Chapter XX (2)

Having been summoned to Vienna to the post of rabbi, he labored usefully for this young community. He drew up its constitution, and for the short time of his official career there was esteemed and beloved. With his peaceful disposition he should have remained at Vienna instead of allowing himself to be attracted by the seemingly superior qualities of the Prague community, where vulgarity and baseness, envy and malice, still prevailed. For this circle Heller was most unfit, but he was attracted to the Bohemian capital, where there was incomparably more study of the Talmud, and where he could hope to enjoy interchange of thought. Only too soon he had occasion to regret his acceptance of this office. As acting rabbi, Heller was president of the commission which had the thankless task of distributing the large yearly war tax of 40,000 thalers among the members of the Prague community and those of the country communities. With Heller's upright and pure character it may be assumed that he acted with the utmost conscientiousness, and that he did not knowingly overburden anyone. Nevertheless, some members complained of improper allotment, raised a quarrel in the community, and collected a large following, who threatened the commission with accusations. In vain did Heller raise his warning voice against the prevailing dissension, speaking from the pulpit, now in mild, now in severe terms. Contumacy combined with envy, and the discontented party accused him and the elders of the commission before the civil authorities of having with partiality spared the rich, and laid the burden of the tax on the shoulders of those with less means, compelling payment of the share imposed by threats of excommunication, imprisonment, and other punishments. The accusations against Heller must have been of a still more hateful nature. The drift was that in one of his works he had used offensive expressions against Christianity. To give emphasis to their calumny, they reported to a person close to the emperor, who prided himself much on his theological knowledge, that Heller had boasted in the hearing of the Stadtholder of Prague that he had beaten him in a disputation. At the same time the slanderers hinted that the accused rabbi was in possession of much property, which would fall to the imperial treasury in case he was found guilty. To gratify their revenge or their malicious spirit, the informers quite overlooked the fact that by this means they might bring on a persecution, not only of Prague Jews, but of all German Jews.

Their slander met with only too ready a hearing. A formal command from the emperor reached the Stadtholder of Prague to have Rabbi Lipmann Heller sent in chains to Vienna. In view of the military severity customary during the Thirty Years' War even the innocent had the worst to fear. However, Heller was so highly esteemed even by Christian officials, that the head of police, who was charged with his custody, behaved with extraordinary indulgence towards him, and he was allowed to travel to Vienna merely on bail. On arriving he waited on the chancellor, in order to learn particulars with regard to the accusation brought against him. The chancellor sternly alleged what led Heller to fear the worst--that he had written against the Christian religion. Thereupon Heller was put into prison, confined with criminal offenders, and a commission of clergy appointed to establish his guilt as a blasphemer. The sentence was that Heller properly deserved death, but that the emperor was willing to exercise mercy and allow the punishment of death to be commuted to a fine of 12,000 thalers, to be paid immediately, and that the incriminated writings were to be destroyed. The Prague slanderers who were not pleased with the sentence, did not rest till the emperor deprived Heller of the office of rabbi at Prague, and declared him unworthy to fill the rabbinical office wherever the emperor's scepter held sway. At last, after a confinement of forty days, he was liberated, with the loss of his office and his property, and without any prospect of an appointment elsewhere. The maligning of Lipmann Heller was not altogether without consequences to the Jews. The bigoted emperor and many of the clergy who had been led to notice the bearing of Jews towards Christianity conceived the idea of introducing in Vienna Pope Gregory XIII's plan of preaching sermons for the conversion of Jews. The emperor issued a decree in February, 1630, that Jews be compelled to listen to conversion sermons every Saturday morning between eight and nine, at least 200 members of both sexes in equal numbers to be present, among them forty young Jews, of from fifteen to twenty years of age. Every one summoned to hear the preachers was to be fined a thaler in case of absence, and a higher sum if the offense was repeated. Sleeping and talking during the sermon were punished. The fines were to be used in support of converted Jews. The conversion of Jews was a matter that the emperor had at heart, and he hoped much from these compulsory measures. However, this plan was not easily carried out. The court councilors, to whom the emperor committed the matter, were not proof against bribery, and followed the Jesuits, who laid less stress on catching Jewish souls than on the oppression of Protestants and the increasing of their own power.

The annals of the Thirty Years' War contain no record of special sufferings of the Jewish race. It seems almost as if Jews were better treated than Christians. At least, in Mayence, the Swedes, who resided there more than four years, from the end of 1631 to 1636, behaved more kindly to them than to others. They were not greatly impoverished, for they were able, three years after the departure of the Swedes, to build a synagogue at Mayence, and thus extend their community, a favor which it had not been in their power to enjoy for more than 150 years. The Thirty Years' War ended, as is well known, at Prague, on the very stage where it had begun. The Swedish general besieged the city on the Moldau, and had already captured one quarter. But the inhabitants resisted bravely, and the Jews were not behind the others, if not with arms, yet with labor, in the trenches, and with extinguishing apparatus. It was a Jew who brought intelligence to the emperor from the besieged city in order to obtain relieving forces. On account of their attachment to the imperial family, the Bohemian Jews obtained from Ferdinand III an extension of their rights, which consisted in the privilege of residing in all royal cities and domains, and in not being expelled without the knowledge of the emperor. It may be assumed that the Jews did not lose very much by the devastating war. While the Christian population was thoroughly impoverished, and had to contend with want--the chief circumstance which induced the rulers to conclude the Peace of Westphalia--the Jews had saved something. The booty of many cities went through their hands, and, even if they were exorbitantly taxed, and forced to pay heavy sums, they still derived some gain. Hence it came about that directly after the close of the Thirty Years' War, when great numbers of their fugitive brethren came from Poland through Germany, they could be supported in a brotherly way by the German communities; for the Jews of Poland, for the first time, were visited with a long-continued, bloody persecution. The cup of suffering was not to pass them by.

END OF VOL. IV.

INDEX.

Aaron (I) ben Joseph, the Elder, fixes the Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi, Karaite philosopher, 95.

Abadia, de, Juan, plots against Arbues, 329-331.

Abba-Mari ben Moses (Astruc En-Duran), leader of obscurantists,
27-32, 36-42, 50.
and the Tibbonides, 39-42.

Abenacar, Isaac (Manuel Pimentel), Marrano in Holland, 672.

Abenhuacar. See Ibn-Wakar, Samuel.

Abi-Ayub, Jacob, physician, 553.

Abner of Burgos. See Alfonso Burgensis.

Aboab, Isaac, rabbi at Toledo, 341.
death, 366.
intercedes for Spanish exiles, 352, 365.

Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca, rabbi at Amsterdam, 681, 682-683.
in Brazil, 693.
quoted, 694.

Aboget, supposed manufacturer of Black Death poison, 102.

Abrabanel, Isaac ben Judah, 409.
and the edict of banishment, 348.
and Yechiel of Pisa, 287.
as commentator, 341-343.
countenances Messianic speculations, 482.
in Castile, 336-337, 341, 343-344.
in Corfu and Sicily, 384.
in Naples, 359-360.
in Portugal, 337-339, 341.
in Venice, 385, 386.
opposes free thought, 479.
protects the Jews, 339-340.
quoted, 338, 388-389.

Abrabanel, Isaac, son of the preceding, physician, 340, 385.

Abrabanel, Judah Leon (Medigo), son of Isaac Abrabanel I, 340, 341,
409.
and Gonsalvo de Cordova, 384-385.
as author, 480-481.
flees to Naples, 360-361.

Abrabanel, Samuel (Juan de Seville), 337.
accepts baptism, 169.
ambassador to Martin V, 219.
appointed to a state office, 138.
efforts for the culture of Castilian Jews, 139-140.
intercedes for the Spanish Marranos, 322-323.

Abrabanel, Samuel, son of Isaac Abrabanel I, 340, 385, 543.
at Ferrara, 544.
at Naples, 409.
promotes Jewish learning, 410.

Abrabanela, Benvenida, wife of the preceding, 409-410.
honors David Reubeni, 493.
saves the Neapolitan Jews from the Inquisition, 543-544.

Abraham, copyist, 74.

Abraham, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 150.

Abraham ben Chiya, astronomer, 120.

Abraham of Granada, Kabbalist, 196-197.

Abudiel, Moses, officer at the Castilian court, 84, 85, 86.

Abulafia, agent of Ferdinand and Isabella, 313, 317.

Abulafia, Abraham ben Samuel, Kabbalist, 4-8, 10, 11, 14, 19, 622,
625.
his school accepts the Zohar, 20.

Abulafia, Joseph, Kabbalist, 2.

Abulafia, Levi, Kabbalist, 2.

Abulafia, Meïr, Maimuni's adversary, alluded to, 2.

Abulafia-Halevi, prominent family of Toledo, 113, 116.

Abulafia-Halevi, Samuel ben Meïr, (Allavi), privado of Pedro the
Cruel, 116-121, 354.
builds synagogues, 119-120.
charged with peculation, 121.

