Chapter X (3)

Coasting trade under the embargo, iv. 251 _et seq._;
tonnage employed in 1807–1810, v. 15.

Cobbett, William, i. 46;
in Philadelphia, 118;
on the “Chesapeake” affair, iv. 44, 73, 329;
his “Weekly Register” on the American war, vii. 356.

Cochrane, Sir Alexander, British vice-admiral succeeding Sir John
Borlase Warren, communicates with refugee Creeks, vii. 258;
joint commander with Ross of expedition in the Chesapeake, viii.
124;
his instructions, 124, 125;
his orders for general retaliation, 125–127;
his letter to Monroe, 128;
fails to capture Fort McHenry, 171, 172;
sails for Halifax, 173;
recommends expedition to Mobile, 311;
at New Orleans, 365;
suggests canal, 367.

Cockburn, Sir George, British rear-admiral, his operations in
Chesapeake Bay, vii. 265–269, 274, 276;
at Ocracoke, 277, 329;
at Cumberland Island, 277, 278;
lands with Ross, and urges attack on Washington, viii. 127;
pursues and destroys Barney’s flotilla, 129, 130;
enters Washington and burns the White House, 145, 146;
destroys the type of the “National Intelligencer,” 147;
an incendiary, 164;
at the attack on Baltimore, 170.

Cocke, John, major-general of Tennessee militia, vii. 240;
surprises Hillabee village, 241;
put under arrest, 252.

Cocke, William, senator from Tennessee, ii. 113;
censures Randolph, 240.

Codrington, Sir Edward, British admiral, his account of the
artillery battle at New Orleans, viii. 364.

Coffee, John, colonel of Tennessee militia, commands mounted force
in Jackson’s Creek campaign, vii. 236;
destroys Talishatchee, 237;
at Talladega, 238;
abandoned by his men, 246;
wounded at Emuckfaw, 246, 247;
engaged at the Horse-shoe, 255;
his account of the slaughter, 256;
marches with Tennessee militia to Mobile, viii. 326, 328;
ordered to Baton Rouge, 332, 333;
hurries to New Orleans, 336, 337;
his brigade, 344;
his share in the night battle, 345, 346, 349–351;
stationed on the left of Jackson’s line, 373.

Coggeshall, George, author of “History of American Privateers,”
vii. 325;
his escape in privateer “David Porter,” 325.

Coleman, William, editor of the New York “Evening Post,” i. 119.

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, ix. 215.

“Comet,” Baltimore privateer, vii. 316.

Colonial system of the European Powers, ii. 323.

Colonial trade, ii. 319, 322, 327–329;
direct and indirect, 324, 325;
West Indian, value of, 331, 332;
rule of, established by case of “Essex,” iii. 45;
distress of, 49;
arrangement of, in Monroe’s treaty, 409, 412;
parliamentary report on, iv. 67;
the only object of Perceval’s Orders in Council, 95.

Columbia College, i. 101.

“Columbiad,” the, of Joel Barlow, i. 103 _et seq._

Commerce, foreign and domestic, in 1800, i. 5, 14;
nature and value of American, v. 290, 291.

Commercial Intercourse, Act of May 1, 1810, regarding (see
Non-intercourse).

Commercial restrictions, list of measures of, v. 152, 194;
Madison’s devotion to, 293, 295;
Madison’s return to, 304.

Compensation Act, ix. 119–122;
popular protest against, 134–138;
repeal of, 144–146.

“Confiance,” British 36-gun ship, on Lake Champlain, viii. 103;
her armament and crew, 104, 105, 106;
fights the battle of Plattsburg, 108–110; ix. 234.

Congress, the Seventh, first session of, i. 264–307;
second session, 427–433; ii. 74–77;
the Eighth, first session of, 92, 96–159;
second session, 206–242, 396;
session of 1804–1805, iii. 9;
problems before, December, 1805, 91;
meeting of the Ninth, Dec. 2, 1805, 126;
close of first session, 196;
opening of second session, Dec. 1, 1806, 328;
close of, 369;
Tenth, character of, iv. 146;
meeting of, Oct. 26, 1807, 152;
close of the first session, 223;
meeting of second session, Nov. 7, 1808, 354, 361;
close of, 453, 454;
first session of Eleventh, meets, May 22, 1809, v. 76;
proceedings of, 77–86;
adjourns June 28, 86;
second session meets, Nov. 27, 1809, 176;
proceedings of, 178–209;
adjourns, May 2, 1810, 209;
character of, 316;
election of Twelfth, 316;
third session of Eleventh, 319–358;
close of Eleventh, 358;
first session of Twelfth, meets Nov. 4, 1811, vi. 118;
its composition, 122;
chooses Henry Clay speaker, 124;
war-debate in, 133–153;
proceedings of, 133–175, 201, 202, 204;
declares war against England, 228, 229;
adjourns, July 6, 1812, 235;
decline of influence, 437;
second session of Twelfth, 435–458;
meeting of Thirteenth, May 24, 1813, vii. 53;
proceedings of first session, 54–64, 67, 70, 71;
meeting of second session, Dec. 6, 1813, 364;
proceedings of, 369, 372–379, 381–390;
Federalist strength in, viii. 228;
meeting of third session, Sept. 19, 1814, 239;
proceedings of, 247–262, 266–280;
peace legislation of, ix. 82–87;
close of, 87;
meeting of Fourteenth, 106, 107;
superiority of Fourteenth, 108–111, 138;
proceedings of first session of, 112–122;
close of first session, 125;
popular rebuke of, 138;
second session of, 143;
proceedings of second session, 144–153.
(See Acts of.)

“Congress,” 38-gun frigate, vi. 363;
at Boston, 378;
her cruise in 1812, 381;
returns to Boston, Dec. 31, 1812, vii. 285;
goes to sea, April 30, 1813, 285;
unseaworthy, 287;
returns to Boston, Dec. 14, 1813, 310, 311.

Connecticut, i. 105;
legislature, action of, in February, 1809, iv. 418, 455;
disaffection of, vii. 33, 34; viii. 13;
prosperity of, during the war, 15;
withdraws militia, Aug. 24, 1814, from national service, 221;
appoints delegates to the Hartford Convention, 227;
resolutions of legislature against the militia bill, in October,
1814, 278;
approves report of the Hartford Convention, 304;
regular troops stationed in, 317;
elections of 1816, ix. 133, 139;
growth of population, 154, 155;
increase of wealth in, 157.

“Constellation,” 38-gun frigate, at Washington, vi. 364, 372, 378;
at Norfolk, vii. 269, 270, 274, 287.

“Constitution,” 44-gun frigate, at Tripoli, ii. 426; iv. 5;
chased by British squadron, vi. 364, 369, 372;
captures “Guerriere,” 373–375;
captures “Java,” 385, 386;
arrives at Boston, Feb. 27, 1813, vii. 285;
replaces her masts, 287;
goes to sea, Jan. 1, 1814, 311;
imperilled by privateering, 337;
sails from Boston in December, 1814, ix. 74;
her action with the “Cyane” and “Levant,” 75–78;
escapes British squadron, 78.

Constitution, the (see Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798,
Treaty-making Power, War Power, Militia, Internal Improvement,
Amendment, Bank of the United States, Impeachment, Embargo,
New England Convention, Marshall, and Story).

Cook, Orchard, member of Congress from Massachusetts, his letter
describing Gallatin’s plan, iv. 369.

Cooper, Dr. Charles D., his letter on Hamilton and Burr, ii. 178,
186.

Cooper, James Fenimore, i. 110;
quotation from “Chainbearer,” 43.

Coosa River, home of the Upper Creeks, vii. 217, 224, 234;
Jackson’s march to the, 237, 238;
Cocke’s march to the, 240.

Coosadas (see Alabamas).

Copenhagen, the British expedition against, iv. 63;
bombardment of, 65.

