Chapter XLIX: Appendix: The Attack in Finnsburg (4)

bēon, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I. gūðgeweorca ic bēo gearo sōna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wā bið þǣm þe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183; so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þē wilna gād (_no wish will be denied thee_), 661; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, _if thou shalt need the warriors_, 1836; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, _is not becoming, honorable to a woman_, 1941; eft sōna bið _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þām þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on ofeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748; bēo wið Gēatas glæd, _be gracious to the Gēatas_, 1174.

bēor, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. æt bēore, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr. sg. bēore druncen, 531; bēore druncne, 480.

bēor-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl. bēor-scealca sum (one of Hrōðgār's followers, because they served the Gēatas at meals), 1241.

bēor-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in (on) bēorsele, 482, 492, 1095; bīorsele, 2636.

bēor-þegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. æfter bēorþege, 117; æt þǣre bēorþege, 618.

bēot, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken_: acc. sg. hē bēot ne ālēh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; bēot eal ... gelǣste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523.

ge-bēotian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self_: pret. gebēotedon, 480, 536.

bēot-word, st. n., same as bēot: dat. pl. bēot-wordum spræc, 2511.

biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. dōð swā ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þē biddan wille ānre bēne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swā hē selfa bæd, _as he himself had requested_, 29; bæd hine blīðne (supply wesan) æt þǣre bēorþege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic þē lange bæd þæt þū..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; bæd þæt gē geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum bǣdon þæt..., 176.

on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian ... worda geþinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay the shields aside here), 397.

bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, wīg-bil.

bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.

ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, _where I had bound five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ōðer fand sōðe gebunden, _the king's man found_ (after many had already praised Bēowulf's deed) _other words_ (also referring to Bēowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) _rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenmǣl wrǣttum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel gūðwīga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed), 2112.

on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501.

ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. īs-gebind.

bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite īrena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. æfter billes bite, 2061.--Comp. lāð-bite.

biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strǣle, 1747; instr. pl. biteran bānum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated, furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.

bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332.

bī, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near, at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm twēonum, _in the circuit of both seas_, 1957; ārās bī ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539; bī wealle gesæt, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big stōdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_ (motion): hwearf þā bī bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; gēong bī sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757.

bīd (see bīdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: þǣr wearð Ongenþīo on bīd wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963.

bīdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. nō on wealle leng bīdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the drake), 2309; pret. in þȳstrum bād, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota stille bād, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on þǣm se rīca bād, _where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; þǣr se snottra bād, _where the wise man_ (Hrōðgār) _waited_, 1314; hē on searwum bād, _he_ (Bēowulf) _stood there armed_, 2569; ic on earde bād mǣlgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, _some remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon Grendles gūðe, _wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wīges bīdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, _would await no answer_, 1495; pret. bād beadwa geþinges, _awaited the event of the battle_, 710; sǣgenga bād āgend-frēan, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its owner_, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bād, lāðan līges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.

ā-bīdan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978.

ge-bīdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, _wait ye on the mountain_, 2530; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt under burhlocan gebiden hæbbe Hæreðes dōhtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedæg mīnne gebīdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne wēnde ... bōte gebīdan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935; fela sceal gebīdan lēofes and lāðes, _experience much good and much affliction_, 1061; ende gebīdan, 1387, 2343; pret. hē þæs frōfre gebād, _received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebād wintra worn, _lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tō gebīdanne ōðres yrfeweardes, _to await another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tō gebīdanne þæt his byre rīde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_, 2446; pret. drēam-lēas gebād þæt hē..., _joyless he experienced it, that he_..., 1721; þæs þe ic on aldre gebād þæt ic..., _for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that_..., 1780.

on-bīdan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbād earfoðlīce oð þæt ǣfen cwōm, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303.

bītan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bītan, 1455, 1524; pret. bāt bānlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bāt unswīðor, _cut with less force_ (Bēowulf's sword), 2579.

blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.

ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.: sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond.

blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair, _gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595.

blæc, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.

blāc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blācne lēoman, _a brilliant gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblāc.

blǣd, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. wæs hira blǣd scacen (of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd āne hwīle, _now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, 18; (þīn) blǣd is ārǣred, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704.

blǣd-āgend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blǣd-āgende, 1014.

blǣd-fæst, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg. blǣdfæstne beorn (of Æschere, with reference to 1329, 1300.

blēat, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wæl-blēat.

blēate, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825.

blīcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222

blīðe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blīðne, 618.--2) _gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. blīðe, 436.--Comp. un-blīðe.

blīð-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803.

blōd, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blōde, 848; æfter dēorum men him langað beorn wið blōde, _the hero_ (Hrōðgār) _longs for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blōde, 486, 935, 1595, etc.

blōd-fāg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061.

blōdig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blōdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blōdig, 448; instr. sg. blōdigan gāre, 2441.

ge-blōdian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part. ge-blōdegod, 2693.

blōdig-tōð, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blōdig-tōð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.

blōd-rēow, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhðe grēow brēost-hord blōd-rēow, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling_, 1720.

be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod.

bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blīð-heort bodode, _the black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803.

boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flān-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stān-boga.

bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, 231.

bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hygelāc's residence), 1926; (Bēowulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp. fold-bold.

bold-āgend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum boldāgendra, 3113.

bolgen-mōd, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714.

bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-brǣded wearð beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_, 1241.--Comp. hlēor-bolster.

bon-. See ban-.

bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, rǣd-, wǣg-bora.

bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda gebræc, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wīg-bord.

bord-hæbbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. hæbbende, 2896.

bord-hrēoða, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, 2204.

bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560.

bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981.

bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, 1244.

botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. tō botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507.

bōt (emendation, cf. bētan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281; acc. sg. bōte, 935; acc. sg. bōte, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bōte, 158.

brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. þā sceal brond fretan (_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mōston ... bronde forbærnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; hæfde landwara līge befangen, bǣle and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_, 2323.--2) in the passage, þæt hine nō brond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in the passage, forgeaf þā Bēowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrōðgār (perhaps _son_), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.

brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.

brād, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brāde rīce, 2208.--2) _broad_: nom. sg. hēah and brād (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brādne mēce, 2979; (seax) brād [and] brūnecg, _the broad, short sword with bright edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brād gold, 3106.

ge-bræc, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebræc, 2260.

geond-brǣdan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part. geond-brǣded, 1240.

brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bānhringas bræc, (the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þæt þǣr ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101; pret. part. þonne bīoð brocene ... āð-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum heresyrcan bræc, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah ... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_, 2547; lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn brādne mēce ... brecan ofer bordweal, _caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4) figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, _curiosity tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.

ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bānhūs gebræc, _broke in pieces his body_ (Bēowulf in combat with Dæghrefn), 2509.

tō-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. tō-brocen, 998.

þurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord brēosthord þurh-bræc, _the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793.

brecð, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. mōdes brecða (_sorrow of heart_), 171.

ā-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret. ābredwade, 2620.

bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf. under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows_, 708; pret. brægd ealde lāfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brægd feorh-genīðlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. brōden (brogden) mǣl, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ōðrum bregdan, _to weave a waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrægl brōden, _a woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.

ā-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up ā-bræd, _swung, raised his hand_, 2576.

ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mǣl gebrægd, _swung the ringed sword_, 1565; eald sweord ēacen ... þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrægd, _an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. wællseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the sheath_: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrōden, 1444.

on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbræd þā recedes mūðan, _had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.

brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610.

brego-rōf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength _: nom. sg. m., 1926.

brego-stōl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and brego-stōl, _seven thousand_ see under sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; þǣr him Hygd gebēad ... brego-stōl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lēt þone bregostōl Bēowulf healdan, _gave over to Bēowulf the chief power_ (did not prevent Bēowulf from entering upon the government), 2390.

brēme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18.

brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.

ā-brēatan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. ābrēot brimwīsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See brēotan.

brēost, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. þæt mīne brēost wereð, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrægl brōden on brēostum læg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom_: nom. sg. brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, _his breast heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lēt þā of brēostum word ūt faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551.

brēost-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819.

brēost-gewǣdu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.

brēost-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.

brēost-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg. brēost-net brōden, 1549.

brēost-weorðung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg. brēost-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bēowulf receives from Wealhþēow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelāc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung.

brēost-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc. sg, 1878.

brēotan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. brēat bēodgenēatas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714.

ā-brēotan, same as above: pret. þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat, _whom she killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. þā þæt monige gewearð, þæt hine sēo brimwylf ābroten hæfde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hī hyne ... ābroten hæfdon, _had killed him_ (the dragon), 2708.

brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tō brimes faroðe, _to the sea_, 28; æt brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, _the waves subsided_, 570.

brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu, 222.

brim-lād, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brimlāde tēah, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052.

brim-līðend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -līðende, 568.

brim-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer brim-strēamas, 1911.

brim-wīsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwīsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, 2931.

brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. sēo brimwylf, 1507, 1600.

brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495.

bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe tō helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hēaðu bringan lāc and luftācen, _shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. wē þās sǣlāc ... brōhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's head), 1654.

ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... on ādfære, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010.

brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs. sg. III. herepād ... brosnað æfter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261.

brōðor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brēðer, 1263; gen. sg. his brōðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brōðrum, 588, 1075.

ge-brōðru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192.

brōga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa brōgan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-brōga.

brūcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. sē þe longe hēr worolde brūceð, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brūc manigra mēda, _make use of many rewards, give good rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. þæt hē bēahhordes brūcan mōste, _could enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brēac līfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: brēac þonne mōste, 1488; imp. brūc þisses bēages, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1046; hēt hine brūcan well, 2813; imp. brūc ealles well, 2163.

brūn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sīo ecg brūn, 2579.

brūn-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brād [and] brūnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547.

brūn-fāg, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brūnfāgne helm, 2616.

bryne-lēoma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg., 2314.

bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.

brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. brēotan), w. v., _to bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.

brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. bēaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923.

bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_, 1727.

brȳd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. brȳd, 2931; brȳde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongenþēow (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēaware, 2032.

brȳd-būr, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. ēode ... cyning of brȳdbūre, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 922.

bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_: nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. pl. bunan, 2776.

burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: frēo, freoðo-, hēa-, hlēo-, hord-, lēod-, mǣg-burg.

burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelāc's), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden hē burh-welan brūcan mōste, 3101.

burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þǣre burnan wælm, _the bubbling of the spring_, 2547.

būan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif hē weard onfunde būan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_, 2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld būan, _to inhabit the mead-house_, 3066.

ge-būan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. hēan hūses, hū hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebūn hæfdon, _how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it), 117.--With the pres. part. būend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-būend.

būgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III. bon-gār būgeð, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, _that the armed hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. bēah eft under eorðweall, _turned, fled again behind the earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, _turned to the bench_, 327, 1014; hȳ on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599.

ā-būgan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776.

be-būgan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swā (_which_) wæter bebūgeð, 93; efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð windige weallas, _as far as the sea encircles windy shores_, 1224.

ge-būgan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: hēo on flet gebēah, _sank on the floor_, 1541; þā gebēah cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_), 2568; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake), 2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebēah, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebēag, 1242.

būr, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. būre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. būrum, 140.--Comp. brȳd-būr.

būtan, būton (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: būtan his līc swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: būton hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer tō beadulāce ætberan meahte, _but it_ (the sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston būton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom hē māðm-ǣhta mā būton þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: būton folcscare, 73; būton þē, 658; ealle būton ānum, 706.

bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne wæs þæt gewrixle til þæt hīe on bā healfa bicgan scoldon frēonda fēorum, _that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay with the lives of their friends_, 1306.

be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800.

ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. nō þǣr ǣnige ... frōfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes fēore bēagas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swā hē Frēsena cyn on bēorsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hīe on gebyrd hruron gāre wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrūd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg., 2661.

byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bǣdde byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

byrðen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mægen-byrðen.

byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.

byrht. See _beorht_.

byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; sīde byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hāre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, _with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-, īsern-byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wiga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.

bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds līf-bysig, syn-bysig.

bȳme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. bȳman gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944.

bȳwan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258.

C

camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Bēowulf's with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.

candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.--Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. æðele cempa, 1313; Gēata cempa, 1552; rēðe cempa, 1586; mǣre cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hūga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. fēðe-cempa.

cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned, _to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal one's self_: imp. cen þec mid cræfte, _prove yourself by your strength_, 1220.

ā-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. nō hīe fæder cunnon, hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.

cēnðu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cēnðu, 2697.

cēne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cēnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. cēnoste, 206.--Comp.: dǣd-, gār-cēne.

ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cearsīðum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald.

cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs. sg. III. nā ymb his līf cearað, _takes no care for his life_, 1537.

cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig.

cear-sīð, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of Bēowulf's expeditions against Ēadgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mǣl-, mōd-cearu.

cear-wælm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat. pl. æfter cear-wælmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þā cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-būend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those established in Hrōðgār's castle, 769.

cēap, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. næs þæt ȳðe cēap, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan cēape, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase_, 2483.

ge-cēapian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrīme grimme gecēapod, _gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Bēowulf's life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þā hēafde becearf, _cut off his head_, 1591; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrēðel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202, 416, 1592.

cēol, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. cēol, 38, 238; gen. sg. cēoles, 1807.

cēosan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedōm cīosan wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. ǣr hē bǣl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819.

ge-cēosan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne (sēlran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos, _choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonīð and ēce rǣdas), 1759; pret. hē ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, _selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking_, 2639; gecēas ēcne rǣd, _chose the everlasting gain_, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. hæfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.

on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... þæs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_, 2971.

