Chapter XVI

STRIVINGS OF EASTERN JEWS FOR UNITY. SUFFERING IN THE WEST.

Efforts towards Unity--Jacob Berab proposes the
Re-introduction of Rabbinical Ordination into Palestine--
Successful Opposition of Levi ben Chabib--Joseph Karo--His
Connection with Solomon Molcho and his Messianic Visions--
Karo's Religious Code--Converts to Judaism at the Era of the
Reformation--Expulsion of the Jews from Naples and Prague--
Their Return to the latter Town--Dr. Eck--Martin Luther and
the Jews--Moses Hamon--Jewish Histories by Joseph Cohen,
the Ibn-Vergas, and Samuel Usque--Elegy of Samuel Usque--
Reaction in the Catholic Church; Loyola establishes the Order
of Jesuits--The Censorship of Books--Eliano Romano and
Vittorio Eliano--Fresh Attacks on the Talmud--Paul IV and
his anti-Jewish Bulls--Persecution of the Marranos by the
Inquisition in Ancona--Joseph Nassi--The Levantine Jews--
Expulsion of the Jews from Austria and Bohemia--Relations
of Pope Pius IV and V to the Jews _page 529._

1538-1566 C.E.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE JEWS IN TURKEY. DON JOSEPH NASSI.

Joseph Nassi's Favor with Sultan Solyman--His Friendship for
Prince Selim--Hostility of Venice and France to Nassi--
Joseph Nassi restores Tiberias, and is created Duke of Naxos
--The Vizir Mahomet Sokolli--The Turks, at the Instigation
of Nassi, conquer Cyprus--Rebellion against Philip II in
the Netherlands--Solomon Ashkenazi--Election of Henry
of Anjou as King of Poland--Ashkenazi negotiates a Peace
between Venice and Turkey--Gedalya Ibn-Yachya and Jewish
Literature in Turkey--Joseph Karo compiles the "Shulchan
Aruch"--Azarya deï Rossi--Isaac Lurya--The Jewish "Dark
Age"--Spread of the Kabbala--Lurya's Disciple, Chayim Vital
Calabrese--Death of Joseph Nassi--Esther Kiera and the
Influence of Jewish Women in Turkey _page 593._

1566-1600 C.E.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE JEWS IN POLAND.

Condition of Poland--Favorable Situation of the Jews in
that Country--Anti-Jewish Party in Poland--The Jewish
Communities--Judaizing Poles--Studies of the Jews--
The Talmud in Poland--Solomon Lurya--Moses Isserles--
The Historian, David Gans--"Zemach David"--Supremacy of
the Polish Authorities in Rabbinical Matters--The Jewish
Seminaries in Poland--The Disputations at the Fairs--
Chiddushim and Chillukim--Stephen Bathori--His Kindness
towards his Jewish Subjects--Sigismund III--Restriction
on the Erection of Synagogues--Jewish Synods--Vaad Arba
Arazoth--Mordecai Jafa--Christian Sects in Poland--The
Socinians or Unitarians--Simon Budny--The Reformers and the
Jews--Isaac Troki--"The Strengthening of Faith" _page 631._

1566-1600 C.E.

CHAPTER XIX.

SETTLEMENT OF JEWS IN HOLLAND. FEEBLE ATTEMPTS AT
ENFRANCHISEMENT.

Revival of Catholicism--Decay in European Culture--
Ill-treatment of Jews in Berlin--Emperor Rudolph II of
Austria--Diminution in the Numbers of Italian Jews--Pope
Gregory XIII--Confiscation of Copies of the Talmud--
Vigorous Attempts at the Conversion of Jews--Pope Sixtus V--
The Jewish Physician David de Pomis--Renewal of Persecution
by Clement VIII--Expulsion from Various Italian States--The
Censors and the Talmud--The Jews at Ferrara--Settlement
of Jews in Holland--Samuel Pallache--Jacob Tirado and the
Marranos in Amsterdam--Tolerant Treatment--The Poet, David
Jesurun--Moses Uri--Hebrew Printing in Amsterdam _page 650._

1593-1618 C.E.

CHAPTER XX.

THE DUTCH JERUSALEM AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR.

The Amsterdam Jewish Community--Its Wealth, Culture, and
Honored Position--Zacuto Lusitano--Internal Dissensions
--The Talmud Torah School--Saul Morteira, Isaac Aboab, and
Manasseh ben Israel--The Portuguese Congregation in Hamburg
--The First Synagogue--Lutheran Intolerance--John Miller
--Jewish Colony in Brazil--The Chief Communities in Germany
--Persecution in Frankfort--Dr. Chemnitz--The Vienna
Congregation--Lipmann Heller--Ferdinand II's Zeal for the
Conversion of Jews--Influence of the Thirty Years' War on
the Fortunes of the Jews _page 676_

1618-1648 C.E.

HISTORY OF THE JEWS

HISTORY OF THE JEWS.