Copley, John Singleton, ix. 213.

“Cornwallis,” British seventy-four, chases “Hornet,” ix. 72, 73.

Cordero, Governor, iii. 311.

Cotton, export to France prohibited by England, iv. 101, 219, 322,
323;
manufacturers of, v. 16;
American, prohibited in France, 151;
price of, affected by blockade, vii. 263;
value of export in 1815, ix. 94;
manufactures depressed by the peace, 96;
fabrics, in the tariff of 1816, 111, 114, 116;
export in 1816, 126.

“Courier,” the, London newspaper, on the American war, vii. 358;
on the Americans, 359;
on Perry’s victory, 359;
on Proctor’s defeat, 360;
on the necessity of retaliation, 362;
on privateers, viii. 197;
on Madison, ix. 5;
on terms of peace, 6, 7, 31, 35;
on the news of peace, 54.

Covington, Leonard, brigadier-general in the U. S. army, commands
brigade in Wilkinson’s expedition, vii. 184;
his opinion in council of war, 185;
killed at Chrystler’s Farm, 189.

Coxe, William S., third lieutenant on the “Chesapeake,” vii. 295;
fires the last guns, 298.

Craig, Sir James, governor-general of Canada, calls on the Indians
for assistance in case of war with the United States, iv. 137;
governor of Lower Canada, 243;
warned by Erskine to be on his guard against attacks from the
United States, 395;
his instructions to John Henry, 460;
recalls John Henry, v. 86.

Craney Island, fortified, vii. 271;
attacked, 272–275.

Crawford, William H., senator from Georgia, opposes mission to
Russia, v. 12;
on the message of Jan. 3, 1810, 179;
represents the Treasury, 181;
votes with Samuel Smith, 191;
his character, 331;
introduces Bank Charter, 332;
his speech on Bank Charter, 332, 333;
reports bill for fifty thousand volunteers, 358;
party to revolutionizing East Florida, vi. 239;
his comments on the conduct of the war, 395;
sent as minister to Paris, vii. 49;
sails in the “Argus,” 304;
reason of not being a peace commissioner, 393;
appointed Secretary of War, ix. 89;
candidate for the Presidency in 1816, 122–124;
appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 142.

Creek Indians, Tecumthe visits, vi. 92, 108;
their confederacy and grievances, vii. 217–220;
Tecumthe’s visit to, 220–222;
secret excitement among, 222, 223;
murders on the Ohio by warriors of, 224;
execution of murderers, 225, 226;
outbreak of fanaticism among, 227;
attacked at Burnt Corn, 228, 229;
capture Fort Mims, 229–231;
number of hostile warriors among, 233, 244, 245, 249;
Andrew Jackson’s campaign of 1813 among, 235–240;
Cocke’s campaign against, 240, 241;
Floyd’s campaign against, 241–243;
Claiborne’s campaign against, 243, 244;
Jackson’s second campaign against, 245–248;
Floyd’s second campaign against, 249, 250;
Jackson’s last campaign against, 254–257;
number of Red Stick refugees among, 258, 259;
Andrew Jackson’s capitulation with, 259–261; viii. 317, 318;
effect of their war on the Florida difficulties, 318.

Creoles in Louisiana, Claiborne’s treatment of, iii. 298;
their attitudes toward Burr’s conspiracy, 300–309.

Crillon, Count Edward de, his family, vi. 176;
acts as John Henry’s agent, 177–179;
his social success, 178, 180;
his evidence, 183;
sails for France, 184;
an impostor, 185;
an agent of French police, 186.

Croghan, George, major of the Seventeenth U. S. Infantry, his
defence of Fort Stephenson, vii. 110–114;
his expedition against Mackinaw, viii. 32.

Croker, John Wilson, Secretary to the Admiralty, v. 58;
on British naturalization laws, vii. 21, 23;
on the “Chesapeake” and “Shannon,” 302;
on the captures in British waters, viii. 200, 201.

Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams, appointed Secretary of the Navy,
ix. 63.

Crowninshield, Jacob, member of Congress from Massachusetts,
declines Navy Department, appointed Secretary, refuses office,
remains on records as Secretary of Navy, iii. 10, 11;
speech of, in favor of non-importation, 157;
Jefferson’s letter to, on the Pierce affair, 200; iv. 109;
his death, 209;
succeeded by Joseph Story, 463.

Cuba, Jefferson’s policy toward, iv. 340, 341; v. 37, 38.

Cumberland Island in Georgia, occupied by Admiral Cockburn, vii.
277;
again occupied in 1815, ix. 62.

Cumberland Road, iii. 181, 355; v. 209;
in 1816, ix. 169.

Currency (see Banks, national and State).

Cushing, Caleb, ix. 206.

Cushing, T. H., Lieutenant-Colonel of Second Infantry, iii. 246,
311;
Wilkinson communicates Burr’s designs to, 313;
orders to, 315;
brigadier-general, viii. 221.

Cutts, Charles, senator from New Hampshire, vii. 48.

“Cyane,” British corvette, captured by “Constitution,” ix. 74–78.

Dacres, J. R., captain of the “Guerriere,” vi. 27, 37, 373;
his action with the “Constitution,” 373–375;
censured by the “Times,” vii. 5, 14;
on the cause of his defeat, 7, 13.

Daggett, David, senator from Connecticut, his speech against
Giles’s bill for drafting militia, viii. 270, 271.

Dalberg, Duc, negotiates with Joel Barlow, vi. 259;
his remonstrances to Bassano against Napoleon’s treatment of the
United States, 262.

Dallas, Alexander James, i. 127, 281; ii. 195–199;
letter of, to Gallatin, 198;
acts with federalists, iii. 9;
his opinion of Jefferson’s second administration, iv. 455;
his opinion of Armstrong, vii. 35;
Madison’s favorite candidate for the treasury, 396;
defeated by senators, 397;
author of specifications against William Hull, 415;
appointed Secretary of the Treasury, Oct. 5, 1814, viii. 243;
his character and temper, 243, 244;
his account of the condition of the Treasury in October, 1814,
244;
opposes treasury-note issues and recommends a bank, 249, 250–260;
ix. 57;
describes the condition of the Treasury in November, 1814, viii.
252;
describes the condition of the Treasury in December, 1814, 254;
describes the condition of the Treasury in January, 1815, 261,
262;
sketches financial scheme for first year of peace, ix. 83, 84;
acts as Secretary of War to reduce the army, 88;
his severity to New England, 98, 99;
fails to fund treasury-notes, 100–103;
his report of 1815, 105, 106;
recommends a national bank and a protective tariff, 111, 112,
114;
announces his retirement from the Treasury, 124, 125;
restores specie payments, 128–132;
his success as Secretary of the Treasury, 140, 141;
his death, 141.

Dallas, Alexander James, third lieutenant of the frigate
“President,” vi. 28, 32.

Dana, Samuel Whittlesey, member of Congress from Connecticut, i.
269;
his remark on the dumb legislature, 271;
in the Ninth Congress, iii. 143, 242;
on repeal of the embargo, iv. 436;
senator from Connecticut, vii. 63.

Dane, Nathan, delegate to the Hartford Convention, viii. 292.

Daquin, ----, major commanding battalion of men of color at New
Orleans, viii. 345.

Daschkoff, André, Russian chargé at Washington, vii. 41, 211.

Dautremont, M., iii. 379.

Daveiss, Joseph H., United States District Attorney, iii. 268;
writes to Jefferson denouncing the Spanish plot, 270;
accuses Burr in court of setting on foot a military expedition,
277;
renews his motion, 282;
removed from office by Jefferson, 294, 309;
and censured, 337;
offers to serve as a volunteer in Harrison’s campaign, vi. 94;
urges an attack on Tippecanoe, 99, 101;
his death, 103, 104, 107.