Abulafia-Halevi, Todros ben Joseph, Kabbalist, 1-3, 52.

Abulhassan, of Morocco, makes war upon Castile, 84.

Abumelik, Moorish general, 85.

Accusation of child-murder, 223, 261-262, 276-279, 298-307, 343-344,
372, 440, 544-546, 642.
against Christians, 546.
by Eck, 547.
forbidden in Portugal, 372.
See also Blood-accusation.

Accusation of host desecration, 164-165, 223, 261, 277, 306, 439-440.

Accusation of well-poisoning, 57-58, 101-106.

Achmed I, sultan, alluded to, 629, 630.

Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt, conspires, 395-396.

Adolph of Nassau, emperor, 35, 36.

Adrianople, Karaites settle in, 269.
Spanish exiles settle in, 405.

Afia, Aaron, scholar, 405.

Africa, a refuge for Jewish exiles, 197, 318, 352, 389-392.

Agada, not authoritative, 214.
quoted, 242.

Agen, Jews of, massacred, 56.

Aguilar, Jews of, annihilated, 125.

Aix, Jews of, side with Abba-Mari, 33.

Akrish, Isaac ben Abraham, Spanish exile, 386.

Alami, Solomon, quoted, 154-155, 204.

Alagon, de, Blasco, plots against Arbues, 329.

Alashkar, Moses ben Isaac, Talmudist, 391-392, 393.

Albalag, Isaac, philosopher, alluded to, 24, 342.

Albassi, Jacob, translator of Maimuni, 60.

Albert II, emperor, 263.
imprisons Jews, 223-224, 249.

Albert, duke of Bavaria, hostile to Jews, 258.

Albert, of Brandenburg, influenced against the Jews, 463-464.

Albert, of Munich, alluded to, 428.

Albi, Jews of, annihilated, 57.

Albo, Joseph, philosopher, 239, 243.
at the Tortosa disputation, 208, 214, 215.
author of controversial works, 233.
his work, 239-243.

Alboacin. See Abulhassan.

Albrecht, emperor, 35, 37.
and the Jews, 36.
asserts authority over the French Jews, 47.

Alcala, academy at, 145.
Jews of, mocked at, 181.

Alcaldes appointed by the Jews of Castile, 116.

Alcañiz, Jews of, converted, 214.

Alcantara, Order of, 85-86.

Alcolea, Jews of, converted, 214.

Aldobrandini protects the Jews of Ferrara, 660-661.

Aleman, Jochanan, Kabbalist, 291.

Alenu, prayer, maligned, 178.

Alexander, convert, accuses the Jews of blasphemy, 591.

Alexander, of Poland, hostile to Jews, 419.

Alexander VI, pope, 434.
and Bonet de Lates, 407.
censures the Roman Jews, 363.
favorable to Portuguese Marranos, 378-379.
opposes the Spanish Inquisition, 319.

Alfarda, strangers' tax, 344.

Alfonsine Tables, author of, 367.

Alfonso Burgensis (Abner-Alfonso, Alfonso of Valladolid), apostate,
81-83, 213, 342.

Alfonso de Cartagena, counselor of Eugenius IV, 249-250.

Alfonso, Infante of Portugal, releases Marranos, 517.

Alfonso, of Aragon, archbishop, protects Marranos, 330.

Alfonso X, of Castile (the Wise), anti-Jewish laws of, 194-195.

Alfonso XI, of Castile, and Alfonso Burgensis, 83.
death, 113.
favorable to Jews, 75-76, 85, 86.
guardians, 52.
Jewish favorites, 79-81.
law of, renewed, 193.
war with Abulhassan, 84-85.

Alfonso XII, of Castile, brother of Henry IV, 278, 279.

Alfonso II, of Ferrara, alluded to, 660.

Alfonso II, of Naples, employs Isaac Abrabanel, 360, 383-384.

Alfonso V, of Portugal, alluded to, 340.
employs Jews, 337-339.

Alfonso of Valladolid. See Alfonso Burgensis.

Algiers, Jews in, 390-391.
Jews settle in, 197-199.
Spanish exiles flee to, 361.

Alguades, Meïr, physician and rabbi, 185, 190.
executed, 195-196.
translator of Aristotle's Ethics, 193.

Alkabez, Solomon, Kabbalist, 538.

Allatif. See Ibn-Latif, Isaac.

Allavi. See Abulafia-Halevi, Samuel ben Meïr.

Allegorizing of the Scriptures, 23-24.

Allorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

Almosnino, Moses, historian, 405, 607-608.

Almoxarif, minister of finance, 75, 79, 138, 160.

Alsace, Jews of, outlawed or burnt, 107.

Altona, Jewish cemetery at, 688.

Alva imprisons Jews, 662.
in the Netherlands, 601.

Alvalensi, Samuel, favorite in Morocco, 390, 392.

Alvarez, Alfonso, de Villasandino, satirist, 181.

Amadeus, of Savoy, imprisons Jews, 103.

Amazia, Jews of, persecuted, 553.

Amos, prophet, quoted, 177.

Amshel of Ratisbon, opponent of Israel Bruna, 302.

Amsterdam, German Jews settle in, 680-681.
Hebrew education, 681-682.
Hebrew printing-press, 675.
Jews in, 665-685.
Jews under restrictions, 673-674.
morality of Jews, 679-680.
Portuguese Marranos settle in, 665-666.
powers of rabbis, 684-685.
synagogues, 667, 671, 680.
wealth and culture of Jews, 677-678.

Anatoli, Jacob, Maimunist, 32.
defended, 41.
his sermons read and proscribed, 39, 40.

Ancona, a refuge for Jews and Marranos, 408, 544.

Ancona, Marranos of, imprisoned, 568.
persecuted, 570-571.

Angiel, Kabbalistic term, 17.

"Annals of Persecution," by Joseph Cohen, 590.

"Annals of the Kings of France and of the House of Othman, The," by
Joseph Cohen, 556.

Antiochus Epiphanes, alluded to, 655.

Anti-Trinitarians, 541-542, 647-648.

Anusim, converts to Christianity, 179-180.
See Marranos, and Conversions to Christianity.

Antwerp, Jews settle in, 662.

Aquet, charged with the manufacture of poison, 104.

Aquinas, Thomas, alluded to, 183.

Aragon and the Inquisition, 319, 328-329.

Aragon, Jews of, buy protection, 172.
enjoy peace, 274-275.
loyal to their faith, 215.
persecuted, 77, 102-103, 170.
suffer through Ferrer, 206.

Aragon, Marranos of, 309.

Arama, Isaac, quoted, 332.

Aranda, counts of, oppose the Inquisition, 329.

Aranda, de, bishop, expelled, 333.

Arbues, Pedro, inquisitor, 326.
plot against, 329-331.

Argentière, Jews of, side with Abba-Mari, 33.

Arias, Juan, bishop, instigates a persecution, 279.

Aristotle, 66, 82, 93, 146, 232, 243, 290.
Ethics of, in Hebrew, 146.
studied by Polish Jews, 633.

Arles, Jews of, protected, 177.

Armleder, persecutors of the Jews, 97-98.

Arnheim, counselor of Alva, 62.

Arnoldists, party of Jew-haters, 456.

Ar-Rabbi Mor, chief rabbi of Portuguese Jews, 158-159, 380.

Arta, Jewish exiles in, 406.

Arzilla, Jewish slaves made at, 286, 339, 381.

Ascalona, Jews of, annihilated, 170.

Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri), rabbi of Toledo, 34-35, 37, 53, 86.
author of a Talmudic code, 51.
his descendants victims of persecution, 169-170.
his family visited by the Black Death, 113.
partisan of Abba-Mari, 37-38, 50.
relaxes Talmudic laws, 37.
sons of. See Jacob ben Asheri, and Jehuda Asheri.

Asher, of Udine, convert, denounces Jewish works, 584-585.

Asheri. See Asher ben Yechiel, Jacob ben Asher, and Jehuda Asheri.

Ashkenazi, Solomon ben Nathan, statesman, 602-607, 627-629.
agent of Mahomet Sokolli, 602-603.
and the Polish election, 604-605, 642.
and Venice, 605-606, 608.
rescues the Venetian Jews, 606-607.
supplants Joseph Nassi, 627.
widow of, 630.

Asia Minor, Spanish exiles in, 405-406.

Askaloni, Joseph, Hebrew publisher, 628.

Astorga, Jews of, baptized, 205.

Astruc En-Duran. See Abba-Mari ben Moses.

Athias, editor of the Spanish Bible translation, 576.

Athias, Isaac, rabbi at Hamburg, 689.

Aubriot, Hugues, prevôt of Paris, protects the Jews, 151.

Auditeurs des Juifs, superintendents over French Jews, 54.

"Augenspiegel," work by Reuchlin, 446-448, 450, 457.
approved, 455.
condemned by the University of Paris, 460.

