Chapter LIII: Appendix: The Attack in Finnsburg (8)

healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to hold, to hold fast; to support_: pret. pl. hū þā stānbogan ... ēce eorðreced innan hēoldon (MS. healde), _how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house_, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: hēold hine to fæste, _held him too fast_, 789; w. the dat. hē him frēondlārum hēold, _supported him with friendly advice_, 2378.--2) _to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep_; reflexive, _to maintain one's self, to keep one's self_: pres. sg. II. eal þū hit geþyldum healdest, mægen mid mōdes snyttrum, _all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind_, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde, _holds for the dead the head-watch_, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, _keep well, from now on, the new relationship_, 949; heald (heold, MS.) þū nū hrūse ... eorla ǣhte, _preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions_, 2248; inf. sē þe holmclifu healdan scolde, _watch the sea-cliffs_, 230; so, 705; nacan ... ārum healdan, _to keep well your vessel_, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, 3168; pres. part. drēam healdende, _holding rejoicing_ (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. hēold hine syððan fyr and fæstor, _kept himself afterwards afar and more secure_, 142; ǣgwearde hēold, _I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea_, 241; so, 305; hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego, _preserved high love_, 1955; ginfæstan gife ... hēold, 2184; gold-māðmas hēold, _took care of the treasures of gold_, 2415; hēold mīn tela, _protected well mine own_, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte hēold, _had employment, was employed_, 3119; hēold mec, _protected_, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, _watched over the armor_, 401; sg. for pl. hēafodbeorge ... walan ūtan hēold, _outwards, bosses kept guard over the head_, 1032.--Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) _to rule and protect the fatherland_: inf. gif þū healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. hēold, 57, 2738.--4) _to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit_: inf. lēt þone brego-stōl Bēowulf healdan, 2390; gerund. tō healdanne hlēoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. hēold, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne hēold nihtes hwīlum, _at night-time had the enjoyment of the air_, 3044; pret. pl. Gēata lēode hreāwic hēoldon, _the Gēatas held the place of corpses_ (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne, _in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy_, 1080.--5) _to win, to receive_: pret. pl. I. heoldon hēah gesceap, _we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us_, 3085.

be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) _to take care of, to attend to_: pret. sg. þegn nytte behēold, _a thane discharged the office_, 494; so, 668.--2) _to hold_: pret. sg. sē þe flōda begong ... behēold, 1499.--3) _to look at, to behold_: þrȳðswȳð behēold mǣg Higelāces hū ..., _great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ..._, 737.

for-healdan, w. acc., _(to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel_: pret. part. hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, _had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings_, 2382.

ge-healdan: 1) _to hold, to receive, to hold fast_: pres. sg. III. sē þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, _who receives the Lord's grace_, 2294; pres. subj. fæder alwalda ... ēowic gehealde sīða gesunde, _keep you sound on your journey_, 317; inf. ne meahte hē ... on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan, _could not hold back the life in his lord_, 2857.--2) _to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop_: imp. sg. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. hē frætwe gehēold fela missēra, 2621; þone þe ǣr gehēold wið hettendum hord and rīce, _him who before preserved treasure and realm_, 3004.--3) _to rule_: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehēold tela (brāde rīce), 2209.

healf, st. f., _half, side, part_: acc. sg. on þā healfe, _towards this side_, 1676; dat. sg. hæleðum be healfe, _at the heroes' side_, 2263; acc. pl. on twā healfa, _upon two sides, mutually_, 1096; on bā healfa (healfe), _on both sides_ (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; _on two sides, on both sides_, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, _in half, through the middle_, 801.

healf, adj., _half_: gen. sg. healfre, 1088.

heals, st. m., _neck_: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wið halse, 1567; be healse, 1873.--Comp.: the adjectives fāmig-, wunden-heals.

heals-bēah, st. m., _neck-ring, collar_: acc. sg. þone heals-bēah, 2173; gen. pl. heals-bēaga, 1196.

heals-gebedde, w. f., _beloved bedfellow, wife_: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63.

healsian, w. v. w. acc., _to entreat earnestly, to implore_: pret. sg. þā se þēoden mec ... healsode hrēoh-mōd þæt..., _entreated me sorrowful, that_..., 2133.