“David Porter,” privateer schooner, escape of, vii. 325.

Davis, Daniel, viii. 87, 88.

Davis, John, an English traveller, i. 122;
his account of Jefferson’s inauguration, 197.

Davis, Judge John, his opinion on the constitutionality of the
embargo, iv. 268 _et seq._

Davis, Matthew L., i. 231 _et seq._, 296.

Davout, Marshal, v. 409, 425; vi. 251, 252.

Davy. William R., appointed Major-General, vii. 37.

Dayton, Jonathan, senator from New Jersey, i. 280; ii. 105;
in Miranda’s confidence, iii. 189;
informs Yrujo of Miranda’s expedition, 192;
his connection with Burr, 219;
attempts to obtain funds from Yrujo, 234 _et seq._;
funds received by him from the Spanish treasury, 245;
his letter to Wilkinson, 252;
at Burr’s trial, 463.

Dearborn, Henry, appointed Secretary of War, i. 219;
his opinion in the cabinet on Spanish policy, ii. 2;
quoted by Eaton, 431;
remains in Jefferson’s second administration, iii. 10;
his remark on Wilkinson, 454;
ignorant of Jefferson’s instructions to Monroe, iv. 163;
appointed collector at Boston, v. 9;
his orders, as Secretary of War, to Wilkinson, Dec. 2, 1808, 169;
appointed senior major-general, vi. 289;
his plan of campaign, 297, 306, 340, 341;
reaches Albany, 304;
goes to Boston, 305;
his difficulties at Boston, 306, 307, 309;
returns to Albany, 310;
ignorant that he commands operations at Niagara, 310, 322, 339;
sends militia to Niagara, 321;
negotiates armistice, 322, 323, 340;
effect of armistice, 324, 343;
armistice rejected by the President, 340;
his opinion of Van Rensselaer, 353;
his campaign against Montreal, 360;
his reflections on the campaign of 1812, 360, 361;
Monroe’s criticisms of, 396, 397;
George Hay’s remark on, 421;
continued in command, vii. 37, 38, 39;
releases Perry’s vessels, 117, 159;
ordered to attack Kingston, 149;
his estimate of British force at Kingston, 151;
decides not to attack Kingston, 152, 153, 171;
captures York, 154;
arrives at Niagara, 155;
captures Fort George, 157, 158;
devolves command on Morgan Lewis, 161;
reports Boerstler’s disaster, 163;
removed from command, 171, 416;
put in command of New York, 407, 416;
president of court-martial on William Hull, 417;
nominated Secretary of War in 1815, ix. 89.

Dearborn, Fort, at Chicago, murders at, vi. 110;
garrison at, 294;
evacuated, 334.

Debt, Public (see Finances).

Decatur, James, killed at Tripoli, ii. 427.

Decatur, Stephen, burns the “Philadelphia,” ii. 139;
at Tripoli, 427;
captain in U. S. navy, on Barron’s court-martial, iv. 21, 24;
commands squadron, vi. 363;
his orders, 363, 364, 368;
his advice, 364;
his first cruise in 1812, 366, 368, 375;
his second cruise, 381;
captures the “Macedonian,” 382, 383;
returns to port with prize, 383;
takes refuge with squadron in New London, vii. 278, 279;
reports on blue lights, 279, 280;
commands “President,” ix. 63;
runs blockade, 64;
his battle with the “Endymion,” 65, 69;
his surrender, 70.

Decrees, French, of 1798, vi. 139.

Decree of Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806, declaring Great Britain in a state
of blockade, and excluding from French ports all vessels coming
from British ports, iii. 389–391;
its effect on Monroe and Pinckney’s negotiation, 412;
its effect in the United States, 427;
not enforced until August, 1807, iv. 82;
its enforcement notified to Armstrong, Sept. 18, 1807, 109;
Napoleon’s defence of, 110, 111, 221, 95;
his varying objects in using, v. 24.

---- of Milan, Dec. 17, 1807, declaring good prize every neutral
vessel that should have been searched by an English ship, or
paid any duty to the British government, or should come from
or go to a British port, iv. 126;
its effect in the United States, 195.

---- of Bayonne, April 17, 1808, directing the seizure of all
American vessels entering the ports of France, Italy, and the
Hanse Towns, iv. 303, 304;
rigorously enforced, 312.

Decrees of Berlin, Milan, and Bayonne, v. 24, 152, 297;
their rigid enforcement, 30;
Champagny’s argument in defence of, 31, 32;
their effect on England, 46;
their effect on France, 138;
Napoleon drafts, June 10, 1809, decree repealing that of Milan,
139–141;
lays aside draft of repealing decree, 141;
drafts Vienna decree of August, 1809, retaliating the
Non-intercourse Act, 143, 144, 150, 230;
Louis’s resistance to, 148, 240, 241;
Napoleon’s condition of repeal, 229, 245, 250, 251;
null and void for licensed vessels, 248;
declared by Champagny revoked on Nov. 1, 1810, 255;
declared revoked by Madison, 304, 317, 347, 348;
Russell’s reports on the revocation, 381–396;
declared revoked by Champagny for Feb. 2, 1811, 386, 389, 390;
not revoked, 394, 395;
declared fundamental laws by Napoleon, 397, 407;
declared successful by Napoleon, 398;
considered suspended by Madison, 400, 401;
recognized by United States, 402, 403;
their revocation doubted by Russell, 395, 400, 406;
their revocation affirmed by Russell, 405;
enforced on the Baltic, 426, 427;
Barlow instructed that they are considered revoked, 427;
revocation asserted by Pinkney, vi. 3, 5, 6, 11;
evidence of revocation asked by Wellesley, 4;
argued by Pinkney, 7, 8;
revocation denied by Wellesley, 23;
affirmed to be still in force by Foster, 41;
affirmed by Monroe to be revoked as far as America has a right to
expect, 42;
their international and municipal characters, 43;
argued by Monroe, 44, 45;
their revocation unknown to the President, 56;
argued by Serurier, 60;
disputed by Madison, 64;
their revocation a personal affair with Madison, 65;
their effect on the northwestern Indians, 83;
declared not repealed by British courts, 118;
their repeal doubted by Madison and Monroe, 120, 187–189;
repeal asserted in annual message, 125;
repeal assumed by House committee, 133, 134;
repeal denied by Monroe, 194, 195, 201;
repeal assumed by Monroe, 198;
Bassano’s report on validity of, 216, 253;
repeal assumed by Madison, 218, 224;
repeal maintained by Monroe till June, 1812, 232;
Bassano’s instructions on repeal of, 248–249;
repeal asserted by Barlow, 252;
evidence of repeal required by Barlow, 254;
repealing decree produced by Bassano, 255–257;
still enforced, 260, 261;
revocation unknown to the French authorities, 262, 263;
Webster’s resolutions on repeal of, vii. 55, 58.

Decree of Rambouillet, March 23, 1810, sequestering American
property in retaliation for the Non-importation Act, v. 236,
242, 274.

---- of July 25, 1810, regarding licenses, v. 247;
of July 22, 1810, confiscating American property in Dutch and
Spanish ports, 258;
of Aug. 5, 1810, confiscating American property in France, 258.

---- of St. Cloud, dated April 28, 1811, repealing the Decrees of
Berlin and Milan from Nov. 1, 1810, vi. 255–257, 259.

Decrès, Denis, Duc, Napoleon’s Minister of Marine, instructions of,
to Richepanse and Leclerc, re-establishing slavery, i. 397;
defining the boundaries of Louisiana and its administration, ii.
5;
his letter to Armstrong respecting the Berlin Decree, iii. 391;
asks instructions in the case of American schooner at San
Sebastian, v. 142, 143;
Marmont’s story of, 222.

Defiance, old Fort, vii. 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 86.

Delaware, growth of population of, ix. 155, 156.

