Chapter X (6)

Napoleon, i. 334;
and Talleyrand, 357, 359;
restores peace in Europe, 360, 363, 370, 373, 374, 395;
obtains retrocession of Louisiana, 363–370;
his anger with Godoy, 373–375;
makes peace with England, 374;
parallelism with Louverture, 383, 387, 388;
attacks Louverture, 390;
his explanations to the British Government, 391;
his letter to Louverture, 392, 393;
his instructions to Leclerc, 397, 398;
orders the occupation of Louisiana, 399, 400;
attempts to obtain Florida, 402;
Jefferson’s messages to, 404, 410, 411, 413, 443;
his account of his miscarriage at St. Domingo, 416;
fears a war with the United States, ii. 2;
abandons his colonial system, 14 _et seq._;
scene with Lord Whitworth, 19;
reveals his determination to cede Louisiana, 25–28;
angry scene with his brothers, 34 _et seq._;
his _projet_ of a secret convention respecting Louisiana, 40;
objects to the payment of claims, 51;
his inducement to sell Louisiana, 52;
his conduct toward Spain, 56;
his avowal as to the sale of Louisiana, 61;
his reasons for betraying Charles IV., 63;
for selling Louisiana, 63 _et seq._;
repudiates drafts on the public Treasury, 270;
prepares for a descent on England, 291;
weary of Talleyrand, 310, 312;
Jefferson’s language about, 348, 353, 381;
his irritation at Jerome’s marriage, 379;
his intervention in Monroe’s Spanish negotiation, iii. 26, 29,
30, 32, 41, 82;
not influenced by corruption of his subordinates, 42;
begins war with Austria and Russia, 73, 76, 77, 103;
forbids trade with St. Domingo, 89;
captures Ulm and enters Vienna, 106, 370;
returns to Paris, 371;
his financial measures in 1806, 372–375;
defeats Talleyrand’s plan for a settlement between Spain and the
United States, 383;
wins the battle of Jena, 388;
issues the Decree of Berlin, 389;
makes the treaty of Tilsit, iv. 62, 105;
attacks Portugal and Denmark, 106;
enforces his Berlin Decree against the United States, 109, 110;
Armstrong’s story about his attitude toward Florida, 114;
orders his armies into Spain, 117;
his proposed division of Portugal, 119;
offers Lucien the crown of Spain, 124;
issues the Decree of Milan, 126;
treats the United States as at war with England, 221, 292, 295,
312;
seizes the Spanish Court, 298;
crowns Joseph King of Spain, 300;
his Spanish plan for conquering England, 303;
issues the Bayonne Decree, 304;
his Spanish campaign, v. 22–28;
his severity toward American commerce, 30–32;
withholds Florida, 32, 33;
his causes for rupture with the United States, 39, 40;
his war with Austria in 1809, 106, 134;
learns the repeal of the embargo and of the British Orders, 136;
his first reply to Armstrong’s communication, 137;
drafts decree withdrawing the Milan Decree, 139;
cause of his hesitation, 140, 141;
lays aside his repealing decree, 141;
his view of the right of search, 137, 145, 149;
his draft of Vienna Decree of Aug. 4, 1809, 143, 144, 230, 233,
236;
quarrels with his brother Louis, 146, 147;
his increased severity toward the United States, 150–152, 220;
calls a Cabinet council on commerce, Dec. 19, 1809, 220, 221;
discussions with Montalivet, 221, 223;
his note to Gaudin on American ships, 224;
his want of money, 225, 226, 237;
calls for a report from Champagny, Jan 10, 1810, 226, 227;
his dislike for Armstrong, 228, 229;
his condition for the revocation of his decrees, 229;
his draft of note asserting retaliation on the Non-intercourse
Act, 230, 231;
his reply to Armstrong’s remonstrances, 234, 235;
his memory, 235;
his Decree of Rambouillet, 236;
his threats of annexing Holland, 238, 246;
his annexation of Holland, 241, 242;
his reflections on Macon’s act, 244, 245;
his license system, 246;
his instructions to Champagny ordering announcement that the
decrees will be withdrawn, 253;
dictates letter of Aug. 5, 1810, 253;
his idea of a trap, 257, 383;
his instructions of Dec. 13, 1810, on the non-intercourse and the
Floridas, 384;
on commercial liberties, 386;
his address of March 17, 1811, to the deputies of the Hanse
Towns, 396, 397;
his address of March 24, 1811, to the Paris merchants, 398, 399,
420;
appoints Maret in place of Champagny, 401;
orders a report on American commerce, 402, 403;
admits American cargoes, May 4, 1811, 404;
his instruction of Aug. 28, 1811, about Spanish America and
Florida, 407, 408;
his rupture with Russia and Sweden, 408–427;
his order of May 4, 1811, opening his ports to American commerce,
vi. 44, 59;
probable amount of his spoliations, 247;
his restrictions on American commerce, 247;
goes to Holland, Sept. 19, 1811, 248;
his interview with Joel Barlow, 249;
his extension of the license system in January, 1812, 250;
his seizure of Swedish Pomerania, 251, 252;
his Decree of St. Cloud, April 28, 1811, 255, 256;
his departure for Poland, May 9, 1812, 258;
enters Russia, 259, 288;
his battle at Borodino, Sept. 7, 1812, 263;
enters Moscow, Sept. 15, 1812, 263;
begins his retreat, 264;
his passage of the Beresina, 264;
his return to Paris, December, 1812, 265;
enters Moscow, vii. 4, 26, 27;
begins retreat, 9;
leaves his army, 11;
returns to Paris, 30;
organizes a new army, 339;
wins battles of Lützen and Bautzen, 340, 344, 391;
makes armistice, 340;
wins battle at Dresden, 350;
overthrown at Leipzig, 355, 360, 370, 393;
approaching fall of, 362, 393;
effects of overthrow on Congress and the President, 393–395;
his return from Elba, ix. 56, 83;
overthrown at Waterloo, 104.

“Narcissus,” British 32-gun frigate, captures “Viper,” vii. 313.

Nash, Thomas, ii. 333.

Natchez delivered to the United States, i. 355.

“National Intelligencer,” origin of, i. 121;
publishes Paine’s letters, 328;
prints the British Impressment Proclamation, iv. 166, 172, 186;
publishes the Milan Decree, 195;
on renewal of intercourse with Great Britain, v. 75;
on Erskine’s disavowal, 109, 110;
Joel Barlow’s letter in, 299;
office destroyed by Cockburn, viii. 147.

Naturalization, the law of, in England and America, ii. 337
_et seq._;
British laws of, vii. 21–23;
issue raised, 360.

Naturalization law adopted, i. 301.

“Nautilus,” East India Company’s cruiser, ix. 73.

“Nautilus,” sloop-of-war, captured, vi. 369, 386; vii. 312, 313.

Navigation, British law of, ii. 318, 321, 413.

Navigation Act, moved by Macon, v. 183.

Navigation Act of 1816, ix. 146, 147.

Navy, British, cost and pay-roll of, vii. 20.

Navy Department (see Samuel Smith, Robert Smith, Paul Hamilton,
William Jones, B. W. Crowninshield).

Navy of the United States, Jefferson’s opinion of, i. 222, 223,
238;
Gallatin’s views on, 222, 240, 252;
Giles’s views on, 287;
Leib’s proposal to abolish, 299;
condition in 1801, 242–245;
economies in, 272;
four sloops-of-war and fifteen gunboats built in 1803, ii. 77;
cost and estimates, 77, 136;
at Tripoli, 137–141, 425–436;
Jefferson suggests ships-of-the-line for, iii. 113, 178, 201;
fifty gunboats voted in 1806, 181;
favored by Jefferson, 201;
arguments for and against gunboats, 352;
gunboats adopted in 1807, iv. 158, 159;
frigates to be laid up in case of war, 159;
frigates to be used to serve gunboats, 427;
in 1809, v. 168, 169;
reductions in 1810, 200–207;
opposed by Republican party, vi. 162;
increase refused by Congress in January, 1812, 164;
condition of, in June, 1812, 363, 364;
distribution of, in September, 1812, 377, 378;
movements and battles of, in 1812, 362–387;
increase of, 436, 449;
condition of, in 1813, vii. 287;
appropriations for, in 1814, 384, 385;
legislation for, in November, 1814, and February, 1815, viii.
281;
war establishment retained in peace, ix. 87, 119.
(See Gunnery, “Constitution,” “President,” “United States,”
“Constellation,” “Chesapeake,” “Congress,” “Essex,” “Adams,”
“Wasp,” “Hornet,” “Argus,” “Peacock,” “Syren,” “Nautilus,”
“Louisiana,” “Carolina.”)