Augsburg, bishop of, desires to possess Jews, 127-128.

Augsburg, Jews of, escape the Rindfleisch persecution, 36.
exiled, 249.
imprisoned, 163.
persecuted, 110.

Austria, Jews of, accused as poisoners, 110.
expelled, 585-586, 652.
persecuted, 36, 98, 223-224.

Auto-da-fé, the first in Spain, 317.

Averroes, alluded to, 82, 93, 94, 232, 290.

Avignon, Jews of, expelled, 592.
protected, 177.
side with Abba-Mari, 33.

Avila, Jews of, baptized, 205.
Kabbalistic center, 8-10.
law of, 229.
religious discussion at, 140-141.

Avila, de, bishop, expelled, 333.

Avis, Grand Master of, 160, 161.

Ayllon, home of a Kabbalist, 8.

Azael, Kabbalistic term, 17.

Azriel, Kabbalist, 14.

Baal ha-Turim. See Jacob ben Asheri.

Badajoz attacked by Spanish Marranos, 498.

Baffa, sultana, favors Esther Kiera, 629.

Bajazet (Bajasid) II, sultan, and Jews, 356, 364, 400.

Balmes, de, Abraham, physician and author, 411.
instructs Christians, 473.

Bamberg, council of, decrees Jew badges, 555.

Ban against science, 39, 40.

Bandito, tortured on the charge of poisoning, 104.

Baptista, John (Solomon Romano), denounces the Talmud, 564.

Barbaro, Mark Antonio, Venetian consul, 605.

Barbastro, conversions in, 214.

Barcelona, ban against science in, 40.
Jews of, persecuted, 103, 171-172.
opposes the Inquisition, 332.

Barfat. See Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat, and Crescas Barfat.

Barfat, Zarak, poet, 140.

Baruch, Kabbalist, 481.

Bashyasi, Menachem and Moses, Karaites, 269.

Basle, authorities of, defend the Jews, 105-107.

Basle, council of, 248, 249, 250, 251.
laws of the, and Casimir IV, 264.
proscribes the Jews, 245-246.

Basle, Jews of, burnt, 107.

"Bastard, A, the Son of an Outcast," anti-Christian work, 590.

Bathori, Stephen, of Poland, friendly to Jews, 642.

"Battles of the Lord, The," work by Gersonides, 92-93.

Bavaria, Jews of, accused of child-murder, 545-546.
persecuted, 36, 98-99, 110, 225, 253-254.

Beatrice (Brites), Infanta of Portugal, and the succession in
Castile, 158.

Beatrice, of Castile, and David Negro, 161.

Bechinath ha-Dath, work by Elias del Medigo, 293.

Bechinath Olam, poem by Yedaya Bedaresi, 49.

Bedaresi, Abraham, poet, 42.

Bedaresi, Yedaya En-Bonet ben Abraham (Penini), poet, 26, 42-45, 49.
espouses the Tibbonide cause, 42-44.
works by, 43, 49.

Behaim, Martin, astronomer, 367.

Bekashoth ha-Memin, poem by Yedaya Bedaresi, 43.

Belgium, Jews of, persecuted, 112.

Bellieta, tortured on the charge of poisoning, 104.

Belmonte, Jacob Israel, Marrano poet, 665.

Belvedere, the Nassi palace, 597.
printing-press at, 628.

Ben Adret. See Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.

Benavente, Jews of, baptized, 205.

Benedict XII, pope, friendly to Jews, 99.

Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), anti-pope, 200, 228, 239, 655.
at Peñiscola, 217.
at the Tortosa disputation, 210-213.
favors Paul Burgensis, 184, 190.
issues a bull against the Jews, 215-216.
plans the conversion of the Jews, 207.

Benevento, Inquisition at, 385.

Benfelden, council of, declares Jews outlaws, 107.

Benjamin, friend of Immanuel Romi, 68.

Benjamin, of Tudela, alluded to, 127.

Benveniste, Abraham, Senior (Coronel), tithe-collector, accepts
Christianity, 351.
convenes a synod, 229.
friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 341.
holds office in Castile, 228.
negotiates a royal marriage, 280.

Benveniste, Judah, center of the Salonica community, 405.

Benveniste, family of Gracia Mendesia, 571.

Berab, Jacob, rabbi in northern Africa, 390, 393, 418.
revives ordination, 531-536.

Berber princes, tolerance of, 197.

Berlin, Jews of, persecuted, 652.

Bernaldez, Andreas, quoted, 349.

Bernard, of Siena, master of John of Capistrano, 257.

Bernardinus, of Feltre, hostile to Jews, 295-299.

Bernardo instigates Lisbon against Marranos, 487.

Berne, Jews of, tortured, 104-105.

Berthold, bishop, hostile to Jews, 107.

Beth Israel, third synagogue in Amsterdam, 680.

Beth Jacob, first synagogue in Amsterdam, 667, 671.

Beya, de, Abraham, Portuguese traveler, 368.

Béziers, Jews of, expelled, 48.

Bibago, Abraham, employed by John II, of Aragon, 275.

Bible, the, allegorized, 23.
Christian doctrines in, 141-142.
commentary on, 70.
concordance of, 234-235.
Karaite interpretation of, 269.
polyglot, 651.
slandered, 547.
studied by Portuguese Marranos, 485.
studied in Spain, 91, 231.
study of, cultivated, 474-476.
translations of, 475, 576, 647.
translations not authoritative, 237.

Black Death, the, alluded to, 111, 112, 113, 127, 133, 135, 172.
attributed to the Jews, 100-106.

Black Prince, the, and the civil war in Castile, 124, 125.

Blanis, de, Judah (Laudadeus), physician at Perugia, 411.

Blanche de Bourbon, wife of Pedro the Cruel, 116-117, 121, 122.

Blandrata, religious reformer, 647.

Blood-accusation, 223, 227, 261-262, 298, 642.
by Eck, 547.
forbidden in Poland, 264-265.
See also Accusation of child-murder.

Boabdil, last king of Granada, 345.

Bohemia, Jews of, banished, 544-545.
pay a war-tax, 703.
persecuted, 98, 165-166.
privileges of, extended, 707.

Boleslav Pius, duke of Kalish, friendly to Jews, 111, 263.

Bologna, Jewish printing-house in, 289.
Jews of, tried, 590-591.
synod held at, 218, 219.

Bomberg, Daniel, of Antwerp, publishes the Babylonian Talmud, 468.
the Old Testament, 476.

Bonafoux, Vidal, partisan of Abba-Mari, 28.

Bonastruc, Isaac, and Jewish immigrants in Algiers, 199.

Bonfed. See Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed.

Boniface VIII, pope, alluded to, 144.

Boniface IX, pope, forbids forcible conversions, 173.

Bordeaux, Jews of, perish, 56.

Borgia, cardinal. See Alexander VI.

Botarel, Moses, Messianic pretensions of, 197.

"Bow and Buckler," controversial work, 238.

Brahe, de, Tycho, alluded to, 638.

Brandenburg, Jews of, accused, 439-440.
persecuted, 652.

Brazil, Jews settle in, 693.

Breslau, Jews of, accused of child-murder, 261-263.
annihilated, 109.

Broussa, Spanish exiles in, 405.

Bruna, Israel, rabbi of Ratisbon, 300, 302-304.

Brunetta, of Trent, 297, 298.

Brünn, Jews of, banished, 263.

Brunswick, Jews of, expelled, 652.

Brussels, Jews of, killed, 112.
Jews settle in, 662.

Budny, Simon, founder of a Christian sect, 647.

Buen-Giorno, David Bonet, and Profiat Duran, 188-190.

Bugia, Spanish exiles flee to, 361.

Buja, Jews settle in, 197.

Bull (papal) against Jewish emigration to Palestine, 274.
based on Innocent IV's, 165.
by Benedict XIII, 215-216.
by Clement VI, 173.
by Clement VII, 507-508, 515, 516.
by Clement VIII, 671.
by Eugenius IV, 250-252.
by Gregory XIII, 654.
by Julius III, 565.
by Martin V, 219-220, 226-227.
by Nicholas V, 253, 254, 287.
by Paul III, 516, 520, 526.
by Paul V, 566.
by Pius IV, 588, 589.
by Pius V, 591-592.
by Sixtus IV, 311, 319, 321, 322, 323.
by Sixtus V, 655-656, 658.

Burgos, cortes of, hostile to Jews, 52, 124, 229.

Burgos, Jews of, and Pedro the Cruel, 123, 124.
baptized, 205.
persecuted, 170.

Burgos, religious disputation at, 140.

Busche, von, Hermann, alluded to, 456.

Byron, quoted, 127.

Byzantine Empire, rottenness of, 267.
toleration of, 285.

Caballeria, de, Alfonso, opposes the Inquisition, 329.

Cabrera, governor of the Alcazar of Segovia, 283.