Delaware Indians, murders of, v. 73.

Democrats, denounced by New England clergy, i. 79 _et seq._;
social inferiority, 92;
the Northern, 264.

Denmark, Napoleon’s demands upon, iv. 63 (see Copenhagen);
spoliations of American commerce in, v. 409, 411.

Dennie, Joseph, on democracy, i. 85;
editor of the “Portfolio,” 119, 121;
character and influence of his “Portfolio,” ix. 198–201.

De Pestre, or Dupiester, one of Burr’s officers, iii. 252;
starts with Burr as his chief of staff, 255;
sent by Burr to report to Yrujo, 261;
his message, 264.

Deposit at New Orleans, the right of, granted by treaty, i. 349;
taken away, 418;
restored, ii. 3;
discussed by Cevallos, iii. 26, 27.

Derbigny, Pierre, creole delegate to Washington, ii. 400, 401; iii.
301;
Turreau’s opinion of, ii. 406;
affidavit of, 408; iii. 219, 305.

De Rottenburg, Baron, forces under his command in Montreal
district, viii. 25;
one of Brock’s successors, 48.

De Salaberry, A., lieutenant-colonel of Canadian voltigeurs,
defeats Hampton, vii. 196, 197.

Desertion of British Seamen, ii. 333–335, 345, 346, 392.

Desha, Joseph, member of Congress from Kentucky, insists on
reducing the army in 1815, ix. 84–86;
on expenses of western members, 120.

Dessalines, i. 416.

Destréhan, Jean Noel, creole delegate to Washington, ii. 400, 401;
iii. 301;
Turreau’s opinion of, ii. 406.

Detroit, isolation of, i. 14, 35;
military situation of, vi. 293, 295, 301;
measures for protection of, 296;
Hull’s difficulties in defending, 315, 322, 324;
Hull besieged in, 325–331;
Brock’s attack on, 332–334;
Hull’s surrender of, 334, 393;
reinforcements for, 391;
expedition to recover, to be commanded by Harrison, 392, 393;
Harrison receives _carte blanche_ to recover, vii. 74, 75;
Harrison’s views on military value of, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83;
failure of Harrison’s campaign against, 100, 101;
evacuated by Proctor, 131;
occupied by Harrison, 132.

“Detroit,” 19-gun British ship on Lake Erie, vii. 120;
her armament, 121;
captured, 127.

De Watteville, major-general in British army, viii. 102.
(See Infantry, British regiments of.)

Dexter, Samuel, i. 93;
Secretary of the Treasury, 192, 219;
his argument against the constitutionality of the embargo, iv.
268, 270;
takes the lead in Boston town-meeting, 411, 412;
defeats project of State convention in Massachusetts, vi. 402;
republican candidate for governor of Massachusetts in April,
1814, viii. 9–11;
again in 1815, ix. 92;
again in 1816, 133.

Dickens, Charles, i. 56.

Dickinson, James, captain of the British sloop-of-war “Penguin,”
ix. 71;
killed in action with “Hornet,” 72.

“Diomed,” stallion, i. 51.

“Dolphin,” Baltimore privateer, captured, vii. 329.

Dos de Maio, the, iv. 300 _et seq._;
its effect in America, 339 _et seq._

Douglas, Sir Howard, on American gunnery, ix. 229, 230, 233, 234.

Douglas, Captain John Erskine, of the “Bellona,” iv. 4;
reports the affair of the “Chesapeake” to Admiral Berkeley, 25;
his letter to the Mayor of Norfolk, 28.

Douglass, David B., lieutenant of engineers, at Fort Erie, viii.
71, 76.

Douglass, George, captain of British sloop-of-war “Levant,” his
action with the “Constitution,” ix. 75–78.

Downie, George, captain in the British navy, commanding flotilla on
Lake Champlain, viii. 103;
his confidence in the superiority of his fleet, 104, 106;
brings his fleet into action, 108;
killed, 109.

Drayton, John, of South Carolina, i. 151.

Dresden, battle of, vii. 350.

Dreyer, M., Danish minister at Paris, iv. 106, 107.

Drummond, Gordon, lieutenant-general in British army, and governor
of Upper Canada, vii. 202;
burns Black Rock and Buffalo, 204;
his military career, viii. 48, 49;
arrives at Fort George, July 25, 1814, 48, 49;
reaches Lundy’s Lane, 51;
his battle at Lundy’s Lane, 51–60;
his losses, 62;
his delays after Lundy’s Lane, 67, 68;
moves on Fort Erie, 68, 69;
censures his troops at Black Rock, 70;
assaults Fort Erie, 71–78;
censures De Watteville’s regiment, 79;
his agony of mind, 80;
expects a sortie, 84–86;
claims victory, 89;
retires to Chippawa, 90;
his force, 115, 116;
returns to Kingston, 118;
compared with Pakenham, 381.

Drummond, ------, lieutenant-colonel of the Hundred-and-Fourth
British Infantry, leads assault on Fort Erie, viii. 72, 75;
killed in the bastion, 78.

Dry-dock, Jefferson’s plan of, i. 428; ii. 77.

Duane, William, editor of the “Aurora,” i. 118;
his influence in Pennsylvania, ii. 194, 219;
opposes Governor McKean, iii. 9;
hostile to Gallatin, 210;
visits Blennerhassett in prison, iv. 464;
his attacks on Gallatin, v. 361, 364;
appointed adjutant-general, vii. 41.

Dudley, William, colonel of Kentucky militia, killed at the Maumee
Rapids, vii. 105, 106.

Dunbaugh, ------, sergeant permitted to join Burr, iii. 291.

Dundas (see Melville).

Dupiester (see De Pestre).

Duponceau, Peter S., i. 127; ii. 259.

Dupont, de l’Étang, Pierre, French general, ordered to enter Spain,
iv. 121, 122;
capitulates, 315.

Dupont de Nemours, commissioned by Jefferson to treat unofficially
with Bonaparte, i. 411;
letter to, ii. 254.

Duroc, Marshal, iii. 386; iv. 123.

Duval, Gabriel, appointed Justice of the Supreme Court, vi. 429.

Duvall, William P., member of Congress from Kentucky, viii. 276.

Dwight, Theodore, i. 101;
his attack on democracy, 225;
secretary of the Hartford Convention, viii. 293.

Dwight, President Timothy, quoted, i. 21, 23;
his travels, 41;
describes popular amusements, 49, 56;
on the lack of roads in Rhode Island, 64;
his poem, “The Conquest of Canaan” cited, 96 _et seq._;
his “Greenfield Hill,” 98;
value of his Travels, 100, 310.

“Eagle,” 20-gun brig, in Macdonough’s squadron on Lake Champlain,
viii. 105;
in the battle of Plattsburg, 110.

Early, Peter, member of Congress from Georgia, a manager of Chase’s
impeachment, ii. 228, 230;
chairman of the committee on the slave trade, iii. 356;
his bill for the sale of slaves captured on a slave-ship, 357,
362.

Eastern Branch of the Potomac, navy yard in, i. 223, 243, 428;
“Chesapeake” lies in, iv. 4;
navy-yard bridge over, viii. 131;
Winder’s position beyond, 132, 134;
Winder retreats across, 135;
protects Washington on the eastern side, 138;
extends to Bladensburg, 139;
ships burned in, 145.

Easton, Judge, writes concerning Wilkinson’s connection with
Miranda, iii. 241.

Eastport in Maine, claimed and occupied by Great Britain, viii. 94,
95.

Eaton, William, his character and career, ii. 429;
consul at Tunis, 430;
his interviews with Jefferson and the Cabinet, 431;
attacks Derne, 433;
Burr reveals his plot to, iii. 239;
attempts to put Jefferson on his guard, 242, 244, 279, 462.