Navy-yards, incompetency of, iv. 6.

Nelson, Roger, member of Congress from Maryland, ii. 229;
favors abandoning cities in case of attack, iii. 350, 353;
on reduction of armaments in 1810, v. 202, 203.

Negril Bay (see Jamaica).

Nesselrode, Count, accompanies Czar Alexander as foreign secretary,
vii. 344;
his despatch of July 9 to Lieven, 346, 349;
ignorant of the Czar’s orders to Roumanzoff, 349, 352, 354.

Neutrals, admitted to colonial ports of France and Spain, ii. 321;
British doubts whether to recognize trade of, with colonies of
belligerents, 321, 322 (see Rule of 1756);
affected by practice of blockade, 322, 399;
forbidden by England in 1793 to trade with belligerent colonies,
322, 323;
permitted in 1794 to trade with belligerent colonies, 324, 327,
328;
prosperity of United States as, 329, 332;
neglect of obligations of, 337;
Madison’s demands for, in December, 1803, 385, 386, 419, 420,
423;
British West Indies hostile to, 416;
British measures of 1805 hostile to, iii. 44–46;
James Stephen’s pamphlet on frauds of, 50–53;
practice of blockading ports of, 91–94, 199, 200;
anger of the American merchants at British restrictions on, in
1805, 95–98, 143, 144, 151;
Madison’s pamphlet on rights of, 102;
Madison’s remonstrances on infringement of rights of, 109, 110;
Jefferson’s annual message of 1805 regarding, 112;
infringement by Miranda of law of, 190–195, 208;
British disregard of rights of, 202, 203;
Jefferson’s scheme of alliance to protect, 204;
Napoleon’s Berlin Decree retaliating on England’s violations of
law of, 389, 391;
Fox’s blockade a concession to, 398, 399;
Madison’s demands for, in 1806, 401;
Monroe’s compromise of rights of, 408–412;
Howick’s Order in Council restricting trade of, 416–421, 435;
rights of, to depend on France and Russia, 437;
aggression against, by British frigate “Leopard,” iv. 1–30;
nature of reparation demanded for, 31, 39, 45, 46, 62 (see
“Chesapeake” affair);
the United States in 1807 almost the only, 66;
West India report on trade of, 67–69;
British lawyers on violations of law of, 77;
Spencer Perceval’s Orders in Council restricting rights of,
79–104 (see Orders in Council);
Napoleon’s Milan Decree, making war on, 126 (see Decrees);
British disregard of law of, in America, 136, 137;
Napoleon’s idea of, as exempt from interference, v. 137, 149;
list of restrictions on commerce of, 152;
of 1809, 165;
Napoleon’s declaration that, after the Milan Decree, there were
no more, 227 (see Napoleon);
defence of, by Russia and Sweden, 409–428 (see Impressment,
Licenses, Spoliations);
Madison’s indifference to duties of, in West Florida, 309, 310
(see Florida, East and West);
Act of 1816, to preserve relations of, ix. 147.

Newark, on the Niagara River, burned by McClure, vii. 202.

Newbury, memorial of town-meeting in January, 1814, viii. 6.

Newburyport town-meeting in January, 1809, iv. 410.

New England in 1800, i. 18;
school-houses, 19;
population, 20;
poverty, 21;
commerce and manufactures, 21 _et seq._;
social system, 76;
schools, 76;
society, organization of, 108;
temper of, toward Jefferson in 1802, 308–330;
conspiracy of 1804 in, ii. 160–190, 391, 392;
its conservatism, Jefferson’s second Inaugural on, iii. 5–9;
townships, Jefferson’s opinion of, iv. 441;
prosperity of shipping in, 1807–1810, v. 15;
prosperity of manufactures in, 16–21;
encouragement of manufactures in, 196, 197;
F. J. Jackson’s reception in, 213–217;
refuses to take the war loan of 1812, vi. 207;
favored by British government in the war, vii. 31, 32;
furnishes money and supplies to Canada, 146, 367, 368;
benefited by the British blockade, 264, 283, 367;
military force assigned to, 284;
banks, their condition and influence, 387, 389; viii. 15;
blockaded, April 25, 1814, 3;
attitude toward the war in January, 1814, 13;
prosperity in 1814, 14;
attitude of clergy, 21–23;
banks maintain specie payments, 214;
frauds in militia system of, 219;
practically independent in September, 1814, 222 (see New England
Convention);
congressional elections of November, 1814, in, 228;
effect of sedition on Madison, 231;
furnishes thirteen regiments, 235;
supplies Scott’s brigade, 236;
supplies Blakeley’s crew, 237;
burden of taxation thrown on, 257;
probable consequence of her proposed action, 318;
delighted by news of peace, ix. 59, 60;
disastrous effects of peace on, 95–103, 126;
church of, in 1816, 133;
representatives of, oppose internal improvements, 150, 151;
increase of population in 1817, 154, 155;
increase of wealth in, 157–160;
division of church in, 175–187.
(See Massachusetts, Connecticut, etc.)

New England Confederation, tendency to, iv. 403.

New England Convention, project of, in 1804, ii. 162–188;
in 1808, iv. 239, 246, 402–407;
in 1812, vi. 402;
in 1814, viii. 4–13;
project realized in October, 1814, 225, 287;
Massachusetts delegates to, 226, 227, 290–292;
Rhode Island and Connecticut send delegates to, 227;
Vermont declines invitation to, 227;
project approved by the people in the November election, 228–230;
its intention to sequester the government taxes, 257;
its demand for State armies conceded by the national government,
284;
assembles at Hartford, Dec. 15, 1815, 292;
character of members of, 292, 293;
proceedings of, 293–298;
report of, approved by Massachusetts and Connecticut, 300, 301,
304, 305;
commissioners appointed to effect the arrangement proposed by,
301, 302;
commissioners start for Washington, ix. 56;
met by news of the battle of New Orleans, 57;
return home, 81;
sarcasms about, 81, 103, 160.

New Hampshire, opposed to disunion in 1804, ii. 162, 169, 204;
becomes Federalist in 1809, v. 13;
sends no delegates to the Hartford Convention, viii. 227;
prosperous, ix. 160.

New Haven, i. 75.

New Jersey, election in 1814, viii. 228;
increase of population in, ix. 154.

New London, blue lights seen from, vii. 279.

New Orleans delivered by Spain to the United States, Dec. 20, 1803,
ii. 256;
sends deputies to Washington, 400;
menaced by Spain in 1805, iii. 17;
Burr’s confederates in, 296;
concentration of troops at, in 1809, v. 169, 170;
to be occupied by British expedition in 1814, viii. 312–314;
military defences of, 316, 317;
Jackson’s delay in going to, 318–320;
Nicholl’s talk of attacking, 321;
Jackson’s neglect of, 325–330;
Monroe’s anxiety for, 331;
Jackson arrives at, Dec. 2, 1814, 333;
population of, 334;
Jackson’s measures at, 335;
news of British capture of gunboats reaches, 336;
martial law proclaimed at, 336, 337;
in danger, 342;
its defences, 344, 345;
volunteer companies of, 344, 345;
volunteers of, in the night battle of Dec. 23, 1814, 346, 347,
351;
night battle of Dec. 23, 1814, 347–351;
artillery battle of Jan. 1, 1815, 358–366;
supplies militia, 368;
in danger from the west bank, 371;
battle of Jan. 8, 1815, 375–381;
news of battle reaches the government, ix. 57;
civil authority restored at, 89, 90;
growth of, 157;
fortifications at, 236.