heard, adj.: 1) of persons, _able, efficient in war, strong, brave_: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda hēap, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran hæle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wīges heard, _strong in battle_, 887; dat. sg. nīða heardum, 2171.--2) of the implements of war, _good, firm, sharp, hard_: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-strǣl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wǣpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lāfe, 2830; heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, _hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear_: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrōht ... heard, 2915; here-nīð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan cēape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.--Comp.: fȳr-, īren-, nīð-, regn-, scūr-heard.

hearde, adv., _hard, very_, 1439.

heard-ecg, adj., _sharp-edged, hard, good in battle_: nom. sg., 1289.

heard-fyrde, adj., _hard to take away, heavy_: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.--Leo.

heard-hycgend, pres. part. _of a warlike disposition, brave_: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800.

hearg-træf, st. n., _tent of the gods, temple_: dat. pl. æt hærg-trafum (MS. hrǣrg trafum), 175.

hearm, st. m., _harm, injury, insult_: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893.

hearm-sceaða, w. m., _enemy causing injury_ or _grief_: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, 767.

hearpe, w. f., _harp_: gen. sg. hearpan swēg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263.

hēaðu, st. f., _sea, waves_: acc. sg. hēaðu, 1863?

hēaðu-līðend, pres. part., _sea-farer, sailor_: nom. pl. -līðende, 1799; dat. pl. -līðendum (designation of the Gēatas), 2956.

hēafod, st. n., _head_: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. hēafde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pl. hēafdum, 1243.

hēafod-beorh, st. f., _head-defence, protection for the head_: acc. sg. hēafod-beorge, 1031.

hēafod-mǣg, st. m., _head-kinsman, near blood-relative_: dat. pl. hēafod-mǣgum (_brothers_), 589; gen. pl. hēafod-māga, 2152.

hēafod-segn, st. n., _head-sign, banner_: acc. sg., 2153.

hēafod-weard, st. f., _head-watch_ acc. sg. healdeð ... hēafod-wearde lēofes and lāðes, _for the friend and the foe_ (Bēowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910.

hēah, hēa, adj., _high, noble_ (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. hēah Healfdene, 57; hēa (Higelāc), 1927; hēah (sele), 82; hēah hlǣw, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. hēah (segn), 48, 2769; hēahne (MS. hēanne) hrōf, 984; dat. sg. in (tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920; gen. sg. hēan hūses, 116.--_high, heavy_: acc. hēah gesceap (_an unusual, heavy fate_), 3085.

hēa-burh, st. f., _high city, first city of a country_: acc. sg., 1128.

hēah-cyning, st. m., _high king, mightiest of the kings_: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrōðgār), 1040.

hēah-gestrēon, st. n., _splendid treasure_: gen. pl. -gestrēona, 2303.

hēah-lufe, w. f., _high love_: acc. sg. hēah-lufan, 1955.

hēah-sele, st. m., _high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler_: dat. sg. hēah-sele, 648.

hēah-setl, st. n., _high seat, throne_: acc. sg., 1088.

hēah-stede, st. m., _high place, ruler's place_: dat. sg. on hēah-stede, 285.

hēan, adj., _depressed, low, despised, miserable_: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409.

hēap, st. m., _heap, crowd, troop_: nom. sg. þegna hēap, 400; þes hearda hēap, _this brave band_, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta hēap, _the crowd of spears_, 335; mago-rinca hēap, 731; dat. sg. on hēape, _in a compact body_, as many as there were of them, 2597.--Comp. wīg-hēap.

hēawan, st. v., _to hew, to cleave_: inf., 801.

ge-hēawan, _cleave_: pres. subj. ge-hēawe, 683.

heoðu, st. f., _the interior of a building_: dat. sg. þæt hē on heoðe gestōd, _in the interior_ (of the hall, Heorot), 404.

heofon, st. m., _heaven_: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under heofenum, 52, 505.

heolfor, st. n., _gore, fresh_ or _crude blood_: dat. instr. sg. hātan heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303.

heolster, st. n., _haunt, hiding-place_: acc. sg. on heolster, 756.

heonan, adv., _hence, from here_: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362.

heor, st. m., _door-hinge_: nom. pl. heorras, 1000.

heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.

