Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's note:

Obvious printer errors corrected silently.

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THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CALVIN.

VOL. II.

LONDON PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. NEW-STREET SQUARE

HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CALVIN.

BY J. H. MERLE D'AUBIGNÉ, D.D.

AUTHOR OF THE 'HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY' ETC.

'Les choses de petite durée ont coutume de devenir fanées, quand elles out passé leur temps.

'Au règne de Christ, il n'y a que le nouvel homme qui soit florissant, qui ait de la vigueur, et dont il faille faire cas.'

CALVIN.

VOL. II. GENEVA AND FRANCE.

LONDON: LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, ROBERTS, & GREEN. 1863.

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME.

BOOK II. FRANCE. FAVOURABLE TIMES.

CHAPTER XIII. JOHN CALVIN, A STUDENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ORLEANS. (1527-1528.)

Calvin's Friend—The Students at Orleans—Pierre de l'Etoile—Opinions concerning Heretics—Calvin received in the Picard Nation—Calvin nominated Proctor—Procession for the Maille de Florence—Distinguished by the Professors—His Friends at Orleans—Daniel and his Family—Melchior Wolmar—Calvin studies Greek with him—Benefit to the Church of God PAGE 1

CHAPTER XIV. CALVIN, TAUGHT AT ORLEANS OF GOD AND MAN, BEGINS TO DEFEND AND PROPAGATE THE FAITH. (1528.)

Wolmar teaches him about Germany—Orleans in 1022 and 1528—Calvin's Anguish and Humility—What made the Reformers triumph—Phases of Calvin's Conversion—He does not invent a new Doctrine—I sacrifice my Heart to Thee—His Zeal in Study—He supplies Pierre de l'Etoile's place—Calvin sought as a Teacher—He seeks a Hiding-place for Study—Explains the Gospel in Private Families—His first Ministry 14

CHAPTER XV. CALVIN CALLED AT BOURGES TO THE EVANGELICAL WORK. (1528-1529.)

Calvin at his Father's Bed-side—His first Letter—Beza arrives at Orleans—Calvin goes to Bourges—Brilliant Lessons of Alciati—Wolmar and Calvin at Bourges—Wolmar calls him to the Evangelical Ministry—The Priest and the Minister—Calvin's Hesitation—He evangelises—Preaches at Lignières—Recalled by his Father's Death—Preachings at Bourges—Tumult 27

CHAPTER XVI. BERQUIN, THE MOST LEARNED OF THE NOBILITY, A MARTYR FOR THE GOSPEL. (1529.)

Margaret's Regret—Complaints of Erasmus—Plot of the Sorbonne against Berquin—His Indictment prepared—The Queen intercedes for him—Berquin at the Conciergerie—Discovery of the Letter—He is imprisoned in a strong Tower—Sentence—Recourse to God—Efforts of Budæus to save him—His Earnest Appeals to Berquin—Fall and Uprising of Berquin—Margaret writes to the King—Haste of the Judges—Procession to the Stake—Berquin joyous in the presence of Death—His Last Moments—Effect on the Spectators—Murmurs, Tricks, and Indignation—Effect of his Death in France—The Martyrs' Hymn—The Reformer rises again from his Ashes 41

CHAPTER XVII. FIRST LABOURS OF CALVIN AT PARIS. (1529.)

Calvin turns towards a Christian Career—His old Patrons—Calvin's Sermon and Hearers—Determines to go to Paris—Focus of Light—Coiffart's Invitation—Professor Cop goes to see him—Visit to a Nunnery—An Excursion on horseback—Devotes himself to Theology—Speaks in the Secret Assemblies—Movement in the _Quartier Latin_—Writings put into circulation—Calvin endeavours to bring back Briçonnet—Fills the Vessels with costly Wine—Efforts to convert a young Rake—Beda attacks the King's Professors—Calvin's Scriptural Principles—Small Beginnings of a great Work 63

CHAPTER XVIII. MARGARET'S SORROWS AND THE FESTIVITIES OF THE COURT. (1530-1531.)

Margaret promotes Unity—Progress of the Reformation—Death of the Queen's Child—Orders a _Te Deum_ to be sung—Marriage of Francis I. and Eleanor—Crowd of learned Men—Margaret in the Desert—The Fountain Pure and Free—Fatal Illness of Louisa of Savoy—Margaret's Care and Zeal—Magnificent but chimerical Project 82

CHAPTER XIX. DIPLOMATISTS, BACKSLIDERS, MARTYRS. (1531.)