“New Orleans packet,” seized under the Berlin and Milan Decrees,
vi. 8;
by a “municipal operation,” 42, 43.

Newport, fort at, iv. 210.

Newspapers, American, in 1800, i. 41, 120.

Newton, Gilbert Stuart, ix. 213–215.

New York city in 1800, i. 24;
expenses and sanitary condition, 25;
business, 25 _et seq._;
blockaded by British frigates, iii. 91, 203;
debate in Congress on the propriety of fortifying, 351, 355;
described by F. J. Jackson, v. 213;
population in 1810, 289;
affected by the blockade, vii. 264;
depreciation of currency, ix. 62;
increase of exports, 126;
increase of population, 155, 156;
immigrants to, 161;
exports and imports of, 166, 167;
steamboats in 1816, 171, 173.

New York State in 1800, i. 3, 6, 23, 108–114;
politics in 1802, 331, 332;
politics in 1804, ii. 170–190;
election of 1809, v. 13;
insurrection in, on account of the embargo, iv. 259;
position of, in census of 1810, v. 289;
banking mania in, vi. 208;
election in May, 1812, 209;
nominates De Witt Clinton to the Presidency, 215;
recruiting in, 305;
politics of, in 1813, vii. 48, 49;
suffrage in, 50;
jealousy of Virginia, 402, 403;
elections in April, 1813 and 1814, viii. 11, 12;
banks suspend payment, 214;
soldiers furnished by, 235;
arrears of internal taxes in, 256;
creates a State army, 282;
elections in April, 1815, ix. 93;
election in April, 1816, 132, 133;
growth of population, 1800–1816, 154, 167;
growth of wealth in, 166, 167;
begins the Erie Canal, 167–170.

“Niagara,” 20-gun brig on Lake Erie, commanded by Jesse D. Elliott,
vii. 120;
her armament, 121, 122;
taken command of by Perry, 123, 124;
ill-fought by Elliott, 125.

Niagara, Fort (see Fort Niagara).

Niagara frontier, military importance of, vi. 304, 310;
force at, 311, 320, 341, 344;
force raised to six thousand men, 345;
Van Rensselaer’s campaign at, 346–353;
Alexander Smyth’s campaign at, 353–358;
sickness of troops at, 359;
Brown’s campaign at the, viii. 24–90;
British force at the, in June, 1814, 38, 39;
victories fail to stimulate enlistments, 217, 218;
cession required as a condition of peace, ix. 7.

Nicholas, Wilson Cary, i. 221;
senator from Virginia, dissuades the President from raising
Constitutional question, ii. 87, 88, 94;
on the Louisiana treaty, 111;
retires from the Senate, 221;
helps to set Monroe aside, iii. 152;
on Randolph’s philippic, 173;
writes to Jefferson doubting the possibility of longer embargo,
iv. 345, 346;
file-leader of the House, 428;
urges Giles to withdraw opposition to Gallatin, 429, 430;
his resolution to repeal the embargo, 435, 438;
on the appointment of Gallatin as Secretary of State, v. 4, 5, 6;
resigns from Congress, 76;
his letter to Jonathan Mason in 1814, viii. 306, 308.

Nicholl, Sir John, King’s advocate, iii. 417; iv. 96.

Nicholls, Edward, major of the British marines occupies Pensacola,
viii. 319, 320;
issues proclamation to the natives of Louisiana, 320, 321, 325;
distracts Jackson’s attention, 321, 322;
evacuates Pensacola and goes to the Appalachicola, 330.

Nicholson, Joseph Hopper, member of Congress from Maryland, i. 261,
268, 433; ii. 95, 100, 124, 144;
invited to attack Judge Chase, 149;
a manager of the impeachment, 225, 228;
offers an amendment to the Constitution, 240;
in the Ninth Congress, iii. 127, 133, 135;
his non-importation resolution, 154;
his resolution adopted, 165;
appointed State Judge, 167, 180;
remonstrates with Gallatin, iv. 32.

Nicklin and Griffith, iii. 153.

Non-importation (see Non-intercourse).

Non-intercourse, list of acts, v. 194;
partial, moved by Senator Samuel Smith in February, 1806, iii.
146;
debate on, 147;
favored by Madison, 148, 426;
opposition to, 150;
Smith’s resolutions adopted, 151;
Gregg’s resolution of Jan. 29, 1806, 154, 155, 165;
Nicholson’s resolution, Feb. 10, 1806, 154, 155;
Nicholson’s resolution adopted, 165, 166;
Non-importation Bill reported, March 25, 1805, 175;
becomes law, April 18, 1806, 175;
suspended, Dec. 19, 1806, 349;
effect of, in England, 394, 399;
conditions of its repeal, 401, 436;
to remain suspended, 430, 436, 437;
favored by Jefferson after the “Chesapeake” affair, iv. 34, 36;
expected by Erskine, 144;
Non-importation Act goes into effect, Dec. 14, 1807, 165 (see
Embargo);
not avowed as a coercive policy in Congress, 203;
or by Jefferson, 176, 204;
bill for total non-intercourse introduced, 444;
becomes law, March 1, 1809, 453.

Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, its effect on commerce, v.
35, 36;
English view of, 62;
affected by Erskine’s arrangement, 80, 88, 90;
revived by Erskine’s disavowal, 111, 114, 115;
communicated to Napoleon, 135;
communication denied by Napoleon, 232, 234, 235, 254;
Champagny’s complaints of, 140;
Napoleon’s retaliation on, 143, 150, 151, 230, 232, 254, 255;
its mischievous effects in America, 164, 165, 166, 178, 184;
about to expire, 183;
suspended, 195–198, 210;
revived by proclamation of Nov. 2, 1810, 302, 303, 304.

---- of May 1, 1810, its passage, v. 194–198, 274;
its effect on Napoleon, 220, 244, 255;
its effect in England, 273–276;
its condition precedent to reviving non-intercourse, 297;
creates a contract, 342, 395, 396.

---- of March 2, 1811, reviving Act of March 1, 1809, moved by
Eppes, Jan. 15, 1811, v. 338;
decided upon, 347;
amended, 351;
reported, 352;
passed, 354, 391;
its effect on Napoleon, 393, 394, 400, 404;
Foster’s instructions on the, vi. 23;
his protest against, 39;
his threat of retaliation, 44, 124;
not noticed by Napoleon, 56;
an intolerable burden to the United States, 140;
efforts to suspend, 205, 230–234, 447;
not retaliated by England, 270;
forfeitures under, 438–443;
Calhoun on, 444;
bill for stricter enforcement of, 448.

Norfolk, the mayor of, forbids communication with the British
squadron, iv. 27;
exposed to attack, vii. 269;
fortifications of, 271;
attacked by British expedition, 272–275;
sickness among militia at, viii. 219.

“North American Review,” ix. 207.

North Carolina in 1800, i. 36;
cotton-planting, 37, 148;
in 1816, growth of population, ix. 154, 155, 161;
growth of wealth, 163;
legislative report on internal improvements, 164.

Norton, Rev. Andrews, ix. 182.

Nottingham, in Maryland, Ross’s camp, Aug. 21, 1814, viii. 129.

Ocaña, battle at, v. 268.

Ocracoke Inlet, captured by Admiral Cockburn, vii. 277.

Offices, Jefferson’s removals from, i. 230 _et seq._

Ogden, owner of the “Leander,” iii. 190;
indicted by Jefferson, 195.

Ogden, Aaron, appointed major-general, vii. 37.

Ogden, Peter V., iii. 252, 255;
carries despatches to Burr’s friends in New Orleans, 295;
arrested at Fort Adams, 319;
discharged from custody, 340.