heorð-genēat, st. m., _hearth-companion_, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heorð-genēatas, 261, 3181; acc. pl. heorð-genēatas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heorð-genēatum, 2419.

heorot, st. m., _stag_: nom. sg., 1370.

heorte, w. f., _heart_: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. æt heortan, 2271; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508.--Comp.: the adjectives blīð-, grom-, rūm-, stearc-heort.

heoru, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bīndan), 1286. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- (see here).

heoro-blāc, adj., _pale through the sword, fatally wounded_: nom. sg. [heoro-]blāc, 2489.

heoru-drēor, st. m., _sword-blood_: instr. sg. heoru-drēore, 487; heoro-drēore, 850.

heoro-drēorig, adj., _bloody through the sword_: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-drēorigne, 1781, 2721.

heoro-drync, st. m., _sword-drink_, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, _died through sword-drink_, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359.

heoro-gīfre, adj., _eager for hostile inroads_: nom. sg., 1499.

heoro-grim, adj., _sword-grim, fierce in battle_: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848.

heoro-hōcihte, adj., _provided with barbs, sharp like swords _: instr. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum heoro-hōcyhtum, 1439.

heoro-serce, w. f., _shirt of mail_: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.

heoro-sweng, st. m., _sword-stroke_: acc. sg. 1591.

heoro-weallende, pres. part., _rolling around fighting_, of the drake, 2782. See weallian.

heoro-wearh, st. m. _he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword_: nom. sg., 1268.

hēofan, w. v., _to lament, to moan_: part. nom. pl. hīofende, 3143.

ā-hēoran, _to free_ (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brȳd āhēorde, 2931.

hēore, adj., _pleasant, not haunted, secure_: nom. sg. fem, nis þæt hēoru stōw, _that is no secure place_, 1373.--Comp. un-hēore (-hȳre).

hider, adv., _hither_, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc.

ofer-hīgian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), _to exceed_, 2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, _to be arrogant_.)

hild, st. f., _battle, combat_: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, _through combat_, 2917; dat. sg. æt hilde, 1461.

hilde-bil, st. n., _battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557, 1521.

hilde-bord, st. n., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140.

hilde-cyst, st. f., _excellence in battle, bravery in battle_: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599.

hilde-dēor, adj., _bold in battle, brave in battle_: nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-dīor, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-dēore, 3171.

hilde-freca, w. m., _hero in battle_: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367.

hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for battle, adornment for combat_: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.

hilde-gicel, st. m., _battle-icicle_, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.

hilde-grāp, st. f., _battle-gripe_: nom. sg., 1447, 2508.

hilde-hlemma, w. m., _one raging in battle, warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þæt ge-īode ... hilde-hlæmmum, _it happened to the warriors_ (the Gēatas), 2202.

hilde-lēoma, w. m., _battle-light, gleam of battle_, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -lēoman, 2584.--2) _the gleaming sword_: acc. sg. -lēoman, 1144.

hilde-mecg, st. m., _man of battle, warrior_: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.

hilde-mēce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. -mēceas, 2203.

hilde-rand, st. m., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.

hllde-rǣs, st. m., _storm of battle_: acc. sg., 300.

hilde-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987.

hilde-sæd, adj., _satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more_: acc. sg. hilde-sædne, 2724.

hilde-sceorp, st. n., _battle-dress, armor, coat of mail_: acc. sg., 2156.

hilde-setl, st. n., _battle-seat_ (saddle): nom. sg., 1040.

hilde-strengo, st. f., _battle-strength, bravery in battle_: acc., 2114.

hilde-swāt, st. m., _battle-sweat_: nom. sg. hāt hilde-swāt (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.

hilde-tūx, st. m., _battle-tooth_: instr. pl. hilde-tūxum, 1512.

hilde-wǣpen, st. m., _battle-weapon_: instr. pl. -wǣpnum, 39.

hilde-wīsa, w. m., _leader in battle, general_: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, _Healfdene's general_ (Hnæf), 1065.

hild-freca. See hilde-freca

hild-fruma, st. m., _battle-chief_: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. þæs hild-fruman, 2836.

hlld-lata, w. m., _he who is late in battle, coward_: nom. pl. þā hild-latan, 2847.

hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. þæt hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. þā hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be hiltum, 1575.--Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.