Charles V. accuses the Protestants—The German Protestants to Francis I.—The King sends an Envoy to them—The Envoy's Imprudence and Diplomacy—Queen Margaret's Prayer-book—Lecoq's Sermon before the King—_Sursum Corda_—Lecoq's Interview with the King—Lecoq's Fall—Fanaticism at Toulouse—Jean de Caturce finds Christ—Twelfth-night Supper—Caturce arrested—His Degradation—He disputes with a Monk—Two Modes of Reformation 93

CHAPTER XX. CALVIN'S SEPARATION FROM THE HIERARCHY: HIS FIRST WORK, HIS FRIENDS. (1532.)

Daniel tries to bind Calvin to the Church—Calvin resists the Temptation—His Commentary on Seneca's _Clemency_—His Motives—His Difficulties and Troubles—Zeal in making his Book known—Calvin's Search for Bibles in Paris—An unfortunate _Frondeur_—Calvin receives him kindly—Various Attacks-The Shop of La Forge—Du Tillet and his Uncertainty—Testimony rendered to Calvin—Relations between Queen Margaret and Calvin—He refuses to enter the Queen's Service—The Arms of the Lord 110

CHAPTER XXI. SMALKALDE AND CALAIS. (MARCH TO OCTOBER 1532.)

William du Bellay and his Projects—Luther opposed to War—Alliance of Smalkalde-Assemblies at Frankfort and Schweinfurt—Luther's Opposition to Diplomacy—No Shedding of Blood—Du Bellay's Speech—Du Bellay and the Landgrave—The Wurtemberg Question—Peace of Nuremberg—Great Epochs of Revival—Francis I. unites with Henry VIII.—Confidential Intercourse at Bologna—Plan to emancipate his Kingdom from the Pope—Message sent by Francis to the Pope—Christendom will separate from Rome 126

CHAPTER XXII. A CAPTIVE PRINCE ESCAPES FROM THE HANDS OF THE EMPEROR. (AUTUMN 1532.)

Alarm occasioned by this Conference—Christopher of Wurtemberg—His Adversity—The Emperor and his Court cross the Alps—Christopher's Flight—He is sought for in vain—Claims the Restoration of Wurtemberg 142

CHAPTER XXIII. THE GOSPEL PREACHED AT THE LOUVRE AND IN THE METROPOLITAN CHURCHES. (LENT 1533.)

Roussel invited to preach in the Churches—His Fears—Refusal of the Sorbonne—Preachings at the Louvre—Crowded Congregations—Effects of these Preachings—Margaret again desires to open the Churches—Courault and Berthaud preach in them—Essence of Evangelical Preaching—Its Effects—Agitation of the Sorbonne—They will not listen—Picard, the Firebrand—Sedition of Beda and the Monks—The People agitated—God holds the Tempests in his Hand 150

CHAPTER XXIV. DEFEAT OF THE ROMISH PARTY IN PARIS, AND MOMENTARY TRIUMPH OF THE GOSPEL. (1533.)

The Chiefs of the two Parties imprisoned—Beda traverses Paris on his Mule—Indignation of the King—He insults the Deputies of the Sorbonne—Duprat imprisons Picard—Priests and Doctors summoned—Francis resolves to prosecute the Papists—Condemnation of the three Chiefs—Is the Cause of Rome lost?—Grief and Joy—Illusions of the Friends of the Reform—A Student from Strasburg—The four Doctors taken away by the Police—Belief that the Reform has come—The Students' Satire—Their Jokes upon Cornu—Appeal of the Sorbonne—Fresh Placards—Progress of the Reform—If God be for us, who can be against us?—Agitation—Siderander at the Gate of the Sorbonne—Desires to speak to Budæus—Fresh Attacks prepared 165

CHAPTER XXV. CONFERENCE OF BOLOGNA. THE COUNCIL AND CATHERINE DE MEDICI. (WINTER 1532-1533.)

The Parties face to face—The Emperor demands a Council—Reasons of the Pope against it—Moral Inertia of the Papacy—The Pope's Stratagems—Italian League—Tournon and Gramont arrive—They try to win over the Pope—A great but sad Affair—Catherine de Medici—Offer and Demand of Francis I.—The Pope's Joy—Thoughts of Henry VIII. on the proposed Marriage—Advantages to be derived from it 188

CHAPTER XXVI. INTRIGUES OF CHARLES V., FRANCIS I., AND CLEMENT VII. AROUND CATHERINE. (WINTER 1532-1533.)

