Chapter IV: Part 4

Mary Stuart
born, iv. 25;
proposal for her marriage with Edward VI., 26, 28;
crowned, 28;
marries the Dauphin, 53, 169;
her claims to the English crown, 79, 153;
treaties with Elizabeth and the Lords, 176;
returns to Scotland, 196, 201;
person and character, 196-198;
policy, 199-201, 208, 211, 212;
relations with Elizabeth, 205;
scheme of marriage with Leicester, _ib._;
with Don Carlos, 206, 213, 221;
relations with Knox and the Calvinists, 218;
turns to the Lennoxes, 222;
proposes to marry Darnley, 223;
expels Murray, 225;
demands to be recognized as Elizabeth's successor, 226;
her plans for Scotland and England, _ib._;
quarrel with Darnley, 227;
captured, 229;
escapes to Dunbar, _ib._;
returns, 230;
birth of her son, 231;
relations with Darnley and Bothwell, 242, 243;
sanctions the establishment of Protestantism, 245;
marries Bothwell, _ib._;
captured by the Lords, 246;
prisoner at Lochleven, 257, 258;
forced to resign, 259;
escapes, 260;
defeated at Langside, 261;
flies to Carlisle, _ib._;
refuses to clear herself, 262;
plans for her marriage with Arran, 263;
for her marriage with Norfolk, _ib._, 265;
plots with Norfolk, 265, 271, 272;
given in charge to Lord Huntingdon, 268;
imprisoned at Coventry, 269;
scheme of marriage with Don John, 310;
joins Babington's plot, 351;
trial and death, 352;
bequeaths her claims to Philip, 353;
materials for her history, 4

Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland, iv. 23, 25, 28;
Regent, 112;
relations with the Protestants, 118, 168;
with France, 170;
death, 176

Mary of Modena, wife of James II., vi. 278; vii. 29, 34

Mary, daughter of Henry VII., iii. 232; iv. 46

Maserfeld, battle of the, i. 71

Masham, Mrs., vii. 132

Massachusetts,
first settlement in, v. 310;
first charter granted to, 311;
protests against English taxation, vii. 326;
proposes a congress, 330;
its assembly dissolved, viii. 14;
resists the tea-duty, 15;
its charter altered, 18;
takes up arms against England, 19;
repudiates English government, 23;
refuses to join in war against England, 203, 204

Massena, General, viii. 140, 189-191

Massey, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, vii. 25

Massinger, Philip, v. 303

Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, i. 159

Matilda or Maud (Edith), wife of Henry I., i. 198-200, 246

Matilda or Maud, daughter of Henry I., i. 208, 213, 219, 220

Matthias, Emperor, v. 177, 213, 217

Maud. _See_ Matilda

Maunay, Sir Walter, ii. 234, 246, 253

Maurice, Bishop of London, i. 223

Maurice, Prince, vi. 13, 19, 22

Maximilian I. of Austria, iii. 147;
marries Mary of Burgundy, 151;
war with Lewis XI., _ib._;
treaty with him, 170;
supports Perkin Warbeck, 180;
relations with France, 232-234;
death, 239;
policy towards Luther, iv. 18

May's _History of the Long Parliament_, v. 72

Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, iv. 367, 372

_Mayflower_, the, v. 309

Mayne, Cuthbert, iv. 309

Maynooth stormed, iii. 328, 329

Mayor of a town,
successor of portreeve, i. 303;
right of electing, 315;
of Oxford, 310

Mazarin, Cardinal, vi. 114, 117, 190

Measures, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352

Meaux taken by Henry V., iii. 36

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, iv. 360, 362

Medway, the Dutch in the, vi. 242

Melfort, John Drummond, first Earl of, vii. 17

Melrose,
Cuthbert at, i. 75;
_Chronicle_ of, 273;
English raid on, iv. 29

Melville, Andrew, v. 133, 136, 138, 164, 165

Menou, General, viii. 164, 166

Meonwaras, i. 85

Merchadé, i. 265

Merchant Adventurers,
English, in Flanders, iii. 155;
of London, iv. 283, 284

Merchant Associations, iv. 233, 283

Merchant-gild, the, i. 297, 300;
struggle with craft-gilds, 316-318;
of London, 319

Mercia
under Penda, i. 66, 70-73;
submits to Oswiu, 73;
becomes Christian, _ib._;
its revival under Wulfhere, 78, 85;
struggle with Wessex, 90-91;
greatness under Offa, 97, 98;
struggle with Wales, ii. 46;
civil strife in, i. 101;
conquered by Ecgberht, 102;
attacked by northmen, 104;
conquered by them, 105;
English, under ealdorman Æthelred, 117;
annexed to Wessex, 118;
revolts against Eadwig, 137;
submits to Cnut, 143;
earldom of, 146

Mercians, their settlement, i. 37

Meres, Francis, v. 32, 41, 42

Merlin,
legend of, i. 247;
prophecies of, ii. 57, 119

Merton, school of, i. 225

Methodists, vii. 204-207, 210, 211;
their influence, viii. 46

Meulan captured by John of Bedford, iii. 39

Meulan, Robert, count of, i. 201

Mexico conquered by Cortes, iv. 329

Michiel, Giovanni, iv. 3

Middle English
settle round Leicester, i. 37;
become Christian, 72

Middle Saxons, i. 54

Middlesex elects Wilkes, viii. 5, 7

Middleton, Thomas, v. 42

Milan Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 181

Mile-end, meeting of Richard II. and the Kentishmen at, ii. 322

Milford Haven, Richard II. lands at, ii. 380

Millenary Petition, v. 151

Milton, John,
his early life, v. 98-101;
life at Horton, 302, 303;
early poems, 304;
_Comus_, 305, 306;
_Lycidas_, 332;
views on Church reform, 355;
change in his ecclesiastical views, vi. 32;
his sonnet on the Vaudois, 123;
his _Defence of the English People_, 231;
his later life, 232, 233;
_Paradise Lost_, 234-237;
_Areopagitica_, 305

Minden, battle of, vii. 264

Mines in England, i. 30; ii. 107; viii. 57

Minorca
ceded to England, vii. 142;
lost, 248;
restored, 307;
ceded to Spain, viii. 41

Mirebeau, Arthur of Britanny captured at, i. 268

Mise
of Amiens, ii. 68;
of Lewes, 71

Model, New. _See_ Army

_Modus Tenendi Parliamentum_, i. 275

Mogul Empire, the, vii. 234

Monaco, soldiers of, at Crécy, ii. 236

Monarchy,
growth of its strength, iii. 88, 89;
new policy, 89;
causes of its power, 111;
its position at Thomas Cromwell's death, iv. 7;
changes in its system under Elizabeth, 232;
James I.'s theory of, v. 169-171;
change in its relations to the country, 183, 184;
abolished, vi. 68;
proposal to restore it, 119-121;
restored, 152;
character after the Restoration, 172, 173, 183, 184;
character since the Revolution, vii. 60;
its insignificance under the House of Hanover, vii. 172-175.
_See_ King

Monasteries, suppression of, iii. 310, 311, 346; iv. 13

Monasticism,
revival of, under Henry I. and Stephen, i. 222;
its condition in the sixteenth century, iii. 309-310

Monk, George,
subdues the Highlands, vi. 108;
commander in Scotland, 150;
gathers a Convention at Edinburgh, _ib._;
leads his army to London, 151;
restores Charles II., 152;
Duke of Albemarle, 193;
fight with De Ruyter, 238

Monmouth, James, Duke of, vi. 176, 309;
schemes for his succession, 309, 310;
comes to court, 312;
ordered to leave London, _ib._;
returns, 314;
his progresses, 316, 322;
arrested, 335;
flight, 337;
finds refuge at the Hague, vii. 8;
his attempt on England, 9;
defeat and death, 10

Monmouth, Humfrey, iii. 258

Monopolies,
sale of, by Edward III., ii. 291;
abolished by Elizabeth, v. 58;
revived by James I., 222;
by Charles I., 279