hilte-cumbor, st. n., _banner with a staff_: acc. sg., 1023.

hilted, pret. part., _provided with a hilt_ or _handle_: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, _sword with a_ (rich) _hilt_, 2988.

hin-fūs, adj., _ready to die_: nom. sg. hyge wæs him hinfūs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756.

hindema, adj. superl., _hindmost, last_: instr. sg. hindeman sīðe, _the last time, for the last time_, 2050, 2518.

hirde, hyrde, st. m., (_herd_) _keeper, guardian, possessor_: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rīces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, _the guardian of mischief, wicked one_, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, _the king of glory, God_, 932; hringa hyrde, _the keeper of the rings_, 2246; cumbles hyrde, _the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner_, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; frætwa hyrde, 3134; rīces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hūses hyrdas, 1667.--Comp.: grund-hyrde.

hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), _heat_: nom. sg. þenden hyt sȳ, 2650.

hladan, st. v.: 1) _to load, to lay_: inf. on bǣl hladan lēofne mannan, _lay the dear man on the funeral-pile_, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, _laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them_, 2776; pret. part. þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen, _laid upon the wain_, 3135.--2) _to load, to burden_: pret. part. þā wæs ... sǣgēap naca hladen herewǣdum, _loaded with armor_, 1898.--Comp. gilp-hlæden.

ge-hladan, w. acc., _to load, to burden_: pret. sg. sǣbāt gehlōd (MS gehleod), 896.

hlāford, st. m., _lord, ruler_: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. hlāforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlāfordes, 3181.--Comp. eald-hlāford.

hlāford-lēas; adj., _without a lord_: nom. pl. hlāford-lēase, 2936.

hlāw, hlǣw, st. m., _grave-hill_: acc. sg. hlǣw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlāwe, 1121. Also, _grave-chamber_ (the interior of the grave-hill), _cave_: acc. sg. hlāw [under] hrūsan, 2277; hlǣw under hrūsan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlǣwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.

hlæst, st. n., _burden, load_: dat. sg. hlæste, 52.

hlem, st. m., _noise, din of battle, noisy attack_: in the compounds, ūht-, wæl-hlem.

hlemma, w. m., _one raging, one who calls_; see hilde-hlemma.

ā-hlehhan, st. v., _to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult_: pret. sg. his mōd āhlōg, _his mood exulted_, 731.

hleahtor, st. m., _laughter_: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021.

hlēapan, st. v., _to run, to trot, to spring_: inf. hlēapan lēton ... fealwe mēaras, 865.

ā-hleapan, _to spring up_: pret. āhlēop, 1398.

hleoðu. See hlið.

hleonian, w. v., _to incline, to hang over_: inf. oð þæt hē ... fyrgen-bēamas ofer hārne stān hleonian funde, _till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks_, 1416.

hlēo, st. m., _shady, protected place; defence, shelter_; figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wīgendra hlēo, of Hrōðgār, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Bēowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hlēo, of Hrōðgār, 1036, 1867; of Bēowulf, 792; of Hygelāc, 2191.

hlēo-burh, st. f., _ruler's castle_ or _city_: acc. sg., 913, 1732.

hlēoðor-cwyde, st. m., _speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words_, 1980.

hlēor, st. n., _cheek, jaw_: in comp. fǣted-hlēor (adj.).

hlēor-bera, w. m., _cheek-bearer_, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hlēor-beran (_visor_?), 304.

hlēor-bolster, st. m., _cheek-bolster, pillow_: nom. sg., 689.

hlēotan, st. v. w. acc., _to obtain by lot, to attain, to get_: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, 2386.

hlīfian, w. v., _to rise, to be prominent_: inf. hlīfian, 2806; pret. hlīfade, 81, 1800, 1899.

hlið, st. n., _cliff, precipice of a mountain_: dat. sg. on hlīðe, 3159; gen. sg. hlīðes, 1893; pl. hliðo in composition, stān-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, næs-, wulf-hleoðu.

hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, _bed for reclining, sick-bed_: acc. sg. hlim-bed, 3035.

tō-hlīdan, st. v., _to spring apart, to burst_: pret. part. nom. pl. tō-hlidene, 1000.

hlūd, adj., _loud_: acc. sg. drēam ... hlūdne, 89.

