Chapter VI: The Negro Type

CLIMATE THE CAUSE.--HIS GEOGRAPHICAL THEATRE.--HE IS
SUSCEPTIBLE TO CHRISTIANITY AND CIVILIZATION.

If the reader will turn to a map of Africa, the Mountains of the Moon[63] will be found to run right through the centre of that continent. They divide Africa into two almost equal parts. In a dialectic sense, also, Africa is divided. The Mountains of the Moon, running east and west, seem to be nature's dividing line between two distinct peoples. North of these wonderful mountains the languages are numerous and quite distinct, and lacking affinity. For centuries these tribes have lived in the same latitude, under the same climatic influences, and yet, without a written standard, have preserved the idiomatic coloring of their tribal language without corruption. Thus they have eluded the fate that has overtaken all other races who without a written language, living together by the laws of affinity, sooner or later have found one medium of speech as inevitable as necessary.

But coming south of the Mountains of the Moon, until we reach the Cape of Good Hope, there is to be found one great family. Nor is the difference between the northern and southern tribes only linguistic. The physiological difference between these people is great. They range in color from the dead black up to pure white, and from the dwarfs on the banks of the Casemanche to the tall and giant-like Vei tribe of Cape Mount.

"The Fans which inhabit the mountain terraces are altogether
of a different complexion from the seacoast tribes. Their
hair is longer: that of the women hangs down in long braids
to their shoulders, while the men have tolerably long
two-pointed beards. It would be impossible to find such long
hair among the coast tribes, even in a single instance.

"In the low, swampy land at the mouth of the Congo, one
meets with typical Negroes; and there again, as one reaches
a higher soil, one finds a different class of people.

"The Angolese resemble the Fula. They are scarcely ever
black. Their hands and feet are exquisitely small; and in
every way they form a contrast with the slaves of the
Portuguese, who, brought for the most part from the Congo,
are brutal and debased.

"I have divided Africa into three grand types,--the
Ethiopian, the intermediate, and the Negro. In the same
manner the Negro may be divided into three sub-classes:--

"The bronze-colored class: gracefully formed, with
effeminate features, small hands and feet, long fingers,
intelligent minds, courteous and polished manners. Such are
the Mpongwe of the Gaboon, the Angolese, the Fanti of the
Gold Coast, and most probably the Haoussa of the Niger, a
tribe with which I am not acquainted.

"The black-skinned class: athletic shapes, rude manners,
less intelligence, but always with some good faculties,
thicker lips, broader noses, but seldom prognathous to any
great degree. Such are the Wollof, the Kru-men, the Benga of
Corisco, and the Cabinda of Lower Guinea, who hire
themselves out as sailors in the Congo and in Angola
precisely as do the Kru-men of North Guinea.

"Lastly, the typical Negroes: an exceptional race even among
the Negroes, whose disgusting type it is not necessary to
re-describe. They are found chiefly along the coast between
the Casemanche and Sierra Leone, between Lagos and the
Cameroons, in the Congo swamps, and in certain swampy plains
and mountain-hollows of the interior."[64]

That climate has much to do with physical and mental character, we will not have to prove to any great extent. It is a fact as well established as any principle in pathology. Dr. Joseph Brown says,--

"It is observed that the natives of marshy districts who
permanently reside in them lose their whole bodily and
mental constitution, contaminated by the poison they inhale.
Their aspect is sallow and prematurely senile, so that
children are often wrinkled, their muscles flaccid, their
hair lank, and frequently pale, the abdomen tumid, the
stature stunted, and the intellectual and moral character
low and degraded. They rarely attain what in more wholesome
regions would be considered old age. In the marshy districts
of certain countries,--for example, Egypt, Georgia, and
Virginia,--the extreme term of life is stated to be forty in
the latter place.... In portions of Brittany which adjoin
the Loire, the extreme duration of life is fifty, at which
age the inhabitant wears the aspect of eighty in a healthier
district. It is remarked that the inferior animals, and even
vegetables, partake of the general deprivation; they are
stunted and short-lived."

In his "Ashango Land," Paul B. du Chaillu devotes a large part of his fifteenth chapter to the Obongos, or Dwarfs. Nearly all African explorers and travellers have been much amazed at the diversity of color and stature among the tribes they met. This diversity in physical and mental character owes its existence to the diversity and perversity of African climate.