Mons
surprised by Lewis of Nassau, iv. 298;
captured by Lewis XIV., vii. 76

Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, iii. 349, 350

Montagu, John Neville, first Lord, iii. 113;
victory at Hexham, 123;
relations with Edward IV., 137, 138;
joins Warwick and Clarence, 139;
joins Warwick again, 142;
slain, _ib._

Montagu, Ralph, vi. 299

Montague, Anthony Browne, first Viscount, iv. 267

Montague, Charles, vii. 85;
founds the Bank of England, 86;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 88;
reforms the currency, 89;
dismissed, 98;
impeached, 105

Montague, Dr. Richard, v. 245, 246;
bishop of Chichester, 267, 298

Montcalm, Marquis of, vii. 244, 268, 269

Montcontour, battle of, iv. 268, 298

Monteagle, William Parker, fourth Lord, v. 159

Montereau, Duke John of Burgundy assassinated at, iii. 35

Montfort, Amaury of (brother of Earl Simon), ii. 35

Montfort, Amaury of (son of Earl Simon), ii. 83

Montfort, Eleanor of, ii. 109

Montfort, Henry of, ii. 81

Montfort, John of, Duke of Britanny, ii. 233

Montfort, Richard of, ii. 83

Montfort, Simon IV. of, earl of Leicester, ii. 35

Montfort, Simon V. of, ii. 35;
marriage, 36;
earl of Leicester, _ib._, 37;
relations with the barons, _ib._;
heads reforming party, 37, 38;
protests against papal exactions, 38;
Seneschal of Gascony, 38-40;
quarrel with Henry III., 40;
regency of France offered to, _ib._;
character, 40-42;
returns to England, 59;
swears to Provisions of Oxford, 63;
negotiations with France, _ib._;
breach with Gloucester, 64;
goes to France, 66;
returns, 67;
alliance with Llewelyn, _ib._;
heads the barons in arms, _ib._;
rejects the Mise of Amiens, 68, 69;
victory at Lewes, 70, 71;
his rule, 71;
summons the commons to Parliament, 73, 153;
quarrel with Gloucester, 75;
last campaign, 76, 77;
death, 78;
his corpse mutilated, 80;
his adherents disinherited, 82, 83;
miracles at his tomb, 83

Montfort, Simon, the younger,
taken prisoner, ii. 70;
defeated by Edward, 76;
advances to Alcester, 77;
falls back to Kenilworth, 80;
releases his prisoners, _ib._;
goes to Axholme, 84;
surrenders to Edward, 85;
flies over sea, 86

Montgomery, Roger of, ii. 47

Montreal taken by Amherst, vii. 269

Montreuil besieged by the English, iv. 30

Montrose, James Grahame, fifth earl and first marquis of, v. 337, 342;
relations with Charles I., 359, 364;
raises the Highlands for the king, vi. 23;
his victories, _ib._, 38, 41;
defeat at Philiphaugh, _ib._;
executed, 78

Moore, Sir John, viii. 186, 187

Moot, the, i. 17, 18

Morat, battle of, iii. 150

Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, ii. 213.
_See_ Randolph

More, Hannah, vii. 170; viii. 47

More, Thomas,
his person and character, iii. 216, 217;
first appearance in Parliament, 218;
his home-life, _ib._, 219;
returns to court, 219;
his lectures on "The City of God," 197;
_Life of Edward the Fifth_, 83, 218;
_Utopia_, 189, 220-228;
Speaker of the Commons, 245;
his reply to Luther, 257;
Chancellor, 286, 289;
resigns, 299;
summoned to take the oath of succession, 317;
refuses, 318;
sent to the Tower, 319;
beheaded, 321;
his reverence for Parliament, iv. 9;
Roper's _Life of_, iii. 83

More, Thomas de la, ii. 177

Moreau, General, viii. 122, 142, 143

_Moriæ Encomium_, iii. 219

Morice, Sir William, Secretary of State, vi. 194

Morkere, Earl of Northumbria, i. 160, 165, 167, 170

Mornington, Richard Wellesley, second Earl of, viii. 132.
_See_ Wellesley

Morrison, Robert, vi. 167

Mortemer, battle of, i. 158

Mortimer, Anne, iii. 56

Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March. _See_ March

Mortimer, Sir Edmund, iii. 13

Mortimer, Roger,
supporter of Henry III., ii. 64, 72, 85;
defeated by Llewelyn, 88;
head of regency, 102

Mortimer, Roger, conspires against Edward II., ii. 198;
Earl of March, 206;
fall, 207

Mortimer's Cross, battle of, iii. 78

Morton, John, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury, iii. 167,
285;
his "fork," 177

Morton, James Douglas, fourth Earl of, iv. 114;
Chancellor of Scotland, 224;
aids Darnley against Mary, 228;
flies, 230;
recalled, 243;
joins Argyle against Mary, 245;
beheaded, 346

Morton, Dr. Nicholas, iv. 265, 268

Moscow, Napoleon's expedition to, viii. 200

Mount Badon, battle of, i. 34

Mountjoy, Charles Blount, eighth Lord, v. 62

Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, v. 290

Moveables, taxation of,
under Henry II., i. 257;
under Richard I., 350

Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, i. 192

Mowbray, Roger, i. 254

Muhlberg, battle of, iv. 50

Munster,
the Fitz-Maurices in, ii. 377;
English conquest of, iii. 329;
revolt in, v. 62

Münster, Bernard van Galen, Bishop of, vi. 227

Murimuth, Adam of, i. 274; ii. 177

Murray, James Stuart, first earl of (_see_ Stuart), iv. 199;
his policy, _ib._, 200, 201, 205;
opposes the Darnley marriage, 223;
plots with Elizabeth, 224;
rises against Mary, _ib._;
defeated, 225;
returns, 229;
pleads for Morton's recall, 243;
goes to France, 244;
Regent of Scotland, 259;
defeats Mary at Langside, 260, 261;
his charges against Mary, 262;
murdered, 271; v. 122

Murray, Sir Robert, vi. 166

Mysore, sultans of, viii. 131

Nalson's historical collections, v. 72

Namur
surrendered to Lewis XIV., vii. 79;
taken by the Allies, 88

Nanci, battle of, iii. 150

Nantes, Edict of, revoked, vii. 13

Nantwich, battle at, vi. 18

Naples
threatened by an English fleet, vii. 223;
attacked by Austria, 224

Napoleon, Emperor of the French (_see_ Buonaparte),
his scheme for invading England, viii. 170, 171;
victories at Ulm and Austerlitz, 173;
at Jena, 174;
at Eylau and Friedland, 175;
his Berlin Decree, 176;
Milan Decree, 181;
masters Spain, 185;
military successes there, 187;
victory at Wagram, 188;
seeks the alliance of America, 192;
marches on Russia, 198, 200;
retreats, 200, 201;
last victories, 201;
fall, 203;
at Elba, 205;
re-enters France, 206;
raises an army, 207;
victory at Ligny, _ib._;
defeat at Waterloo, 208-210;
exile to St. Helena, 211

Narbonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260

Naseby, battle of, vi. 40

Nash, Thomas, v. 8

Nassau, Lewis, Count of, iv. 298

Navarete, battle of, ii. 284

Navarre, Anthony of Bourbon, king of, iv. 206

Navy. _See_ Fleet

Nectansmere, battle of, i. 89

Neerwinden, battles of, vii. 80; viii. 107

Nelson, Horatio, viii. 133, 172, 173

Nennius, i. 3

Netherlands,
their importance to Philip II., iv. 255;
rise against him, 256, 297, 298;
alliance with Elizabeth, 311;
English sympathy with, 323, 324;
choose the Duke of Anjou for their sovereign, 336-338;
Parma's successes in, 347;
prevent Parma joining the Armada, 359;
league with France and England, v. 60;
submit to Philip V. of Spain, vii. 101;
Marlborough's campaigns in, 117, 126, 127;
invaded by Lewis XV., vii. 225;
war in, 227, 231;
conquered by France, viii. 109

Neufmarché, Bernard of, ii. 47

Neuss besieged by Charles the Bold, iii. 147-149

Neville, Alexander, Archbishop of York, ii. 353

Neville, Anne, iii. 137, 140

Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York, iii. 73

Neville, George, Chancellor, iii. 113, 123;
Archbishop of York, 113;
deprived of the seals, 130;
betrays London to Edward, 142

Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, ii. 379

Neville, house of, iii. 73, 112, 113

Neville's Cross, battle of, ii. 243

New Amsterdam, vi. 243

Newark,
king John dies at, i. 356;
siege of, vi. 19

Newburgh, William of, i. 174

Newbury, battles of, vi. 14, 23, 24

Newcastle-on-Tyne
founded, i. 189;
occupied by the Scots, v. 342;
besieged by the Scots, vi. 23;
Charles I. and the Scots at, 48;
Parliament at, ii. 160

Newcastle, William Cavendish, first Earl, Marquis and Duke of, vi. 4,
18, 19

Newcastle, John Holies, Duke of, vii. 134

Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, vii. 218;
head of the ministry, 246;
refuses subsidy to Russia, 247;
jealous of Pitt, 250;
resigns, _ib._;
joins Pitt in forming a ministry, 251;
opposes Pitt, 304;
retires, 305

New England,
its settlement, v. 310-314;
return of Independents from, vi. 28;
its progress, vii. 237, 238

New Forest, William the Red slain in the, i. 198

Newgate, Friars at, ii. 12

New Holland, vii. 277

New Jersey, vii. 236

"New men," the, i. 325

New Orleans, English attempt on, viii. 205

New River, the, v. 77

New South Wales, vii. 278

Newton, Isaac, vi. 167

Newton, John, viii. 47

Newtown Butler, battle of, vii. 58

New York, vi. 243, vii. 236;
its Assembly suspended, viii. 4, 14

New Zealand, vii. 278

Ney, Marshal, viii. 208, 210

Niagara, Fort, vii. 243, 244, 267

Nicholas, Sir Edward, vi. 194, 244

Nigel, Bishop of Ely and treasurer, i. 218, 219

Nile, battle of the, viii. 133

Nimeguen, Peace of, vi. 291

"Nithing," i. 151, 192

Noailles, Duc de, vii. 224

Nonconformity, rise of, vi. 27

Nonconformists,
their position after 1662, vi. 212, 213;
attitude in 1665, 229;
persecution of, _ib._, 230;
the Cabal's dealings with, 251, 252;
renewed persecution of, 335;
position under James II., vii. 22;
under William III., 64;
under Anne, 123;
under Walpole, 198

Nonjurors, vii. 65

Nootka Sound, dispute about, viii. 88

Norfolk, rising of John the Litster in, ii. 325, 331

Norfolk, John Howard, first Duke of, iii. 286

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of (_see_ Surrey), iii. 287

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of (_see_ Surrey), iii. 270, 287;
his policy, 291, 294;
puts down Pilgrimage of Grace, 324;
arrests Cromwell, 352;
returns to power, iv. 17;
hostility to Protestants, _ib._;
marches against Scotland, 23, 24;
sent to the Tower, 45;
leads the royal guard against Wyatt, 83

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, iv. 173;
plots with Mary Stuart, 265, 266;
sent to the Tower, 268;
released, 271;
again plots with Mary, _ib._, 272;
arrest and death, 274

Norfolk, Henry Howard, seventh Duke of, vii. 21, 42

Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, first Duke of (_see_ Nottingham), ii. 372,
378

Norfolk, John Mowbray, third Duke of, iii. 80

Norfolk, Thomas, Earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207

Norfolk, Earls of. _See_ Bigod

Norham, Parliament at, ii. 136

Norman, prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, i. 223

Normandy,
its relation to English history, i. 154;
settlement of northmen in, 127, 141, 155;
relations with France, 155, 156;
with English kings, 156;
Æthelred II. in, 143, 156;
condition under William the Conqueror, 158, 159;
pledged by Robert to William Rufus, 197;
conquered by Henry I., 202;
invaded by Lewis VII., 254;
by Philip Augustus, 263;
laid under interdict, 263;
conquered by Philip, 269;
ceded by Henry III., ii. 63;
invaded by Edward III., 235;
conquered by Henry V., iii. 33, 34;
Bedford's rule in, 55;
regained by Charles VII., 62;
historians of, i. 6

Normans,
their settlement, i. 155;
temper, _ib._, 158;
in England under Eadward the Confessor, 151;
their flight, 153;
fusion with the English, 200, 281;
settlers in London, 303;
in Wales, ii. 48

Norris, Sir John, iv. 367, 368

North, Francis, Lord Keeper, vii. 10

North, Frederick, Lord, viii. 16, 28, 33

Northallerton, battle of, i. 217

Northampton
reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
John's deposition proclaimed at, 333;
John and Langton at, 340;
Essex musters the Parliamentary army at, vi. 2;
Assize of, i. 255;
battle of, iii. 75;
councils at, i. 237; ii. 120;
treaty of, ii. 205

Northampton, William Bohun, Earl of, ii. 237

Northampton, George Compton, fourth Earl of, vii. 23

Northampton, Henry Howard, Earl of, v. 191

Northampton, William Parr, first Marquis of, iv. 47

North folk, i. 42

North Foreland, battles off the, vi. 238, 239

Northmen,
their temper, i. 100;
attack Britain, 101;
settle in Ireland, 103;
victorious at Charmouth, _ib._;
defeated at Aclea, _ib._;
conquer Northumbria and East Anglia, 104;
attack Wessex, 105;
defeated at Ashdown, _ib._;
invade Mercia, _ib._;
Alfred's struggle with, 106, 107, 116, 117;
attack Wessex, 118;
character of their attack, i. 125, 126;
fusion with English, 126, 127;
their work in England, 129;
settle in Iceland, the Orkneys and Hebrides, _ib._;
again threaten England, 139;
victory at Maldon, _ib._;
bought off by Æthelred, 140;
mercenaries in England, massacred, 141;
settlement in Gaul. _See_ Normandy, Normans

Northumberland
granted to Henry of Scotland, ii. 134;
lead-mines in, i. 30

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of (_see_ Warwick), iv. 65, 67-69,
71

Northumberland, Henry Percy, first Earl of, ii. 378, 380; iii. 12-14,
18, 19

Northumberland, Henry Percy, second Earl of, iii. 28, 73, 74

Northumberland, Henry Percy, third Earl of, iii. 80

Northumberland, Henry Percy, fourth Earl of, iii. 138, 172

Northumberland, Thomas Percy, seventh Earl of, iv. 268, 269, 274

Northumberland, Henry Percy, ninth Earl of, iv. 353, 358

Northumbria, kingdom of (Bernicia and Deira), i. 53, 60;
greatness under Eadwine, 62-63;
accepts Christianity, 64-65;
greatness under Oswald, 67;
Irish missionaries in, 69;
struggle with Penda, 70-73;
Cuthbert's mission-work in, 75, 76;
monasteries in, 76, 77;
religious strife in, 78-80;
its power under Ecgfrith, 86, 87;
struggle with the Picts, 88, 89;
with Mercia, 89;
schools and learning in, 91;
repulses Æthelbald, 96;
anarchy in, 97;
submits to Ecgberht, 102;
conquered by northmen, 104;
submits to Eadward the Elder, 119;
incorporated with Wessex and Mercia by Æthelstan, _ib._;
rises against him, 120;
against Eadmund, _ib._;
against Eadwig, 137;
earldom of, 146;
revolts against Tostig, 160;
against William I., 168;
northern, conquered by the Scots, 146

Norway, its monarchy founded, i. 128, 129

Norwich,
French settlers in, i. 303;
clothiers of, resist benevolences, iii. 251;
rising at, against Somerset, iv. 55;
centre of the worsted trade, 279

Nothelm, friend of Bæda, i. 94

Nottingham,
Æthelred I.'s treaty with the northmen at, i. 104;
one of the Five Boroughs, 117;
submits to Eadward the Elder, 119;
Edward III. arrests Mortimer at, ii. 207;
Charles I. raises his standard at, vi. 2