Doubts insinuated by Charles V.—Let the Full Powers be demanded—The King's Hesitation—The Full Powers arrive—The Emperor's new Manœuvres—His Vexation—Charles V. demands a General Council—Francis I. proposes a Lay Council—Importance of that Document—True Evangelical Councils—Charles condemns and Francis justifies—Secularisation of the Popedom—The Pope signs the Italian League—Cardinals' Hats demanded—Vexation of Charles V.— Projected Interview between the King and the Pope—The Marriage will take place 202

CHAPTER XXVII. STORM AGAINST THE QUEEN OF NAVARRE AND HER MIRROR OF THE SOUL. (SUMMER 1533.)

Uneasiness and Terror of the Ultramontanes—Plot against the Queen of Navarre—_The Mirror of the Sinful Soul_—Beda discovers Heresy in it—Denounces it to the Sorbonne—Assurance of Salvation—The Queen attacked from the Pulpits—Errors of Monasticism—The _Tales_ of the Queen of Navarre—Search after and Seizure of the _Mirror_—Rage of the Monks against the Queen—Margaret's Gentleness—Comedy acted at the College of Navarre—The Fury Megæra—Transformation of the Queen— Montmorency tries to ruin her—Christians made a Show 219

CHAPTER XXVIII. TRIUMPH OF THE QUEEN OF NAVARRE. (AUTUMN 1533.)

Montmorency—The Prior of Issoudun—The Police at the College—Arrest of the Principal and the Actors—Judgment of the Sorbonne denounced to the Rector—Speech of Rector Cop—The Sorbonne disavows the Act—Le Clerq's Speech—The University apologises—Reform Movement in France—Men of Mark—New Attacks 236

CHAPTER XXIX. CATHERINE DE MEDICI GIVEN TO FRANCE. (OCTOBER 1533.)

The Marriage announced to the Cardinals—Stratagems of the Imperialists to prevent it—The Swiss—The Moors—The Pope determines to go—Catherine in the Ships of France—The Pope sails for France—Various Feelings—The Pope's Arrival at Marseilles—Nocturnal Visit of the King to the Pope—Embarrassment of the First President—Conferences between the King and the Pope—The Bull against the Heretics—The Wedding—Catherine's Joy—What Catherine brings—The Pope's Health declines—The Modern Janus 247

CHAPTER XXX. ADDRESS OF THE RECTOR TO THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS. (NOVEMBER 1533.)

Calvin and Cop share the Work—Inaugural Sitting of the University in 1533—Calvin's Address—The Will of God is manifested—Effect of the Address—Indignation of the Sorbonne—One only Universal Church—The University divided—Interest felt by the Queen—Calvin summoned by the Queen—No one shall stop the Renewal of the Church—The Rector going in State to the Parliament—Stopped by a Messenger—Cop's Flight—Order to arrest Calvin—He is entreated to flee—Calvin's Flight—Disguise— Probability of the Story—Goes into Hiding—Many Evangelicals leave Paris—Margaret's Farewell 264

CHAPTER XXXI. CONFERENCE AND ALLIANCE BETWEEN FRANCIS I. AND PHILIP OF HESSE AT BAR-LE-DUC. (WINTER 1533-1534.)

Christopher applies to Francis—Will the King unite with the Protestants?—Du Bellay urges him—Du Bellay passes through Switzerland—His Speech to Austria—Christopher's Friends—Du Bellay pleads for him—His Threats—The French Envoy triumphs—The Landgrave's Projects—Luther opposes them—Conversation between Luther and Melanchthon—Their Efforts with the Landgrave—Conference between the Landgrave and the King—Philip and Francis come to an Understanding— Francis asks for Melanchthon—The Treaty signed—Contradictions in Francis I 285

CHAPTER XXXII. TRIUMPH AND MARTYRDOM. (WINTER 1533-1534.)

The Churches of Paris closed against the Gospel—Private Assemblies—Dispersed by Morin—New Attack against the Faculty of Letters—Lutherans threatened with the Stake—Three hundred Evangelicals sent to Prison—Disputation between Beda and Roussel—Beda's Book exasperates the King—Margaret intercedes for the Evangelicals—They are set at liberty—Alexander at Geneva and in Bresse—He preaches at Lyons—His Activity and Prudence—He is believed to possess Satanic Powers—Margaret at Paris—The Populace hinder Roussel from preaching—Alexander preaches at Lyons at Easter—Seized and condemned to Death—Journey from Lyons to Paris—Appears before the Parliament—Put to the Torture—Sacerdotal Degradation—Martyrdom—Testimony rendered to Alexander 303

CHAPTER XXXIII. WURTEMBERG GIVEN TO PROTESTANTISM BY THE KING OF FRANCE. (SPRING 1534.)