Ogdensburg, captured in 1813, vii. 147;
passed by Wilkinson, 185.

Ohio, admitted into the Union, i. 302; ii. 76;
population in 1810, v. 289;
militia, vii. 102;
growth of, ix. 155.

Ohio River settlements in 1800, i. 2.

Ohio, Territory of, ii. 121.

Olcott, Simeon, senator from New Hampshire, ii. 160.

Old Fields, Winder’s army camps at, vii. 134;
retreat from, 135.

Olmstead, Gideon, case of, v. 13;
Marshall’s opinion in case of, ix. 188, 189.

Ontario, Lake, armaments on, vi. 342, 344.
(See Sackett’s Harbor.)

Order in Council, of Jan. 7, 1807, called Lord Howick’s Order,
prohibiting neutral trade from one belligerent port to another,
iii. 416–421; iv. 79, 80, 83, 93, 102, 144, 154, 318;
arrives in America, iii. 435.

---- of Nov. 11, 1807, called Spencer Perceval’s Order, prohibiting
neutral trade with any port from which British trade was
excluded, iv. 79–103;
its publication in England, 132;
arrives in America, 186;
a cause of the embargo, 168, 175, 176, 186, 332;
its object explained by Erskine, 219;
debate in Parliament in 1808, 317–321;
parliamentary inquiry into, 322;
asserted by Canning not to have caused the embargo, v. 51;
Canning’s conditions of repealing, 53, 54, 56, 70–73, 90, 94,
101, 102;
Grenville and Sidmouth’s language regarding, 59, 60;
debate on, March 6, 1809, 60–62;
Erskine’s arrangement withdrawing, 70–73;
disavowal of Erskine’s arrangement, 87–95, 109–113.

---- of April 11, 1808, protecting neutral vessels trading with
British ports, proposed by Perceval, iv. 324;
approved by Bathurst, 325;
opposed by Castlereagh and Canning, 325, 326;
issued, 327;
Madison’s indignation at, 327.

---- of Dec. 21, 1808, suspending export duties on foreign produce,
v. 43, 44;
further relaxations proposed, 45;
their effect on English trade, 46.

---- of April 26, 1809, establishing a general blockade in place of
the Orders of November, 1807, v. 63, 64, 65, 81, 103, 113, 126,
152;
issue chosen by Madison and Monroe, vi. 39, 40, 45, 121, 188;
conditions of repeal, 124, 220;
enforced by British prize-courts, 118, 124, 267;
alleged as Madison’s fourth complaint, 222;
revocation promised by Prince Regent on formal revocation of
French decrees, 254, 282;
popular agitation against, 271, 281, 283;
debate of Feb, 28, 1811, in House of Lords, 275;
debate of March 3 in House of Commons, 276;
Rose’s definition of, 276, 283;
Canning’s remarks on, 277, 278;
Perceval’s account of, 279;
ministers grant a committee on, 283, 284;
suspension of, June 16, 1812, 286, 287, 403;
suspension not satisfactory to the President, 404;
repeal susceptible of satisfactory explanations, 431.

---- of May 24, 1809, repudiating Erskine’s arrangement, and
protecting vessels sailing under it, v. 93, 95;
Canning’s instructions of July 1, 1809, to F. J. Jackson, on,
101–105.

---- of Oct. 13, 1812, directing general reprisals against the
United States, vii. 4.

“Orders in Council,” privateer, captured, vii. 330.

Ordronnaux, John, captain of the privateer “Prince of Neufchatel,”
viii. 209.

Orleans, Territory of, created, ii. 121, 399–409; iii. 223, 224,
296–325.
(See Louisiana.)

“Orpheus,” British 36-gun frigate, sent to communicate with Creek
refugees, vii. 258;
captures “Frolic,” viii. 181.

Osgood, David, minister of Medford, viii. 21; ix. 202.

Osgood, Samuel, i. 108.

Oswego attacked in May, 1814, viii. 29, 30.

Otis, Harrison Gray, Speaker of Massachusetts legislature, ii. 163;
president of Massachusetts Senate, J. Q. Adams’s letter to, iv.
241;
his letter to Josiah Quincy suggesting a New England Convention,
403;
signs Address to the People, 456;
supports State convention in 1812, vi. 402;
supports Clinton for President, 440;
his report of Oct. 8, 1814, on controlling their own resources,
viii. 224;
reports in favor of a New England Convention, 225;
chosen a delegate, 227, 292;
publishes journal of, 293;
his activity in, 294, 295;
Lowell’s opinion of, 294;
appointed commissioner for, 302.

Otter Creek in Vermont, station of Macdonough’s flotilla in May,
1814, viii. 97.

Ouvrard, Gabriel Julien, agent of the French treasury, i. 239;
obtains from Spain financial concessions, iii. 372;
ruined by Napoleon, 374;
his scheme, 378.

Paine, Robert Treat, i. 330.

Paine, Thomas, Jefferson’s letter to, i. 316–318;
arrives from Europe, 327;
his letters in the “National Intelligencer,” 328.

Pakenham, Sir Edward, British major-general, ordered to command
the expedition to New Orleans, viii. 315;
his instructions, 316;
his armament leaves Jamaica, 331, 332;
on the way to Louisiana, 333;
makes land, Dec. 10, 1814, 335;
takes command Dec. 25, 1814, before New Orleans, 352;
contrasted with Jackson, 353;
sends for field-pieces, 355, 356;
halts before Jackson’s breastworks, Dec. 28, 1814, 357;
sends for heavy guns, 358;
digs canal, 367;
his plan of attack, 371–374;
killed in the assault, 375, 376;
his assault compared with Drummond’s, 381.

Palfrey, John Gorham, ix. 206.

“Palladium,” the, i. 314.

“Panoplist,” the, ix. 178.

Papenberg, v. 165.

Paris, capitulates, March 31, 1814, ix. 6;
pleased with the victory at Plattsburg, 35, 36;
Napoleon’s return to, 56.

Parish, David, shares loan of 1813, vii. 44, 45.

Parish, Elijah, his Fast-Day sermon of April 7, 1814, viii. 21, 22;
ix. 202.

Parker, Admiral, ii. 340.

Parker, Daniel, offers the two Floridas, iii. 379.

Parker, Sir Peter, captain of British frigate “Menelaus,” his
death, viii. 164, 165.

Parliament (see Acts of) imposes unequal duties on exports to the
United States, ii. 399;
to lodge in the King in Council the power of regulating commerce
with America, 423;
in 1804–1805 passes acts regulating West India commerce, iii. 44;
debates Howick’s Order in Council, 417;
dissolved, April 27, 1807, iv. 55;
meets June 22, 1807, 55;
report to, on the West Indies, 67, 68, 81;
prorogued, Aug. 14, 1807, 81;
meets Jan. 21, 1808, 317;
debates the Orders in Council, 318–322;
meets Jan. 19, 1809, v. 49;
debates the Orders in Council, 49–52, 58–62;
on the Duke of York, 57, 58;
prorogued June 21, 1809, 98;
prorogued June 15, 1810, 275;
passes the Regency bill, January, 1811, vi. 13, 14;
meets Jan. 7, 1812, 270;
debates in, 270–280;
orders a committee of inquiry into the Orders in Council, 282,
284;
meets Nov. 24, 1812, vii. 10;
debates on the speech from the throne, 10;
debates the American war, Feb. 18, 1813, 17–24;
debate of Nov. 19, 1814, on the Ghent correspondence, ix. 43.

Parma, Duchy of, i. 363, 371.

Parsons, Theophilus, chief-justice of Massachusetts, i. 48, 87, 89,
93; ii. 164; iv. 29;
his opinion of the unconstitutionality of the embargo, 411;
his opinion on the power of a State over its militia, vi. 400;
his assurance to Pickering, vii. 52.