Eckford, Henry, naval contractor at Sackett’s Harbor, viii. 28, 29.

Education in New England, i. 76, 77;
in New York, 110;
in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 129;
in Virginia, 136;
public, favored by Jefferson, iii. 346.

Eel River Miami Indians, vi. 71, 75.

Effectives, rank-and-file present for duty, vii. 151.

Eldon, Lord, his anecdote of King George’s reception of Jackson,
envoy to Denmark, iv. 65, 96;
defends the Orders in Council, 320;
on the differences with America, vii. 18.

Election, presidential, of 1800, i. 152, 163;
of 1801, 294; ii. 202;
in New England, of 1802, i. 308, 329, 330;
State, of 1803, ii. 76;
in Massachusetts, May, 1804, 163;
in New York, April, 1804, 176, 185;
in Pennsylvania, in 1804, 196–200;
presidential, of 1804, 201, 202, 204; iii. 8;
of April, 1805, in Massachusetts, 9;
autumn of 1805, in Pennsylvania, 9;
of April, 1806, in Massachusetts, 207;
of April, 1807, in Massachusetts, iv. 146;
of April, 1808, in Massachusetts, 237–242;
of May, 1808, in New York, 283;
presidential, of 1808, 285–287;
of October, 1808, in Pennsylvania, 286;
congressional, of 1808, 287;
State, in 1809, v. 12, 13, 158;
in 1810, 215, 316;
in Massachusetts in April, 1811, vi. 115;
in April, 1812, 204;
in May, 1812, 209;
in New York, May, 1812, 209;
presidential, of 1812, 409, 410, 412–414;
in the spring of 1813, vii. 49, 51;
in the autumn of 1813, 366;
in the spring of 1814, viii. 9–13;
congressional in November, 1814, 228, 238, 288, 289;
of April, 1815, ix. 92, 93;
of April, 1816, 132, 133;
presidential of 1816, 139.

Electoral College in 1808 and 1812, vi. 413.

Elk River, Cockburn’s operations in, vii. 266.

Elliott, Jesse D., lieutenant U. S. navy, vi. 344;
cuts out British vessels at Fort Erie, 347;
commander in U. S. Navy, commands “Niagara,” in Perry’s squadron,
vii. 120;
fails to close with the enemy, 122;
Perry’s, Barclay’s, and Yarnall’s remarks on, 123–126;
dispute about, 126.

Ellsworth, Oliver, chief-justice, sent to France as envoy
extraordinary, vii. 43.

Embargo of March 26, 1794, ii. 323.

Embargo, suggested by Armstrong, in 1805, against Spain, iii. 40;
approved by Madison, 75;
favored by Senator Jackson in 1805, 149;
by John Randolph, 149.

Embargo of Dec. 22, 1807, Jefferson’s first draft of message, iv.
168;
Madison’s draft, 169, 170;
bill reported and passed in Senate, 172, 173;
moved by Randolph in House, 173;
becomes law, Dec. 22, 1807, 175, 176;
object of, 175, 176, 186, 332;
Senator Adams’s resolution on, 187;
Jefferson’s determination to enforce, 249–271, 273;
difficulties of Governor Sullivan regarding, 253–256;
difficulties of Governor Tompkins in New York, 259;
dissatisfaction of Robert Smith with, 261;
demand of “powers equally dangerous and odious” by Gallatin, 262;
interference of Justice Johnson in South Carolina, 263, 264;
arguments on constitutionality of, 266, 267;
decision of Judge John Davis, 268–270;
opinion of Joseph Story on, 270;
its economical cost, 274, 275;
its moral cost, 276;
its political cost, 277–284, 288;
its failure to coerce, 288, 344;
Jefferson’s opinion of its relative prejudice to England and
France, 309;
Jefferson’s opinion of its cost, 309, 462;
approved by Napoleon, 313;
Armstrong’s opinion of, 314;
its pressure on England, 324, 327–329;
Canning’s note on, 334–336;
W. C. Nicholas’s letter on, 345;
the alternative to war, 354, 355;
repeal of, 438; v. 33;
Turreau’s complaints of repeal, 34, 35, 37;
Canning’s note on, 42;
revocation of orders attributed to, 75, 77;
John Taylor’s explanation of repeal, 195, 196;
approved by Napoleon, 254;
causes France to lose her colonies, 254;
its effect on the northwestern Indians, vi. 83.

Embargo for sixty days, recommended by the President, March 31,
1812, vi. 193, 194, 195, 197, 198;
Foster’s report on, 199;
act passed by Congress, April 4, 1812, 201, 202.

Embargo, of Dec. 17, 1813, rejected by the Senate, vii. 70, 71;
recommended by the President, December 9, 367, 368;
adopted by Congress, 369;
repeal recommended by Madison, March 31, 1814, 373;
debate on, 374–377;
repealed, 378, 379; viii. 11;
effect of, on the currency, vii. 387, 388;
effect of, on the elections, viii. 10, 11;
on Massachusetts, 14.

“Embargo, The,” a satire, by William Cullen Bryant, iv. 279.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, i. 171; ix. 202, 206.

Emerson, Rev. William, ix. 202.

“Emmanuel,” case of, ii. 327.

Emuckfaw, Andrew Jackson’s campaign against, vii. 246, 248.

“Endymion,” 50-gun British frigate, boats beaten off by the “Prince
of Neufchatel,” viii. 207–210;
her action with the “President,” ix. 64–70.

Enforcement Act (see Embargo and Acts of Congress).

Engineers, Corps of, established at West Point, i. 301;
services of, in the war, ix. 235, 236.
(See Walker Keith Armistead, David Bates Douglass, William McRee,
Joseph Gilbert Totten, Eleazer Derby Wood.)

England, colonial policy of, ii. 317–332;
difficulty with, arising from desertion of seamen, 332–335;
her practice of impressment, 335–339;
friendly attitude of, in 1801, 339–341;
Jefferson’s professions of liberality toward, 342–344;
outstanding discussions with, 345, 346;
cordiality with, 347, 358;
change of tone toward, 356, 380, 382, 387;
cordial friendship with, iii. 8;
change of policy by Pitt in 1804–1805, 43–53 (see Pitt, Perceval,
Canning);
alliance with, urged by Jefferson, 62–65, 70;
Pitt’s policy reversed by Fox, 393, 397;
unfriendly policy carried to an extreme by Perceval and Canning,
iv. 55 _et seq._;
unfriendly feeling in 1808, 331;
financial dangers of, in 1809, v. 46, 47;
political decline of, 57, 58;
distress of, in 1811, vi. 2;
apathy of, upon American questions, 24;
change of tone between 1807 and 1812, 225, 270, 286;
war declared against, 228, 229;
distress of, in 1812, 268;
attitude toward the war, 405;
slow to accept war with United States, vii. 2;
sensitive on right of impressment, 3;
in consternation at the loss of the “Guerriere,” 5–7, 24;
angry with United States, 7, 8, 10, 15;
her naturalization acts, 21–23;
_quasi_ blockade of, in 1813, 332, 333;
her exultation at Napoleon’s overthrow, 356;
her indifference in 1813 to the American war, 357–359;
her demands at Ghent, viii. 267, 268;
her intentions at New Orleans, 313, 314;
intoxication of, in the spring of 1814, ix. 1–5, 9;
conditions of peace required by, 7–10, 17–20;
her reception of the Treaty of Ghent, 54–56.

Enotachopco Creek, Jackson’s rout at, vii. 246–248.

“Enterprise,” Mississippi steamboat, viii. 341.

“Enterprise,” Salem privateer, captured, vii. 329.

“Enterprise,” sloop-of-war, captures Tripolitan corsair, i. 245;
captures the “Boxer,” vii. 281, 282, 312, 313;
escapes capture, viii. 193.

“Epervier,” British 18-gun sloop-of-war, viii. 182;
captured by “Peacock,” 182, 184;
brought into Savannah, 184.

