Chapter XVIII: The Age of Solomon Ben Adret and Asheri (3)

India, Jews of, 435 f.

Innocent III, 383, 496-504.
as president of the Fourth Lateran Council, 509-12.
brings about a change of sentiment towards the Jews, 507 f.
causes the deepest misery to the Jews, 513.
censures princes for their protection of the Jews, 498 ff.
characteristic of, 405, 496.
death of, 513.
degrades the Jews, 563.
ruthless hostility of, to the Jews, 496-501.
tyranny of, 496.

Innocent IV, allows the keeping of the Talmud, 579.
contradicts the blood-accusation, 584, 596.

Inquisition established, 542.

Intermarriage between Jews and Christians, 44.

Irak, Jews of, 89.

Isaac, accompanies the embassy of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.

Isaac of Accho, Kabbalist, executed, 650.

Isaac the Blind, supposed originator of the Kabbala, 547.

Isaac ben Eliakim, rabbi of Würzburg and martyr, 354.

Isaac ben Jacob Halaban of Prague, Tossafist, 421.

Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil, 587.

Isaac ben Mordecai, physician to the pope, 628.

Isaac ben Samuel of Dampierre (Ri), head of the school of Rameru and
Tossafist, 403 f., 406.

Isaac, son of Abraham Ibn-Ezra, embraces Islam, 442.

Isaac the Younger (Rizba), 408.

Isaac Sanjari and Bulan, 140.

Isaacs, the five, 282 ff.

Isavites, 125.

Ishmael, founder of the Akbarite sect, 157.

Isidore of Seville, 49.
polemics of, against Judaism, 50 f.

Islam (see also Mahomet):
benefits of the dominion of, to Judaism, 85, 89.
conquests of, 86 ff., 109 ff.
divisions of, 90.
hostility of, to Judaism, 84.
influence of, on Jewish history and Judaism, 71.
intolerance of, 87.
referred to in an apocalypse, 88 f.
restrictions imposed by, on Jews and Christians, 87 f.
truths of, a victory of Judaism, 72.

Islam and Christianity in their treatment of the Jews compared, 88.

Islamic theology, 146 ff.

Ispahan, Jewish congregation of, 434.

Ispahanites. See Isavites.

Israeli, Isaac ben Suleiman, writer and physician to Ubaid-Allah,
180 f., 192, 211.

Italy becomes a province of the Byzantine empire, 32.
under the Lombards, 33.
under Ostrogothic rule, 28-32.

Italy, Jews of, 27 f.
communities of, 27, 424.
favorable condition of, 421-3.
ignorance of, 290, 369, 421-3.
Maimunist controversy among, 628.
mental awakening of, 628 f.
resistance of, to Belisarius, 31 f.
settlement of, 27.
Talmudic schools of, 212.
under the Lombards, 33.
under the Ostrogoths, 28-32.
under the Papacy, 628.

Itil (Atel), kingdom of the Chazars, 138.

Jacob of Orleans, head of the school in London, 409.
kills himself, 411.

Jacob ben Natronaï, Gaon of Sora, 184 ff.

Jacob ben Nissim, 211, 232 ff.

Jacob ben Samuel, pupil of Saadiah, 204.

Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi, Kabbalist, 556.

Jacob Tam, 375-81.
character of, 376.
commentary of, to the Talmud, 376.
death of, 381.
descendant of Rashi, 375.
maltreated by the crusaders, 355.
poetry of, 376.
Tossafist, 343, 345, 375.

Jannai, poetan, introduces rhymes into Neo-Hebraic poetry, 116.

Jayme, king of Aragon, treatment of the Jews by, 536.

Jean d'Acre. See Accho.

Jehuda ben Abbas of Haleb, poet, 426.

Jehuda ben Sabbatai, poet, 559.

Jehuda Alcharisi, poet and translator, 559.

Jehuda Hadassi, Karaite controversionist, 362.

Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi, 310, 313, 315, 318, 321-43.
career of, 322 f.
character of, 321 f.
"Chozari" of, 327 f.
compared with the author of Job, 327.
disciple of Alfassi, 322.
end of life of, 342 f.
erudition of, 321 f.
evidences of Judaism by, 332 ff.
limits of philosophy set by, 331.
love poems of, 323.
national religious spirit of poetry of, 325 f.
philosopher, 326.
physician, 323 f.
pilgrimage of, to Palestine, 338-42.
power of description of, 325.
prince of poets, 321 f.
Songs of Zion of, 337 f.
subject matter of poetry of, 324 f.
view of, on poets and poetry, 324 f.
view of, on the suffering and position of Israel, 335 f.

Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, Karaite champion, 205 f.

Jerusalem, Jews of, 506.
during the crusades, 308.
expelled, 427.
Talmudic studies of, 249.

Jesus the son of Pantheras, 577.

Jew-badge, 511-13, 564, 595.
in England, 642.
in France, 612.
in Hungary, 614.

"Jew-roaster," 611.

Jew-tax, 281, 510, 517, 588 f., 617, 642.

Jewish children taken away from their parents, 514, 570.

Jewish communities between Worms and Mayence, 41.

Jewish diplomatists, 291 f., 294.

Jewish-Himyarite empire, 51.

Jewish history, general survey of, 382 ff., 446 f., 494 f., 563 ff.,
610 ff.
scientific epoch of, 187 ff.

Jewish king of Arabia, 12.

Jewish kingdom in Arabia, 62-7.

Jewish question, at Councils, 25.

Jewish soldiers, 4.

Jews (see also under the different countries):
buy protection by money, 570 f.
compelled to trade, 418.
decay of learning and poetry of, in the post-Maimunic time, 558-62.
degradation of, 563 f.
excluded from offices of honor, 502, 510, 513, 515, 521, 567, 569,
635.
forbidden to enter Jerusalem, 23.
in service of Christian princes, 282, 291 f., 294, 312, 361 f., 384.
kill themselves to escape baptism, 404, 411, 415.
money extorted from them, 584 f., 589 ff., 634.
persecuted everywhere, 347 ff.
representatives of the commerce of the world, 142, 162.
render scientific literature accessible to Arabs and Christians,
111, 565.
scepticism among, 199.
"servi cameræ," 356 f.
slaveholders, 29.
suffering of, in the calamities of the Roman empire, 27 f.
theological controversies among, 148 ff.
treated as property, 417.
under Christian and Mahometan rule compared, 347 f., 426.
warlike, 4, 19, 384, 433, 436.