Party, the Federalist, in New England, i. 76, 82–89, 329; ii. 160,
170, 202;
in New York, i. 109; ii. 171, 191;
views on government, i. 252;
on the Judiciary, 273–275, 279, 290, 297;
on the treaty-making power, 99, 100, 105, 110, 111;
their attitude toward Jefferson and the embargo, iv. 228, 232,
240, 242, 283, 286, 408;
deprived of grievances, v. 77;
praise Madison, 78, 158;
make common cause with Jackson, 158;
described by Giles, 180;
in Congress, Foster’s reports of their conduct and advice, vi.
171–175;
their reception of Henry’s documents, 183, 184;
cease attempts to discuss war, 227, 228;
their attitude toward the war, 398, 399;
support Clinton for the Presidency, 410;
strength of, in 1813, vii. 51;
encouraged by overthrow of Napoleon, 370;
divided on protection to manufactures, 376;
their inert perversity, viii. 1, 2;
divided on the question of a New England Convention, 9–13;
praise militia, 217;
of New England believe the crisis arrived in September, 1814,
220;
call New England Convention at Hartford, 225;
victorious in the congressional elections of November, 1814, 228;
a majority of the members of Congress north of the Potomac, 229;
oppose tax-bills, 255;
approve report of Hartford Convention, 301;
influence British press, ix. 2;
affected by peace, 92, 93.

Party, the Republican, in New England, i. 76, 329, 330; ii. 81,
201, 202;
in New York, 108, 109, 113, 229–236, 331; ii. 171–191;
in Pennsylvania, i. 116, 194–200;
in Virginia, 138–143, 145–148, 179;
in North Carolina, 148;
in South Carolina, 152–154;
political principles of, 199–217, 238–243, 247, 251, 272, 287;
ii. 77, 78, 130, 134, 142, 203, 205, 254–262;
leaders of, in Congress, i. 264–269;
views of, on the Judiciary, 275, 276, 288–290, 297; ii. 143–159,
221–244;
on the treaty-making power, 78–80, 83–91, 94–99, 100–104,
106–112;
on the power of Congress over territories, 116–129;
on exclusive privileges, 208–210;
on British relations, 349, 355, 356;
success in 1803, 74–77;
in 1804, 201;
in 1805, iii. 9, 122, 127;
Randolph’s schism in the, 132–138, 147, 157–164, 166–171,
181–184, 197;
Jefferson’s attempts to restore harmony in 1806, 344–350;
its hostility to fortifications and cities, 350–355;
its attitude toward the slave trade, 356–369;
Monroe’s schism, iv. 128–131, 147, 226, 286;
cause of success, 148, 149;
its hostility to a standing army, 209–212;
its change of attitude toward a standing army, 212–217, 259;
its Presidential candidates in 1808, 226–228;
its attitude toward the Constitution in the embargo, 261–271;
its success in 1808, 284–288;
its attitude toward Spain, 339–343;
revolts against Jefferson in 1808, 357, 358, 382, 432–434,
440–442, 455;
its attitude toward the manufacturing interest in 1809, 449; v.
196, 197;
attempt to restore its purity in 1810, 199–206;
its attitude toward the Bank, 207–209, 327–337, 356;
its attitude toward the Constitution in Florida, 236–244,
320–326;
its attitude on the previous question in Congress, 351–356;
its attitude toward war in 1811, vi. 137–158, 170, 171;
its attitude toward the militia, 159–161;
its attitude toward a navy, 162–164;
its attitude toward taxation, 166–168;
its attitude toward war in 1812, 201–213, 226–229;
its caucus of 1812, 214,
De Witt Clinton’s schism, 215, 410;
its success in the election of 1812, 412–414;
its change of attitude toward a navy, 436;
its treatment of war-taxation, 447.

Passamaquoddy Bay (see Moose Island).

Patapsco River, at Baltimore, viii. 168.

“Patriotick Proceedings” of Massachusetts legislature in 1809, iv.
458.

Patronage, public, Jefferson’s course regarding, i. 224, 294.

Patterson, Daniel T., commander in U. S. Navy, brings the
“Carolina” into action at New Orleans, viii. 346;
establishes battery on west bank, 358, 359–361, 369, 370, 374;
abandons battery and spikes guns, 377, 378.

Patterson, Elizabeth, ii. 377.

“Paul Jones,” privateer, captured, vii. 329, 332.

Paulus Hook, i. 11.

Peace, Prince of (see Godoy).

“Peacock,” American 22-gun sloop-of-war built in 1813, viii. 181;
goes to sea in March, 1814, 182, 183;
captures “Epervier,” 182, 183;
returns to port October 30, 184, 193;
sails from New York, ix. 63, 70;
fires into “Nautilus,” 73.

“Peacock,” British sloop-of-war, vii. 289;
sunk by “Hornet,” 290.

Pechell, S. G., captain of the British 74-gun ship “San Domingo,”
repulsed at Craney Island, vii. 272, 273.

Peddie, John, British lieutenant in Twenty-Seventh Infantry,
deputy-assistant-quartermaster-general, reconnoitres Bayou
Bienvenu, viii. 338;
his sketch of battle-fields at New Orleans, 359, 360.

_Pêle-Mêle_, ii. 365, 372, 390.

“Pelican,” British sloop-of-war, her force, vii. 305;
captures “Argus,” 306–308.

Pellew, Captain, of the “Cleopatra,” ii. 340.

“Penguin,” British sloop-of-war, her action with the “Hornet,” ix.
71, 72, 230.

Pennsylvania in 1800, i. 29, 114, 115;
schism, the, ii. 194 _et seq._;
politics in 1805, iii. 9;
in 1808, iv. 286;
resists mandate of Supreme Court, v. 13;
decides Presidential election of 1812, vi. 412;
affected by blockade, vii. 264;
creates forty-one banks in 1814, viii. 16;
election of 1814, 228;
arrears of internal taxes in October, 1814, 256;
creates a State army, 282;
bank circulation in 1816–1817, ix. 130;
growth of population, 1800–1816, 154, 155;
increase of wealth in, 166, 167;
internal improvements in, 168, 169, 171.

Pensacola, visited by Creek Indians, vii. 228;
object of Jackson’s Creek campaigns, viii. 318, 319;
occupied by Nicholls, 319, 320, 322;
seized by Jackson, 326, 329, 330.

Perceval, Spencer, his comments on Howick’s Order in Council, iii.
417, 421; iv. 80;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 55;
character of, 56;
Sydney Smith’s caricature of, 56 _et seq._, 73;
takes office as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 81;
his paper on the policy and justice of retaliation, 83 _et seq._;
submits his paper on retaliation to the Ministry, 88;
his letter to Charles Abbot, 97;
his orders approved in Council, 102;
prohibits the export of cotton and quinine, 323;
affected by the embargo, 324;
his plan to conciliate the Federalists, 324;
carried into effect, 327;
his relaxations of the Orders in Council, v. 42, 45, 63;
decline of his authority in 1809, 57, 58, 62, 63;
his difficulties with Canning and Castlereagh, 107;
becomes First Lord of the Treasury, 263;
invites Wellesley into the Cabinet, 267;
Wellesley’s opinion of, 281, 282, 283;
prime minister of England, becomes ruler after the insanity of
George III., vi. 2, 3;
retained as prime minister by the Prince Regent, 14;
his indifference to Wellesley’s advice, 268;
his remarks on an American war, 271;
his persistence in the system of commercial restriction, 272;
his remarks on licenses, 274;
his silence toward Canning, 280;
his bargain for Sidmouth’s support, 281;
concedes a committee on the Orders in Council, 283;
his assassination, 284.

Percy, W. H., captain of British 22-gun sloop-of-war “Hermes,”
viii. 322, 325;
attacks Fort Bowyer, 323;
abandons his ship, 324.

Perkins, Jacob, i. 182.

Perkins, Thomas Handasyd, iv. 411.