hlyn, st. m., _din, noise, clatter_: nom. sg., 612.

hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., _to sound, to resound_: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, _to crackle_: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.

hlynsian, w. v., _to resound, to crash_: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771.

hlytm, st. m., _lot_: dat. sg. næs þā on hlytme, hwā þæt hord strude, _it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard_, i.e. its possession was decided, 3127.

hnāh, adj.: 1) _low, inferior_: comp. acc. sg. hnāgran, 678; dat. sg. hnāhran rince, _an inferior hero, one less brave_, 953.--2) _familiarly intimate_: nom. sg. næs hīo hnāh swā þēah, _was nevertheless not familiarly intimate_ (with the Gēatas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (_niggardly_?), 1930.

hnǣgan, w. v. w. acc., (for nǣgan), _to speak to, to greet_: pret. sg. þæt hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde frēan Ingwina, 1319.

ge-hnǣgan, w. acc., _to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell_: pret. sg. ge-hnǣgde helle gāst, 1275; þǣr hyne Hetware hilde gehnǣgdon, 2917.

hnitan, st. v., _to dash against, to encounter_, here of the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fēðan, 1328, 2545.

hoðma, w. m., _place of concealment, cave_, hence, _the grave_: dat. sg. in hoðman, 2459.

hof, st. n., _enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house_: acc. sg. hof (Hrōðgār's residence), 312; dat. sg. tō hofe sīnum (Grendel's home in the sea), 1508; tō hofe (Hygelāc's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, 2314; dat. pl. tō hofum Gēata, 1837.

hogode. See hycgan.

hold, adj., _inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true_: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frēan Scyldinga, _a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings_, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelāce wæs ... nefa swȳðe hold, _to H. was his nephew_ (Bēowulf) _very much attached_, 2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, _from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind_, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.

hold. See healdan.

holm, st. m., _deep sea_: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.--Comp. wǣg-holm.

holm-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: dat. sg. on þām holm-clife, 1422; from þǣm holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230.

holm-wylm, st. m., _the waves of the sea_: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412.

holt, st. n., _wood, thicket, forest._ acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847.--Comp.: æsc-, fyrgen-, gār-, Hrefnes-holt.

holt-wudu, st. m., _forest-wood_: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.--2) = _forest_: acc. sg., 1370.

hop, st. n., _protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment_, in the compounds fen-, mōr-hop.

hord, st. m. and n., _hoard, treasure_: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; bēaga hord, 2285; māðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sāwle hord, 2423; þæt hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the hoard_, 2782; hǣðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.--Comp.: bēah-, brēost-, word-, wyrm-hord.

hord-ærn, st. n., _place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room_: dat. hord-ærne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-ærna, 2280.

hord-burh, st. f., _city in which is the treasure_ (of the king's), _ruler's castle_: acc. sg., 467.

hord-gestrēon, st. n., _hoard-treasure, precious treasure_: dat. pl. hord-gestrēonum, 1900; gen. pl. mægen-byrðenne hord-gestrēona, _the great burden of rich treasures_, 3093.

hord-māððum, st. m., _treasure-jewel, precious jewel_: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199.

hord-wela, w. m., _treasure-riches, abundance of treasures_: acc. sg. hord-welan, 2345.

hord-weard, st. m., _warder of the treasure, hoard-warden_: 1) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.--2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594.

hord-weorðung, st. f., _ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament_: acc. sg.--weorðunge, 953.

hord-wyn, st. f., _treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure_: acc. sg. hord-wynne, 2271.

horn, st. m., _horn_: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, 1370.--2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.--Comp. gūð-horn.

horn-boga, w. m., _bow made of horn_: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438.

horn-gēap, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... hēah and horn-gēap, 82.

horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.

hors, st. n., _horse_: nom. sg., 1400.

hōciht, adj., _provided with hooks, hooked_: in comp. heoro-hōciht.

be-hōfian, w. v. w. gen., _to need, to want_: pres. sg. III. nū is se dæg cumen þat ūre man-dryhten mægenes behōfað gōdra gūðrinca, _now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors_, 2648.

on-hōhsnian, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. sg. þæt onhōhsnode Heminges mǣg (on hohsnod, MS.), 1945.

hōlinga, adv., _in vain, without reason_, 1077.