Joan, pope, 169.

Joceus, first chief rabbi of England, 588.

Joceus, of York, 413.

John Lackland, 416.
barbarities of, towards the Jews, 504 f.
death of, 516.

Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi, opponent of Maimonides, 529.
repentance of his fanaticism towards Maimonides, 580.
works of, 580.

Jonathan Cohen of Lünel, 397.
emigrates to Palestine, 505.

José bar José Hayathom, Neo-Hebraic poet, 114 f.

Joseph Amarkala Halevi, prince of an independent Jewish tribe in
Arabia, 433.

Joseph bar Abba, mystic and principal of Pumbeditha, 154.

Joseph ben Chasdaï, poet, 273.

Joseph ben Chiya, principal of Pumbeditha, 155.

"Joseph ben Gorion," 180.

Joseph ben Sabara, poet, 559.

Joseph ben Satia, principal of Sora, 202.

Joseph Ezobi, poet, 561.

Joseph Ibn-Aknin, favorite disciple of Maimonides, 477 f., 526.

Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, distinguished at the court of Alfonso VIII, 384.

Joseph Kara, Tossafist and exegete, 345 f.

Josephus' writings in favor with Christians, 162.

"Josippon," 180.

Judæo-Spanish culture, founders of, 215.

Judah, minister of finance in Portugal, 618.

Judah of Melun, disputation of, with Nicholas Donin, 577 f.

Judah the Blind, Gaon of Sora, 129.
Talmudic compendium of, 136.

Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, 149 f.

Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac of Paris, 408.
disciples of, 409.

Judaism: d philosophy, 327 ff., 455, 467, 478, 487, 522 f.
assumes a European character, 188.
compared with Christianity and Islam, 328 f., 332 f., 393, 463.
conversions to, 21, 640 f.
divisions of, 494 ff., 522 ff., 557 f.
religious duties of, 365.
venerated by Christians, 162.

Judghanites, 150.

Judith, empress, friendly to Judaism, 162.

Julian, king of the Samaritans, 16.

Julian, metropolitan of Toledo, 107.

Justin I, severe towards the Jews, 10.

Justin II, 26.
oppresses the Samaritans, 17 f.

Justinian, 12-17.
anti-Jewish laws of, 12 f.
closes the schools of philosophy in Greece, 7.
forbids the Confession of Faith (Shema), 15.
interferes in matters of conscience, 12 ff.
ordinances of, for the service of the synagogue, 14 f.
severity of, towards the Samaritans, 13, 16.

Kaab, leader of the Benu-Kuraiza against Mahomet, 80 f.

Kaaba, 60, 72, 453.

Kabbala, 547-57.
origin of, 535, 547.
part played by, in the religious controversies, 623, 626, 631.
principles of, 550-55.
teachings of, on the coming of the Messiah, 555.
teachings of, on the importance of prayer, 553.
teachings of, on the life after death, 554.
teachings of, on the signification of the ceremonial laws, 553.
transplanted to Palestine, 607.
what favored rise of, 549.

Kabbalists, desecrate Maimonides' grave, 631.

Kachtanites and Ishmaelites, 61.

"Kadish," 95.

Kafnaï, exilarch, 10.

Kainukaa, driven out from Arabia by Mahomet, 76 f.

Kairuan, center of Judaism and science, 146, 210.
school of, 248 ff.

Kaliri. See Eleazar ben Kalir.

Kalonymos, learned Jew, 143.

Kalonymos, Italian Jew in the retinue of Otto II, 243.

Kalonymos ben Todros, head of the congregation of Narbonne, 392.

Kameoth. See Cameos.

Kamus, fortress in Chaibar, 82.

Karaism, 127-37.
alterations made by, 131.
causes discord in the Talmudic schools, 155 ff.
character of, 133.
divisions of, 136, 157.
effect of, on the authority of the exilarch, 137.
emphasizes freedom of inquiry, 157.
explanation of name of, 130.
gives impetus to the study of the Bible, 133, 136.
inconsistencies of, 131, 133, 159, 443.
increases the religious duties, 131.
instability of, 133.
marriage laws of, 132, 158 f.
principal dogma of, 157.
regulations of, about festivals, 131, 158 f.
spread of, 182, 207.

Karaites:
asceticism of, 181 f., 204, 437.
controversies of, with the Rabbanites, 134, 182, 203, 362 f.
cultivate Biblical philology and exegesis, 180 f., 204, 206.
in Cairo, 444.
in Crimea, 435.
in Palestine, 607.
narrow-mindedness of, 206.
polemical writings of, 191.
productive in Biblical literature, 136.
proselytism of, 203.
rigorous observance of the Sabbath, 132.
severity and gloominess of religious life of, 132 f.
superficiality of, 204, 206.

Khiva, Jews of, 435.

Khozars. See Chazars.

Kimchi, family of, 392.

Kimchi, David (Radak), grammarian and exegete, 394.
excommunicated, 531.
teacher of Hebrew to the Jews and Christians of Europe, 393.
view of, on the Talmud, 531.
zealous Maimunist, 530 f., 540 f.

Kimchi, Joseph ben Isaac, introduces Jewish-Spanish culture into
southern France, 392.
writings of, 392 f.

Kimchi, Moses, 393.

Kinanah Ibn-Rabia, leader of the Chaibarites against Mahomet, 82.

Kobad, 1-5.
death of, 5.
dethroned, 2.
institutes a religious persecution, 1.
re-instated, 2.
supports Mazdak, 2.

Kohen-Zedek, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 183-200.
ambitiousness of, 192, 194.
conflict of, with the exilarch, 184 f.

Koran, introduction of, 147.
on the position of women, 92.
relation of, to Bible and Talmud, 72.

Kovad. See Kobad.

Ladislaus IV of Hungary, bigotry of, 615.

Landfried, ambassador of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.