Perry, Oliver Hazard, commander in U. S. Navy, ordered to Lake
Erie, vii. 115;
creates squadron, 116, 118;
destroys British fleet, 120–127;
his despatch of Sept. 10, 1813, 128;
effect of his victory on the Creek war, 232;
its effect in England, 355, 359, 360;
erects batteries on the Potomac, viii. 164;
his rewards, ix. 141, 142.

Petry, M., v. 228, 229.

Philadelphia in 1800, i. 28, 29;
library company, 61;
intellectual centre in 1800, 117;
population of, in 1810, v. 289;
banks suspend payment, Aug. 31, 1814, viii. 214;
depreciation of currency, ix. 62, 98;
allotted share in loan of 1815, 102;
growth of population of, 156;
immigrants to, 161;
steamboats in 1816, 172.

“Philadelphia,” 38-gun American frigate, captured, ii. 138.

Phillimore, Dr. Joseph, his pamphlets on the license system, vi.
274.

Physick, Dr. Philip Syng, i. 127.

Piankeshaw Indians, vi. 71, 75.

Pichon, Louis André, French _chargé d’affaires_, remonstrates with
Leclerc and is superseded, i. 408; ii. 268;
complains to Talleyrand of the attitude of the United States, i.
437, 439;
observes Jefferson’s close relations with Thornton, ii. 354;
invited by Jefferson to meet Merry at dinner, 369.

Pickering, Judge John, impeachment of, ii. 143 _et seq._;
trial of, 153 _et seq._;
irregularity of trial, 158.

Pickering, Timothy, senator from Massachusetts, i. 88; ii. 110;
quarrels with Yrujo, i. 425;
on the admission of Louisiana to the Union, ii. 105 _et seq._,
160;
his letter to George Cabot on the impending dangers, 161, 164;
receives Cabot’s reply, 166 _et seq._;
letter of, to Rufus King on Burr’s candidacy for the
governorship, 179, 390, 391;
votes for Adams’s resolution, iii. 151;
willing to let the ship run aground, 210;
silent about the “Chesapeake” affair, iv. 29;
his party in the Senate, 146;
praises Monroe, 129, 167;
won by Rose, 184 _et seq._;
cultivated by Rose, 232;
exerts himself to form a coalition with the British ministry,
234;
his letter to Governor Sullivan, 237 _et seq._;
effect in England of his letter to his constituents, 333;
declares Jefferson a tool of Napoleon, 347, 442;
reports Jefferson’s language about the embargo, 359, 442;
his triumph, 401, 409;
described by John Adams, 402;
maintains relations with Rose, 460;
his toast at Jackson’s dinner, v. 217;
his speech on the occupation of West Florida, 321, 322;
loses his seat in the Senate, vi. 116;
his attempt to call a State convention in 1812, 402;
favors disunion, viii. 4, 5;
urges a New England Convention in January, 1814, 5–7;
exhorts Governor Strong to seize the national revenues, 223, 224;
acquiesces in British demands, 288;
suggests doubts of George Cabot’s earnestness, 290, 291;
approves the report of the Hartford Convention, 300, 301;
considers the Union dissolved, 300, 309;
member of the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 107;
on the power of internal improvement, 149.

Pierce, John, killed by a shot from the “Leander,” iii. 199, 211.

Pigot, H., captain of British frigate “Orpheus,” reports number of
Creek warriors, vii. 258.

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, lieutenant of First Infantry, explores
the sources of the Mississippi, iii. 213;
and of the Arkansas and Red rivers, 214, 223;
brigadier-general, vii. 152;
captures York, 154;
killed, 155.

Pilkington, A., lieutenant-colonel commanding British expedition to
Moose Island, viii. 94.

“Pilot,” British newspaper, on the American frigates, vii. 16.

Pinckney, Charles, i. 152;
appointed minister to Madrid, 294, 427;
obtains a convention for Spanish depredations, ii. 249 _et seq._;
indiscretions of, at Madrid, 275;
compromises Madison, 276;
adopts a high tone with Cevallos, 279;
sends him a threatening letter, 280;
excuse for his conduct, 281;
in an awkward situation, 284;
his recall asked for, 286;
asks the Spanish government to be permitted to resume relations,
315;
recalled, but associated by Monroe in negotiation, iii. 23;
returns home, 37.

Pinckney, C. C., his treaty with Spain, i. 348–350; iii. 38;
candidate for President, iv. 285.

Pinckney, Thomas, appointed major-general, vi. 290;
ordered to prepare for seizing St. Augustine, vii. 207;
ordered to withdraw troops from Amelia Island, 210;
his difficulties in the Creek war, 234;
his estimate of the hostile Indians, 244, 245;
orders the Thirty-ninth Regiment to join Jackson, 245;
prepares army against Creeks, 251;
joins Jackson, 257.

Pinkney, William, author of the Baltimore “Memorial,” iii. 144;
appointed to aid Monroe in London, 152, 165, 169; iv. 354;
arrives in London, iii. 400;
sole minister in London, iv. 162;
remonstrates against the tax on American cotton, 322;
his reply to Canning, 338;
publication of Canning’s personal letter to, 419;
his reply, Dec. 28, 1808, to Canning’s first advance, v. 43, 44,
45;
his reception of Canning’s further advances, 49, 51, 52;
opinion attributed to, by Canning, 54;
his pleasure at the Order of April 26, 1809, 63, 64;
his opinion of Francis James Jackson, 96;
his intimacy with Wellesley, 270, 275;
his reports of Wellesley’s intentions, 271;
inquires whether Fox’s blockade is in force, 277–280;
notifies Wellesley of Champagny’s letter of Aug. 5, 1810, 286;
his “republican insolence,” 287;
demands repeal of the Orders, Nov. 3, 1811, vi. 3;
his argument that the French decrees were revoked and that Fox’s
blockade was illegal, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11;
his definition of blockade, 10;
his demand for an audience of leave, 12, 15;
his hesitation, 16;
his note of Feb. 17, 1811, to Wellesley, 17;
insists on “an inamicable leave,” 18, 20;
his final audience, 19, 20;
his character as minister, 20, 21;
sails for America, 21;
appointed attorney-general, 429;
resigns attorney-generalship, vii. 398;
member of the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 107.

Pitkin, Timothy, member of Congress from Connecticut, votes for war
measures, vi. 147;
on the bank capital of the Union, vii. 386;
opposes national bank, ix. 118.

Pitt, William, ii. 316, 320, 324, 326, 328, 330, 336, 342;
restored to power, 396, 418;
determined to re-establish the former navigation laws, 419;
his measures in 1804 and 1805 for restricting American commerce,
iii. 44, 45;
his coalition with Austria and Russia, 73;
Burr expects support from, 235, 238;
death of, 163, 211, 245;
his patronage of young men, v. 264, 265.

Pittsburg in 1800, i. 2;
growth of, in 1816, ix. 157;
steamboats built at, 172.

“Plantagenet,” British seventy-four, at Fayal, viii. 201–207.

Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain, military force at, in October,
1812, vi. 344;
Dearborn’s campaign from, 360;
plundered by British expedition in July, 1813, vii. 192;
Wilkinson’s headquarters in March, 1814, viii. 25;
fortified by Izard, 98, 99;
garrison at, 100;
British armament against, 101–105;
battle of, 106–113;
effect of battle in England, 112;
saved by engineers and sailors, 218; ix. 236;
effect of battle at London, Paris, and Ghent, ix. 35–37, 55;
at Washington, 57.

Plauché, ----, major of New Orleans militia, viii. 345.

Plumer, William, senator from New Hampshire, ii. 160, 364, 405;
Republican candidate for governor of New Hampshire, viii. 11.

Plymouth town-meeting in January, 1809, vi. 414.

Poland, v. 257.

“Polly,” case of the, ii. 328, 340;
rule established by case of, set aside, iii. 45.

“Pomone,” British 38-gun frigate, ix. 64;
extracts from her log, 66, 67;
Decatur’s surrender to, 70.