Cadiz, Marrano victims of the Inquisition in, 317.
Marranos take refuge in, 313.
siege of, 665.

Cairo, Jews of, attacked, 396.
Karaite stronghold, 71.

Calabrese, Chayim Vital, Kabbalist, 618, 623.
Messianic claims of, 625.

Calatayud, conversions in, 214.

Calatrava, Grand Master of, executed, 118.

Calixtus, pope, alluded to, 275.

"Calumniator, The," sobriquet of Geronimo de Santa Fé, 217.

Campanton, Isaac ben Jacob, Talmudist, 230.

Campeggio, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 514-515.

Candia, Spanish exiles in, 363-364, 406.

Cantori, dei, Joshua, hostile to the Talmud, 583.

Capistrano. See John of Capistrano.

Capnion. See Reuchlin, John.

Capron, Ruy, alluded to, 278.

Caraffa, Pietro. See Paul IV.

Çarça, Samuel, quoted, 137.
writes a commentary, 144.

Cardozo, Elihu Aboab, erects a synagogue at Hamburg, 689.

Caro, Isaac ben Joseph, victim of Portuguese persecution, 378.

Carpentras, Jews of, protected, 177.

Carrion, Jews of, persecuted, 170.

Casimir III, of Poland (the Great), favors the Jews, 111-112, 263.

Casimir IV, of Poland, bestows privileges upon the Jews, 263-265, 419.
revokes the privileges of the Jews, 266.

Caspe, Jews of, converted, 214.

Castel-Branco, de, João Rodrigo. See Lusitanus, Amatus.

Castile, center of Jewish culture, 75.
civil war in, 118-119, 123-126.
cortes of, hostile to Jews, 229.
deficient in Jewish scholars, 86, 139-140.

Castile, Jews of, accused of proselytizing, 157.
admitted to public employment, 228-229.
appoint their own alcaldes, 116.
attached to Pedro the Cruel, 114, 123, 124, 125, 137.
baptized, 137, 205.
deprived of criminal jurisdiction, 157.
enjoy peace, 53, 113, 274-275.
hated, 138-139.
invested with criminal jurisdiction, 155.
partisans of Maria de Padilla, 117.
prominent at court, 51-53, 75-76, 84, 115-116, 138.
suffer during the civil war, 125, 136-137.
take part in debates, 140.
threatened, 84-86.
under Alfonso XI, 75-76.
under Henry III, 193.
under Juan II, 194, 251-253.
under Maria de Molina, 52.
under restrictions, 52, 139, 158, 203-204, 250, 278.
usurers, 80.
See also Spain.

Castile, Marranos of, 309.

Castro, de, Abraham, master of the Egyptian mint, 393, 395.

Castro, de, Moses, rabbi at Jerusalem, 534, 535.

Castro, de, Rodrigo, Marrano physician, 686-687, 688.

Catalina, of Castile, 217, 228, 275.
lays restrictions upon the Jews, 203-204.
relaxes the anti-Jewish laws, 205.

Catalina, of Lancaster, regent for Juan II, of Castile, 193-194.

Catalonia, Jews of, invested with criminal jurisdiction, 155.
loyal to their faith, 215.
persecuted, 102-103, 112-113, 172.

"Catalonian grandees," 153.

Catechumens maintained by Jews, 566.

Catherine de Medici, and the Polish election, 604.
alluded to, 598.

Catherine, of Portugal, hostile to Marranos, 489.

Catholic reaction, the, 650-651.

Cathunho, Isaac, Jewish official at Recife, 693.

Censorship of the press, 562-563.

Censorship of the Talmud, 658, 659-660.

Cervera, Jews of, attacked, 94, 103.

Cesis, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 514-515.

Chabib, Levi ben Jacob, rabbi of Jerusalem, 378, 532-536.
and Jacob Berab, 533-536.

Chacon, of Vitoria, employed by Henry IV of Castile, 275.

"Chain of Tradition, The," by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 616.

Chaldee, language of the Zohar, 12.

Chambéry, center for the supposed Black Death poisoners, 102.

Chanceller, assistant of Ar-Rabbi Mor, 159.

Chanina, Ishmael, rabbi of Bologna, 591.

Charisi, as a character in Immanuel Romi's works, 67.
translator of Maimuni, 61.

Charles IV, emperor, 164, 695.
and the Jews of Nuremberg, 110.
and the Jews of Worms, 108.
grants "servi cameræ" to electors, 128.
protects Jews, 106.
punishes murderers of Jews, 109.

Charles V, emperor, and Clement VII, 492.
and Luther, 469.
and the Jews of Naples, 543-544.
and the Jews of the Netherlands, 661-662.
and the Portuguese Inquisition, 507, 509, 517-518.
crowned emperor of Rome, 503.
favored by Humanists, 468.
has Molcho burnt, 510-511.
hostile to Marranos, 484.
in debt to the Mendes family, 572.
opposes Paul III, 526.
opposes Reuchlin, 464.
renews the privileges of the Jews, 547.

Charles IV, of France, alluded to, 77.

Charles V, of France, 150.
and the Jews, 129, 131, 132, 133.

Charles VI, of France, and the Jews, 174, 176.

Charles VII, of France, 373.
protects the Jews, 152.

Charles VIII, of France, alluded to, 360.

Charles IX, of France, alluded to, 604.

Charles III, of Navarre, alluded to, 184.

Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas, philosopher, 145-147, 149, 172, 208,
230, 239, 342.
appealed to, 150, 153.
articles of faith by, 193.
attacked by Paul Burgensis, 185.
describes the persecution of 1391, 172.
his view of life, 240.
imprisoned, 150, 155.
independence of, 146, 192.
philosophical work of, translated, 235.
philosophy of, 191-193.
treats of Christian doctrines, 187-188.

Chasdaï ben Solomon, 162.
denounces Chayim ben Gallipapa, 149.

Chastelard, Jews of, tortured, 104.

Chatel, Jews of, imprisoned, 103-104.

Chayim ben Gallipapa, rabbi, 148-150.

Chayim, of Landshut, appoints Judenmeister, 227.

Chayyat, Judah ben Jacob, Kabbalist, 481.
describes the sufferings of the Portuguese exiles, 369-370.

Chemnitz, Dr., and the Jews of Worms, 698-699.

Chendali, Elias, husband of Esther Kiera, 629.

Chesheb-Efod, history by Profiat Duran, 191.

Chiddush, Talmudic term, 641.

Chillon, Jews of, imprisoned, 103-104.
confessions of, 108.

Chilluk, Talmudic term, 641.

Chinon, college of, dispersed, 48.
Jews of, persecuted, 57-58.

Christian IV, of Denmark, and the Jews, 675, 692.

Chronologies used by Jews, 394-395.

Clement VI, pope, and Gersonides, 94, 103.
forbids forcible conversions, 173.
protects the Jews, 103, 105.

Clement VII, pope, 407.
and Molcho, 503, 507.
and the Portuguese Inquisition, 507-509, 513-514.
death, 515.
permits Marranos at Ancona, 500.
quoted, 513-514.
receives David Reubeni, 492-493.

Clement VIII, pope, and Portuguese Marranos, 528, 671.
expels the Jews, 659.

Clemente, Philip, opposes the Inquisition, 329.

Cleve, von, Eberhard, in the Reuchlin quarrel, 465-466.

Closener, of Strasburg, historian, quoted, 106.

Cohen, Aaron, describes the sufferings of French exiles, 49.

Cohen, Daniel, scholar, 405.

Cohen, Gershon (Soncinus), printer at Prague, 418.

Cohen, Joseph ben Joshua, of Genoa, historian, 555-557, 608.
his chronicle, 555, 556, 557, 561.
on Molcho, 511.

Cohen, Joshua Falk, president of the Polish synod, 645, 703.

Cohen, Moses, de Tordesillas, controversialist, 141-142.

Cohen, Perachyah, physician, 405.

Cohen, Saul (Ashkenasi), disciple of Elias del Medigo, 293, 386.
Hebrew style of, 389.

Cohen, Saul Astruc, physician, 198, 199.

Coimbra, Inquisition at, 508.

Colleges, Jewish, in France, 48. See also Educational institutions.

"Collegium Germanicum," propagandist seminary, 654.

"Colloquium Middelburgense," controversial work, 691.

Colmar, Jews of, banished, 416.

Cologne, authorities of, defend the Jews, 105-106, 108.
Jews of, expelled, 227, 413.
seat of Dominicans, 424.
See Chapter XIV.

Columbus, alluded to, 368.

"Concerning the Jews and their Lies," pamphlet by Luther, 548-549.

Confiscation of Hebrew books, 437-438, 439, 441, 444.
advised by Luther, 550.
by Pfefferkorn, 429-431.
in Cremona, 582-583.
in Prague, 584-585.
in the Papal States, 565, 567.
under Gregory XIII, 654.
under Sixtus V, 657-658.