Nottingham, Daniel Finch, second Earl of, vii. 28, 88, 124

Nottingham, Thomas Mowbray, second Earl of, ii. 353, 370.
_See_ Norfolk

Nottingham, John Mowbray, fourth Earl of, iii. 18

Nova Scotia,
French settlers driven from, vii. 242;
ceded to England, 307

Novi, battle of, viii. 140

Nowell, Alexander, Dean of St. Paul's, iv. 165

Noy, William, v. 317

Noyon, treaty of, iii. 234

Oates, Titus, vi. 294-297; vii. 66

Ockham, William, ii. 276

Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 137

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. 167, 183, 189, 191

Offa, king of Mercia, i. 96-98; ii. 46

Oglethorpe, General, vii. 236

O'Hara, General, viii. 109

Ohio Company, vii. 242

Olaf, king of Norway, i. 140

Oldcastle, Sir John, ii. 345; iii. 19.
_See_ Cobham

Olivares, Count of, v. 233

Olney, treaty of, i. 143

O'Neal, Sir Phelim, v. 365

O'Neill, Hugh, vi. 79

O'Neill, Hugh, second Earl of Tyrone, v. 61, 62

O'Neill, Owen Roe, vi. 71

O'Neill, Shane, iv. 240, 241

Opdam, Admiral, vi. 225

Orange, William I., Prince of, iv. 264, 297, 300, 312, 338, 347

Orange, William II., Prince of, vi. 70

Orange, William III., Prince of. _See_ William

"Orangemen," viii. 119, 120

"Ordainers," the Lords, ii. 188

Ordeal, trial by, i. 239

Orderic, i. 6, 173

Orders in Council,
Lord Grenville's, viii. 178;
Canning's, 181;
repealed, 197

Ordinance,
Self-Denying, vi. 35;
for suppression of blasphemies and heresies, vi. 60

Ordinances
changed into statutes, ii. 298;
of 1311, 189, 191, 194, 195

Orkneys, Northmen in the, i. 129

Orleans,
Henry V. repulsed from, iii. 36;
siege of, 45, 46;
relieved, 50, 51

Orleans, Charles, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 28

Orleans, Lewis I., Duke of, iii. 5, 6, 12, 16, 17

Orleans, Lewis II., Duke of, iii. 170.
_See_ Lewis XII.

Orleans, Philip II., Duke of, Regent of France, vii. 185, 213

Ormond, James Butler, twelfth Earl of, vi. 16;
invites Charles II. to Ireland, 71;
besieges Dublin, 76;
Duke, 182, 193;
Lord Steward, 193;
retires, 244;
returns to the Council, 278;
supports Parliamentary government, vii. 1

Ormond, James Butler, second Duke of,
Warden of the Cinque Ports, vii. 145;
joins the Pretender, 168;
tries to stir up a rising, 184;
commands a Spanish fleet, 187

Orosius, Ælfred's translation of, i. 114

Orthez, battle of, viii. 202

Orvieto, Edward I. visits the Pope at, ii. 102

Osbern's _Lives of English Saints_, i. 243

Osgod Clapa, i. 148

Osney,
abbey of, i. 284;
annals of, 273

Oswald, king of Bernicia, i. 67, 69-71

Oswiu, king of Northumbria, i. 72, 73, 78-81, 86

Otterbourne's _Chronicle_, ii. 179

Otto of Saxony, king of the Germans, i. 264;
his alliance with John, 334, 337;
invades France, 338, 342

Oudenarde, battle of, vii. 134

Overbury, Sir Thomas, v. 192

Oxford,
first mention of, i. 305;
submits to Swein, 143;
siege of, 220;
condition after Norman conquest, 306, 307;
in the twelfth century, 283-285;
relations with Abbey of Abingdon, 306, 308;
with London, 308, 309;
mayor substituted for reeve, 310;
town-life, _ib._, 311;
barons swear fealty to Henry Fitz-Empress at, 227;
Richard I. born at, 259;
Friars settle in, ii. 12;
Charles I. at, vi. 3, 4;
blockade of, 19;
"bargemen" of, i. 308;
charters, 309;
church of St. Martin, 283, 306, 310;
of St. Mary, 287, 288;
Jews at, 307; ii. 127-129;
merchant-gild, i. 308;
Parliament at, ii. 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 322, 323;
Portmannimote of, i. 306, 309;
Port-meadow, 296, 306;
Provisions of, ii. 61;
University of, i. 285-287;
Gerald of Wales at, 285;
a papal legate mobbed at, 287; ii. 42;
study of Aristotle at, i. 288, 293, 294;
foreign students at, 291;
revival of theology at, ii. 14;
Roger Bacon at, 16, 17;
attitude towards English liberty in thirteenth century, 22;
Wyclif at, 276;
ordered to condemn and arrest him, 310;
condemns him, 337;
displaces his opponents, _ib._;
Wykeham's College at, 308;
Lollardry at, 339-341;
Duke Humphrey bequeaths his library to, iii. 40, 161;
decay of scholarship at, 98;
revival of Greek at, 190, 194, 202;
Cardinal College at, 202, 262, 265;
Lutheranism at, 262, 263;
forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292;
opposes the royal supremacy, iv. 162;
religious changes in, 304;
Catholic refugees from, at Douay, 317;
protests against the Millenary Petition, v. 152;
declares for passive obedience, 170; vii. 1;
James II.'s dealings with, 25, 26;
Jacobitism in, 184;
Methodists at, 205;
supports the younger Pitt, viii. 69

Oxford, Robert de Vere, third Earl of. _See_ Vere

Oxford, Robert de Vere, ninth Earl of. _See_ Vere

Oxford, John de Vere, twelfth Earl of, iii. 142, 177

Oxford, Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of, iv. 318, 353, 358

Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, twentieth Earl of, vii. 23

Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of (_see_ Harley), vii. 145

Packenham, General, viii. 205

Palatinate,
war in the, v. 220;
the Elector driven from, 226;
reconquered by Gustavus of Sweden, 276

Pale, the English,
in Ireland, ii. 374;
divided into counties, 376

Pampeluna, siege of, viii. 202

Pandulf, Cardinal, i. 333, 337, 344; ii. 3, 6

Papacy, the,
its relations with England under Henry III., ii. 1, 26-28, 59;
English protests against its exactions, 38, 42;
its relations with the Empire, 217, 218;
with France, _ib._, 224;
with England under Edward III., 218, 219, 221-223, 273-275, 303;
complaints of King and Parliament against, 225;
private arrangements with Edward III., 296;
beginning of its struggle with Luther, iii. 253;
England's relations with, under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 297, 299,
300;
appeals to, forbidden, 302;
judicial and financial connexion with, broken, _ib._;
its jurisdiction transferred to the Crown, 305, 306;
submission to, under Mary, iv. 88, 89;
its revival under Paul IV., 99, 100;
relations with Elizabeth, 155;
position and policy under Pius V., 250-253;
under Gregory XIII., 306, 313

Paris
rises against the Regent Charles, ii. 264;
threatened by Edward III., 265;
Henry VI. crowned at, iii. 55;
welcomes Charles VII., 56;
besieged by Henry IV. (of France), iv. 369;
relieved by Parma, 370;
rising in, viii. 83;
surrenders to the Allies, 203;
Peace of, vii. 307;
University of, i. 225, 282, 285, 290

Paris, Matthew, i. 273; ii. 43, 44

Parish system, its introduction, i. 84

Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 165;
his historical collections, v. 4;
Strype's _Life of_, iv. 4