Lateran Council, anti-Jewish decrees of, 400, 421 f., 498.

Lateran Council, the Fourth, 509-12.

Law, knowledge of, valued, 113.

Leo the Isaurian, why he protected the Jews, 122 f.

Leo the Philosopher, intolerant towards the Jews, 176.

Leon, teacher of Gershom, 243.

Leon (Leontini), founder of the scientific study of the Talmud in
France, 242.

Letter of Sherira, 232 f.

Letter-carrying, regulations about, by Gershom, 244 f.

Liturgy and liturgical poetry, 113 ff., 132, 178, 236, 245, 260, 282,
320, 367, 376, 419.

London, Jews of: cruelties against, 643.
massacre of, 591.
persecution of, 410 f.

Louis II orders the Jews out of Italy, 174.

Louis VI, favorable to the Jews, 343.

Louis VII, as crusader, 349.
favorable to the Jews, 343, 400.

Louis IX (the Saint): Jews expelled by, 585.
Jews hated by, 519, 570.
orders of, concerning the Jew-badge, 612.
persecutes the Talmud, 578, 586.
proselytizing of, 570.

Louis the Pious, 161.
favorable to the Jews, 161 ff.

Lünel, Jewish congregation of, 396.
letter of Maimonides to, 492.

Lynn, Jews of, massacred, 411 f.

Macedonia, settlement of Jews in, 27.

Machir, learned Jew, sent by Haroun Alrashid to Charlemagne, 143.

Machuza, capital of the Jewish state in Babylonia, 4.
taken by Mebodes, 9.

Mâcon, council of, degrades the Jews, 39.

"Madda," 468, 523.
proscribed, 529.

Magharyites. See Makariyites.

"Magister Judæorum," 161.

Mahdi, 358.

Mahomet, 71-84.
breaks with the Jews, 75 f.
character of revelations of, 71.
chief opponents of, on the Jewish side, 74.
concessions of, to Judaism, 73.
confession of faith of, 71.
corruption of teachings of, 72.
death of, 84.
enters in alliance with Jewish tribes, 73.
first doctrines of, 71.
relation of, to Judaism, 71.
revelation of, against the Jews, 78.
supported by the Jews in the propagation of the Koran, 73.
teachings of, 72.
wars of, against the Jews, 76-84.
why the Jews objected to, 74.

Mahomet Alemin, 145.

Mahomet Almuktafi, caliph, re-instates the exilarch, 428.

Mahomet Alnasir, attacks Spain, 506 f.

Mahometans, divisions among, 147 f.
philosophy and theology of, 146 f.
revival of science among, 145 ff.
scepticism among, 199.
treatment of the Jews by, 88, 176.

Maimonides, Moses ben Maimun (see also Maimunist controversy),
446-93, 522-45.
aim of, 450, 522.
articles of faith of, 459 f.
attitude of, to the Aristotelian philosophy, 478.
attitude of, to the Karaites, 465, 475.
averse to poetry, 449.
birth of, 447.
brothers of, 457.
character of, 449 f.
commentary of, on the Mishna, 458-61.
conception of Judaism of, 456, 459, 522.
condemned in Accho, 631.
controversy about the system of, 522 ff.
correspondence of, with Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, 490 f.
court physician of Saladin, 472 f., 489.
death of, 492 f.
descendants of, 493.
descent of, 447.
doctrine of, on immortality and resurrection, 476, 478 f., 523 f.
education of, 447 f.
effects of death of, on Judaism, 494 f.
effects of teachings of, on Judaism in southern France, 526.
epitaphs on the grave of, 493, 631.
ethical philosophy of, 533.
explanation of the ceremonial laws by, 484 f., 523.
fame of, 471, 489 ff.
feigns Islam, 451 f.
first to develop a Jewish system of belief, 459.
funeral of, 493.
"Guide of the Perplexed of," 477.
"Iggeret Teman" of, 462-4.
in Palestine, 457.
Mahometan opinion of, 488.
medical learning of, 473, 489.
mental organization of, 448, 458, 467.
"Mishne-Torah" of, 466-70.
non-Jewish elements in the system of, 487, 522 f., 526.
opponents of, 471 f., 475, 490, 522 ff.
physician, 458, 491.
religio-philosophical system of, 478 ff., 522.
settles in Cairo, 457.
supreme head of the Jews of Egypt, 474.
view of, on feigned apostasy and martyrdom, 453-6.
view of, on miracles, 483, 523.
view of, on persecution and suffering of Israel, 463.
view of, on prophecy, 482, 523.
view of, on tradition, 459, 469 f.
wanderings of, 447 f., 451, 456 f.
works of, burnt, 543.
writings of, 451 f., 458, 462, 466, 477, 488.

Maimun, father of Maimonides, 317.

Maimun Asha, Arabian poet, 70.

Maimuni. See Maimonides.

Maimunist controversy, 522-45, 623-34.
abated, 580.
Dominicans appealed to in, 542 f.
evil consequences of, 546 f.
excommunication employed in, 529, 632.
in the East, 525 f.
in Germany, 623-7.
in Italy, 628.
in southern Europe, 526 ff.
part taken in, by the Kabbala, 631 f.

Makariyites, Karaite sect, 151.

Malka bar Acha, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 137.

Maor, 389.

Mar-Aaron, 157.

Mar-Abraham ben Sherira, principal of Pumbeditha, 154 f.

Mar-Amram ben Sheshna, Gaon of Sora and compiler of a liturgical order
of prayers, 178.

Mar bar Huna, principal of Sora, 10.

Mar-Chanina, grandfather of Mar-Zutra II, 3.
executed, 4.

Mar-Isaac, murdered, 3.

Mar-Isaac, first Gaon of Sora, 90, 92.

Mar-Raba, 92.

Mar-Ukba, exilarch, 184 f.

Mar-Yanka. See Natronaï.

Mar-Zemach I, first of the literary Geonim of Pumbeditha, 178.
author of an Aruch, 179.

Mar-Zutra, posthumous son of Mar-Zutra II, 4.
teacher at Tiberias, 12.

Mar-Zutra II, exilarch, 3.
executed, 4.
king of a Jewish state, 4.
leader of a Jewish insurrection, 3 f.