be-hōn, st. v., _to hang with_: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140.

hōs (Goth, hansa), st. f., _accompanying troop, escort_: instr. sg. mægða hōse, _with an accompanying train of servingwomen_, 925.

hræðe, adv., _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hraðe, 1438; hreðe, 992; compar. hraðor, 543.

hran-fix, st. m., _whale_: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540.

hran-rād, st. f., _whale-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rāde, 10.

hrā, st. n., _corpse_: nom. sg., 1589.

hrā-fyl, st. m., _fall of corpses, killing, slaughter_: acc. sg., 277.

hrædlīce, adv., _hastily, immediately_, 356, 964.

hræfn, hrefn, st. m., _raven_: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, _black raven_, 1802; se wonna hrefn, _the dark raven_, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.

hrægl, st. n., _dress, garment, armor_: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hrægles, 1218; gen. pl. hrægla, 454--Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrægl.

hreðe. See hraðe.

hreðer, st. m., _breast, bosom_ nom. sg. hreðer inne wēoll _(it surged in his breast_), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of hreðre, 2820.--_Breast_ as the seat of feeling, _heart_: dat. sg. þæt wæs ... hreðre hygemēðe, _that was depressing to the heart_ (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.--_Breast_ as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, 1447.

hreðer-bealo, st. n., _evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt_: acc. sg., 1344.

hrefn. See hræfn.

hrēð, st. f., _glory_; in composition, gūð-hrēð; _renown, assurance of victory_, in sige-hrēð.

hrēðe, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg. hrēð (on account of the following æt, final _e_ is elided, as wēnic for wēne ic, 442; frōfor and fultum for frōfre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933, 2576.

hrēð-sigor, st. m., _glorious victory_: dat. sg. hrēð-sigora, 2584.

hrēmig, adj., _boasting, exulting_: with instr. and gen. hūðe hrēmig, 124; since hrēmig, 1883; frætwum hrēmig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2365.

on-hrēran, w. v., _to excite, to stir up_: pret. part. on-hrēred, 549, 2555.

hreā-wīc, st. n., _place of corpses_: acc. sg. Gēata lēode hreā-wīc hēoldon, _held the place of corpses_, 1215.

hrēad, st. f., _ornament_(?), in comp. earm-hrēad. See hrēoðan.

hrēam, st. m., _noise, alarm_:: nom. sg., 1303.

hrēoða, w. m., _cover_, in the compound bord-hrēoða.

hrēoðan, ge-hrēoðan, st. v., _to cover, to clothe_; only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, _dressed, adorned_: hroden, 495, 1023; þā wæs heal hroden fēonda fēorum, _then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy_, 1152; ge-hroden golde, _adorned with gold_, 304.--Comp.: bēag-, gold-hroden.

hrēoh, hrēow, hrēo, adj., _excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled_: nom. sg. (Bēowulf) hrēoh and heoro-grim, 1565; þæt þām gōdan wæs hrēow on hreðre, (_that came with violence upon him, pained his heart_), 2329; hrēo wǣron ȳða, _the waves were angry, the sea stormy_, 548; næs him hrēoh sefa, _his mind was not cruel_, 2181; dat. sg. on hrēon mōde, _of sad heart_, 1308; on hrēoum mōde, _angry at heart_, 2582.

hrēoh-mōd, adj., _of sad heart_, 2133; _angry at heart_, 2297.

hrēosan, st. v., _to fall, to sink, to rush_: pret. hrēas, 2489, 2832; pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hīe on weg hruron, _they rushed away_, 1431; hruron him tēaras, _tears burst from him_, 1873.

be-hrēosan, _to fall from, to be divested of_: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, _divested of ornaments_ (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.

hrēow, st. f., _distress, sorrow_: gen. pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost, _that was to Hrōðgār the bitterest of his sorrows_, 2130.

hring, st. m.: 1) _ring_: acc. sg. þone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.--2) _shirt of mail_ (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, 2261.--Comp. bān-hring.

hringan, w. v., _to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle_: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, 327.

hring-boga, w. m., _one who bends himself into a ring_: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.

hringed, pret. part., _made of rings_: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616.

hringed-stefna, w. m., _ship whose stem is provided with iron rings_ (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: þorsteinn ātti skip þat er Ellidi hēt, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.