Parker, Bishop of Oxford, vii. 25, 26

Parkhurst, John, iv. 119

Parliament,
its origin, ii. 156;
first scheme for representation of Commonalty in, 61;
its summons forbidden by Henry III., 64;
knights summoned to, 66, 150, 151;
Commons summoned to, 73;
representation of boroughs in, _ib._, 120, 121, 152-154;
finally constituted in 1295, 156;
attempt to include the clergy in, 157;
fixed at Westminster, 158;
Edward I.'s plan for representation of Scotland in, 171;
relations with the Crown, 181-183;
protests against papal exactions, 38, 222, 223, 225;
demands the dismissal of Gaveston, 187;
deposes Edward II., 199;
growth of its power, 201;
internal developement, _ib._, 202;
grouping of Estates in, 202, 203;
confirms recognition of Scotch independence, 205;
progress under Edward III., 230-232;
two Houses, 231;
repudiates John's submission to Rome, 275;
Edward III.'s relations with, 292;
its assent made necessary for subsidies on wool, 298;
English language first used in opening, 300, 356;
petition for due election of knights to serve in, 300;
acknowledges Richard II.'s claim to the succession, 307;
refuses to enfranchise serfs, 335;
struggle with Richard II., 352;
deposes him, iii. 1;
recognizes Henry IV., 2;
its relations with him, 3, 4, 22, 23;
importance at opening of Wars of the Roses, 86;
relations with York and Lancaster, 91, 92;
suspension under Edward IV., 91, 152;
recognizes Henry VII., 174;
Henry VIII.'s relations with, 288;
asks for Church reform, 290;
forbids appeals to Rome, 302;
Cromwell's dealings with, iv. 8, 9;
More's reverence for, 9;
developement under Henry VIII., 9-11;
temper under Edward VI., 66;
packing of, 67, 234;
relations with Mary, 77, 81, 85;
advance under Elizabeth, 233-239; v. 56-58;
"Admonition to," iv. 296;
suspension under Charles I., 272;
Pym's theory of, 346, 347;
schemes of the Convention for its reform, vi. 99;
first representation of Scotland and Ireland in, _ib._, 101;
new constitution of, in 1657, 122;
its strength and its weakness, 301, 302;
secures control over taxation and the army, vii. 61;
annual assembly, 62;
control over trade, 63;
the Whigs' management of, 176;
its duration fixed at seven years, 185;
relations with the people after the Revolution, 286-288;
need for its reform, 289-292;
George III.'s dealings with, 308, 309;
its dealings with Wilkes, 318;
publication of its debates, viii. 11;
composition after Union with Ireland, 139;
at Berwick, ii. 162;
at Coventry, iii. 75;
at Gloucester, ii. 289, 315;
at Marlborough, 89;
at Newcastle, 160;
at Norham, 136;
at Oxford, 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 323;
at St. Albans, ii. 66;
at Shrewsbury, 121, 371;
at Winchester, 66, 80, 82;
at York, 195;
the Addled, v. 196;
the Barebones, vi. 95;
the Cavalier, 201-204, 207;
moves to Oxford, 226;
its attitude towards France, 228;
relations with Charles, 240, 241;
rejects a scheme of Protestant comprehension, 252;
its distrust of the Cabal, 253;
grants a subsidy for the fleet, 260;
action in 1673, 271-274;
in 1674, 280, 281;
Danby's dealings with, 284-286;
action in 1678, 290;
dissolved, 299;
the Convention, vi. 194;
its dealings with the regicides, 195, 196;
settlement of the nation, 196-198;
of the Church, 199, 200;
dissolved, 200, 201;
the Club, iii. 91;
the Good, ii. 177, 304-307;
Long, its assembly, v. 349;
proceedings in 1640, 350, 351;
in 1641, 352-357, 362, 363, 369-371, 373-379;
raises an army, 377; vi. 1;
alliance with Scotland, 14, 15;
takes the Covenant, 16;
its ecclesiastical policy, 29, 30;
negotiates with Charles, 38;
attitude towards religious liberty, 45, 46;
proposes terms to the king, 47;
sets up Presbyterianism, 50;
negotiates with the Army, 54;
dealings with heresy, 60;
negotiates again with Charles, 63;
struggle with the Army, 65, 66;
its ruin, 67;
the Merciless, ii. 354;
the Rump, vi. 66;
its unwillingness to dissolve, 74, 77, 81, 84, 87;
struggle with the army, 89;
driven out, 90, 91;
recalled, 149;
driven out again, 150;
second return and dissolution, 151;
the Short, v. 340, 341;
the Wonderful, ii. 354;
of 1246, 38;
of 1248, _ib._;
of 1254, 73;
of 1257, 59;
of 1258, 60;
of 1259, 64;
of 1260, _ib._;
of 1261, 66;
of 1264, 71;
of 1265, 72, 73, 75, 80, 82, 153;
of 1266, 87;
of 1267, 89;
of 1275, 103, 107;
of 1283, 121;
of 1289, 123;
of 1295, 143, 154, 156, 157, 160;
of 1296, 160;
of 1309, 187;
of 1311, 189;
of 1313, 191;
of 1322, 195, 196;
of 1327, 199;
of 1328, 205;
of 1340, 231;
of 1341, 232;
of 1351, 256, 273;
of 1354, 299;
of 1365, 274;
of 1371, 301;
of 1376, 289;
of 1377, 310, 311;
of 1378, 289, 312, 315;
of 1379, 289, 316;
of 1380, 316;
of 1381, 334;
of 1385, 352;
of 1386, _ib._;
of 1388, 353;
of 1397, 370;
of 1398, 371;
of 1399, iii. 1;
of 1404, 15;
of 1413, 25;
of 1426, 91;
of 1447, 61;
of 1450, 68;
of 1451, _ib._;
of 1454, 72;
of 1455, 74;
of 1461, 118;
of 1484, 168;
of 1485, 174;
of 1515, 221;
of 1523, 244;
of 1529, 284, 288;
its action in 1531, 297;
in 1534, 305;
of 1539, 345;
of October 1553, iv. 75;
of November 1554, 88;
of 1559, 156, 157;
of 1563, 214, 215;
of 1570, 272;
of 1571, 292;
of 1581, 319;
of 1604, v. 153-155, 157, 160-163;
of 1610, 179-182;
of 1614, 195, 196;
of 1621, 220, 221, 225, 227-229;
of 1624, 235;
of 1625, 245-247;
of 1626, 249, 253;
of 1628, 259-264, 268-271;
of 1640, _see_ Parliament, Long and Short;
of 1654, vi. 101-106;
of 1655, 117, 123;
reassembles in 1658, 143;
its strife with Cromwell, 144;
dissolved, 145;
of 1659, 148, 149;
of 1660, _see_ Parliament, the Convention;
of 1661, _see_ Parliament, the Cavalier;
of 1679, vi. 299, 300, 304-306, 308;
of 1680, 312, 319, 320;
of 1681, 322-324;
of 1685, vii. 7, 9, 14, 15, 23;
of 1687, 23;
of 1689, 60-67, 69;
of 1690, 69, 88;
of 1695, 88, 89;
of 1699, 97, 98;
of 1701, 101-105, 107;
of 1702, 107;
of 1705, 125;
of 1714, 168;
of 1768, viii. 4, 7, 8, 11, 12;
of 1784, 69;
Irish, of 1634, v. 291, 292;
its condition in eighteenth century, viii. 35;
rejects free trade with England, 79, 118;
action in question of the Regency, 138;
Scottish, accepts Calvinism, iv. 187;
the Drunken, vi. 180;
of 1543, iv. 26, 28;
of 1563, 218;
of 1566, 228, 229;
of 1568, 260;
of 1703, vii. 127.
_See_ Commons, Lords, Statutes

Parma, Alexander Farnese, prince of, iv. 312, 337, 347, 348;
prepares to invade England, 356;
his difficulties, 357, 359;
raises the siege of Paris, 370;
of Rouen, 371;
dies, 373

Parpaglia, Papal Legate, iv. 191, 192

Parr, Catharine, iv. 24, 56

Parry, William, iv. 350

Parsons, Robert, iv. 318, 320, 345

Partition Treaty, the first, vii. 93;
second, 96

Passau, treaty of, iv. 65; v. 175

_Paston Letters_, ii. 180; iii. 104, 154

Paterson, William, vii. 86

Patrick, St., i. 68

"Patriots," the, vii. 203, 204, 218

Paul III., Pope, iii. 350; iv. 21, 35, 51, 64

Paul IV., Pope (_see_ Caraffa), iv. 99, 101;
his demands on England, 102, 145;
on Elizabeth, 155, 156;
death, 160

Paul, emperor of Russia, viii. 137, 160-163

Paulinus, St., i. 64, 67

Pavia, battle of, iii. 250

Peasant Revolt, the, ii. 319-332;
its results, 333-335

Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 118

Pecock, Bishop of Chichester, iii. 96

Pedro the Cruel, king of Castille, ii. 282-284

Peerage, increase of,
under James I., v. 200;
under Charles I., _ib._;
under Charles II., 201.
_See_ Lords