ā-cīgan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122.

clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.

clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Gēata clifu, 1912.--Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.

ge-cnāwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048.

on-cnāwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncnīow mannes reorde, _distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555.

cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_ (Hrōðgār's sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed_ (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wīglāf, 2786.

corðer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. þā wæs ... Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_ (of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_, 3122.

costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, _tried me_, 2085.

cofa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bān-cofa.

cōl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas cōlran wurðað, _the waves of sorrow become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wīflufan ... cōlran weorðað, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067.

cræft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical strength_: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh ānes cræft, 700; cræft and cēnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cræfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes cræfte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, _by devil's art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, 2223.--Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft.

cræftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; nīða cræftig, 1963. Comp. wīg-cræftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp. lagu-cræftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. ēacen-cræftig.

cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wæl crunge, _would sink into death, would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, _fell under his shield_, 1210; æt wīge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; hēo on flet gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single combat_, 2506.

cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.

cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, _if thou comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. cōm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwōm, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, 711; cōm sīðian, 721; cōm in gān, 1645; cwōm gān, 1163; cōm scacan, 1803; cwōmon lǣdan, 239; cwōmon sēcean, 268; cwōman scrīðan, 651, etc.

be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syððan niht becōm, _after the night had come_, 115; þē on þā lēode becōm, _that had come over the people_, 192; þā hē tō hām becōm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becōm ... hlynnan under hārne stān, 2553; lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwōm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, _when this time of battle came over him_, 2884.

ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm, _thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hīe fēond heora ... ofercōmon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp. hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can glædne Hrōðulf þæt hē ... wile, _I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard gīt ne const, _thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, _knows no worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, _men do not know whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, _knew him_, 372; cūðe hē duguð þēaw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt..., _he himself did not know through what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nō hīe fæder cunnon (scil. nō hīe cunnon) hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, 1356.--2) with inf. following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg. cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, _could not praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373.

cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, _tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.

cūð, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cūð, 150, 410; wīde cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strǣte, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.--2) _renowned_: nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.--3) also, _friendly, dear, good_ (see un-cūð).--Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.

cūð-līce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lind-hæbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_ (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. dēað-cwalu.

cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret. cwehte mægen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235.

cweðan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt bēore, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, 315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.--c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, 92, 2159; pl. cwǣdon, 3182.--d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning sēcean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.

ā-cweðan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þæt word ācwyð, _speaks the word_, 2047; pret. þæt word ācwæð, 655.

ge-cweðan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swā þū gecwǣde, 2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwæð, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon, 535.--c) w. þæt following: pret. gecwæð, 858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þū Grendel cwealdest, 1335.

ā-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (hē) wyrm ācwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ǣr māne ācwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn ācwealde, 2122.

cwēn, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwēn, 62; (Hrōðgār's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), 624; mǣru cwēn, 2017; fremu folces cwēn (Þrȳðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwēn (Wealhþēow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwēn.

cwēn-līc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw (_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941.

cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm gewræc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mǣndon mondryhtnes cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, dēað-, gār-cwealm.

cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. āht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico wæs þā gēna, _was still alive_, 3094.

cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-, word-cwide.

cwīðan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe cwīðan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwīðan, _lament their cares_, 3173.

cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan ēowre cyme syndon, _whence your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme.

cȳmlīce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cȳmlīcor, 38.

cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; gīganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; ēowrum (of those who desert Bēowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mǣran cynnes, 1730; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ūsses cynnes Wǣgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.

cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-dōm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-, lēod-, sǣ-, sōð-, þēod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste þā cyning ... þegen betstan, _kissed the best thane_ (Bēowulf), 1871.

cyst (_choosing_, see cēosan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. īrenna cyst, _of the swords_, 803, 1698; wǣpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. īrena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, _known through excellent qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.

cȳð. See on-cȳð.

cȳðan (see cūð), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg. mægen-ellen cȳð, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan, 1941; ellen cȳðan, 2696.

ge-cȳðan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_: inf. andsware gecȳðan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan ēowre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. sōð is gecȳðed þæt ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelāce wæs sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, _the arrival of B. was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (_my father was known to warriors_), 262; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed, 924.

cȳð (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f., _home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cȳð.

ge-cȳpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. næs him ǣnig þearf þæt hē ... þurfe wyrsan wīgfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, _had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior_, 2497.