Interview between Du Bellay and Bucer—The great Fusion is preparing—Francis I. aids it—His Hopes—Fears and Predictions in Germany—Austria invokes the Help of the Pope—Sanchez's Interview with Clement VII.—Consequences of the Temporal Power—The Landgrave advances with his Army—Melanchthon's Trouble—The Landgrave's Victory—Terror at Rome—Joy at the Louvre—Wurtemberg restored to its Princes—Religious Liberty established by the Treaty—Accessions to the Reform 326

CHAPTER XXXIV. SITTING AT THE LOUVRE FOR THE UNION OF TRUTH AND CATHOLICISM. (SUMMER 1534.)

A Student of Nismes arrives at Wittemberg—Melanchthon's Letter to Margaret—Conversation between Margaret and Baduel—Francis I. sends Chelius into Germany—Melanchthon's Anguish—Chelius received with Joy—Melanchthon's Zeal—Diverse Opinions on the Union—Bucer's Approval and Sincerity—Memoirs of the three Doctors—Sitting at the Louvre—Bucer and Melanchthon denounce the Blemishes of Popery—Moderation—The Church must have a Government—One single Pontiff—Justification and the Mass—The Sacraments—Protest against Abuses—Melanchthon's Prayer 342

CHAPTER XXXV. THE GHOST AT ORLEANS. (SUMMER 1534.)

Death of the Provostess of Orleans—The Provost and the Friars—Vengeance invented by the Cordeliers—First Appearance of the Ghost—Second Appearance—The Provostess tormented for her Lutheranism—The Official's Investigation—The Students in the Chapel—The Provost appeals to the King—Arrest of the Monks—They are taken to Paris—The Novice confesses the Trick—Condemnation—End of the Matter 361

CHAPTER XXXVI. FRANCIS I. PROPOSES A REFORMATION TO THE SORBONNE. (AUTUMN 1534.)

Francis acknowledges his Mistakes in Religion—Promises Help to the German Protestants—French Edition of the Articles communicated to Rome and the Sorbonne—Alarm of the Sorbonne—The French Spirit—Discussion between the King's Ministers and the Sorbonne—The Bishops and the Roman Pontiff—Indifferent Matters—Prayers to the Saints and Saints' Days—The Mass-mongers—Restoration of the Lord's Supper—Communion with Christ by Faith—Transubstantiation and the Monasteries—An Assembly of Laymen and Divines—Peril of Catholicism—England and France—Fresh Efforts of the Sorbonne—Is Protestantism to be feared by Kings?—Uneasiness of Calvin's Friends—Dangers of these Conciliations—An Event about to change the State of Things 375

BOOK III. FALL OF A BISHOP-PRINCE, AND FIRST EVANGELICAL BEGINNINGS IN GENEVA.

CHAPTER I. THE RENAISSANCE, THE REFORMATION, THE MIDDLE AGES. (1526.)

The Crisis—The Means of Salvation—The Nations behindhand—New Position of Geneva—The Castles and the neighbouring Seigneurs—Pontverre against the Swiss Alliance—The Gentlemen on the Highway—Violence and Contempt— Sarcasms and Threats—The Genevans under arms—Moderation of the Genevans towards the Disloyal—Favre's Mission to Berne—Cartelier's Condemnation—Pardoned by the Bishop—The Bishop's Hesitation and Fear 397

CHAPTER II. THE GOSPEL AT GENEVA AND THE SACK OF ROME. (JANUARY TO JUNE 1527.)

Laymen and Ecclesiastics—Councillor Ab Hofen, the Friend of Zwingle, at Geneva—His Christian Conversations—The Priests—The Politicians—Zwingle's Encouragement—He cheers up Ab Hofen—Opposition and Dejection—Ab Hofen's Departure, Death, and Influence—The Sack of Rome—Effects of this Catastrophe—The Genevans compare the Pope and their Bishop—Union of Faith and Morality 412

CHAPTER III. THE BISHOP CLINGS TO GENEVA, BUT THE CANONS DEPART. (SUMMER 1527.)