Eppes, John W., member of Congress from Virginia, ii. 95;
opposes suspension of habeas corpus, iii. 339;
opposes fortifications, 351;
opposes increase of army, iv. 211;
supports increase of army, 217;
opposes submission to England, 451;
chairman of Committee of Ways and Means in Eleventh Congress, v.
76;
his appropriation bills for 1810, 200;
his bill for reviving non-intercourse against Great Britain, 338;
maintains doctrine of contract with France, 341;
waits arrival of Serurier, 345;
amends his non-intercourse bill, 351;
quarrels with John Randolph, 352;
defeats John Randolph for Congress, vii. 51;
chairman of Ways and Means committee, 53;
defeated for the Fourteenth Congress by Randolph, viii. 239;
his treasury-note scheme, 247–249;
silent about legal tender, 248, 254;
reports treasury-note bill, 254;
favors doubling taxes, 255;
Ticknor’s report of his remark to Gaston, 262;
moves to reduce term of military service, 279;
defeated for the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 93.

Erie Canal, i. 112; ix. 168, 169.

Erie, Fort (see Fort Erie).

Erie, Lake, armaments on, vi. 296, 304, 317, 344;
Perry’s victory on, vii. 115–129.

Erskine, Lord Chancellor, iii. 393;
his speech against the Orders in Council, iv. 320;
on the American war, vii. 18.

Erskine, David Montague, succeeds Merry as British minister at
Washington, iii. 250, 423;
takes Monroe’s treaty to Madison, 429;
at the White House, iv. 35, 36;
his reports on the “Chesapeake” excitement, 37, 78, 142, 143;
reports intended commercial restrictions, 144;
reports Jefferson’s conversation on the “Chesapeake” negotiation,
December, 1807, 162;
reports an embargo to be imposed in expectation of a retaliatory
Order in Council declaring a blockade of France, 175, 176,
332;
accompanies Rose to Madison, 193;
reported by Rose, 199;
interview with Jefferson, Nov. 9, 1808, 351–353;
reports the opinion of members of Jefferson’s cabinet on the
situation in November, 1808, 384;
informs Canning of the warlike attitude of the government, 386;
reports Gallatin’s remarks as to foreign relations, 389;
advises Canning that war is imminent, 392, 393;
reports Madison for war, 394;
his account of the struggle for the repeal of the embargo, 443
_et seq._;
his report, March 17, 1809, of Turreau’s anger at the repeal of
embargo, v. 34, 35;
his threatening despatches of November and December, 1808, 49,
50;
his instructions of Jan. 23, 1809, 52–57, 66, 70–72, 90, 94, 111;
his reasons for exceeding instructions, 67, 70, 94;
his settlement of the “Chesapeake affair,” 67, 68;
his “Chesapeake” settlement disavowed by Canning, 88, 89;
his settlement of commercial disputes, 70–73;
his commercial arrangement received in England, 87;
disavowed, 90, 95;
his explanation of the Order of April 26, 1809, 82, 83;
his reply to Canning’s criticisms, 94;
his recall, 95;
effect of his disavowal in the United States, 109;
Jackson’s opinion of, 119, 120;
his farewell audience, 120;
effect of his arrangement on Napoleon, 139, 140, 141;
comparison between his pledges and those of Champagny, 301.

Erving, George W., as _chargé d’affaires_ replaces Pinckney at
Madrid, iii. 37, 377, 388.

Erwin, Dr., iii. 263, 265.

“Espiègle,” British sloop-of-war, vii. 289, 290.

Essex county in Massachusetts, declaration of meeting, July 21,
1812, vi. 402.

Essex Junto, the, i. 89, 314; iv. 29, 401, 403, 405, 412, 442, 462.

“Essex,” Sir William Scott’s judgment in the case of, iii. 44, 45;
received in the United States, 96, 97;
Madison’s remarks on, reported by Merry, 98;
remarks of “a confidential person,” 99;
effect of, in America, 143;
Boston memorial against, 144;
Philadelphia and Baltimore memorials, 144.

“Essex,” 32-gun frigate, her action with the “Alert,” vi. 35, 377;
arrives with despatches, 52, 56;
sails in July, 1812, 377;
returns to port, 378;
in the Pacific, vii. 287, 311; viii. 175–177;
her force, 178;
blockaded at Valparaiso, 179;
tries to run the blockade, 179;
driven back and captured, 179, 180.

Etiquette at Washington, ii. 362 _et seq._, 380.

Eustis, Dr. William, member of Congress from Boston, i. 93, 281;
his opinion on the political rights of the people of Louisiana,
ii. 123, 124;
appointed Secretary of War, v. 9;
orders Wilkinson not to camp at Terre aux Bœufs, 172, 174;
authorizes Harrison to buy Indian land in the Wabash valley, vi.
82;
approves Harrison’s purchase, 85;
orders Harrison to preserve peace with Indians, 88, 93;
orders the Fourth Regiment to Indiana, 92, 93;
his lost letter of Sept. 18, 1811, to Harrison, 95;
appears before the Committee of Foreign Relations, 129;
his supposed incompetence, 168, 206, 392, 395, 396, 397, 398;
his duties in 1812, 168;
on recruiting, 294;
his letters to William Hull, announcing war, 299;
and ordering conquests in Canada, 302;
his orders to Dearborn to repair to Albany, 306, 308, 309;
and to take direction of militia at Niagara, 310, 321, 340;
resigns, 422; vii. 81;
orders out fifteen hundred Tennessee militia for service in
Florida, 206.

Evans, Oliver, his inventions, i. 68, 71, 182;
his experiments with a stern-wheel steamboat, iii. 217.

Evans, Samuel, captain in U. S. navy, commands “Chesapeake,” vii.
291.

“Evening Post,” the New York, i. 119, 120; ii. 366;
Gardenier’s supposed letter in, iv. 203.

“Evening Star,” London newspaper, on American frigates, vii. 2.

Everett, Edward, ix. 206.

Exchange, turn of, against England, in 1808, v. 47;
rates of internal in the United States, 1814–1815, viii. 214; ix.
127, 128;
favorable turn of foreign, in 1816, 126, 127.

“Experiment,” Albany packet, i. 6.

Exports and Imports in 1800, i. 27;
in 1815, ix. 92, 94–96;
in 1816, 126;
in Massachusetts, 159;
in Virginia, 161, 162;
in New York and Pennsylvania, 166, 167.

Eylau, the battle of, iv. 62, 105.

Fagan, ----, agent of Fouché, v. 239.

Fanning, Alexander C. W., captain of artillery at Fort Erie, viii.
71.

“Fantome,” British sloop-of-war, vii. 266.

Farragut, David Glasgow, midshipman in U. S. navy, his criticism on
Captain Porter, viii. 179.

Faussett, Robert, lieutenant of the British seventy-four
“Plantagenet,” his affidavit about the “General Armstrong,”
viii. 203, 204.

“Favorite,” British sloop-of-war, arrives at New York with treaty
from Ghent, ix. 56, 57.

Fayal, destruction of the “General Armstrong” at, viii. 201–207.

“Federal Republican,” Baltimore newspaper, mobbed, vi. 406, 407;
of Jan. 28, 1815, on the impossibility that government should
stand, viii. 310.

Federalists (see Party).

Fenwick, John R., lieutenant-colonel of Light Artillery, vi. 352.

Ferdinand, Prince of the Asturias (Ferdinand VII.), iv. 290;
intrigues against his father, 291;
described by Napoleon, 299;
proposed kingdom for, in America, v. 239;
cedes Florida by treaty of 1819, vi. 236.

Fernandina in East Florida, seized by United States, vi. 240;
occupation disavowed and maintained, 242, 243; vii. 206;
evacuated, 210, 211.