Peerage Bill, vii. 190, 191

"Peep o' Day Boys," viii. 119

Pelham, Henry, vii. 218, 226, 246, 250

Pembroke
surprised by the Royalists, vi. 59;
besieged by Cromwell, 61;
surrenders, 62

Pembroke, William Herbert, first Earl of, iv. 65, 66, 70, 108, 268

Pembroke, William Herbert, third Earl of, v. 43

Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, eighth Earl of, vii. 23

Pembroke, Earls of. _See_ Clare, Marshal, Tudor, Valence

Pembrokeshire, Flemish and English settlement in, ii. 48

Pencrych, Richard, ii. 357

Penda, king of Mercia, i. 66, 70-73

Pengwern becomes Shrewsbury, i. 98

Peninsular War, viii. 186-188, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202

Penn, William, vi. 335

Pennsylvania, settlement of, vi. 335; vii. 236

Penry, John, iv. 343

Pepys, Roger, vi. 203

Pepys, Samuel, vi. 174;
his _Diary_, 157

Perceval, Spencer, viii. 189, 195, 196

Perche, Thomas, count of, ii. 2

Percies, the, ii. 378, 379; iii. 12

Percy, Henry (Hotspur), ii. 378;
constable of North Wales, iii. 10;
recovers Conway, 11;
defeats the Scots at Homildon Hill, 12;
plots against Henry IV., 13;
slain, 14

Percy, Thomas, v. 158

Périgord restored to Edward III., ii. 266

Perrers, Alice, ii. 304, 306, 307

Perth,
Convocation at, ii. 171;
Protestant riot at, iv. 169

Perth, James Drummond, fourth Earl of, vii. 17

Peru conquered by Pizarro, iv. 329

Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, vii. 189

Peter of Savoy, ii. 32

Peterborough
founded, i. 86;
burnt by northmen, 104

Peterborough, John Mordaunt, first Earl of, vii. 37

Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, second Earl of, vii. 126, 131, 133

Peters, Hugh, vi. 28, 66

Petition
of the Commons to Henry VIII., iii. 290;
the Millenary, v. 151;
of Right, 260, 261;
accepted by Charles I., 263

Petitions
to the king in Parliament, ii. 159;
changed into Statutes, iii. 90;
Triers of, ii. 159

"Petitioners" and "Abhorrers," vi. 314

Petrarch, his influence on Chaucer, ii. 360

Petre, Father Edward, vii. 20

Petty, Sir William, vi. 132, 169

Pevensey, William the Conqueror lands at, i. 162

Phelips, Sir Robert, v. 247, 248

Philadelphia, Congress at, viii. 19

Philip I., king of France, i. 190

Philip Augustus, king of France,
leagues with Richard against Henry II., i. 258;
quarrels with Richard, 259, 260;
plots with John, 261;
struggle with Richard, 263, 264;
conquers Normandy, 268, 269;
conquers Aquitaine, 270;
charged by the Pope to depose John, 333

Philip III., king of France, ii. 102

Philip IV., the Fair, king of France,
his relations with Scotland, ii. 141, 160;
seizes Guienne, 142;
truce with Edward, 168;
treaty, 170;
relations with the papacy, _ib._, 217, 224;
his _Royal Book_, iii. 161

Philip VI., of Valois, king of France, ii. 209;
relations with Pope and Emperor, 218;
attacks the Agénois and occupies Cambray, 219;
withdraws, 220;
supports Charles of Blois in Britanny, 233;
offers to restore Aquitaine, 235;
defeated at Crécy, 237-239;
fails against Edward and the Flemings, 244

Philip, son of Charles V. (Philip II. of Spain), iv. 79, 80;
king of Naples, 86;
marries Mary, _ib._;
person and manners, _ib._;
policy in England, 89, 90;
lord of Burgundy and king of Spain, 98;
leaves England, _ib._;
returns, 107;
war with France, 108;
policy towards Elizabeth, 137, 138, 154, 159, 175;
hopes for her conversion, 190;
compels Pius IV. to recall Parpaglia, 192;
urges Elizabeth to send envoys to Trent, 194;
sends help to the Guises, 209;
delays the Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 214;
turns towards Mary Stuart, 222;
relations with Mary and the Pope, 254, 255;
difficulties in the Netherlands, 255, 256;
refuses to join the French against England, 268;
his rule, 326-328;
character, 328;
policy, _ib._, 329;
king of Portugal, 335;
assembles the Armada, 344;
despatches it, 356;
designs on France, 369;
sends troops to the Leaguers, 371;
sends a second Armada, v. 60;
supports Irish rising, 62

Philip IV., king of Spain, vi. 190

Philip, Duke of Anjou, vii. 99, 100;
king of Spain (Philip V.), 101, 141, 142, 186

Philip, Archduke of Austria, iii. 170, 186, 208

Philiphaugh, battle of, vi. 41

Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III., ii. 198, 245-247

Philippines,
the, conquered by England, vii. 307;
restored to Spain, _ib._

Philpot, John, ii. 312

Picardy
ceded to Burgundy, iii. 120;
restored to France, 122

Pichegru, General, viii. 110

Pickering, Sir Gilbert, vi. 325

Picts, the, i. 30;
defeated by Hengest and Horsa, 32;
own Ecgfrith's supremacy, 88;
defeat him at Nectansmere, 89

_Piers the Ploughman_, ii. 178, 269-272

Pilgrim Fathers, the, v. 308-310

Pilgrimage of Grace, iii. 323

Pillnitz, conference at, viii. 96

Pinkie Cleugh, battle of, iv. 53

Pitt, William, vii. 204, 220;
opposes treaty with Russia, 247;
his relations with Walpole and the Pelhams, 249-251;
his lofty spirit, 251-255;
patriotism, 255-257;
eloquence, 257-259;
statesmanship, 259, 260;
supports Frederick II., 262, 263;
his place among English statesmen, 275, 276;
rejects peace with France and supports Frederick, 302;
plans of war in 1761, 303;
resigns, 304;
relations with George III. and the Whigs, 316;
denounces the Stamp Act, 327;
recalled to office, 328;
again withdraws, 329;
supports American resistance, 331;
demands repeal of the Stamp Act, 331;
his policy towards America, 337;
attacks the Declaratory Act, 338;
forms a ministry, 339, 340.
_See_ Chatham

Pitt, William, the younger, viii. 52, 62;
his Reform Bill, 63, 64;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 65;
new scheme for parliamentary reform, 67;
First Lord of the Treasury, 69;
his temper, 70-72;
statesmanship, 72-74;
his plans of parliamentary reform, 75, 76;
finance, 77;
treaty of commerce with France, 79;
advocates abolition of slave-trade, _ib._;
resists the prince's claim to the regency, 84;
attitude towards the French Revolution, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 95;
supports Fox's Libel Act, 92;
gives a constitution to Canada, _ib._;
endeavours to maintain peace, 102, 103;
position after the declaration of war, 104, 105;
his financial difficulties, 113, 114;
negotiations with France, 121, 126;
introduces the Income-Tax, 137;
effects union with Ireland, 138, 139;
his position during the war, 148-151;
revives plans for Catholic emancipation in Ireland, 152-155;
retires, 148, 155;
opposes Russia, 161;
returns to office, 170;
subsidizes a league against Napoleon, 172;
death, 173, 174

Pittsburg, vii. 266

Pius II., Pope, iii. 162

Pius IV., Pope,
his policy, iv. 190, 191;
recalls the council to Trent, 192, 193;
forbids attendance of Catholics at English Church service, 214

Pius V., Pope, iv. 226, 250;
relations with Philip II., 254, 256;
sends envoys to the English Catholics, 264;
issues a Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 265;
sanctions the plans of Mary and Norfolk, 272

Pius VI., Pope, viii. 136

Pizarro, Francisco, iv. 329

Place Bill, vii. 62, 82

Plassey, battle of, vii. 261, 262

Plattsburg, English attempt on, viii. 205

Plauen, battle of, vii. 264

Pleas,
Common, Court of, ii. 109;
of the Crown, i. 264; ii. 109

Plymouth (Massachusetts), its foundation, v. 310

Poinet, Bishop of Winchester, iv. 119, 129, 131

Poitiers
captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 235;
battle of, 261-263