"Conflict of Duties," controversial work, 238.

Conrad of Wintertur, defends the Jews, 106, 108.

Conservateur, protector of the French Jews, 130.

"Consolation for the Sorrows of Israel," by Samuel Usque, 558-561.

Constance, Jews of, persecuted, 105.

Constance, council of, 215, 218, 248.
condemns Vincent Ferrer, 217.
deposes Benedict XIII, 216.
elects Martin V pope, 219.
sentences Huss, 221.

Constantine, Jews settle in, 197.

Constantine, emperor, alluded to, 267.

Constantine Dragosses, alluded to, 267.

Constantinople, fall of, 267.
Jews of, 402-404.
Jews permitted in, 268.
Karaites settle in, 269.
Karaite stronghold, 69.
rabbis of, issue a ban against Paul IV, 580.

"Constitutions," Inquisition code, 326, 328.
in Portugal, 508.

Conti, Vincent, publisher, 583-584.

Contra-Remonstrants, religious sect in Holland, 673-674.

"Contrasts and Greatness of Constantinople," by Moses Almosnino, 608.

Controversial literature, 231-238.

Conversions to Christianity, 48, 56, 107, 111, 126, 137, 150, 169,
171, 172, 175, 177, 179, 191, 205, 206, 214, 215, 224,
232-233, 245-246, 247, 254, 262, 288, 298, 301, 334-335, 361,
375-378, 380, 440, 570, 706.

Conversions, forcible, forbidden by popes, 165, 173.

Cordova, Inquisition at, 325.
Jews of, persecuted, 169.
Marranos in, 484.
Marranos massacred in, 281-282.

Corfu, Spanish exiles in, 363, 364, 384.

Coronel. See Benveniste, Abraham.

Coronel, David, Senior, official at Recife, 693.

Costa, da, Emanuel, Marrano, 520-521.

"Correction of the False Teacher," controversial work, 234.

Costnitz. See Constance.

"Counsels and Lessons," poem by Santob de Carrion, 115.

Court Jews at Vienna, 702.

Coutinho, Ferdinand, bishop, defends Marranos, 500.
opposes forced conversions, 375.
quoted, 376.

Cracow, Jews of, massacred, 111.
second Jewish community in Poland, 632.

Creation, Kabbalistic term, 619.

Cremona, Jews of, expelled, 660.
Talmudic center, 582.

Crescas Barfat, imprisoned, 150.

Crescas, Chasdaï. See Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas.

Crescas Vidal, partisan of Abba-Mari, 28-29.

Cretensis, Elias. See Del Medigo, Elias.

"Crown of Israel," Toledo, 136.

Curiel, Jacob, Portuguese agent, 681, 692.

Cusa, de, Nicholas, cardinal, hostile to Jews, 255.

Cyprus, conquest of, 600-601.

Czechowic, Martin, Unitarian, 648.

Dafiera, Solomon, poet, 230.

Dalburg, bishop, alluded to, 454.

Damascus, exiles settle in, 399-400.

Daniel, book of, commented, 482.
interpretation of, 120.
prophecies of, 149.

Daniel, friend of Immanuel Romi, 66.

Dante compared with Immanuel Romi, 65, 66, 67.
quoted, 325.

Daroca, conversions in, 206, 214.

Daud (David), physician, hostile to Joseph Nassi, 598-599.

Dauphiné, Jews protected in, 177.

David, king, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67.

David, an immigrant, urges Jews to go to Turkey, 271.

"Day of Hosannas" in Lurya's system, 626.

Deckendorf (Deggendorf), Jews of, massacred, 98-99.

Del Barco, Juan Lopez, Spanish inquisitor, 312.

Del Medigo, Elias, classical scholar, 290-293, 386, 406.
relation to Judah Menz, 295.

Delmedigo, Judah, rabbi, 406.

Della Rovere, Francesco Maria, duke of Urbino, 501, 657.

Della Ruvere, Marco, nuncio, 514.

Desfar, Juan, governor of Palma, 246.

Desmaëstre, Bonastruc, delegate at the Tortosa disputation, 208.

Deutz, Cologne Jews settle at, 227.

Deza, second inquisitor-general of Spain, 356, 483-484.

Dias, André, assassin of Henrique Nunes, 490.

"Dialogues of Love," work by Judah Abrabanel, 480-481.

Diego de Valencia, convert, 181.

Diokna Kadisha, holy likeness, 538.

Divorces among Kabbalists, 626-627.

Dominicans denounce Jews and Hussites, 222, 226.
in the Reuchlin-Pfefferkorn quarrel. See Chapter XIV.
plot to expel the Marranos from Portugal, 486-488.

Doria, Andrea, doge, 555.
protects the Jews of Genoa, 554.

Doria, Giannettino, alluded to, 555.

"Doubts of the Religion of Jesus," controversial work, 235.

Duran. See Profiat Duran, Simon ben Zemach Duran, Solomon Duran, and
Simon Duran II.

Du Guesclin, Bertrand, captain of the "white company," 123, 124, 126,
137.

"Eben Bochan," controversial work, 142, 143.

Ecija, Jews of, persecuted, 170.

Eck, Dr. John, and the Jews, 546-547.

Edict of Banishment from Spain, 347-348.

Edict of Grace, 315.

Edles, Samuel, Talmudist, 703.

Edom, Christendom, 18, 506.

Educational institutions (Hebrew), 48, 133, 145, 410, 681, 685.

Efodi (Ephodæus). See Profiat Duran.

Efrati, Amram, alluded to, 162.

Egidio de Viterbo, cardinal, 564, 583.
and the Kabbala, 481.
disciple of Elias Levita, 472.
opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 507.
quoted, 457.

Egypt, Jews in, 392-396.

Eisenach, Jews of, slaughtered, 109.

Eleazar ben Joseph, martyr, 49.

Eliano Vittorio, grandson of Elias Levita, convert, 564.
editor of the Cremona Zohar, 584.
hostile to the Talmud, 583.

Elias Levita, Hebrew grammarian, 471, 473.
grandsons of, 564.
invited into France, 473-474.

Elizabeth, of England, alluded to, 664.

Emden, Marranos in, 665.

Emek ha-Bacha, work by Joseph Cohen, 590, 608.

"Emunoth," Kabbalistic work, 197.

En-Sof, Kabbalistic term, 14.

En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa, rabbi, 155.

"Enemy of the Jews, The," second pamphlet by Pfefferkorn, 427.

England at war with Castile, 142.

Enns, Jews of, charged with host-desecration, 223.

Enoch, book of, source for the Kabbala, 17.

"Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum," a satire, 461-462.

Erasmus, humanist, 432, 433.
quoted, 462-463.

Erfurt, Jews of, perish, 109.

Eschenloer, quoted, 262.

Escrivão, assistant of Ar-Rabbi Mor, 159.

Eski-Crim, Karaite stronghold, 71.

Esperaindo, de, Juan, assassin of Arbues, 330.

Estella, Jews of, persecuted, 77-78.

Esther (Esterka), wife of Casimir the Great, 112.

Esther, book of, Spanish translation of, 148.

Etampes, d', Count, protector of the French Jews, 130, 132.

Eugenius IV, pope, 253, 275.
approves of John of Capistrano, 257-258.
confirms the privileges of the Jews, 249.
hostile to Jews, 229, 249, 250-252.

Evora, Inquisition at, 508.

Ezekiel, prophet, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67.

"Ezer ha-Emuna," controversial work, 141.

Fagius, Paulus, establishes a Hebrew press, 474.

Falaquera, Shem-Tob, philosopher, 24.

Falcos, Jews of, persecuted, 78.

Falero, Abraham Aboab, builds a synagogue at Hamburg, 691.

Farnese, Alexander, cardinal, protects the Jews, 567.

Faro, count of, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 338.

Farissol, Abraham, geographer, and controversialist, 411-413.

Father, Kabbalistic term, 19.

Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain,
and Isaac Abrabanel, 343.
appoint an inquisitor-general, 324.
blamed for expulsion of the Jews, 356.
censured by Sixtus IV, 318-319.
decree the expulsion of the Jews, 346-348.
protect and employ Jews, 336.
treaty with Boabdil, 345.
See also Ferdinand II of Aragon, and Isabella, of Castile.

Ferdinand I, emperor, and Joseph Nassi, 597, 601.
banishes Jews from Bohemia, 544-545.
expels Jews from Austria and Bohemia, 585-586.

Ferdinand II, emperor, and the Hamburg Jews, 689.
introduces conversion sermons, 706.
levies a war-tax upon Jews, 701-702.

Ferdinand III, emperor, extends the privileges of the Bohemian Jews,
707.

Ferdinand I, of Aragon (Infante of Castile), regent of Castile, 194.
authorizes a disputation, 207.
lays restrictions upon the Jews of Castile, 203-204.
made king of Aragon, 205, 206.