Ferrand, French general, protests against the contraband trade with
St. Domingo, iii. 88.

Fight, the “rough-and-tumble,” in the South, i. 52 _et seq._

Finances, national, in 1801, i. 239 _et seq._;
average annual expenditure, 253;
repeal of internal taxes, 270, 272;
in 1802, ii. 75, 77;
in 1803, 135, 136, 141 (see Mediterranean Fund);
in 1804, 206;
in 1805, iii. 12, 18;
in 1806, 210, 345;
in 1807, iv. 148, 156;
in 1808, 366;
in 1809, v. 163, 178;
customs-revenue in 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 290, 319;
military and naval appropriations of the Eleventh Congress, 357;
in 1811, vi. 126;
Gallatin’s estimates for war, 156–159;
war-taxes proposed by Gallatin, 166;
approved by the House, 166, 167;
laid aside, 167, 168;
in 1812, 432, 433;
in 1813, 438–448;
in 1813, mentioned in annual message, vii. 365;
condition of, 385–390, 394;
in 1814, viii. 17–19, 213–215;
mentioned in annual message, 240;
Campbell’s annual report on, 240–242;
Dallas’s account of, in November, 1814, 244, 252;
Dallas’s account of, in December, 1814, 254;
Dallas’s account of, in January, 1815, 261, 262;
Monroe’s account of, in January, 1815, 283;
the “Federal Republican’s” account of, Jan. 28, 1815, 310;
Dallas’s sketch of, for the first year of peace, ix. 84;
condition of, after the peace, 90, 91, 98–103;
Lowndes’s report on, January, 1816, 112;
Dallas’s sketch of, in October, 1816, 140.
(See Gallatin, Jones, Campbell, Dallas, Taxes, Loans, Treasury
Notes.)

Findlay, James, colonel of Ohio volunteers, vi. 298, 315, 326.

Findley, William, member of Congress from Pennsylvania, favors war,
vi. 145;
in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 144.

Finnis, Captain R., of the Royal Navy, commands British squadron on
Lake Erie, vii. 116, 118;
commands the “Queen Charlotte” in action, 120.

Fischer, British lieutenant-colonel in De Watteville’s regiment,
leads assault on Snake Hill at Fort Erie, viii. 72–75.

Fisheries, England’s wish to exclude the United States from, viii.
4, 268, 287;
Governor Strong’s views on, 287, 288;
to be interdicted to the United States, ix. 6;
Newfoundland memorial on, 8;
Castlereagh’s instructions of July 28 on, 10, 12, 37;
discussed by the British commissioners, at Ghent, 18;
question of, under the treaty of 1783, 44–50;
Adams’s struggle for, 45–50;
Gallatin’s championship of, 46–50;
Clay’s indifference to, 46–50;
British silence regarding, 47;
British offer to reserve right, 49;
Gallatin’s offer regarding, 50;
omission of, in the Treaty of Ghent, ix. 52.

Fitch, John, his inventions, i. 66 _et seq._, 181.

Fletcher against Peck, Marshall’s decision in case of, ix. 189,
190.

Florida restored by England to Spain in 1783, i. 353;
cession of, asked by Bonaparte in 1800, 367, 413;
Bonaparte’s demand for, refused by Charles IV., 369;
Bonaparte’s attempts to secure, 401;
Godoy’s reasons for refusing Bonaparte’s request, 402;
cession of, asked by Jefferson, 410, 411, 424, 432, 433, 438;
Monroe authorized to buy from France, 442;
Livingston’s attempt to secure, ii. 44 (see Florida, West);
Napoleon’s retention of, v. 32, 33;
Napoleon insinuates an idea regarding, 408;
Foster instructed to protest against the seizure of, vi. 23;
his protest, 37;
Monroe’s reception of the protest, 38, 39;
Madison’s designs on, vii. 32, 206–209;
Russian influence on, 211;
supposed sale to England, 212, 213;
a southern object, 213; viii. 318;
in the negotiation at Ghent, ix. 29, 30.

Florida, East, Madison asks authority to occupy, v. 326, 327;
Congress authorizes occupation of, 327;
commissioners sent to take possession of, 327;
revolutionized, vi. 237–243;
bill for occupation of, 243;
occupation continued, vii. 206;
bill for the seizure of, 208;
bill amended, 209;
troops withdrawn from, 210, 211.

Florida, West, possession of, necessary for the West, i. 438, 442;
not a part of the territory retroceded by Spain to France, ii. 7,
13;
claimed by Livingston as part of the Louisiana purchase, 68;
Jefferson’s anxiety to secure, 245;
scheme for seizing, 255;
not claimed at the delivery of Louisiana, 256;
Randolph’s Mobile Act, asserting jurisdiction over, 257, 258,
260–263;
claim to, 273, 311, 312;
claim adopted by the President, 302;
desire of the southern people to acquire, iii. 22;
negotiation for, in 1805, 23–37 (see Monroe);
Madison’s opinion of claim to, 55, 56;
not to be turned into a French job, 70, 77;
Cabinet decides to offer five millions for, 78;
Talleyrand’s plan for obtaining, 103;
Talleyrand’s plan adopted by Jefferson, 106;
opposed in Congress, 133 _et seq._;
passage of Two-Million Act for purchasing, 138;
Burr’s designs upon, 232, 234;
source of Talleyrand’s plan, 373;
Napoleon’s attitude, 374, 375;
Madison’s instructions, 375;
Napoleon’s defeat of Talleyrand’s plan, 376–385, 424, 428; iv.
114;
Turreau’s views on, iii. 426;
American occupation invited by Napoleon iv. 293, 294, 296, 297,
307;
invitation acknowledged by Madison, 306;
invitation denied by Napoleon, 311;
seizure of, intended by Jefferson, 340;
revolution in, v. 307–315;
Madison orders occupation of, 310–312, 318;
Claiborne takes possession of, 313;
organized as part of Orleans Territory, 314;
protest of British _chargé_, 314, 315;
Giles’s bill for annexing to Orleans Territory, 320;
debate on annexation, 320–323;
Macon’s bill, admitting, as a part of Louisiana, 323, 324;
remains a separate territory, 326;
divided by act of Congress, vi. 236;
ceded by Spain in 1819, 237.
(See Mobile.)

Flour, price of, its effect in repealing the embargo, v. 196;
affected by the blockade, vii. 263;
affected by peace, ix. 61.

Flournoy, Thomas, brigadier-general, in U. S. army, succeeds
Wilkinson at New Orleans, vii. 243.

Floyd, John, brigadier-general of Georgia militia, his campaign to
Autossee, vii. 242, 243;
his battle at Calibee Creek, 249, 250.

Folch, Governor, of West Florida, iii. 262, 300.

Fontaine, John, lieutenant of artillery in Fort Erie, viii. 76.

Fontainebleau, treaty of, iv. 120.

Forfeitures under the Non-importation Act, vi. 436–443.

Forrest, C. R., major of the British Thirty-Fourth Infantry,
Assistant Quarter-Master General before New Orleans, his
account of the British batteries, viii. 360, 365;
his account of the canal, 374, 375.

Forsyth, Benjamin, major in U. S. Rifle Regiment, vii. 147.

Forsyth, John, member of Congress from Georgia, vii. 53;
on bank committee, viii. 252;
objects to economy, ix. 85;
in the Fourteenth Congress, 107;
supports the bank, 117;
his remarks on the Compensation Bill, 121.

Fort Barrancas at Pensacola, occupied by British expedition, viii.
320;
evacuated and blown up, 329.

Fort Bowyer, on Mobile Point, constructed by Wilkinson, vii. 215;
occupied by Jackson, viii. 319, 322;
attacked by British sloops-of-war, 322–325;
captured, 383–385.

Fort Dearborn, Chicago, vi. 110, 294;
garrison massacred, 334.