Marhab, Jewish hero in Chaibar, 82.

Mari bar Mar, principal of Pumbeditha, 9.

Massora, development and importance of, 112.
in Germany, 244.

Massorets, 207.

Matthew Paris, chronicler, 591.

Mauritius, Byzantine emperor, 18.
resists Chosru, 9.

Mayence, blood accusation and massacre of Jews of, 636.
during the crusades, 302 f.
rabbinical synod in, 517.
school of, 247.

Mazdak, reformer of Magianism and communist, 1 f.

Meaux, Council of, passes anti-Jewish decrees, 171 f.

Mebodes, Persian general, massacres the Jews of Machuza, 9.

Mecca, 60.
Jews not allowed to dwell in, 436.

Medicine, practice of, by Jews among Christians, forbidden, 581 f.

Medina, becomes the lawgiver for millions, 86.
Jews not allowed to dwell in, 436.

Meïr of Rameru, Tossafist, 345.

Meïr of Rothenburg, 579.
corpse of, ransomed, 640.
dies in prison, 640.
eccentric piety of, 625,
leader of Jewish emigrants from Germany, 637-40.

"Men of Faith," 153.

Menachem ben Saruk, first grammarian and one of the founders of
Judæo-Spanish culture, 215.
controversy of, with Dunash, 226 f.
death of, 227.
disciples of, 227.
relation of, to Chasdaï, 224, 226.
works of, 224 f.

Menahem ben Solomon. See David Alrui.

Merovingian kings, bigotry of, 39 f.
narrow-mindedness of, 143.

Merv, center of science, 146.

Meshullam ben Jacob, head of Lünel, 396.

Messer-Jawaih of Bassorah, Jewish physician, 111.

Messiahs, false, 120, 124, 149, 331-3, 462.

Messianic hopes, 298, 313, 360, 606, 637.

Metatoron, 88, 153.

Metempsychosis, 547, 554.

Meters, first employed in Neo-Hebraic poetry, 223.

Meturgeman in the schools, 438.

Michael ben Kaleb of Thebes, Jewish poet, 426.

Michael Scotus, astrologer of Frederick II, 566 f.

Mishna, commentary on, by Maimonides, 458 ff.
origin of, discussed, 233.
translated into Arabic, 237.

"Mishne-Torah" of Maimonides, 466 ff.

Moawiyah, contest of, with Ali, 90.

Modestus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, fanaticism of, 22.

Mongols, 646 ff.
establish a kingdom in Persia, 637.
invade Europe, 580 f.
invade Hungary, 613.
Jewish soldiers among, 581.
ravages of, in Palestine, 606.

Montanists persecuted by Leo the Isaurian, 122 f.

Montpellier, flourishing condition of the Jewish congregation of, 395.
seat of a medical college, 583.

Mordecai ben Joseph of Avignon, 612.

"Moreh Nebuchim." See "Guide of the Perplexed."

Moses the Lawgiver, distinguished character of his prophetic faculty,
483 f.
supposed synagogue of, 445.

Moses of Baalbek, founder of a Karaite sect, 158.

Moses of Coucy, 576.
itinerant preacher, 545 f.
Tossafist and Maimunist, 539.
work of, on the Law, 586.

Moses ben Chanoch, one of the founders of Judæo-Spanish culture, 208,
215.
death of, 229.
functions of, 228 f.
relation of, to Chasdaï, 228.
spreads Talmudic studies in Spain, 208 f.

Moses ben Chasdaï, fanatic opponent of Maimonides, 624 f.

Moses ben Jehuda Cohen, rabbi of Safet, 633.

Moses ben Maimun. See Maimonides.

Moses ben Nachman. See Nachmani.

Moses, son of Kalonymos, 143.

Mosul, Jewish congregation of, 429 f.

"Mourners of Zion," 182, 437.

Mozarabs, 215.

Munich, Jews of, massacred, 636 f.

Musa, founder of the Akbarite sect, 157.

Mushka, fanatical Judghanite, 150.

Mutazilists (Mahometan rationalists), 147, 150.

Muza Ibn-Nosair, governor of Africa, 109.

Mysticism (see also Kabbala), 153 f., 251, 535.
in France, 160.
in Italy, 160.

Nachmani, 530-57, 598-609.
character of, 531.
commentary of, to the Bible, 607.
death of, 608.
disputation of, with Pablo Christiani, 598-601.
erudition of, 532.
exiled, 604 f.
hostile to Ibn-Ezra, 534, 608.
influence of, 609.
in Palestine, 605-7.
method of exegesis of, 562, 608.
opponent of Maimonides, 608.
part taken by, in the Maimunist
controversy, 530-6.
physician, 532.
religious system of, 533-5.
reverence of, for rabbinical tradition, 531, 557.
Talmudic works of, 532.
view of, on Agada, 599.
votary of the Kabbala, 535, 556.

Nachshon ben Zadok, Gaon of Sora, 179.

Nagid, Egyptian exilarch, 443.

Nagrela, Joseph, son of Samuel, vizir and Nagid in Granada, 274.
indiscretion of, 275.
killed, 278.

Nagrela, Samuel, head of the Jews of Andalusia, 254-65.
career of, 255.
characteristics of, 254 f.
compiles a methodology of the
Talmud, 259.
death of, 274.
diplomatist, 257.
friend of Gebirol, 268, 274.
philosopher, 261.
poet, 259 f.
supports learning, 260.
vizir, 256.
writings of, 259 f.

Nakdan, 560.

Naples, favorable condition of the Jews of, 422.

Narbonne, 45.
principal Jewish congregation of
southern France, 392-4.
Talmudic school of, 143, 242.

Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, 208, 242.

Nathan ben Yechiel of Rome, author of the Aruch, 290, 421.

Natronaï II, Gaon of Sora, 178.

Natronaï ben Chasdaï, 137.

Natronaï ben Nehemiah, principal of Pumbeditha, 121 f.

Nazareth, inhabited by Jews, 12.

Neapolis (Shechem), capital of the Samaritans, 12.

Nechunya ben ha-Kana, Kabbalistic manuscript attributed to him, 556.