The Negro, who is but a fraction of the countless indigenous races of Africa, has been carried down to his low estate by the invincible forces of nature. Along the ancient volcanic tracts are to be found the Libyan race, with a tawny complexion, features quite Caucasian, and long black hair. On the sandstones are to be found an intermediate type, darker somewhat than their progenitors, lips thick, and nostrils wide at the base. Then comes the Negro down in the alluvia, with dark skin, woolly hair, and prognathous development.

"The Negro forms an exceptional race in Africa. He inhabits
that immense tract of marshy land which lies between the
mountains and the sea, from Senegal to Benguela, and the low
lands of the eastern side in the same manner. He is found in
the parts about Lake Tchad, in Sennaar, along the marshy
banks of rivers, and in several isolated spots besides."[65]

The true Negro inhabits Northern Africa. When his country, of which we know absolutely nothing, has been crowded, the nomadic portion of the population has poured itself over the mountain terraces, and, descending into the swamps, has become degraded in body and mind.

Technically speaking, we do not believe the Negro is a distinct species.

"It is certain that the woolly hair, the prognathous
development, and the deep black skin of the typical Negro,
are not peculiar to the African continent."[66]

The Negro is found in the low, marshy, and malarious districts. We think the Negro is produced in a descending scale. The African who moves from the mountain regions down into the miasmatic districts may be observed to lose his stature, his complexion, his hair, and his intellectual vigor: he finally becomes the Negro. Pathologically considered, he is weak, sickly, and short-lived. His legs are slender and almost calf-less: the head is developed in the direction of the passions, while the whole form is destitute of symmetry.

"It will be understood that the typical Negroes, with whom
the slavers are supplied, represent the dangerous, the
destitute, and diseased classes of African society. They may
be compared to those which in England fill our jails, our
workhouses, and our hospitals. So far from being equal to
us, the polished inhabitants of Europe, as some ignorant
people suppose, they are immeasurably below the Africans
themselves,

"The typical Negro is the true savage of Africa; and I must
paint the deformed anatomy of his mind, as I have already
done that of his body.

"The typical Negroes dwell in petty tribes, where all are
equal except the women, who are slaves; where property is
common, and where, consequently, there is no property at
all; where one may recognize the Utopia of philosophers, and
observe the saddest and basest spectacles which humanity can
afford.

"The typical Negro, unrestrained by moral laws, spends his
days in sloth, his nights in debauchery. He smokes hashish
till he stupefies his senses or falls into convulsions; he
drinks palm-wine till he brings on a loathsome disease; he
abuses children, stabs the poor brute of a woman whose hands
keep him from starvation, and makes a trade of his own
offspring. He swallows up his youth in premature vice; he
lingers through a manhood of disease, and his tardy death is
hastened by those who no longer care to find him food.... If
you wish to know what they have been, and to what we may
restore them, look at the portraits which have been
preserved of the ancient Egyptians: and in those delicate
and voluptuous forms; in those round, soft features; in
those long, almond-shaped, half-closed, languishing eyes; in
those full pouting lips, large smiling mouths, and
complexions of a warm and copper-colored tint,--you will
recognize the true African type, the women-men of the Old
World, of which the Negroes are the base, the depraved
caricatures."[67]

But the Negro is not beyond the influences of civilization and Christianization. Hundreds of thousands have perished in the cruel swamps of Africa; hundreds of thousands have been devoured by wild beasts of the forests; hundreds of thousands have perished before the steady and murderous columns of stronger tribes; hundreds of thousands have perished from fever, small-pox, and cutaneous diseases; hundreds of thousands have been sold into slavery; hundreds of thousands have perished in the "middle-passage;" hundreds of thousands have been landed in this New World in the West: and yet hundreds of thousands are still swarming in the low and marshy lands of Western Africa. Poor as this material is, out of it we have made, here in the United States, six million citizens; and out of this cast-away material of Africa, God has raised up many children.

To the candid student of ethnography, it must be conclusive that the Negro is but the most degraded and disfigured type of the primeval African. And still, with all his interminable woes and wrongs, the Negro on the west coast of Africa, in Liberia and Sierra Leone, as well as in the southern part of the United States, shows that centuries of savagehood and slavery have not drained him of all the elements of his manhood. History furnishes us with abundant and specific evidence of his capacity to civilize and Christianize. We shall speak of this at length in a subsequent chapter.

FOOTNOTES:

[63] See Keith Johnson's Map of Africa, 1863.

[64] Savage Africa, pp. 403, 404.

[65] Savage Africa, p. 400.

[66] Savage Africa, p. 412.

[67] Savage Africa, p. 430.