Fort Erie, vi. 343, 347, 348, 358;
evacuated by British, vii. 117, 159;
re-occupied by Drummond, 202;
Brown ordered to attack, viii. 33;
British garrison at, 38;
captured by Brown, 39;
Ripley’s retreat to, 66;
entrenched American camp at, 67, 70, 71; ix. 235;
Drummond’s repulse at, viii. 71–80;
strength of army at, 68, 69, 83;
Brown’s sortie from, 84–89;
Drummond retires from, 89, 90;
abandoned and blown up by Izard, 116, 118;
in the negotiation at Ghent, ix. 34, 35.

Fort George, vi. 300, 343, 347; vii. 153;
Brock’s headquarters, vi. 341, 348, 349, 351;
captured by Dearborn, vii. 157, 158;
held by McClure, 200, 201;
evacuated, 202;
Riall’s headquarters, viii. 38;
Brown unable to attack, 45–47.

Fort Harrison, vi. 95, 106, 294;
attacked by Indians, vii. 72, 73.

Fort Massac, iii. 222, 284, 290–292.

Fort McHenry, at Baltimore, strength of, viii. 166;
bombardment of, 171, 172.

Fort Meigs, constructed in February, 1813, vii. 93, 99, 101;
besieged by Proctor, 104–107;
siege abandoned, 108;
threatened by Proctor, 109.

Fort Mims, surprise and massacre of, vii. 229–231.

Fort Niagara, bombarded, vi. 355;
captured by Drummond, vii. 202, 203, 205;
British garrison at, viii. 38;
cession required, ix. 10, 34.

Fort St. Philip, below New Orleans, viii. 335;
bombarded, 383.

Fort Schlosser, on the Niagara River, Brown’s base of supplies,
viii. 49.

Fort Stephenson, Croghan’s defence of, vii. 110–114.

Fort Stoddert, iii. 327; vii. 243.

Fort Strother, on the Coosa, Jackson’s base, vii. 238, 239, 240,
245.

Fort Sullivan, at Eastport, Maine, capitulates, viii. 94.

Fort Washington (or Warburton), on the Potomac, vii. 56; viii. 120,
137, 138;
abandoned, 157.

Fort Wayne, vii. 72.

Fortifications, iii. 179;
opposed by southern republicans, 350;
appropriation for, in 1809, v. 85;
appropriation asked in 1810, 319.

Foster, Augustus John, his description of Jefferson, i. 186;
of Madison, 190;
appointed British minister to the United States, vi. 16, 21;
F. J. Jackson’s opinion of, 22;
his instructions, 22, 23;
arrives at Washington, 37, 52;
protests against the seizure of Florida, 37;
reports Monroe’s language about Spanish America, 38;
protests against the non-importation, 39;
narrows the issue to Fox’s blockade and the Orders in Council,
40, 41;
reports Monroe’s language on the revocation of the French
decrees, 42;
threatens retaliation for the non-importation, 44;
reports that the Orders in Council are the single object of
irritation, 45;
settles the “Chesapeake affair,” 121, 122;
his report of executive temper in November, 1811, 131;
his report of Gallatin’s language about taxes, 156;
his report of the conduct of Federalists in Congress, 172–175;
receives instructions, March 21, 1812, 191;
communicates them, 192;
his report of Monroe’s remarks on recent French spoliations,
195, 198;
his report of Madison’s and Monroe’s remarks on the embargo of
April, 1812, 199;
suggests Madison’s re-election, 213;
on the American people, vii. 15;
his Florida protest, 32.

Fouché, Joseph, Duc d’Otrante, Napoleon’s minister of police, v.
222;
opposes Napoleon’s commercial system, 224;
sends an agent to the British government, 238, 239;
disgraced and exiled, 241.

“Fox,” privateer, in British waters, vii. 332.

Fox, Charles James, ii. 418;
accession of, to Foreign Office, iii. 163, 211;
recalls Merry, and refuses to listen to Burr’s schemes, 250;
opens negotiations with Monroe, 394;
his blockade, 398;
illness of, 406;
death of, 407.

France, cause of her influence over the Union, i. 337;
her course in 1795, 350;
her colonial aspirations, 353;
obtains cession of Spanish St. Domingo in 1795, 354;
seeks to recover Louisiana in 1797, 354;
asks for Louisiana and the Floridas in 1798, 357;
makes peace with foreign powers in 1800, 360–362, 373, 374;
asks again for Louisiana, 364;
and for the Floridas, 368;
obtains Louisiana, 369, 370 (see Treaties);
her old colonial system, 377–380;
loses St. Domingo, 380–387;
her attempt to recover St. Domingo, 390–398, 414, 415;
her pledge not to alienate Louisiana, 400;
presses to obtain the Floridas, 401, 402;
Jefferson’s first cordiality toward, 404;
Jefferson’s threats toward, 406–411;
Jefferson’s forbearance toward, 423–425, 427–446;
her intentions regarding Louisiana, ii, 4–12 (see Napoleon,
Louisiana, Florida);
perfect understanding with, iii. 8;
Jefferson’s alarm at the conduct of, 58–75;
her dictatorial tone in 1805, 82–90 (see Decrees);
alienation between United States and, v. 28–41, 141–151;
difficulties of commerce with, 152, 245;
value of spoliations in 1809, 1810, 242, 243;
contract with, 339, 340;
unfriendly language of the annual message toward, vi. 125;
Madison’s language regarding, 187, 218, 224;
theory of contract with, apparently abandoned, 223;
Monroe’s language regarding, 232;
Napoleon driven back into, vii. 370;
invaded, 373, 393, 395.
(See Livingston, Armstrong, Barlow, Madison, Monroe, Talleyrand,
Champagny, Maret.)

Franklin, Benjamin, i. 60 _et seq._, 181;
citation from Poor Richard, 44.

Franklin, Jesse, senator from North Carolina, vii. 49.

Freeman, Constant, lieutenant-colonel of Artillery, in command at
New Orleans, warned by Wilkinson, iii. 314, 315.

Fremantle, Colonel, letter on the situation of Parliament, v. 58.

French Mills, Wilkinson’s winter quarters, vii. 199; viii. 24.

French spoliations (see Spoliations, French).

Frenchtown, in Maryland, Cockburn’s attack on, vii. 266.

Frenchtown, on the river Raisin, vii. 88.
(See Raisin.)

Freneau, Philip, i. 125.

Frere, John Hookham, i. 402.

Friedland, the battle of, iv. 62, 105.

Frigates, American, effect of their captures on England, vii. 5–7,
9, 13–16, 24;
cost of, 310;
efficiency of, compared with sloops-of-war, 310–312;
six new, ordered to be built, 313;
their record in 1814, viii. 174–181.
(See Navy, “President,” “Constitution,” “United States,”
“Chesapeake,” “Congress,” “Constellation,” “Essex,” and
“Adams.”)

“Frolic,” American sloop-of-war, built in 1813, vii. 313;
sails in February, 1814, and is captured April 20, viii. 181.

“Frolic,” British sloop-of-war, vi. 379;
her action with the “Wasp,” 380.

Fugitive-Slave Bill, i. 300.

Fulton, Robert, i. 69, 182;
Justice Story’s account of, 71;
his steamboat, iii. 20, 216; iv. 135;
his torpedo, v. 209;
his inventions, ix. 236.
(See Steamboat.)

Gaillard, John, senator from South Carolina, ii. 238.

Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, first lieutenant of Second Infantry,
commanding at Fort Stoddert, arrests Burr, iii. 327;
promoted to brigadier, vii. 409;
corrects Brown, viii. 28;
takes command at Fort Erie, 67;
his force, 73;
repulses Drummond’s assault, 74–80;
wounded, relinquishes command, 82;
ordered to Mobile, 331;
remains brigadier on peace establishment, ix. 88.