Neo-Hebraic poetry, 112, 317 f.
artistic form of, 223.
compared with that of the Bible, 113.
decline of, 558 f.
didactic element of, 113.
effect of, on the divine service, 117 f.
introduction of rhyme into, 116.
last poets of, 559 f.
liturgical character of, 113.
meters employed in, 223.
subject matter of, 113.

Nestorian Christians, persecuted by the Sassanian princes, 89.

Nevers, Count, favorable to the Jews, 500.

New Misr. See Cairo.

New Nineveh, Jews of, ignorant, 430.

New Year celebrated for two days, 428.
liturgy of, 113 ff.

Nice, Council of, 25.

Nicholas III, 594.

Nicholas Donin, apostate, 572-8.
accuses the Talmud, 573.
disputation of, 576-8.
instigates a persecution of the Jews, 573.

Nilus the Younger, Abbot of Rossana, relations of, to Donnolo, 213.

Nissi Naharvani, reconciles the Exilarchate and Gaonate, 186.

Nissim of Kairuan, 248 ff.

Northampton, blood-accusation of, 643.

Norwich, Jews of, massacred, 412.

Nureddin, attacks the Christians in Asia, 349.

Oath imposed on the Jews by Charlemagne, 144.

Obadiah, Jewish king of the Chazars, 140 f.

Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishah, pseudo-precursor of the Messiah and leader
of a rebellion, 124 f.

Oberwesel (Germany), Jews of, massacred, 637, 639.

Odo, bishop of Paris, forbids intercourse between Jews and Christians,
407.

Offices of honor, Jews excluded from, 502, 510, 513, 515, 521, 567,
569, 635.

Omar, bestows rewards on Jews and Christians, 89.
captures Jerusalem, 87.
"covenant" of, 87, 145.
death of, 90.
fanaticism of, 84 f.
repelled by the Jews, 82.
restrictions imposed by, on Jews
and Christians, 87 f.

Omar II, bigotry of, 120.

Ommiyyades and Alides, 92, 100.
caliphs of, 110.
empire of, broken up into small principalities, 255 f.
last, 125.

Opposition in history, its mission, 127.

Orleans, Council of, enacts severe measures against the Jews, 37.

Osius, bishop of Cordova, 44.

Othman, killed, 90.

Oxford, Council of, passes hostile resolutions against the Jews, 516.

Pablo Christiani, apostate, 597 ff.
denounces the Talmud, 602.
disputation of, with Nachmani, 597 ff.
inspires action against the Jews, 612.

Pachda, exilarch, 3.

Palestine:
captured by the Mongols, 606.
condition of Jews of, 10, 427.
conquest of, by the Arabs, promoted by Jews and Samaritans, 87.
emigration of Jews to, 505 f.
Jewish communities of, 427.
Jewish congregations of, take up the cause of Maimonides, 633.
Jews forbidden to build synagogues in, 10.
Jews of, take up arms against Heraclius, 83.
possessed by Christians, 11 f.
subordinates itself to Babylonia, 100.
under Christian rule, 341, 427.

Paltoi ben Abayi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 177.

Parchon, Solomon ben Abraham, 423.

Paris, Council of, passes anti-Jewish measures, 40.
Talmudic academy of, 586.
Talmudic academy of, closed, 403.

Parliament, Jewish, in Worcester, 589.

Parnesé-ha-Keneset, 99.

Paul of Tarsus, 72.

Pauline Christianity, what it effected in Judaism, 127.

Pentateuch, system of reading of, in the synagogue, 444.

Persecutions of the Jews, influence of, on their mental condition,
512 f.
spread of, 563.

Persia, captured by the Arabs, 86.
communism of, 1 ff.
Mongol kingdom, 637.

Persia, Jews of, 1-10.
establish a small state, 4.
persecuted, 2-4, 8, 89.
rebel against Zendiks, 2 f.

Petachya, traveler, 421, 440.

Peter of Amiens, 297.

Peter of Clugny, rouses the crusaders against the Jews, 349 f.

Peter the Apostle and the Abodah, 115.

Philip III of France, bigotry of, 613.

Philip Augustus, extorts money from Jews and expels them, 402.
massacres Jews, 404.
receives Jews, 405 f., 498.

Physicians, Jewish, 583.

Philo's writings in favor with Christians, 162.

Phocas, treatment of the Jews by, 18.

"Pileum cornutum," 612.

Pilgrimages to graves, adopted by Jews, 440, 445.

Pinehas Ibn-Azura, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 74, 76.

"Pirke Aboth," explained by Maimonides, 459.

"Piyutim," 117.

"Placitum Judæorum," 103.

Poetanic compositions, 114.

Poetanists, 114 ff.

Poetry, among the Arabs, 214.
among the Spanish Jews, 58, 68 ff., 317.
Neo-Hebraic. See Neo-Hebraic poetry.
liturgic. See Liturgy.

Poitou, Jews of, persecuted, 573.

Poland, Jews of, take part in Talmudic learning, 421.
commercial activity of, 613.

Polygamy among Jews, 244, 378.

Popes, toleration of, towards the Jews, 25, 29, 33.
protect the Jews, 421.

Portugal, favorable condition of the Jews of, 617 f.

Posquières, Jewish congregation of, 399.

Prelates, moral condition of, 281.

Prince of the Captivity. See Exilarch.

Prophecy and prophets, 482 ff.

Proselytizing zeal of the Church, 25 f.

Provence, Jews of:
culture of, 391.
favorable condition of, 389 ff.
Jew-badge of, 612 f.
political relations of, 390.

Pumbeditha, school of, 92 f.
center of Judaism in Babylonia, 183.
closed, 8.
contest about the office of the principal of, 154.
extinction of, 254.
independent of the exilarchate, 177.
influence of, 160.
position of the principal of, 94 ff.
revenues of, 97 f.
rises to importance, 202.
under Haï Gaon, 225.

Purple manufactured by Jews, 425.

Pyrenean peninsula, condition of the Jews of, compared with that of
those in other European countries, 618 f.

Rabaï of Rob, 5.

Rabba ben Ami, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 178.

