Chapter I: Front Matter

HISTORY OF THE GREEK SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY, WITH REFERENCE TO PHYSICAL SCIENCE.

CHAPTER I.--PRELUDE TO THE GREEK SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY.

_Sect._ 1. First Attempts of the Speculative Faculty in Physical Inquiries. 55 _Sect._ 2. Primitive Mistake in Greek Physical Philosophy. 60

CHAPTER II.--THE GREEK SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY.

_Sect._ 1. The General Foundation of the Greek School Philosophy. 63
_Sect._ 2. The Aristotelian Physical Philosophy. 67
_Sect._ 3. Technical Forms of the Greek Schools. 73
1. Technical Forms of the Aristotelian Philosophy. 73
2. " " " Platonists. 75
3. " " " Pythagoreans. 77
4. " " " Atomists and Others. 78

CHAPTER III.--FAILURE OF THE PHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY OF THE GREEK SCHOOLS.

_Sect._ 1. Result of the Greek School Philosophy. 80 _Sect._ 2. Cause of the Failure of the Greek Physical Philosophy. 83 {14}

BOOK II.

HISTORY OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN ANCIENT GREECE.

Introduction. 95

CHAPTER I.--EARLIEST STAGES OF MECHANICS AND HYDROSTATICS.

_Sect._ 1. Mechanics. 96 _Sect._ 2. Hydrostatics. 98

CHAPTER II.--EARLIEST STAGES OF OPTICS. 100

CHAPTER III.--EARLIEST STAGES OF HARMONICS. 105

BOOK III.

HISTORY OF GREEK ASTRONOMY.

Introduction. 111

CHAPTER I.--EARLIEST STAGES OF ASTRONOMY.

_Sect._ 1. Formation of the Notion of a Year. 112 _Sect._ 2. Fixation of the Civil Year. 113 _Sect._ 3. Correction of the Civil Year (Julian Calendar). 117 _Sect._ 4. Attempts at the Fixation of the Month. 118 _Sect._ 5. Invention of Lunisolar Years. 120 _Sect._ 6. The Constellations. 124 _Sect._ 7. The Planets. 126 _Sect._ 8. The Circles of the Sphere. 128 _Sect._ 9. The Globular Form of the Earth. 132 _Sect._ 10. The Phases of the Moon. 134 _Sect._ 11. Eclipses. 135 _Sect._ 12. Sequel to the Early Stages of Astronomy. 136

CHAPTER II.--PRELUDE TO THE INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF HIPPARCHUS. 138 {15}

CHAPTER III.--INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF HIPPARCHUS.

_Sect._ 1. Establishment of the Theory of Epicycles and Eccentrics. 145 _Sect._ 2. Estimate of the Value of the Theory of Eccentrics and Epicycles. 151 _Sect._ 3. Discovery of the Precession of the Equinoxes. 155

CHAPTER IV.--SEQUEL TO THE INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF HIPPARCHUS.

_Sect._ 1. Researches which verified the Theory. 157 _Sect._ 2. Researches which did not verify the Theory. 159 _Sect._ 3. Methods of Observation of the Greek Astronomers. 161 _Sect._ 4. Period from Hipparchus to Ptolemy. 166 _Sect._ 5. Measures of the Earth. 169 _Sect._ 6. Ptolemy's Discovery of Evection. 170 _Sect._ 7. Conclusion of the History of Greek Astronomy. 175 _Sect._ 8. Arabian Astronomy. 176

BOOK IV.

HISTORY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.

Introduction. 185

CHAPTER I.--ON THE INDISTINCTNESS OF IDEAS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

1. Collections of Opinions. 187 2. Indistinctness of Ideas in Mechanics. 188 3. " " shown in Architecture. 191 4. " " in Astronomy. 192 5. " " shown by Skeptics. 192 6. Neglect of Physical Reasoning in Christendom. 195 7. Question of Antipodes. 195 8. Intellectual Condition of the Religious Orders. 197 9. Popular Opinions. 199

CHAPTER II.--THE COMMENTATORIAL SPIRIT OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 201

1. Natural Bias to Authority. 202 2. Character of Commentators. 204 3. Greek Commentators of Aristotle. 205 {16} 4. Greek Commentators of Plato and Others. 207 5. Arabian Commentators of Aristotle. 208

CHAPTER III.--OF THE MYSTICISM OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 211

1. Neoplatonic Theosophy. 212 2. Mystical Arithmetic. 216 3. Astrology. 218 4. Alchemy. 224 5. Magic. 225

CHAPTER IV.--OF THE DOGMATISM OF THE STATIONARY PERIOD.