Poitou,
Henry III.'s campaign in, ii. 35;
ceded to France, 63;
recovered by Henry of Derby, 243;
restored to Edward III., 266;
won by Du Guesclin, 287

Poland,
contested election to the throne of, vii. 214;
partitions of, viii. 85, 108

Pole, Sir Geoffrey, iii. 349

Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, iii. 176

Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, ii. 350-353

Pole, Reginald, iii. 333, 349; iv. 20;
his attainder reversed, 88;
received as Legate, _ib._;
chief minister, 98, 99;
suspected by the Pope, 102;
deprived of the legation, 145;
dies, 165

Pole, Sir Richard, iii. 349

Pole, William de la. _See_ Suffolk

"Politicals," the, iv. 139, 141-143

Poll-tax, ii. 311;
renewed under Richard II., 316;
resistance to, 319, 321;
in 1641, v. 363

Pont-de-l'Arche seized by Henry V., iii. 33

Pontefract,
Thomas of Lancaster executed at, ii. 195;
Richard II. imprisoned at, iii. 7;
Pilgrimage of Grace at, 323, 324

Ponthieu,
Harold wrecked on coast of, i. 159;
Charles IV. demands homage of Edward II. for, ii. 197;
granted in full sovereignty to Edward III., 266;
seized by Charles V., 285

Pontigny, St. Edmund of Canterbury at, ii. 42

Pontlevoi, battle of, i. 212

Pontoise,
negotiations between France and England at, iii. 35;
relieved by Talbot, 56

Poor Laws, Elizabeth's, iv. 276, 277

Pope, Alexander, vii. 204, 217, 294-297

Popish Plot, the, vi. 294-298, 311, 313

Porter, John, v. 82

Portland, Breton descent on, iii. 16

Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of, viii. 104,
180, 189

Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of. _See_ Weston

Port Mahon taken by the French, vii. 248

Portmannimote, the, i. 296;
of Oxford, 306, 309

Porto Bello, capture of, vii. 219

Portreeve, the, i. 315;
of London, 303

Portsmouth,
Robert of Normandy lands at, i. 200;
Bishop Moleyns of Chichester slain at, iii. 63

Portsmouth, Louise de Quérouaille, Duchess of, vi. 176, 315, 321; vii.
5

Portugal
annexed to Spain, v. 335;
its colonies, 330, 336;
revolts, vi. 190, 192;
joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119;
conquered by Napoleon, viii. 185;
Wellesley's campaigns in, 186-188, 190, 191

Portugal, Don Antonio of, iv. 367

"Post-nati," v. 162, 163

Powell, Vavasour, vi. 223

Powys
conquered by Offa, i. 97;
annexed by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55

Poynings, Sir Edward, iii. 181

Pragmatic Sanction, the, vii. 199, 200

Prague
seized by Frederick II., vii. 225;
battles of, v. 220; vii. 248

Prayer, Book of Common, iv. 49, 59;
set aside, 76;
adopted in Scotland, 118;
retained in Essex, 144;
restored, 158;
declared schismatic by the Pope, 214;
bill for its reform, 292;
restored again, vi. 208;
Scottish, of 1636, v. 327, 328

Preachers, "poor," ii. 317, 335;
unlicensed, forbidden by Convocation, iii. 20, 21

Presbyterianism in England
under Elizabeth, iv. 294, 296;
attempts to establish it, v. 58;
its relations with Puritanism, 59, 60;
established in Scotland, 137, 138, 140, 335;
the Long Parliament's relations with, 354, 355; vi. 14, 50;
re-established in Scotland, vii. 54

Presbyterians,
their hostility to the sectaries, vi. 45;
dominant position after the Restoration, 193;
Clarendon's policy towards, 207;
Charles II.'s, 209

Press,
censorship of, iv. 343;
liberty of, established, vi. 305;
growth of its power, viii. 11-13

Preston,
battle of, vi. 62;
surrender of Jacobites at, vii. 184

Prestonpans, battle of, vii. 228

"Pride's Purge," vi. 65

"Priests, Simple," ii. 317, 339

Primers, English, iv. 40

Printing, introduction of, iii. 155

Prior, Matthew, vii. 138

Privy Seals, Elizabeth's, iv. 233

Proclamations, James I.'s use of, v. 168, 172

"Protector," office of, offered to Oliver Cromwell, vi. 100

Protestantism,
its area at accession of Pius V., iv. 249, 250;
in England, its advance under Edward VI., 59;
effects of its spread among the people, 121, 122;
growth under Elizabeth, 292, 302-305;
position at her death, v. 107-109;
in Germany, growth after Peace of Passau, 175;
progress in Scotland, iv. 168, 169

Protestants, English,
More's dealings with, iii. 289;
their outrages, 343-345;
their position after Cromwell's fall, iv. 15, 16;
their outrages, 91, 97;
martyrdoms, 91-96, 144;
growth of extreme views among, 119, 120;
attitude towards the royal supremacy, 122;
position under Elizabeth, 149;
refugees, their leaning to Calvinism, 127;
strife among, _ib._, 128;
their writings, 128, 129, 133;
foreign, in England, 51, 74, 305;
German, Union of, v. 177

Protestation of the Parliament to James I., v. 228, 229

Provisions
of Oxford, ii. 61;
of Westminster, 62;
annulled by the Pope, 65;
by Mise of Amiens, 68

Prussia,
its alliance with England and France, vii. 199;
attacked by Napoleon, viii. 174;
rises against him, 201

Prynne, John, v. 305, 306, 329, 352

Pucklechurch, Eadmund the Magnificent slain at, i. 123

Puiset, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, i. 260

Pulteney, William, vii. 204

Puritanism,
its beginnings, iv. 132, 133, 339;
its relations with Presbyterianism, v. 59, 60;
with Calvinism, 86-88;
growth among the people, 88, 89;
among the clergy, 89, 90;
relation to politics, 91-93;
influence on society, 94-95;
on conduct, 95-97;
its relation to culture, 97, 98;
its narrowness, 101, 102;
its extravagance, 102-104;
its persecution of witches, 106, 107;
its doctrinal bigotry, 115;
hatred of sectaries, 116-118;
wish for reforms, 118, 119;
its ideal of the State, vi. 127, 128;
its political failure, 129;
reaction from, _ib._, 130, 142, 143, 162-165;
its fall, 153;
its after-results, 154;
its epic, 235-237

Puritans,
Elizabeth's relations with, iv. 339, 340;
their temper at her death, v. 109, 110;
appeal to James I., 151;
Laud's dealings with, 295-297;
their panic, 301, 302;
migration to America, 310-314, 319, 320;
Charles II.'s dealings with, vi. 208, 209

"Purveyance," ii. 290, 298

Pym, John, v. 262, 344, 345;
his political theory, 346, 347;
genius, 347, 348;
carries Strafford's impeachment, 350;
proposals for Church reform, 354;
one of the "five members," 373;
member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1;
resists the abolition of Episcopacy, 14;
agrees to the adoption of the Covenant, 14, 15;
dies, 17;
outrage on his corpse, 201

Quakers,
persecution of, vi. 230, 231;
their settlement in Pennsylvania, 335

Quarles, Francis, v. 303

Quebec, capture of, vii. 267, 268

Queen's County, English settlement of, iv. 111

Queensberry, William Douglas, first Duke of, vii. 19

Quiberon, battle of, vii. 265

Quinci, Saher de, Earl of Winchester, i. 343

"Quo warranto," ii. 117

Rachentege, i. 221

Radnor captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10

Rædwald, king of East Anglia, i. 59, 62

Rahere founds St. Bartholomew's Priory, i. 223

Raikes, Robert, viii. 47

Raleigh, Sir Walter,
discovers Virginia, iv. 345; v. 307;
sent to the Tower, 215;
last expedition, _ib._, 216;
death, 216;
his _History of the World_, 4;
_Lives of_, iv. 5