Rabbanites, 134.

Rabbinical epochs in Spain, 273, 282.

Rabbinical synods, 376, 378, 517.

Rabbis and Christian prelates compared, 287.

Rabed II, 399.

Rambam. See Maimonides.

Ramban. See Nachmani.

Rameru, center of Talmudic studies, 403.
Jewish congregation of, during the second crusade, 355.

Ramon Berengar IV, 387.

Rashba. See Solomon ben Adret.

Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meïr.

Rashi, 286-9.
career of, 286.
character of, 287.
commentary of, on Talmud and
Bible, characterized, 288.
death of, 309 f.
descendants of, 289, 345.
descent of, 286.
elucidates the Talmud, 288.
grammatical erudition of, 289.
liberal attitude of, toward compulsory
converts, 308 f.
Rabbi of Troyes, 287.
works of disciples of, 444.

Rationalism in the East, 199.

Ratisbon, Jews of, during the crusades, 305.
privileges of, 635.

Raymond de Penyaforte, Dominican General, fanaticism of, 519 f., 597,
601 f.
arranges a religious disputation, 598.
persecutes Nachmani, 604.
proselytizing of, 621.

Raymund Martin, anti-Jewish writings of, 622.

Raymund Roger of Béziers, defeated by the crusaders, 502 f.

Raymund V of Toulouse, favors the Jews, 399.

Raymund VI of Toulouse, compelled by Innocent III to depose Jewish
officers, 501 f.
favors the Jews, 400.

Raymund VII of Toulouse, favors the Jews, 513 f.

Reccared oppresses the Jews, 46 f.
edict of intolerance of, 34.

Receswinth, king of the Visigoths, persecutes the secret Jews, 102,
104.

Rechabites, 55.

Refraction of light, first noted, 146.

Resh Kalla or Rosh, 210 f.

Resh Galutha. See Exilarch.

Revival of science among the Arabs, 146.
part taken in, by Jews, 146.

Rhabanus Maurus taught by Jews, 162 f.

Rhine district, origin of Jews of, 40 f.

Ri, 403.

Riba, Tossafist, 345.

Riban, Tossafist, 345.

Richard the Lion-hearted, first persecution of the Jews in England
occurs at coronation of, 410 f.
protects the Jews, 411.
truce of, with Saladin, 405.

Rizba, 408.

Robert de Redingge, Dominican, converted to Judaism, 640 f.

Roderic, last of the Visigothic kings, 109.

Roger II, favorable to the Jews, 422 f.

"Rokeach," 517.

Roman empire, suffering of the Jews during calamities of, 27 f.

Rudolph, monk, instigates the people against the Jews during the
second crusade, 351.

Rudolph of Habsburg, treatment of the Jews by, 634-40.
extorts money from the Jews, 634.
injustice of, to the Jews of Mayence, 636.
prohibits Jewish emigration from
Germany, 639.
protects Jews, 635.

Rüdiger, bishop of Speyer, favorable to the Jews, 297 f.

Rurik, 222.

Russia, Jews of, take part in Talmudic studies, 421.

Russians, war of, with the Chazars, 221.

Ruta al Jahud, 42.

Ruthard, archbishop of Mayence, treachery of, against the Jews, 303.

Saad-Addaula, Jewish physician to Argun, Grand Khan of the Mongols,
638.
minister of finance, 646 f.
encourages learning, 648.
executed, 649.

Saadiah Gaon, 187-202.
career of, 188.
combats rationalism, 199.
conflict of, with the exilarch, 195 f.
death of, 202.
defends Judaism against Christianity and Islam, 199.
deposed from the Gaonate, 196.
"Emunoth we-Deoth," 197 f.
endeavors to reconcile reason with Talmud and Bible, 190.
excommunicated, 195.
founder of scientific Judaism, 188, 197.
Gaon of Sora, 193.
idea of, of God, 189 f.
inaugurates a new epoch of Jewish history, 187.
magnanimity of, 201.
personality of, 188.
polemics of, against the Karaites, 189 ff.
polemics of, against the Massora, 207.
re-instated into the Gaonate, 200 f.
retires to Bagdad, 196.
translates the Bible into Arabic, 189 f.
works of, 189 f., 192, 196 f.

Sabbataï ben Solomon of Rome, 630.

Sabureans (Saburaï), 6 f.

Safet, Jewish congregation of, takes the side of Maimonides, 633.

Safia, Jewess, captured by Mahomet, 83.

Sahal of Taberistan, Jewish physician and mathematician, 146.

Sahal, Abulsari, Karaite zealot, 203 f.

Saladin, conquers Egypt, 461.
favorable to the Jews, 461.
resists the Christians, 405.
tolerance of, 474.

Salvatierra, Jewish community of, destroyed, 507.

Samaritans, 12 f.
communities of, 427.
help the Arabs to conquer Palestine, 87.
insurrections of, 13, 16.
massacre Christians, 16 f.

Samarkand, Jews of, 435.

Samson ben Abraham of Sens, 408.
emigrates to Palestine, 505.
narrowness of, 524.
opponent of Maimonides, 505.

Samuel of Chateau-Thierry, 576.

Samuel ben Abraham Saporta, defender of Maimonides, 539, 543.

Samuel ben Ali Halevi, rabbi of Bagdad, 438 f.
head of the opposition to Maimonides, 472, 475 ff., 525.

Samuel ben Chofni, last Gaon of Sora, 253.

Samuel ben Meïr, Tossafist and exegete, 345 f.

Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel, Tossafist, 586.

Samuel Cohen ben David, head of the Talmudic school of Bagdad, 633.

Samuel Halevi, scientist at the court of Alfonso X and inventor of a
water-clock, 594.

Samuel Ibn-Adiya, Jewish Arabian poet and chief, 68 ff.
fidelity of, 69.
poems of, 70.

Samuel Tam, Tossafist, 345.

Sar Shalom, head of the Jewish congregation of Ispahan, 434.

Saragossa, capital of Aragon, 387.

Saul, son of Anan, leader of the Karaites, 136.

Scepticism in the East, 199.

Schism in the Church, 614.

Scientific epoch in Jewish history, beginning of, 187 ff.