Ferdinand II, of Aragon, V, of Castile (the Catholic), 284, 309, 384,
385.
approves of the Inquisition, 310-311.
his greed, 325-326.
his marriage, 280.
obtains the Inquisition for Aragon, 319.
threatens Navarre, 357.
See also Ferdinand and Isabella, and Isabella, of Castile, 340-341.

Ferdinand, of Braganza, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 338, 340-341.

Ferdinand IV, of Castile, advised by Jews, 51.

Ferdinand I, of Naples, 287, 383.
receives Jewish exiles, 358-360.

Ferdinand, of Portugal, Jews under, 158-159.

Ferdinand, of Tuscany, receives exiled Jews, 659.

Ferrara, Jewish printing houses in, 289.
Jews of, endangered, 660-661.
Jews settle in, 544.
Marranos of, unfortunate, 581.

Ferrer. See Ibn-Labi, Vidal ben Benveniste.

Ferrer, Vincent, 233, 239, 246, 296.
converts Jews, 214-215.
his character, 200-202.
in Aragon, 205-206.
opposed by João I, of Portugal, 218.
preaches against Benedict XIII, 216-217.
preaches Christianity in synagogues, 204-205.

Ferrus, Pero, convert, ridicules Jews, 181.

Fettmilch, Vincent, and the Jews of Frankfort, 696-700.

Fez, Jews in, 390.
Marranos emigrate to, 179.
Spanish exiles settle in, 361.

Firme-Fé. See Nunes, Henrique.

Fiesco's conspiracy, alluded to, 555.

Flagellants persecute Jews, 111, 112.

Florence, commerce of, 285.
Jews of, protected, 297.

Foligno, di, Ananel, convert, denounces the Talmud, 564.

Forli, synod held at, 218, 219.

Formation, Kabbalistic term, 619.

"Fortalitium Fidei," work by Alfonso de Spina, 277, 415.

"Fortress, The," controversial work, 234.

Fraga, conversions in, 214.

France and Joseph Nassi, 597-599.

France, Jews of, and lepers, 57.
and the ban against science, 40.
banished, 46, 48, 175-177.
claimed as "servi cameræ," 47.
fix the conditions of their return, 53-54, 129-131.
hardships of the, 48-50.
impoverished, 128-129.
massacred by the Shepherds, 55-57.
persecuted, 57-58, 151-152.
privileges extended, 54, 131-132, 150.
protest against Meïr Halevi, 152-153.
Talmudical studies, 133.
usurers, 174.
wear badges, 131.

France, southern (Provence), clergy of, hostile to Jews, 132.
Jews of, persecuted, 53, 102-103, 173.
philosophers in, 87.
See also Provence.

Francis I, of France, patron of Hebrew learning, 473-474.

Franco, Christoval (Mordecai) Mendes, Portuguese Marrano in Holland,
667.

Franco, Nicolo, papal nuncio, 310.

Franconia, Jews of, expelled, 259-260.
seat of the Rindfleisch persecution, 35-36.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, confiscation of Hebrew books at, 429-431,
437-438, 439.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, Jews of, burn themselves, 109.
expelled, 698.
in the seventeenth century, 694-695.
mocked at, 299.
persecuted, 696-699.
threatened, 417, 463-464.
under restrictions, 700.

Frederick, elector of Saxony, protector of Luther, 469.

Frederick, elector palatine, alluded to, 678.

Frederick III, emperor, 249, 416.
and the Jews of Ratisbon, 303-306.
Jewish favorite of, 224.
Jews under, 293, 294.
protects Jews, 413-414.

Frederick, the Valiant, archduke of Austria, friendly to Jews, 111.

Freiburg, Jews of, 105-107.

Frohbach, alluded to, 638.

Funes, Jews of, persecuted, 78.

Furin al-Mizrayim, Cairo Purim, 396.

Galatino, and the Kabbala, 481, 583.

Galilee, Kabbalistic center, 617.

Gallaico, Elisha, indicts Azarya deï Rossi, 616.

Gama, da, Vasco, alluded to, 367.

Gans, David, historian, 638-639.

Gaon of Castile, 230.

Garcilaso, Spanish ambassador, 379.

Gardien, protector of the French Jews, 130.

Gascogne, Jews of, perish, 56.

Gematria, Kabbalistic term, 5.

Gemmingen, von, Uriel, elector and archbishop, addresses Maximilian I,
431.
appointed to examine Hebrew books, 441.
imperial commissioner, 437.
interferes in the Reuchlin trial, 452.
opposes Pfefferkorn, 430, 431.
See Chapter XIV.

Geneva (lake), scene of a Jewish persecution, 103-104, 105.

Genoa, commerce of, 285.
Jews of, banished, 554.
Spanish exiles in, 362-363.

German language cultivated by Polish Jews, 421.

Germans in the Middle Ages, 422-423.

Germany, cities of, re-admit Jews, 127-128.

Germany, Jews of, and the ban against science, 40.
and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 438.
in the seventeenth century, 694-702.
intellectual decay among the, 96, 133-135, 227.
observe a fast day, 225-226.
oppose Pfefferkorn, 427.
persecuted, 96, 97, 98, 218.
poll-tax imposed on, 96-97, 166.
privileges confirmed, 219.
protected by emperors, 36, 98.
speak a jargon, 388-389.
under Emperor Frederick III, 293-294.
See also cities of Germany.

Germany, North, Jews of, few in number, 111.

Germany, southern, Jews of,
charged with the blood-accusation, 227.
treated with hostility, 258.

George, elector of Bavaria, and Reuchlin, 454-455.

Gerlach, archbishop, obtains "servi cameræ," 128.

Gerona, seat of the Kabbala, 1.
Jews of, massacred, 172.

Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua Lorqui), convert, 200, 231, 232, 234,
238, 256.
and the Tortosa disputation, 207, 208-209.
as the censor of the Talmud, 213.
called "The Calumniator," 217.
employed as a conversionist, 206, 207.

Gersonides. See Levi ben Gerson.

Gerundensis, Moses, alluded to, 442.

Gerundi. See Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben.

Gerundi, En-Vidal Ephraim, alluded to, 162, 171.

Gesereth ha-Roïm, massacre of the Shepherds, 55-57.

Gesereth Mezoraim, the leper persecutions, 57-58.

Ghent, Jews settle in, 662.

Ghinucci, de, Geronimo, cardinal, opposes the Inquisition, 507, 520.

Gibraltar demanded by Marranos as a refuge, 282-283.

Gil-Nunjoz, bishop, imprisons Jews of Palma, 246.

Glogau, Jews of, massacred, 111.

God-flesh (Dios-Carne), Francisco (Astruc Raimuch), conversionist,
182.

Godfrey, of Würzburg, bishop, expels Jews, 259-260.

"Golden Bull" promulgated at Nuremberg, 128.

Gomez, archbishop, presides over a religious discussion, 140.

Gomez, Duarte (Solomon Usque), poet, alluded to, 558.

Gonsalvo de Cordova, 666.
favorable to Jews, 384-385.

Gonzaga, Ludovico, duke of Mantua, alluded to, 287.

Gonzago, Vicenzo, duke of Mantua, enforces regulations against the
Talmud, 659.

Gonzalez, Luis, secretary in Aragon, and the Inquisition, 329.

Gonzalo de Santa Maria, son of Solomon Levi, 216, 217.

Gospels, Four, in Hebrew, 143.

Gotha, Jews of, slaughtered, 109.

Gracian, Solomon, partisan of Ben Adret, 45.

Granada, a refuge for Spanish Marranos, 318.
ally of Pedro the Cruel, 125.
Jews of, Arabic scholars, 60.
makes Jews prisoners, 126.
Marranos emigrate to, 179.
negotiates with Martinez, 86.
war in, 344-346.

Graes, de, Ortuin (Ortuinus Gratius), Jew hater, 424-425, 450.

Gratiño, Ezra, author of a commentary, 144.

Gratius, Ortuinus (Ortuin de Graes), Jew hater, 424-425, 450.

"Great Defender," Jacob ben Yechiel Loans, 414.

Gregory XIII, pope, attempts to convert Jews, 654-655.
prohibits the employment of Jewish physicians, 653-654.

Grimani, Dominico, cardinal, summons Hoogstraten, 458.

Groede, first Jewish burial place in Holland, 672.

Grönigen, von, Martin, translates the "Augenspiegel," 460.

"Guide of the Perplexed," 479.
and the Roman Jews, 60.
attacked by Aaron ben Elia, 95.
Latin translation of, 474.
neglected, 143.
studied by Moses Isserles, 638.

Guido Ubaldo, duke of Urbino, and the Marranos, 569, 578-582.

Guienne, lepers in, poison the water, 57.

Guilds opposed to Jews, 696-699.

Gunther, of Schwarzburg, and Emperor Charles IV, 109, 110.

Gustavus Adolphus, alluded to, 692.

Guttenstein, count, alluded to, 424.