Population of the United States in 1800, i. 1;
centre of, near Baltimore, 1;
west of the Alleghanies in 1800, 3;
of cities, 59;
in 1810, v. 289;
of the Union in 1817, ix. 154;
movements of, 1800–1817, 154–157, 161, 163, 164.

Porter, David, captain in U. S. navy, commands “Essex,” vi. 377;
captures “Alert,” 377;
returns to port, 378;
sails again, 384;
erects batteries on the Potomac in August, 1814, viii. 164;
his cruise in the Pacific with the “Essex,” 175, 177;
blockaded at Valparaiso, 179;
attacked and obliged to surrender, 180.

Porter, Moses, major of artillery, iii. 246;
colonel of Light Artillery, brevet brigadier-general, commands
artillery in Wilkinson’s expedition on the St. Lawrence, vii.
184;
his opinion on moving against Montreal, 185;
intended by Armstrong to command at Washington, viii. 122.

Porter, Peter Buell, member of Congress from New York, vi. 122;
on Committee of Foreign Relations, 124, 128;
his report favoring war, 133–136;
his war speech, 136;
favors small army, 151;
asks for provisional army, 165;
introduces embargo bill, 201;
calls for volunteers, 355;
charges General Smyth with cowardice, 358;
his duel with Smyth, 358;
raises volunteer brigade under Brown, viii. 34;
strength of his brigade, 37;
at Chippawa, 40, 41, 44;
at Lundy’s Lane, 53, 56, 58, 64;
at Fort Erie, 71, 83;
brings volunteers to Brown, 85;
leads sortie from Fort Erie, 87, 88;
wounded, 88;
fails to create a brigade respectable in numbers, 218;
in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 107;
helps to defeat Crawford, 123;
assists Erie canal, 168.

“Portfolio,” the, i. 85, 119, 121;
its character and influence, ix. 198–201.

Portland, Duke of, Prime Minister of England, iv. 55;
his opinion on Spencer Perceval’s proposed Order in Council, 88;
his death, v. 107.

Portugal, her ports ordered to be closed, iv. 106;
forced into war, 118;
divided by Napoleon into three parts, 121.

Postal System of the United States in 1800, i. 61;
in 1816, ix. 170, 171.

Postmaster-General (see Gideon Granger, R. J. Meigs).

Potomac (see Eastern Branch).

Pottawatomies, charged by Tecumthe with bad conduct, vi. 111, 112.

Potter, Elisha, member of Congress from Rhode Island, v. 167; vi.
447;
opposes the repeal of the restrictive system, vii. 376.

Power, ------, major-general in British army, commanding brigade at
Plattsburg, viii. 101.

Pozzo di Borgo, ii. 66.

Prairie du Chien, captured by British expedition, viii. 32.

“Preble,” 7-gun sloop in Macdonough’s fleet on Lake Champlain,
viii. 105;
in the battle of Plattsburg, 109.

Preble, Commodore Edward, appointed in command of the Mediterranean
squadron, ii. 137;
at Tripoli, 426.

Prescott, opposite Ogdensburg, vii. 147;
British garrison at, 151;
passed by Wilkinson, 185.

Prescott, William, delegate to the Hartford Convention, viii. 292.

Prescott, William Hickling, ix. 206.

“President,” American 44-gun frigate, ordered to sea, May 6, 1811,
vi. 25, 26;
chases a British war-vessel, 27;
fires into the “Little Belt,” 30;
at New York, 363, 365;
goes to sea, 366;
cruise of, 366, 368;
returns to Boston, 375, 378;
sails again, 381;
returns to Boston, Dec. 31, 1812, 381; vii. 285;
goes to sea, April 30, 1813, 285;
returns to Newport, Sept. 27, 1813, 310;
goes to sea, Dec. 4, 1813, 311;
in British waters, 333;
captured by British squadron, Jan. 15, 1815, ix. 63–70.

Press, Jefferson’s remarks on the, iii. 7.
(See Newspapers.)

Previous question, the rule of, adopted, v. 353–356;
denounced by Stanford, vi. 146.

Prevost, Sir George, governor general of Canada, vi. 317;
his report on the lukewarm and temporizing spirit in
Upper Canada, 318, 319;
negotiates armistice with Dearborn, 323; ix. 33;
his military superiority in August, 1812, vi. 338, 339;
unable to assist Proctor, vii. 108;
on Proctor’s defeat at Fort Stephenson, 113;
unable to man the British fleet on Lake Erie, 118, 119;
his difficulties of transport, 145;
his remarks on supplies from Vermont, 145; viii. 93;
charged with timidity, vii. 147;
visits Kingston in March, 1813, 150;
his supposed force at Kingston, 151, 153;
comes to Kingston in May, 1813, 163;
embarks for Sackett’s Harbor, 164;
attacks Sackett’s Harbor, 165;
repulsed, 166–168;
charged with want of courage, 168–170;
his remarks on Hampton’s movement, 193;
his force for the defence of Montreal, 194–196;
shows timidity toward Hampton, 197;
his proclamation on the burning of Black Rock and Buffalo, 204;
his letter to Wilkinson on the execution of hostages, 361;
reinforced by ten thousand troops in July, 1814, viii. 31, 91;
his letter of Oct. 18, 1814, on the impossibility of supplying an
army in Upper Canada, 92;
his expedition against Plattsburg, 101–105, 107–113, 172;
recalled to England, 118;
asks Cochrane to retaliate for American outrages in Canada, 125;
at Kingston, 267;
effect of his campaign on the negotiation at Ghent, ix. 27,
34–36.

Prevost, J. B., appointed judge at New Orleans, ii. 220; iii. 219;
one of Burr’s correspondents in New Orleans, 296, 319, 324.

Prices of American produce, affected by blockade, vii. 263;
speculative, in imported articles, 263.

Priestley, Dr. Joseph, i. 157, 311.

“Prince of Neufchatel,” in the Irish Channel, viii. 196;
beats off the “Endymion’s” boats, 207–209.

Prince of Peace (see Godoy).

Prince Regent (see George, Prince of Wales).

Princeton College in 1800, i. 129.

Pringle, John Julius, declines appointment as attorney-general,
iii. 11.

Prisons in 1800, i. 128.

Privateers, American, their depredations in the West Indies in
1812, vii. 12;
types of, 314–317;
qualities of, 318, 320, 324;
modes of capturing, 328, 329, 330;
number of, 330, 331;
in British waters, 332, 333;
disadvantages of, 333–338;
in 1814, viii. 194–209;
their value as a test of national character, ix. 228, 229.

Privateers, French, not received in American ports, vii. 395.

Prizes, number captured in 1813, vii. 331;
American success in taking, in 1814, viii. 198, 199.

Proclamation by President Jefferson, of May 30, 1804, in pursuance
of the Mobile Act, ii. 263;
of May 3, 1806, against the “Leander,” “Cambrian,” and “Driver,”
iii. 200, 201;
of Nov. 27, 1806, against Burr, 283, 285, 289, 290, 292, 325,
328, 330;
of July 2, 1807, on the “Chesapeake” affair, iv. 30, 32, 34, 46,
187, 188, 192; v. 51;
by the King of England, of Oct. 16, 1807, asserting the right of
impressment, iv. 52, 166, 168, 169;
by President Jefferson, of April 19, 1808, declaring the country
on the Canadian frontier in a state of insurrection, 249;
by President Madison of April 19, 1809, renewing intercourse with
Great Britain, v. 73, 115;
of Aug. 9, 1809, reviving the Non-intercourse Act against Great
Britain, 114, 115;
of Nov. 2, 1810, reviving the non-intercourse against Great
Britain, 302, 303, 304, 338, 400;
of Oct. 27, 1810, ordering the military occupation of West
Florida, 310, 311;
of Nov. 2, 1810, announcing the repeal of the French decrees, vi.
4, 56;
by William Hull, of July 12, 1812, on invading Canada, 303, 320;
by Isaac Brock in reply to Hull, 320;
of Aug. 8, 1814, summoning Congress to meet Sept. 19, 1814, viii.
239;
of Aug. 29, 1814, by Major Nicholls of the Royal Marines, to the
natives of Louisiana, 320, 321;
of Sept. 21, 1814, by Andrew Jackson, to the people of Louisiana,
324, 325.