Seal of the exilarch, 89 f.

"Sechel ha-Poel," 480.

Secret Jews, control exercised over, 104, 107.
treatment of, 101 ff.

"Seder ha-Kabbalah," 366.

"Sefiroth" (in the Kabbala), 551.

Semuna, principal of Pumbeditha, 56.

Serachya ben Isaac, 630.

Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 389.

Serene, false Messiah and leader of a movement against the Talmud,
120 f.

"Servi cameræ," 516, 520.
original signification of, 356 f.
legend about the origin of, 417.
when the Jews were turned into, 416.

Sens, Jewish community of, 499.

Seville becomes the center of Jewish Spain, 284.

Shechem. See Neapolis.

"Shema," forbidden, 15.

Shemaria ben Elchanan, 208.

Shem-Tob of Tortosa, physician and writer on medicine, 582 f.

Shem-Tob Falaquera publishes a vindication of the "Guide of the
Perplexed," 634.

Sherira, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 231-4.
character of, 232.
death of, 234.
descent of, 232.
imprisoned, 234.
letter of, 232 f.

Shiites, 150.

Sicily, Jews of, 569.
favorable condition of, 422.

"Siddur Rab Amram," 178.

Sigismund, ambassador of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.

Sigismund, king of Burgundy, oppresses the Jews, 37.

Silk manufacture by Jews, 425.

Simcha Cohen, martyr of Worms, 302.

Simon of Cairo, author of the "Halachoth Gedoloth," 179.

Simon ben Caipha, Neo-Hebraic poet, 115.

Simon ben Isaac ben Abun, poet, 245 f.

Simon bar Yochaï, connected with mysticism, 606.
foretells the rise of Islam, 88 f.

Simon de Montfort, 508 f.
leader of the crusade against the Albigenses, 502.
persecutes the Jews of Toulouse, 513, 515.

Sinjar, Seljuk Sultan, encounter of, with the Jews, 434 f.

Sinzig, Jews of, burnt alive, 611.

Sisebut, 173.
fanaticism of, 40.
persecutes the Jews, 47 ff.

Sisenard, king of the Visigoths, persecutes the secret Jews, 49 ff.

Slave trade of the Jews, 28 f., 40, 142, 229, 305.

Solomon, exilarch, 128, 428.

Solomon of Tarascon, 612.

Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, opponent of Maimonides, 527 f.,
536 f.
invokes the Dominicans against the Maimunists, 542 f.

Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret, 609, 618-23.
and David Maimuni, 620 f.
attitude of, to Kabbala and philosophy, 619.
character of, 619.
converses with Christian theologians, 623.
fame of, 620 f.
polemical writings of, against
Christianity and Islam, 623.
standard-bearer of Judaism, 621.

Solomon ben Yerucham, Karaite champion, 206.
opponent of Saadiah Gaon, 191.

Solomon Ibn-Gebirol. See Gebirol.

Solomon Petit, Kabbalist and fanatical anti-Maimunist, 626.
in Accho, 627, 630 f.

Sophronius, bishop of Jerusalem, surrenders to Omar, 87.

Sora, academy of, 4 f., 92 f.
closed, 8, 202.
contest for the Gaonate, 156 f.
decline of, 183, 202.
extinction of, 253.
position of principal of, 93 ff.
regains its reputation, 186.
regeneration of, under Saadiah Gaon, 193.
revenues of, 97 f.
strife with Pumbeditha, 183 ff.

Spain, Christian, 34, 43 f., 291, 361, 507, 592, 615, 618.
Mahometan, 109 ff., 214 ff., 313 ff.

Spain, Jews of:
admitted to high offices, 234 f., 256 ff., 312 f., 383 f.
attain the highest development, 383 f.
characteristics of, 235 f.
center of Judaism, 42, 210, 228 f., 254, 618.
confer names upon localities, 42.
culture of, 234 f.
enjoy toleration, 44 f.
faithful to their religion, 236.
first persecution of, 278, 281.
first rabbinical epoch of, 273.
founders of culture of, 215.
friendly intercourse of, with Christians, 43 f.
importance of history of, 41.
impoverished, 121.
intermarriage of, with Christians, 44.
nobility of, 43, 235 f.
partisans, 317.
persecuted, 360.
prosperity of, 214, 229.
rabbis of, characterized, 609.
second rabbinical epoch of, 288.
settlement of, 34 f., 42 f.
support the Mahometan conquest, 109.

Speyer, Jews of, during the crusades, 301.
privileges of, 297 f.

Stamford, Jews of, maltreated, 412.

Stephanus, governor of Palestine, killed by the Samaritans, 16 f.

Stephen, king of England, protects the Jews during the second crusade,
356.

Stephen Langton, enemy of the Jews, 516.

St. Gilles, Jewish congregation of, 399.

Sunna (Mahometan tradition), 110.

Superstition among Jews and Christians, 546.

Susa (Tuster), Jewish congregation of, 434 f.

Süsskind (Süzkint) of Trimberg, Jewish German poet, 420.

Suwailin, plots against Mahomet, 84.

Sviatislaw, conquers the kingdom of the Chazars, 222.

Swintila, king of the Visigoths, dethroned, 49.
tolerant to the Jews, 49.

"Synhedrion, the great and the smaller," 96.

Synods of the Church. See Councils of the Church.

Synods, rabbinical, 376, 377 f., 517.

Syrian Christians render scientific literature accessible to the
Arabs, 111.

"Tables of Alfonso," 594.

"Tachkemoni," 318.
of Alcharisi, 559.

Talmud:
attitude of the Arabic Jews toward, 119 f.
causes suffering to the Jews, 573 f.
committed to writing, 6.
confiscated and burnt, 579.
degeneracy of study of, 128.
effect of condemnation of, by the Church, 579.
movement against, 124, 127 ff.
persecuted, 573-9.
put on trial in Aragon, 602.
stagnation of the development of, 5.
study of, becomes the center of Jewish life, 571 f.
subjected to censorship, 602 f.
supplants the Bible, 128, 317.

Talmud, Babylonian, authority of, 118 f.
Jerusalem, studied, 249.