Halevi, Elias, influences Karaites to Rabbinism, 270.

Halevi, Moses Uri, adviser of Portuguese Marranos in the Netherlands,
665, 666, 671.

Halevi, Samuel, ambassador to Pope Martin V, 219.

Halevi, Serachya, delegate at the Tortosa disputation, 208, 212.

Hamburg, 686-693.
clergy of, opposes Jews, 687-688, 689-690.
first synagogue in, 689.
German Jews settle in, 691.
Portuguese Jews granted residence in, 688.

Hamon, Isaac, physician in Granada, 344.

Hamon, Joseph, physician to Sultan Selim I, 401.

Hamon, Moses, physician to Sultan Solyman I, 401, 402.
intercedes for Gracia Mendesia, 575.
protects Turkish Jews, 553.

Hanau, Portuguese Marranos in, 695.

"Handspiegel," work by Pfefferkorn, 446.

Hanover, Jews of, persecuted by the flagellants, 111.

Haquinet, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 150.

"Harmony of Heaven," work by Judah Abrabanel, 480.

Hartmann von Deggenburg, persecutor of the Jews, 98.

Hebrew at the universities, 471, 473, 474.

"Hebrew Physician, The," work by David de Pomis, 656-657.

Hebrew studies among Christians, 433-434, 471, 473, 651.

Hebron, occupations of inhabitants of, 75.

"Hell of the Jews," Spain, 308.

Heller, Lipmann, rabbi at Vienna and Prague, 703-706.

Henrique, bishop, burns Portuguese Marranos, 499.

Henrique, Infante of Portugal, grand inquisitor, 521, 523.

Henry, bishop of Ratisbon, hostile to Jews, 301-302, 303, 304.

Henry II, of Castile de Trastamare, son of Alfonso XI, 114, 120, 169.
and the Jews, 124, 125, 137, 139, 140.
appoints Jews to offices, 138, 156.
his war with Pedro the Cruel, 122-126.

Henry II, of Castile, and Paul Burgensis, 185, 194, 196.
favorable to Jews, 190, 193.

Henry IV, of Castile, and the Jews, 274, 275-276, 279-281.
deposed, 278.
opposed to the Inquisition, 310.
plot against, 283.

Henry II, of France, 411.
and Joseph Nassi, 595-596, 597-599.
friendly to Jews, 544.
repudiates his debt to the Mendes family, 574.

Henry III, of France (Henry of Anjou), candidate for the Polish
throne, 604-605.

Henry IV, of France, alluded to, 672.

Henry, of Orange, favorable to Jews, 678.

Henry Julius, of Brunswick, expels the Jews, 652.

Hercules d'Este I, of Ferrara, patron of Abraham Farissol, 412-413.

Hercules d'Este II, of Ferrara,
friendly to Jews, 544.
protects Gracia Mendesia, 575.

Hermandad, the, proscribes Jews, 251.

Herrera, Marrano martyr, 494.

Herrera, de, Alonso (Abraham), Spanish resident in Cadiz, 665-666.

Herrera, de, Pedio, Marrano, 282-283.

Hess, Hermann, appointed to direct the confiscation of Hebrew books,
437-438.

Hillel of Verona introduces a scientific method among Italian Jews,
59.

Hinderbach, bishop, hostile to Jews, 298-299.

Historical studies promoted by persecution, 554-555.

"History of the Jews" by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 616.

Hochmeister, rabbis in Franconia, 259.

Hochstraten. See Hoogstraten, Jacob.

Holland, Jews plan to emigrate to, 283.
See also the Netherlands.

Holy Land. See Palestine.

Holy Roman Empire. See Germany.

Holy Sepulcher, Church of the, alluded to, 272, 274.

Homem, Gaspar Lopes, Portuguese Marrano, 664.

Homem, Mayor Rodrigues, Portuguese Marrano, emigrates to Holland, 667.
sends her family to Holland, 664-665.

Hoogstraten, Jacob, Dominican general, 424.
appeals to Leo X, 455-456.
appointed to examine into Hebrew books, 441, 444.
summoned to Rome, 458.
summons Reuchlin as a heretic, 450-452.
See Chapter XIV.

Hosiander, supposed author of "Little Book about the Jews," 545.

"House of Jacob," first synagogue in Amsterdam, 667, 671.

Hubmaier, Balthasar, enemy of the Jews, 542-543.

Huete, Jews of, persecuted, 170.

Hungary, Jews of, emigrate, 111.
threatened by Turks, 268.

Huss, John, 221-222.

Hussite war against Catholicism, 222, 224-226.

Hussites aided by Jews, 222.
and the Jews of Ratisbon, 301.

Hutten, von, Ulrich, 468.
ally of Reuchlin, 456-457.
and the Dominicans, 465.
Jewish advocate at the imperial court, 431.
quoted, 462.

Ibbur, Kabbalistic term, 620.

Ibn-Abi Zimra, David, Kabbalist, 481.
rabbi of Cairo, 393, 394-395.

Ibn-Albilla, David, philosopher, 91.

Ibn-Alfual, Joseph, translator of Maimuni, 60.

Ibn-Almali, Nathaniel, translator of Maimuni, 60.

Ibn-Askara, Chananel, Kabbalist, 74.

Ibn-Benveniste Halevi, Joseph ben Abraham. See Joseph of Ecija.

Ibn-Chabib, Jacob, Talmudist, 405.

Ibn-Ezra, Abraham, 442, 476.
commented upon by Profiat Duran, 191.
studied by Jews of Spain, 143-144.

Ibn-Ezra, Moses, poems of, in the Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Ibn-Gaon, Shem Tob ben Abraham, Kabbalist, 74.

Ibn-Gebirol, Solomon, 67, 230.
hymns of, in the Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Ibn-Labi, Vidal ben Benveniste (Ferrer), neo-Hebraic poet, 230.
at Tortosa, 207-208, 211, 214, 215.
translator of Aristotle, 193.
work by, 233-234.

Ibn-Latif, Isaac, Kabbalist, 3-4, 10.

Ibn-Musa, Chayim, controversial writer, 235-237.

Ibn-Nagrela, Samuel, alluded to, 337.

Ibn-Nuñez, Jacob, physician of Henry IV of Castile, 275.

Ibn-Said, Isaac (Zag), publishes the Alfonsine Tables, 367.

Ibn-Shaprut, Chasdaï, alluded to, 119.

Ibn-Shem Tob, Joseph ben Shem Tob, controversial writer, 235.
holds office in Castile, 228-229.
philosopher, 243-244.

Ibn-Shem Tob, Shem Tob ben Joseph, father of the preceding, Kabbalist,
196, 197, 239.

Ibn-Shoshan, Abraham, rabbi in Egypt, 393.

Ibn-Shoshan family visited by Black Death, 113.

Ibn-Sid, Samuel, scholar, 392.

Ibn-Tibbon, Samuel, translator of Maimuni's works, 32, 60.

Ibn-Verga, Joseph, historian, 557.

Ibn-Verga, Judah, Kabbalist and historian, 335, 336, 556.

Ibn-Verga, Solomon, Marrano historian, 556-557.

Ibn-Wakar, Jehuda ben Isaac, treasurer under Juan Emanuel, 52-53.

Ibn-Wakar, Samuel (Abenhuacar), physician of Alfonso XI, 76, 79, 80,
84.
offices of, 80, 81.

Ibn-Yachya, David, rabbi of Naples, Talmudist, 410.

Ibn-Yachya family, 159, 609.

Ibn-Yachya, Gedalya, patron of learning, 609.

Ibn-Yachya, Gedalya, grandson of the preceding, historian, 592, 609,
615-617.

Ibn-Yachya, Joseph, delegate at Tortosa, 208.

Ibn-Yachya, Joseph, intercedes for the Spanish exiles in Portugal,
366.

Ibn-Yachya, Moses, philanthropist, 609.

Ibn-Yachya Negro, favorites of Alfonso V, of Portugal, 339.

Ibn-Yachya Negro, Judah, counselor of João I, of Portugal, 218.

Ibn-Yaish, officer at the court of Castile, 84.

Ibn-Zachin, martyr, 576.

Ibn-Zarzal, Abraham, physician of Pedro the Cruel, 116, 121.

Icabo, character in Samuel Usque's work, 558, 559.

Ikkarim, work by Joseph Albo, 239.

Ilhas perdidas, Jewish children at the, 371.

Immanuel ben Solomon Romi, poet, 63-69, 230, 289.
a representative of the Roman congregation, 60.
compared with Dante, 65, 66, 67.
language and style, 63-64, 67, 68.

"In Praise and Honor of Emperor Maximilian," pamphlet by Pfefferkorn,
430.

Index expurgatorius includes the Zohar, 584.

Innocent III, pope, alluded to, 244, 562.

Innocent IV, pope, deprecates forcible baptism, 165.

Innocent VII, pope, 368.
opposed to the expulsion of Jews from Spain, 346.