1. Origin of the Scholastic Philosophy. 228 2. Scholastic Dogmas. 230 3. Scholastic Physics. 235 4. Authority of Aristotle among the Schoolmen. 236 5. Subjects omitted. Civil Law. Medicine. 238

CHAPTER V.--PROGRESS OF THE ARTS IN THE MIDDLE AGES.

1. Art and Science. 239 2. Arabian Science. 242 3. Experimental Philosophy of the Arabians. 243 4. Roger Bacon. 245 5. Architecture of the Middle Ages. 246 6. Treatises on Architecture. 248

BOOK V.

HISTORY OF FORMAL ASTRONOMY AFTER THE STATIONARY PERIOD.

Introduction. 255

CHAPTER I.--PRELUDE TO THE INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF COPERNICUS. 257

CHAPTER II.--INDUCTION OF COPERNICUS. THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY ASSERTED ON FORMAL GROUNDS. 262 {17}

CHAPTER III--SEQUEL TO COPERNICUS. THE RECEPTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COPERNICAN THEORY.

_Sect._ 1. First Reception of the Copernican Theory. 269 _Sect._ 2. Diffusion of the Copernican Theory. 272 _Sect._ 3. The Heliocentric Theory confirmed by Facts. Galileo's Astronomical Discoveries. 276 _Sect._ 4. The Copernican System opposed on Theological Grounds. 286 _Sect._ 5. The Heliocentric Theory confirmed on Physical Considerations. (Prelude to Kepler's Astronomical Discoveries.) 287

CHAPTER IV.--INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF KEPLER.

_Sect._ 1. Intellectual Character of Kepler. 290 _Sect._ 2. Kepler's Discovery of his Third Law. 293 _Sect._ 3. Kepler's Discovery of his First and Second Laws. Elliptical Theory of the Planets. 296

CHAPTER V.--SEQUEL TO THE EPOCH OF KEPLER. RECEPTION, VERIFICATION, AND EXTENSION OF THE ELLIPTICAL THEORY.

_Sect._ 1. Application of the Elliptical Theory to the Planets. 302 _Sect._ 2. " " " " " Moon. 303 _Sect._ 3. Causes of the further Progress of Astronomy. 305

_THE MECHANICAL SCIENCES._

BOOK VI.

HISTORY OF MECHANICS, INCLUDING FLUID MECHANICS.

Introduction. 311

CHAPTER I.--PRELUDE TO THE EPOCH OF GALILEO.

_Sect._ 1. Prelude to the Science of Statics. 312 _Sect._ 2. Revival of the Scientific Idea of Pressure. --Stevinus.--Equilibrium of Oblique Forces. 316 _Sect._ 3. Prelude to the Science of Dynamics.--Attempts at the First Law of Motion. 319 {18}

CHAPTER II.--INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF GALILEO.--DISCOVERY OF THE LAWS OF MOTION IN SIMPLE CASES.

_Sect._ 1. Establishment of the First Law of Motion. 322 _Sect._ 2. Formation and Application of the Motion of Accelerating Force. Laws of Falling Bodies. 324 _Sect._ 3. Establishment of the Second Law of Motion.--Curvilinear Motions. 330 _Sect._ 4. Generalization of the Laws of Equilibrium.--Principle of Virtual Velocities. 331 _Sect._ 5. Attempts at the Third Law of Motion.--Notion of Momentum. 334

CHAPTER III.--SEQUEL TO THE EPOCH OF GALILEO.--PERIOD OF VERIFICATION AND DEDUCTION. 340

CHAPTER IV.--DISCOVERY OF THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF FLUIDS.

_Sect._ 1. Rediscovery of the Laws of Equilibrium of Fluids. 345 _Sect._ 2. Discovery of the Laws of Motion of Fluids. 348

CHAPTER V.--GENERALIZATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS.

_Sect._ 1. Generalization of the Second Law of Motion.--Central
Forces. 352
_Sect._ 2. Generalization of the Third Law of Motion.--Centre
of Oscillation.--Huyghens. 356