hring-īren, st. n., _ring-iron, ring-mail_: nom. sg., 322.

hring-mǣl, adj., _marked with rings_, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (_rich armor_), 2038.

hring-naca, w. m., _ship with iron rings, sea-going ship_: nom. sg., 1863.

hring-net, st. n., _ring-net_, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., 2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890.

hring-sele, st. m., _ring-hall_, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.

hring-weorðung, st. f., _ring-ornament_: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018.

hrīnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) _to touch, lay hold of_: inf. þæt him heardra nān hrīnan wolde īren ǣrgōd (_that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him_), 989; him for hrōf-sele hrīnan ne mehte fǣrgripe flōdes (_the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof_), 1516; þæt þām hring-sele hrīnan ne mōste gumena ǣnig _(so that none might touch the ringed-hall), _3054; pret. sg. siððan hē hire folmum [hr]ān (_as soon as he touched it with his hands_), 723; oð þæt dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan (_seized his heart_), 2271. Pret. subj. þēah þe him wund hrīne (_although he was wounded_), 2977.--2) (O.N. hrīna, _sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle_: pres. part. nom. pl. hrīnde bearwas (for hrīnende) 1364; but see Note.

hroden. See hrēoðan.

hron-fix. See hran-fix.

hrōðor, st. m., _joy, beneficium_: dat sg. hrefne tō hrōðre, 2449; gen. pl. hrōðra, 2172.

hrōf, st. m., _roof, ceiling of a house_: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under Heorotes hrōf, 403; under gēapne hrōf, 838; geseah stēapne hrōf (here _inner roof, ceiling_), 927; so, ofer hēahne hrōf, 984; ymb þæs helmes hrōf, 1031; under beorges hrōf, 2756.--Comp. inwit-hrōf.

hrōf-sele, st. m., _covered hall_: dat. sg. hrōf-sele, 1516.

hrōr, adj., _stirring, wide-awake, valorous_: dat. sg. of þǣm hrōran, 1630.--Comp. fela-hrōr.

hruron. See hrēosan.

hrūse, w. f., _earth, soil_: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrūsan, 773, 2832; dat. sg. under hrūsan, 2412.

hrycg, st. m., _back_: acc. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (_over the water's back, surface_), 471.

hryre, st. m., _fall, destruction, ruin_: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, 3006.--Comp.: lēod-, wīg-hryre.

hrysian, w. v., _to shake, be shaken, clatter_: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon (_corselets rattled_, of men in motion), 226.

hund, st. m., _dog_: instr. pl. hundum, 1369.

hund, num., _hundred_: þrēo hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missēra, 1499; hund þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga, 2995.

hū, adv., _how, quomodo_, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc.

huð, st. f., _booty, plunder_: dat. (instr.) sg. hūðe, 124.

hūru, adv., _above all, certainly_, 369; _indeed, truly_, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; _yet, nevertheless_, 863; _now_, 3121.

hūs, st. n., _house_: gen. sg. hūses, 116; gen. pl. hūsa sēlest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936.

hwan, adv., _whither_: tō hwan syððan wearð hondrǣs hæleða (_what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had_), 2072.

hwanan, hwanon, adv., _whence_: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.

hwā, interrog. and indef. pron., _who_: nom. sg. m. hwā, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwæt, 173; ānes hwæt (_a part only_), 3011; hwæt þā men wǣron (_who the men were_), 233, etc.; hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra (_what armed men are ye?_), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (_from (?) any man_), 155; neut. þurh hwæt, 3069; hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, 1477; hwæt ... hȳnðo (gen.), fǣr-nīða (_what shame and sudden woes_), 474; so, hwæt þū worn fela (_how very much thou_), 530; swylces hwæt, 881; hwæt ... ārna, 1187; dat. m. hwām, 1697.--Comp. ǣg-hwā.

hwæt, interj., _what! lo! indeed!_ 1, 943, 2249.

ge-hwā, w. part, gen., _each, each one_: acc. sg. m. wið fēonda gehwone, 294; nīða gehwane, 2398; mēca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dōgora gehwām, 88; æt nīða gehwām, 883; þegna gehwām, 2034; eorla gehwǣm, 1421; fem. in mǣgða ge-hwǣre, 25; nihta gehwǣm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwæs, 2528; fem. dǣda gehwæs, 2839.

