishop of York, i. 330

Geoffry of Britanny, son of Henry II., i. 247, 254, 257

Geoffry of Monmouth, i. 246; ii. 57

George I., King, vii. 146;
his temper, 173;
foreign policy, 187-189;
death, 200

George, Duke of Cambridge (George II.), vii. 144;
his character, 173;
King, 200;
his foreign policy, 221, 223, 226, 247;
victory at Dettingen, 224;
death, 283

George III., King, vii. 283;
his character and aims, 284, 285;
importance of his action, 285, 286;
his power, 300;
relations with Pitt, 305, 316, 328, 331, 339;
with the Whigs, 305, 316, 328, 339;
with Parliament, 309;
urges the expulsion of Wilkes, viii. 6;
renews the quarrel with America, 13;
his personal government, 16, 17;
his rejoicing at the quarrel with America, 19;
madness, 84, 196;
refuses emancipation to Catholics, 154, 155, 179

George, Prince of Wales (George IV.), Regent, viii. 84, 196

Georgia, colony of, vii. 236, 237

Gerald of Wales, i. 174, 245, 246, 275, 285

Germany,
its relations with the Papacy, ii. 218;
growth of Protestantism in, iv. 31; v. 175;
Catholic reaction in, 176;
attacked by Lewis XIV., vii. 38, 48, 118

Gervase of Canterbury, i. 174

_Gesta Stephani_, i. 173

Gesith, the, i. 50

Gewissas, i. 34

Ghent,
Charters confirmed at, ii. 166;
revolt at, 233;
John of Gaunt born at, 293;
reduced by the French, 349;
Pacification of, iv. 310, 311

Gibbon, Edward, viii. 46

Gibraltar
ceded to England, vii. 142;
besieged by the Spaniards, 199;
Elliott's defence of, viii. 31, 41

Gifford, Bonaventure, vii. 26

Gilbert, Sir Humphry, iv. 345

Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial magnetism, vi. 131

Gilbert, William, papal emissary in Ireland, iv. 317

Gildas, i. 3

Gilds, i. 298-300, 304;
of English Merchant Adventurers in Flanders, iii. 155;
of St. John at Bruges, 154;
of the Staple, ii. 304;
of tailors, i. 318;
of weavers, 317;
Ordinances of, 274;
suppression of, iv. 54.
_See_ Craft-gilds, Merchant-gild

Ginkell, General, vii. 73

Giraldus Cambrensis. _See_ Gerald

Girondists, viii. 96

Glamis, Patrick Lyon, Master of, v. 124

Glamorgan
conquered by Robert Fitz-Hamo, ii. 48;
by Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 58

Glamorgan, Edward Somerset, Earl of, vi. 16

Glanvill, Ranulf de, i. 255, 259;
his treatise on law, 174, 244

Glastonbury,
St. Dunstan at, i. 121, 123;
Arthur's tomb at, 247; ii. 57

Glastonbury, Richard Whiting, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350

Glencoe, massacre of, vii. 53, 54

Glendower. _See_ Glyndwr

Gloucester,
northmen at, i. 106;
Henry III. crowned at, ii. 1;
seized by Edward, 76;
besieged by Charles I., vi. 13;
relieved, 14;
Parliament at, ii. 289, 315

Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, iii. 33;
his marriage with Jacqueline, 38, 42;
Regent of England, 40;
set aside, 41;
Protector, _ib._;
his love of literature, 40, 41;
character, 41;
recovers Hainault, 42;
struggle with Beaufort, 44;
represses Lollard risings, 96;
retires, 58, 59;
arrest and death, 61;
his library, 161

Gloucester, Richard, Duke of. _See_ Richard

Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of, ii. 351, 352;
head of Continual Council, 353;
struggle with Richard II., _ib._, 354;
withdraws from Court, 370;
arrested, _ib._;
dies, 371

Gloucester, Richard de Clare, Earl of, ii. 64-66

Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of,
supports Simon de Montfort, ii. 67, 70, 71;
quarrels with him, 75;
his policy after Evesham, 81, 85, 86, 88;
occupies London, 89;
marries Johanna of Acre, 123

Gloucester, Robert, Earl of. _See_ Robert

Gloucester, Thomas Spenser, Earl of, iii. 7

Godolphin, Sidney, vi. 315;
takes office, vii. 98;
Lord Treasurer, 112, 113;
supports Occasional Conformity, 123;
dismissed, 139

Glyndwr, Owen, iii. 9-12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22

Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, vi. 294, 295

Godwine, Earl of Wessex, i. 146-153

"Goliath, Bishop," i. 248

Gondomar, Count of, v. 226, 229

Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, v. 298

Goodman, Christopher, iv. 130, 131

Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, iii. 336

Gorm, king of Denmark, i. 128

Government,
Act of, vi. 122;
Instrument of, 99, 102, 105

Gower, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157

Gowrie, William Ruthven, first Earl of, v. 128, 138

Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, third Duke of, vii. 170, 340; viii.
4, 15

Grafton's _Chronicle_, iii. 83

Grammont, Count, _Memoirs_ of, vi. 157

Granby, John Manners, Marquis of, viii. 15

Grantmesnil, Ivo of, i. 201

Granville, John Carteret, second Earl (_see_ Carteret), vii. 225, 226

Grasse, Admiral de, viii. 40

Grattan, Henry,
demands repeal of Poynings' Act, viii. 37;
leads the Protestants in the Irish Parliament, 79;
strives for its reform, 117, 118, 120

Gravelines, battle of, iv. 108

"Greater and lesser folk," i. 318

Greek,
study of, at Canterbury, i. 92;
revival of, in fifteenth century, iii. 189, 190, 194, 195, 200

Greene, General, viii. 32

Greene, Robert, v. 8, 25, 26, 30, 31

Greenvil, Sir Bevil, vi. 5, 6

Greenway, Oswald, v. 159

Greenwich, Ælfheah martyred at, i. 142

Gregory the Great (Pope),
his interview with English slaves, i. 53;
sends Augustine to England, 57;
his _Pastoral Book_ translated by Ælfred, 114

Gregory VII., Pope, i. 187

Gregory IX., Pope, ii. 27

Gregory XIII., Pope, iv. 299;
urges Philip to attack Elizabeth, 301;
heads the Catholic movement, 306;
plans a descent on Ireland, 315;
sends Jesuits to England, 317

Grenada conquered by England, vii. 307

Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, viii. 155;
leader of the Old Whigs, 156;
refuses office, 171;
accepts it, 174;
his Orders in Council, 178;
fall of his ministry, 179

Grenville, George,
adherent of Pitt, vii. 247, 250;
deserts him, 303, 328;
head of the Admiralty, 311;
prime minister, 314;
character and policy, 316, 317, 320;
death, viii. 16

Grenville, Sir Richard, iv. 370, 371

Gresham, Sir Thomas, iv. 280

Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society at, vi. 165

Grew, Nehemiah, vi. 167

Grey, John de, Bishop of Norwich, i. 329

Grey of Ruthin, Reginald, third Lord, iii. 10

Grey of Wilton, William, thirteenth Lord, iv. 175