Ralph Niger, i. 174

Ramillies, battle of, vii. 126

Randolph, Sir Thomas, ii. 204, 210.
_See_ Moray

Rastadt, treaty of, vii. 141

Ratæ (Leicester), i. 37

Ratisbon, conference at, iv. 101

Ravenspur,
Henry of Lancaster lands at, ii. 379;
Edward IV. lands at, iii. 141

Ray, John, vi. 167

Reading, John Cook, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350

Redman, Robert, his _Life of Henry V._, ii. 179

Reeves
of towns, i. 296;
of royal demesnes, summoned to council at St. Albans, 339

Reformation
in England, iv. 58-60;
in Ireland, 62, 63.
_See_ Calvinism, Calvinists, Huguenots, Lutherans, Protestantism,
Protestants

Reginald, sub-prior of Canterbury, chosen archbishop, i. 329

Religion
of the old English people, i. 22-24;
Christian, _see_ Christianity, Church;
revival in twelfth century, 222

Remonstrance,
the Grand, v. 369, 370;
of the Council of officers, vi. 64;
on the State of the Realm, v. 262, 264

Renascence, the, iii. 188-190, 195;
its influence on English literature, v. 1-3

Réole, La, captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 234

Representation,
principle of, in old England, i. 20;
parliamentary, its origin, ii. 149, 150

Representation, Humble, of the army, vi. 53

Repyngdon, follower of Wyclif, ii. 340, 341

Requesens, governor of the Netherlands, iv. 300, 301, 310

Reresby's _Memoirs_, vi. 157

"Reserves," Papal, ii. 28

Revolution,
the English, its effect on the monarchy, vii. 60;
on Parliament, 62;
on the Church, 63, 64;
the French, _see_ France

Reynolds, Edward, Bishop of Norwich, vi. 200

Rhode Island, settlement of, v. 313

Rhys ap Tewdor, Prince of South Wales, i. 246; ii. 48

Rich, Edmund. _See_ Edmund

Richard (I.),
born at Oxford, i. 259;
rebels against Henry II., 254, 258;
crowned, 259;
releases the Scot-king from homage, ii. 134;
crusade, i. 259, 261;
prisoner, 261;
homage to the emperor, 262;
return, _ib._;
exactions for his ransom, 350;
character, 263;
struggle with Philip Augustus, _ib._, 264;
builds Château-Gaillard, 265-267;
death, 267, 268

Richard (II.), son of the Black Prince, ii. 303;
his claim to the succession questioned, 306;
acknowledged by Parliament, 307;
king, 311;
dealings with the Peasant Revolt, 322-324, 331, 332;
his person, character, and policy, 350, 351;
opposition to the Parliament, 352;
struggle with Gloucester, 353, 354;
his rule, 354, 355;
campaign in Ireland, 367, 378;
change in his temper, 368;
marries Isabella of France, _ib._;
quarrel with the Commons, 370, 371;
tyranny, 372;
seizes Lancastrian estates, 373;
second expedition to Ireland, 379;
return, 380;
betrayed to Henry of Lancaster, 381;
deposed, iii. 1;
prisoner at Pomfret, 7;
death, 8;
burial, 28;
authorities for his reign, ii. 178, 179

Richard (III.), Duke of Gloucester,
patron of Caxton, iii. 161, 163;
expedition to Scotland, 163;
Protector, 164;
King, _ib._;
rising against him, 167;
his policy, 168, 169, 171;
death, 172

Richard, Earl of Cornwall, ii. 36;
heads reforming party among the barons, 37;
king of the Romans, 71;
taken prisoner, _ib._;
spared, by the younger Simon, 80;
intercedes for him, 85

Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, i. 155, 156

Richard Fitz-Neal. _See_ Fitz-Neal

Richard of Devizes, i. 174

Richardson, Chief-Justice, v. 297

Richardson, Samuel, vii. 297

Richelieu, Cardinal, v. 274, 338, 339

Richelieu, Duke of, vii. 248

Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of, iii. 165

Richmond, Margaret, Countess of. _See_ Beaufort

Ridley, Bishop of London, iv. 91

Ridolfi, Robert, iv. 265, 272, 273

Right,
Claim of, vii. 51;
Petition of, v. 260, 261, 263

_Rights, Book of_, i. 8

Rights, Declaration of, vii. 46, 47, 60

Rishanger, chronicler, i. 273, 274

Rising, Castle, Queen Isabella imprisoned at, ii. 207

Rivers, Sir Richard Woodville, first earl (_see_ Woodville), iii. 127,
134

Rivers, Anthony Woodville, second earl (_see_ Scales), iii. 161-163

Rivoli, battle of, viii. 125

Rizzio, David, iv. 222, 226, 228

Robartes, Richard, first Lord, v. 200

Robartes, John, second Lord, vi. 220, 301

Robert I., king of Scots. _See_ Bruce

Robert (II.), Steward of Scotland, ii. 213;
king, 286

Robert III., king of Scots, iii. 7, 15, 16

Robert (the Magnificent), Duke of Normandy, i. 157

Robert, son of William the Conqueror, i. 190;
Duke of Normandy, 191;
pledges Normandy to Rufus, 197;
goes on crusade, _ib._;
returns, 198;
invades England, 200, 201;
defeated at Tenchebray, 202

Robert, Earl of Gloucester, i. 216, 217, 219, 220

Robespierre, Maximilien, viii. 96

Robinson, John, v. 308

Rochelle, La,
protests against severance from France, ii. 280;
surrendered to France, 287;
attempt to relieve it, 291;
revolts, v. 256;
siege of, _ib._;
English expeditions to, 259, 263;
surrenders, 266, 274

Roches, Peter des, Bishop of Winchester and justiciar, i. 341, 347;
ii. 32, 34

Rochester
surrenders to William the Red, i. 192;
to John, 354;
diocese of, i. 83

Rochester, Robert Carr, Viscount, v. 190-193.
_See_ Somerset

Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of (_see_ Hyde), vii. 2, 20, 98

Rochester, John Wilmot, second Earl of, vi. 162

Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, second Marquis of,
prime minister, vii. 329, 331;
relations with Burke, 332;
resigns, 339;
draws away from Chatham, viii. 16;
returns to office, 38;
opposes reform, 64;
death, 65

Rocroi, battle of, vi. 190

Rodney, Admiral, viii. 40

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and justiciar, i. 215, 218, 219

Roger (the Poor), chancellor, i. 218

Rogers, John, iv. 91, 95

_Roland, Song of_, i. 163

Romance, growth of, i. 246, 247

Romances,
the French, ii. 357;
their influence on Chaucer, 360

Rome,
disappearance of its influence in England, i. 41, 44, 45;
returns with Augustine, 58, 59;
Ælfred's intercourse with, 113;
stormed by the Duke of Bourbon, iii. 269

Romorantin taken by the Black Prince, ii. 261

Romsey, Abbey of, i. 199

Rookwood of Euston Hall, iv. 308

Roper's _Life of More_, iii. 83

Rosbecque, battle of, ii. 349

Roses, Wars of the,
their beginning, iii. 77;
their results, 86, 87

Ross, General, viii. 204

Rossbach, battle of, vii. 263

Rostopchin, Count, viii. 162

Roucoux, battle of, vii. 231

Rouen,
William I. dies at, i. 190;
besieged by Lewis VII., 254, 255;
Arthur murdered at, 268;
siege of, by Henry V., iii. 33, 34;
Jeanne d'Arc burnt at, 54;
Henry VI.'s court at, 55;
besieged by Henry IV. of France, iv. 371;
relieved by Parma, _ib._

Rouergue restored to Edward III., ii. 266

"Roundheads," v. 372

Roundway Down, battle of, vi. 6

Royal Society, its beginnings, vi. 132, 165, 166

Rudolf II., Emperor, v. 177

Runnymede, i. 347

Rupert, Prince,
captures Brentford, vi. 3;
his raid on Buckinghamshire, 9, 10;
Bristol surrenders to, 12;
defeated at Marston Moor, 19, 22;
commands royalist ships, 71, 78;
struggle with Blake, 78;
sea-fights with the Dutch, 238, 277;
returns to the Council, 278;
his "drops," 166

Rushworth's collection of State papers, v. 72

Russell, John, Lord, iv. 47, 56.
_See_ Bedford