D

daroð, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareðum lācan (_to fight_), 2849.

ge-dāl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedāl, _his separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, līf-gedāl.

dæg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400; andlangne dæg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (_the whole morning_), 2895; oð dōmes dæg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þǣm dæge þysses līfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601, 2321; hwīl dæges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; dæges and nihtes, _day and night_, 2270; dæges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, _in ten days_, 3161.--Comp. ǣr-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geār-, lǣn-, līf-, swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.

dæg-hwīl, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þæt hē dæghwīla gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_ (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.)

dæg-rīm, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dōgera dægrīm (_number of the days of his life_), 824.

dǣd, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585; dōmlēasan dǣd, 2891; frēcne dǣde, 890; dǣd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dǣda, 195; gen. pl. dǣda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dǣdum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dǣd.

dǣd-cēne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dǣd-cēne mon, 1646.

dǣd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

dǣd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 275.

dǣdla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mān-for-dǣdla.

dǣl, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dǣl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. dǣlas, 1733.--Often dǣl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bīowulfe wearð dryhtmāðma dǣl dēaðe, forgolden, _to Bēowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.

dǣlan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. mādmas dǣleð, 1757; pres. subj. þæt hē wið āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle, _that he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the drake), 2535; inf. hringas dǣlan, 1971; pret. bēagas dǣlde, 80; sceattas dǣlde, 1687.

be-dǣlan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret. part. drēamum (drēame) bedǣled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-dǣlan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_); bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, _distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2) _to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce, _separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt hē gedǣlde ... ānra gehwylces līf wið līce, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þæs wyrmes denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewāt dennes nīosian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swā hit gedēfe wæs (bið), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good, kind, friendly_; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum dǣdum gedēfe, _be friendly to my son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce.

dēman (see dōm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mǣrðo dēme, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dēmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_, 3176.

dēmend, _judge_: dǣda dēmend (of God), 181.

deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þrȳðum dealle, 494.

dēad, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. dēadne, 1310.

dēað, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, dēað, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. dēað, 2169; dat. sg. dēaðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. dēaðes wylm, 2270; dēaðes nȳd, 2455.--Comp. gūð-, wæl-, wundor-dēað.

dēað-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. dēað-bedde fæst, 2902.

dēað-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. tō dēað-cwalum, 1713.

dēað-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671.

dēað-dæg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. æfter dēað-dæge (_after his death_), 187, 886.

dēað-fǣge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) dēað-fǣge dēog, _had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851.

dēað-scūa, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), 160.

dēað-wērig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. dēað-wērigne, 2126. See wērig.

dēað-wīc, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewāt dēaðwīc sēon (_had died_), 1276.

dēagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) dēog, 851.--Leo.

deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa, 160.

dēofol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. dēofles, 2089; gen. pl. dēofla, of Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.

dēogol, dȳgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown_: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dȳgel lond, _inaccessible land_, 1358.

dēop, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550.

dēop, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. dēop wæter, 509, 1905.

dīope, adj., _deep_: hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre, _the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it_, 3070.

dēor, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sǣ-dēor.

dēor, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. dīor dǣd-fruma (of Grendel), 2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. nǣnig ... dēor, 1934.--Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-dēor.

dēore, dȳre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dȳre īren, 2051; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dēoran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. dēorum māðme, 1529; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dēore (dȳre) māðmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., æðelum dīore, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dēorum men, 1880; gen. sg. dēorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone dēorestan, 1310.

dēor-līc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585. See dēor.

disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-dīgan. See ge-dȳgan.

dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-līc, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mǣst ... dǣda dollīcra, 2647.

dol-sceaða, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.

dōgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb āntīd ōðres dōgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-lēoht ōðres dōgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs dōgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þȳ dōgore, 1798; forman dōgore, 2574; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, 88; dōgra gehwylce, 1091; dōgera dægrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life), 824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, _in later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dōgor.

dōgor-gerīm, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen dōgor-gerīmes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729.

dōhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dōhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc.

dōm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-, wis-dōm.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dōme, _according to the judgment of the Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: æfter dōme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3) _court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, 979; oð dōmes dæg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_, hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sīnne sylfes dōm, _according to his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dōme, 896, 2777. 5) _might, power_: nom. sg. dōm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dōme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dōm], 955; dōm unlȳtel, _not a little glory_, 886; þæt wæs forma sīð dēorum māðme þæt his dōm ālæg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting) _that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic mē dōm gewyrce, _make renown for myself_, 1492; þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, _that thou let not honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þǣr hē dōme forlēas, _here he lost his reputation_, 1471; dōme gewurðad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce sē þe mōte dōmes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_, 1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. sōð-fæstra dōm, _the glory of the saints_, 2821.

dōm-lēas, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dōmlēasan dǣd, 2891.