The Bishop desires to ally with the Swiss—The Swiss refuse—Plot of the Duke against the Bishop—The Duke's Scheme—Preparations and Warning—The Bishop escapes—Failure of the Plot—Terror of the Bishop—The Huguenots wish to get rid of the Canons—The Bishop puts the Canons in prison—The Bishop desires to become a Citizen—The Syndics call for Lay Tribunals—The Bishop grants them—Joy of the Citizens—Prerogatives of the Bishop questioned—The Duke's Irritation—A Ducal Envoy releases the Canons—They quit Geneva—Various Opinions about their Departure 425

CHAPTER IV. THE BISHOP-PRINCE FLEES FROM GENEVA. (JULY AND AUGUST 1527.)

Bishopers and Commoners—Complaints against the Priests—A Young Woman kidnapped by the Bishop—The People compel him to restore her—Right of Resistance—Quarrels of the two Parties—The Duke's Threats—The Bishop's Fears—He determines to quit Geneva—His Night Escape—He arrives at St. Claude—Hugues returns in safety—The Hireling abandons his Flock 443

CHAPTER V. EXCOMMUNICATION OF GENEVA AND FUNERAL PROCESSION OF POPERY. (AUGUST 1527 TO FEBRUARY 1528.)

The Duke tries to gain the Bishop—The State of Geneva constituted—The Ducal Arms fall at Geneva—Geneva excommunicated—Geneva interdicts the Papal Bulls—Funeral Procession of Popery—Complaints of the Priests—Attempt to deprive Bonivard of St. Victor's—Bonivard on Excommunication—The Duke claims Authority in Matters of Faith—Resolute Answer of the Genevans—Canons sharply reprimanded by the Duke—Intentions of Charles 456

CHAPTER VI. THE KNIGHTS OF THE SPOON LEAGUE AGAINST GENEVA AT THE CASTLE OF BURSINEL. (MARCH 1528.)

Complaints of Bonivard about Geneva—Certain Huguenots go to St. Victor's—Bonivard's Address to them—Faults to be found in it—Huguenots eat Meat in Lent—The Meeting at Bursinel—Pontverre and the Spoon—The Fraternity of the Spoon—Alarm in Geneva—Rights of Princes and Subjects—Bonivard defends Cartigny—The Savoyards take the Castle—Bonivard fails to retake it—Progress of the Gospel in Geneva—Duke and Bishop reconciled—The City looks upon the Bishop as an Enemy 469

CHAPTER VII. INTRIGUES OF THE DUKE AND THE BISHOP. (SPRING AND SUMMER 1528.)

The Bishop desires to withdraw the Criminal Administration from the Syndics—Noble Answer of the Genevans—The Bishop's Irritation—His furious Reception of a Genevan Envoy—Calm of the Genevans—The Duke convokes a Synod—Speech of Bishop Gazzini—Coldness of the Swiss—Ducal Intrigues in the Convents—The Order of the Keys—The Syndics at the Dominican Convent 484

CHAPTER VIII. DEATH OF PONTVERRE. (OCTOBER 1528 TO JANUARY 1529.)

Pontverre plunders Bonivard—Convokes the Fraternity at Nyon—Insolence of Pontverre when passing through Geneva—Conference at the Castle of Nyon—Resolutions adopted there—Pontverre desires to take Geneva by Treachery—Again attempts to pass through Geneva—His Insolence, Jests of the Genevans—Struggle on the Rhone Bridge—Pontverre flees—Last Struggle and Death—Act of Divine Justice—Honours paid him—Violence of the Nobles increases—Courageous Enterprise of Lullin and Vandel—A Genevan crucified—The Night of Holy Thursday—The Day of the Ladders 495

CHAPTER IX. THE REFORMATION BEGINS TO FERMENT IN GENEVA, AND THE OPPOSITION WITHOUT. (APRIL 1529 TO JANUARY 1530.)

Disorders and Superstitions in Geneva—Speech on the Saints' Bodies at St. Gervais—The Souls from Purgatory in the Cemetery—Protest at St. Gervais—Negative Reform—Representations of the Bishop—Genevans trust in God—The Cantons cool towards Geneva—The Swiss propose to revoke the Alliance—Energetic Refusal of the Genevans—They incline towards the Reform—Gazzini asks an Audience of the Pope—His Speech about Geneva and Savoy—The Pope's Answer—Letter of Charles V. to the Genevans—Emperor and Pope unite against Geneva 513

CHAPTER X. VARIOUS MOVEMENTS IN GENEVA AND SECOND IMPRISONMENT OF BONIVARD. (MARCH TO MAY 1530.)