Inquisition, the, in Aragon, 319, 328-329.
in the Netherlands, 662.
resisted in Navarre, 357.
under Pope Paul IV, 568-571.

Inquisition, the Portuguese, 499-500, 505, 513-528.
described, 522-523.
sanctioned, 518-519, 526-527.

Inquisition, the Spanish, and the Marranos, 483-485.
at Benevento, 385.
at Seville, 312-314.
code, 326-328.
desired, 310.
first germs of, 256.
first Marrano victims of, 316-318.
judge of appeals appointed, 320.
statute ratified, 312.
tribunals multiplied, 325.
unpopular, 313.

"Investigation of Religion, The," work by Elias del Medigo, 293.

Isaac ben Jacob Campanton, Talmudist, Gaon of Castile, 230.

Isaac ben Kalonymos (Isaac Nathan), controversial writer, and author
of a Bible concordance, 234-235.

Isaac ben Moses. See Profiat Duran.

Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat (Ribash), philosopher, 145-146, 147-150.
appealed to, 150, 153.
attacked by Simon Duran, 199.
imprisoned, 150, 155.
quarrel with Chayim ben Gallipapa, 148.
rabbi of northern Africa, 198-199.

Isaac ben Todros, Kabbalist, 74.

Isaac de Leon, last Toledan rabbi, 392.

Isaac of Accho, Kabbalist, 20.

Isaac of Salzuflen attempts to settle in Holland, 685-686.

Isaac the Blind, supposed originator of the Kabbala, 21.

Isaac Tyrnau compiles Jewish customs, 134-135.
his rigidity, 227.

Isabella, of Castile, 309.
favors Marranas, 311.
influenced by Torquemada, 310.
marriage, 280.
party of, 279.
piety, 310.
queen of Spain, 284.
See also Ferdinand and Isabella, and Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Isabella of Castile, wife of Manoel, of Portugal, 374, 381.
cruelty, 376, 379-380.
unfriendly to Jews, 373-374.

Isaiah, prophet, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67.
prophecies of, 149.
quoted, 211.

Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, 162.
appoints his relatives to rabbinates, 153.
invested with authority over French Jews, 152.

Ishmael, the Mahometan world, 18.

Isny, Hebrew press at, 474.

Israeli II, Isaac ben Joseph, astronomer, 51.

Isserlein, Israel, partisan of Israel Bruna, 302, 303.

Isserles, Moses, ben Israel, Talmudist, 634, 637-638.

Israel of Enns accused of host desecration, 223.

Italy, refuge for Marranos, 318.

Italy, Jews of, culture of, 288-289.
hold synods, 218.
number of, 653.
petition Pope Martin V, 219.
under restrictions, 251, 253.

Italy, Jews settle in, 352, 407-413.
toleration of, 285-286.

Ivan IV, of Russia (the Cruel), and the Polish election, 603.
hostile to Jews, 633.

Jaabez, Joseph, opponent of free thought, 343, 479.

Jacob ben Asheri, son of Asher ben Yechiel, Talmudist, 87-90.
his code commented upon by Karo, 537.

Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil), rabbi, 227.
arranges the ritual, 225.
compiles Jewish customs, 135.

Jacob ben Machir Tibbon (Profatius), scientist, 30-31, 48.
and the ban against science, 42.
his ban against the proscribers of science, 40-41.

Jacob, of Belzyce, controversialist, 648.

Jacob, of Navarre, executed, 357-358.

Jacob, of Segovia, Kabbalist, 2.

Jacob Tam, alluded to, 609.

Jacopo, Flavio, poet, quoted, 610.

Jaen, Inquisition at, 325.
Jews of, imprisoned, 126.

Jafa, Mordecai, president of the Polish synods, 645.

Jäger, Johann (Crotus Rubianus), author of the "Epistolæ Obscurorum
Virorum," 456, 461.

Jargon, 388-389.

Jaroslaw, meeting-place of Talmudists, 640.
of the Polish synods, 644.

Jehuda ben Asheri, son of Asher ben Yechiel, Talmudist, rabbi of
Toledo, 87-88, 90, 144.

Jehuda ben Asher II, heroism of, 170.

Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel, (Leone Romano), scholar, 60, 68-69, 289.

Jehuda Halevi, 67.
poems of, in the Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Jerome, Church Father, alluded to, 83, 342, 433, 435, 552.

Jerusalem, growth of, 396-397.
Jews of, build a synagogue, 273-274.
of the Occident, 136.
occupations of inhabitants of, 74.
pilgrims visit, 73.
Spanish exiles settle in, 396-398.

Jesiba de los Pintos, Hebrew institute at Rotterdam, 685.

Jesuits, order of, 524-525.

Jesurun, Rëuel, (Rohel Jesurun, Paul de Pina), poet, 669-670, 678-679.

Jesurun, David, poet, quoted, 669.

Jesus in the Old Testament, 141, 212, 256.

Jew badges, abolished by Pius IV, 588.
decreed by popes, 216, 250, 566, 590.
enforced, 54, 131, 138-139, 150, 255, 258, 266, 278, 519, 543, 545,
696, 702.

Jewish colleges in France dispersed, 48.

Jewish congregations autonomous, 40.

Jew quarters decreed by popes, 250, 566, 590.
in Spain, 203, 335-336.
in Venice, 408.

Jews aid Hussites, 222.
and Marranos, 334-335.
and the Black Death, 101-114.
and the Dutch in Brazil, 693-694.
and the Reformation, 470.
as artisans, 74-75.
as physicians, 275, 287, 407-408, 411, 653-654, 692.
as printers, 289, 581.
declared outlaws, 107.
divided into national groups, 478.
emigrate to Turkey, 273.
granted to electors, 128.
hated by Luther, 547-552.
in the fourteenth century, 127.
in the Peasant War, 542-543.
in the Thirty Years' War, 701-702, 707-708.
indispensable to Christians, 127, 137, 263, 353.
maintain catechumens, 566.
persecuted by the clergy, 163-164.
proscribed by the Council of Basle, 245-246.
protected by Charles IV, 106.
scientific inquiry among, 479.
spiritual condition of, in the Middle Ages, 477-479.
under Emperor Sigismund, 248.
wanderings of, 676.
See also the various countries, etc.

Jikatilla, Joseph ben Abraham, Kabbalist, 3, 6, 10, 466.

Joachim I, elector of Brandenburg, persecutes the Jews, 440.

Joachim II, elector of Brandenburg, alluded to, 652.

João, Infante of Portugal, and Leonora, 160.

João I, of Portugal, protects new-Christians, 217-218.

João II, of Portugal, 340, 373.
and Isaac Abrabanel, 341.
and Judah Abrabanel, 361.
and the Spanish exiles, 352, 365-366, 370-371.
lays restrictions upon Marranos, 368.
summons an astronomical congress, 367.
transports Jewish children, 371.

João III, of Portugal, and David Reubeni, 493.
institutes a Jew badge, 519.
plans the Inquisition, 488-491, 499-500.

Joanna, of Castile, alluded to, 373.

Joanna, of Naples, hostile to Jews, 258.

Job, book of, paraphrased, 140.
poem by Belmonte, 665.

Jochanan, son of Matathiah Provenci, rabbi, 152, 153, 162.

John II, duke of Brabant, and the Jews, 112.

John II, of Aragon, Jews under, 274, 275.

John Albert, of Poland, hostile to Jews, 419.

John George, elector of Brandenburg, alluded to, 652.

John Maurice, of Nassau, stadtholder of Brazil, 693.

John of Capistrano, 249, 257-268, 276, 277, 296, 418, 419.
arouses hatred against Jews, 258-263, 266-268.
employed by Nicholas V, 253.
in Poland, 265.
in Silesia, 260-263.
in southern Germany, 258-260.

John, of France, permits Jews to return to France, 128-129, 133.

John XXII, pope, exiles Jews, 61.
opposed to a crusade, 55.

John XXIII, pope, character of, 201.

John of Valladolid, apostate, 140-141, 209.

Jonah, rabbi of Vienna, 110.

Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives (Joshua Allorqui), opponent of Paul
Burgensis, 186-187.

Joshua, father of Narboni, 94.

José ben José, Hebrew poet, 67.

Joseph, son of Manessier de Vesoul, convert, 150.

Joseph ben Abraham Ibn-Benveniste Halevi. See Joseph of Ecija.

Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla, Kabbalist, 3, 6, 10, 466.

Joseph ben Israel, father of Manasseh ben Israel, 671.

Joseph de Avila discovers the spuriousness of the Zohar, 20.

Joseph, duke of Mantua, banishes rabbis, 295.

Joseph, Karaite, 269.

Joseph of Arli, Kabbalist, 511-512.

Joseph of Ecija (Joseph ben Abraham Ibn-Benveniste Halevi), treasurer
of Alfonso XI, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84.

Josephus, 614.
work of, translated, 608.