Proctor, Henry, colonel of the Forty-first British Infantry,
arrives at Malden, vi. 314;
disapproves Brock’s measures, 330;
major-general, his incapacity officially censured by the Prince
Regent, vii. 93, 94, 142;
his victory over Winchester at the River Raisin, 94–98;
returns to Malden, 99;
besieges Fort Meigs, 103–107;
repulsed at Fort Stephenson, 109–113;
evacuates Malden and Detroit, 130, 131;
his retreat, 133–135;
his defeat on the River Thames, 136–140;
his report, 142.

Prophet, the Shawnee, begins Indian movement at Greenville, vi. 78;
removes to Tippecanoe Creek, 79;
his talk with Gov. Harrison in August, 1808, 80;
charged with beginning hostilities, 95;
sends Indians to Harrison, 97, 100;
blamed for the affair at Tippecanoe, 108.

Protection to American manufactures, measure of, recommended by
Madison for two years, vii. 374;
promised by Calhoun, 375;
opposed by Webster, 376;
urged by Potter, 376;
recommended by Madison and Dallas in 1815, ix. 105, 106, 111;
opposed by Randolph, 112, 113;
debated in Congress, 114, 115;
avowed in tariff of 1816, 116.

Prussia, spoliations by, v. 226;
closes ports to American vessels, 413, 416;
king of, visits London, ix. 8.

Putnam, Samuel, correspondent of Pickering, viii. 6.

“Queen Charlotte,” 17-gun British ship on Lake Erie, vii. 120;
in action, 124;
captured, 127.

Queenston, battle at, vi. 349–352.

“Querist,” papers by Blennerhassett, iii. 257, 273, 275.

Quincy, Josiah, member of Congress from Massachusetts in the Ninth
Congress, iii. 128, 142;
in favor of voting money for ships and harbor defences, 179;
presents memorials to Congress in favor of Smith and Ogden, 195;
irritates opponents, 354, 360, 363; iv. 147;
his contempt for Jefferson, 356;
attacks Campbell’s Report, 372;
attacks the advocates of the embargo, 422;
declares that the Republicans “could not be kicked into” a
declaration of war, 423;
on the distraction among the Democrats, 440;
requires total submission to Great Britain, 446, 453;
his account of John Henry, 461;
declares the admission of Louisiana a virtual dissolution of the
Union, v. 325, 326;
votes for war-measures, vi. 147, 152;
gives warning of embargo, 201;
moves that the war-debate be public, 227;
opposes enlistment of minors, 435;
opposes forfeitures, 443;
his Resolution on the “Hornet’s” victory, vii. 65, 66; viii. 1;
his opinion on the temper of Massachusetts, 223;
on the Boston “Anthology,” ix. 201.

Raisin, River, defeat and massacre at the, vii. 88–97, 100.

Rambouillet, Decree of (see Decrees).

“Ramillies,” Sir Thomas Hardy’s flagship, viii. 94.

Ramsay, David, i. 151.

Randolph, Edmund, Burr’s counsel, iii. 444.

Randolph, John, i. 143, 209;
in favor of anti-Federal declarations, 260, 267, 296, 338;
demands papers relating to the right of deposit at New Orleans,
429; ii. 95;
defends the Louisiana treaty in Congress, 97;
defends the Louisiana legislation, 120, 124;
favors abolition of the Vice-Presidency, 133;
favors impeachments, 142, 144;
impeaches Judge Chase, 151;
opposes remission of duties on school-books, 208;
decline of his influence, 210;
on the Yazoo claims, 210;
his violent temper, 213;
supported by the Administration, 220;
opens the trial of Judge Chase, 229;
his closing speech, 236;
his amendment to the Constitution, 240, 241;
asserts title to West Florida, 255; iii. 163;
complains of Jefferson’s credulity, ii. 409;
his attitude in 1805, iii. 3, 20, 23;
his antipathy to Madison, 119, 120, 126;
his reception of Jefferson’s secret Spanish message, 132;
his war on Madison, 134;
opposes Jefferson’s plan of buying Florida, 136;
favors an embargo, 149;
opposition of, 154;
his speech against the Non-importation Resolution of Gregg, 158;
attacks the Administration, 159;
his account of the Mobile Act, 163;
goes formally into opposition, 164;
philippics against the government, 172 _et seq._;
his resolutions against the union of civil and military powers,
175;
makes public Jefferson’s secret message, 179;
his dislike to Robert and Samuel Smith, 180;
his schemes to reduce the revenue, 182;
his object to make Madison contemptible, 182;
writes to Monroe respecting Burr, 333;
moves a resolution of inquiry, 335;
his dictatorial tone in Congress, 349;
favors abandoning New York in case of attack, 351;
attacks the coastwise prohibition of slave-trade, 364;
his qualities and faults, 367;
his influence destroyed, 368;
foreman of the jury in Burr’s trial, 448;
desires to indict Wilkinson, 457;
his letters to Nicholson, 457;
calls Jefferson’s proclamation in the “Chesapeake” affair an
apology, iv. 32;
upholds Monroe, 129;
fails to be reappointed on the Ways and Means Committee by
Speaker Varnum, 153;
advocates and then denounces the embargo, 174;
opposes Jefferson’s request for an increase of the regular army,
215, 374;
his speech on war, 380;
discord his object, 438;
claims to have prevented war, 451;
his opinion of Jefferson’s second administration, 454;
his remarks on Jefferson, v. 78;
on Erskine’s arrangement, 79;
on Madison’s message, 177;
his attempt to reduce expenditures in 1810, 199–207;
on the incapacity of government, 209;
on the contract with Napoleon, 344, 345;
his quarrel with Eppes, 352;
denounces the previous question, 353;
his remarks on President and Cabinet, February, 1811, 360, 361;
supports the Bank Charter, 362;
his opinion of “the cabal,” 363, 364;
his quarrel with Monroe, 367;
his report on slavery in Indiana, vi. 76;
replies to Grundy on war, 142, 145;
ridicules army bill, 153;
declares war impossible, 202;
his comments on Eustis and Hamilton, 206;
his remarks on war, 211;
criticises Gallatin, 446;
defeated for Congress, in 1813, vii. 51;
quoted by Pickering, viii. 5;
his letter to Lloyd on the Hartford Convention, 230, 306;
elected to the Fourteenth Congress, 230; ix. 93;
suggests inquiry of Monroe’s opinions in 1800, viii. 265;
in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 107;
leads minority, 109–111;
opposes manufacturers, 112, 113, 115;
hostile to State banks, 116, 117;
supports Compensation Bill, 121;
not a friend of Monroe, 124;
on the popular action against the Compensation Act, 136;
his oratory, 217.

Randolph, T. J., Jefferson’s letter to, iv. 138, 139.

Randolph, Thomas Mann, member of Congress from Virginia, ii. 95,
124; iii. 183, 356.

Rank-and-file, mode of stating strength of armies, vii. 150.

Ratford, Jenkin, a deserter from the “Halifax,” iv. 2;
taken from the “Chesapeake,” 19;
hanged, 25.

“Rattlesnake,” American 16-gun sloop-of-war, vii. 312;
captured, 313; viii. 193.

“Rattlesnake,” privateer, in British waters, vii. 333.

Rawle, William, i. 127; ii. 259.

Reading in Massachusetts, town of, votes to pay no more taxes,
viii. 299.

Red Clubs, hostile Creeks, vii. 227;
their flight to Florida, 257;
their number, 258;
assisted by British, 320, 330; viii. 311, 319, 320;
pursued by Jackson, 319, 330.

Reeve, Judge Tapping, ii. 168.