The Procurator-Fiscal's Complaints to the Council—Penalty denounced against the Lutherans, and against Impure Priests—Building the Wall of St. Gervais—Discourse of the Evangelical Swiss—Vandel wishes for a Preacher at St. Victor's—Bonivard claims his Revenues—His difficult Position—The Duke covets St. Victor's—Bonivard visits his sick Mother—Bonivard's Enemies at Geneva—He goes to Friburg—Determines to give up his Priory—Bellegarde welcomes Bonivard—Bonivard and his Guide in the Jorat—He is treacherously arrested—Bonivard at Chillon—His Future 529

CHAPTER XI. THE ATTACK OF 1530. (AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER.)

Arrest of the Fiscal Mandolla—The Bishop takes his part—Hastens his Plans against Geneva—Bishop's Appeal to the Knights—He gives them their Instructions for the War—Crusade to maintain the Holy Faith—Prisoners in the Castles—Projects at Augsburg and Gex—De la Sarraz at the head of the Knights—Troops march against Geneva—Plans of the Enemy—A Friburg Herald maltreated—The Savoyard Army occupies the Suburbs—Preparations for the Assault—The Emperor receives Intelligence of the War—The Army retires—What is the Cause?—The Mercy of God—15,000 Swiss arrive—Soldierly Controversy—Burning of the Convent of Belle Rive—Good Catholics quartered at St. Claire—Mass at St. Claire; Preachings at St. Pierre—Castles taken and burnt—Devotedness of the Nuns of St. Claire—Truce of St. Julian 547

CHAPTER XII. GENEVA RECLAIMED BY THE BISHOP, AND AWAKENED BY THE GOSPEL. (NOVEMBER 1530 TO OCTOBER 1531.)

Emperor's Letter to the Genevans—Their Answer—Fresh Armaments of the Duke—Decision of the Diet of Payerne—Pardon and Pilgrimage to St. Claire—Pilgrims sent back—Fresh Pardon; Religious Liberty—Repasts of the Pilgrims and Sarcasms of the Genevans—Angels protect St. Claire—The Pardon followed by an Awakening—_De Christo meditari_—Farel watches Geneva—Comprehends its Wants—Desires to send Toussaint to Geneva—He shrinks from the Struggle—Zwingle's Prayer; Fears of the Genevans—Examination of the Suspected—Friburg and Berne—Allies of the two Parties at Cappel 573

CHAPTER XIII. DANGERS TO WHICH THE DEFEAT AT CAPPEL EXPOSES GENEVA. (OCTOBER 1531 TO JANUARY 1532.)

Geneva attacked because elected of God—Defeat of Cappel—Triumph of the Romanists—Berne turns her back on Geneva—The Duke and his Army approach—Reply of Geneva to Berne—Seven Black Knights without Heads—God prepares Geneva by Trials—Effects produced within by Evils from without—The Swiss Patricians desire to rescind the Treaty—Geneva appeals to the People of Berne—The Great Councils are for Geneva—Retirement and Death of Hugues 591

CHAPTER XIV. AN EMPEROR AND A SCHOOLMASTER. (SPRING 1532.)

The Emperor desires to give Geneva to the Duke's Son—Zeal of the Duke, Firmness of the Genevans—The two Spheres of Christianity—Insufficiency of Negative Protestantism—Olivétan at Chautemps' House—His Piety, Zeal, and Courage—Conversations and Sermons—Olivétan's Discourse—The Judge—Carnal Men—Intellectual Men—Redemption by Blood—The Spirit of Jesus Christ—The Pioneer—Olivétan's Work 603

CHAPTER XV. THE PARDON OF ROME AND THE PARDON OF HEAVEN. (JUNE AND JULY 1532.)

Roman Jubilees—Fermentation at Geneva—A Power which devours everything that is given to it—Gospel Pardon of all Sins—Tumult around the Placards—Fight in the City—Catholic Intervention of Friburg—The Council strives to give Satisfaction—Reaction of the Evangelicals—Order to preach without Fables—The Nuncio and the Archbishop at Chambéry—Joy of the Evangelicals out of the City—The little Flock of Payerne—Letter of the Lovers of the Holy Gospel—The Standard-bearers of the Gospel of Christ—The Standard raised in Geneva—Geneva attacked by both Parties—Which will prevail?—The Struggle grows fiercer every day—The Strong Things of this World destroyed by the Weak 615

HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CALVIN.