Talmud, copies of, transferred from Sora to Spain, 203.

Talmudic Judaism abandoned by a part of the Jews, 120-2.

Talmudic lexicography, 179.

Talmudic schools:
aim of, 6.
closed, 8.
lack of creative power of, 5 f.
literary activity of, 180.
of Cordova, 210.
of Egypt, 210.
of Kairuan, 248 f.
of Narbonne, 143, 242.
of Paris, 586.
of Tiberias, 12.

Talmudic studies:
in Bohemia 420 f.
in France, 344 ff., 408.
in Germany, 419.
in Italy, 421.
in Spain, 227 ff., 282.

Talmudic teachers have to flee, 4, 8.

Tarik, the Mahometan conqueror of Spain, 109.

Tax, Jewish. See Jew-tax and Tithe.

Ten, importance of the number in the Kabbala, 552.

"The History of the Maccabees," 180.

Theobald, Count of Chartres, part taken by, in the first blood
accusation, 379 f.

Theodatus, supported by the Jews, 31.

Theodoric, attitude of, towards the Jews, 29 f.

Theodosius II, 26.
laws of, against the Jews, 10, 28 f., 171.

Thomas à Becket, kindles fanaticism against the Jews, 409.

Tiberias, Jews of, driven out by Omar, 87.
school of, 12.

Tiberius, emperor, 18.

Tiflisites, Karaite sect, 158.

Tithe, paid by Jews, 499, 516, 518, 582.

Toledo, 384.
center of Jewish learning, 361.
confession signed by the Jews of, 103 f.
conquered by Alfonso VI, 294 f.
Council of, passes decrees against secret Jews, 49 ff., 102.
culture of the Jews of, 386.
delivered by the Jews to the Mahometans, 109.
Jewish congregation of, at the head of Spain, 537.
number of Jews in, 384.
riot against the Jews of, 386.
Talmudic school of, 362.

Torah, distinguishing character of, 484 f.

Tossafists, 344-6, 403 f., 408, 470.
last, 587.
method of, 344.
one-sidedness of, 529.

"Tossafoth," old, 404.

Toulouse, Jews of, 399 f.
indignities suffered by, 174.

Tovey on the Jews, 642.

Treves during the crusades, 300.

Troyes, rabbinical synod of, 378.

Tudela, Jews of, obtain equal rights with the Christians, 388.

Tuster. See Susa.

Ubaid-Allah Ibn-Suleiman, vizir, favors the Jews, 183.
founder of the Fatimide dynasty, 180 f.

Unitarians among Mahometans, 358.

Usury of Jews and Christians, 399, 401, 510, 571, 642.

Vandals conquered by Belisarius, 26.

Vannes, Council of, forbids the clergy to attend Jewish banquets, 36.

Venantius Fortunatus, 39.

Vessels of the Temple transported from Carthage to Constantinople and
Jerusalem, 26 f.

Vienna, Council of, degrades the Jews, 611 f.
Jews of, excluded from offices, 635.

Visigoths:
constitution of, 47.
treatment of Jews by, 44 f., 101.

Vizirs, Jewish, 256 ff., 274, 280, 312.

Vowel-points, introduction of, 7, 112, 207.

Wadil-Kora (Arabia), Jews of, 55 f.
driven out by Omar, 85.

Walid I, 110.

Walter, archbishop of Sens, intercedes in behalf of the Jews and the
Talmud, 578.

Walter von der Vogelweide, 420.

Wamba, king of the Visigoths, deposed, 104-6.

Waraka Ibn-Naufal and Mahomet, 71.

Wecelinus, convert to Judaism, 245 f.

Werner, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews, 636.

William II, of Sicily, favorable to the Jews, 422 f.

William the Conqueror, imposes restrictions on the Jews, 294.

Wimpfen, ransoms the body of Meïr of Rothenburg, 640.

Witiga, king of the Visigoths, 109.

Wolfram of Eschenbach, 420.

Worms, during the crusades, 301.
Jews of, favored by Henry IV, 293.

Wratislaw, ruler of Bohemia, extorts money from the Jews, 307 f.

Würzburg, Jewish martyrs of, 354.

Xeres, battle of, 109.

Yathrib (Medina), seat of Jewish learning, 59.

Yechiel of Paris, disputation of, with Nicholas Donin, 576 f., 598 f.
emigrates to Palestine, 587.
head of the Talmudic school of Paris, 586.

Yechiel ben Abraham, financier of pope Alexander III, 421.

"Yekum Purkan," 95.

Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, head of the Jews in Saragossa, 266.
friend of Gebirol, 266.
killed, 266.

Yemen, benevolence of the Jews of, 436.
Maimonides' letter to, 462-4.

Yezid I, 110.

Yishaï ben Chiskiyah, exilarch of Damascus, defends Maimonides, 627,
632.

Yizchaki ben Yasus, Biblical critic, 273.

Yizchaki Solomon. See Rashi.

Yom Tob of Joigny, 414.

York, Jews of, exterminated, 413-16.

Zaccaï ben Achunaï, exilarch, 137.

Zainab, Jewess, captured by Mahomet, 83 f.

Zedekiah, Jewish physician to Charles the Bald, 170.

Zendik, 2.

Zenki, father of Nureddin, 429.

Zeno, emperor, hatred of, against the Jews, 10 f.

Ziadeth-Allah, Aghlabite prince, 180.

Zorah Yussuf, Jewish king in Arabia, 64.
intolerance of, 65.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Inconsistent use of small-caps and Proper caps in names unchanged.

Inconsistent use of periods after Regnal numbers not changed.

Footnotes moved from bottoms of pages to the end of the text, just before the Index.

The Index was not checked for correct page references.

Cover created by Transcriber and placed in the Public Domain.

Pages v, 231: Chapter summaries refer to "Samuel bar Chofni," but all occurrences in the body of the text and in the Index are to "Samuel ben Chofni".

Page 146: "His son Abu-Sahal Ali (835-853)" date range seems to be too short.

Page 648: Missing closing quotation mark added after 'and to sustain our hope.'

Page 654: Alphabetization sequence error corrected.

Page 664: "Judaism: d philosophy" was printed that way in the original.