hwār. See hwǣr.

hwæder. See hwider.

hwæðer, pron., _which of two_: nom. sg. hwæðer ... uncer twēga, 2531; swā hwæðer, _utercunque_: acc. sg. on swā hwæðere hond swā him gemet þince, 687.--Comp. ǣg-hwæðer.

ge-hwæðer, _each of two, either-other_: nom. sg. m. wæs gehwæðer ōðrum lifigende lāð, 815; wæs ... gehwæðer ōðrum hrōðra gemyndig, 2172; nē gehwæðer incer (_nor either of you two_), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwæðer þāra (_either of them_, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwæðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bēga gehwæðres, 1044.

hwæðer, hwæðere, hwæðre, 1) adv., _yet, nevertheless_: hwæðre, 555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwæðre swā þēah, _however, notwithstanding_, 2443; hwæðere, 574, 578, 971, 1719--2) conj., = _utrum, whether_: hwæðre, 1315; hwæðer, 1357, 2786.

hwæt, adj., _sharp, bold, valiant_: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, 3006.--Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwæt.

hwæt. See hwā.

hwǣr, adv., _where_: elles hwǣr, _elsewhere_, 138; hwǣr, _somewhere_, 2030. In elliptical question: wundur hwār þonne..., _is it a wonder when...?_ 3063.--Comp. ō-hwǣr.

ge-hwǣr, _everywhere_: þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte (_everywhere good in battle_), 526.

hwelc. See hwylc.

hwergen, adv., _anywhere_: elles hwergen, _elsewhere_, 2591.

hwettan, w. v., _to encourage, urge_: pres. subj. swā þin sefa hwette (_as thy mind urges, as thou likest_), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerōfne (_they whetted the brave one_), 204.

hwēne, adv., _a little, paululum_, 2700.

hwealf, st. f., _vault_: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016.

hweorfan, st. v., _to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die_: pres. pl. þāra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan monnes mōd-geþonc (_sometimes on love_ (?) _possessions_ (?) _permits the thoughts of man to turn_), 1729; londrihtes mōt ... monna ǣghwylc īdel hweorfan (_of rights of land each one of men must be deprived_), 2889; pret. sg. fæder ellor hwearf ... of earde (_died_), 55; hwearf þā hrædlīce þǣr Hrōðgār sæt, 356; hwearf þā bī bence (_turned then to the bench_), 1189; so, hwearf þā be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þæt reced, 1982; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (_went oft round the cave_), 2297; nalles æfter lyfte lācende hwearf (_not at all through the air did he go springing_), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (_died_), 264.

and-hweorfan, _to move against_: pret. sg. oð þæt ... norðan wind heaðo-grim and-hwearf (_till the fierce north wind blew in our faces_), 548.

æt-hweorfan, _to go to_: pret. sg. hwīlum hē on beorh æt-hwearf (_at times returned to the mountain_), 2300.

ge-hweorfan, _to go, come_: pret. sg. gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on ǣht gehwearf ... Denigea frēan, 1680; so, 1685, 2209.

geond-hweorfan, _to go through from end to end_: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018.

hwider, adv., _whither_: hwyder, 163; hwæder (hwæðer, MS.), 1332.

hwīl, st. f., _time, space of time_: nom. sg. wæs sēo hwīl micel (_it was a long time_), 146; þā wæs hwīl dæges (_the space of a day_), 1496; acc. sg. hwīle, _for a time_, 2138; _a while_, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwīle, _a long while_, 16, 2781; āne hwīle, _a while_, 1763; lȳtle hwīle, _brief space_, 2031, 2098; ǣnige hwīle, _any while_, 2549; lǣssan hwīle, _a lesser while_, 2572; dat. sg. ǣr dæges hwīle, _before daybreak_, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hwīlum, _sometimes at night_, 3045. Adv., _sometimes, often_: hwīlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwīlum ... hwīlum, 2108-9-10.--Comp.: dæg-, gescæp-, orleg-, sige-hwīl.

hwīt, adj., _brilliant, flashing_: nom. sg. se hwīta helm, 1449.

hworfan. See hweorfan.

hwōpan, st. v., _to cry, cry out mourn_: pret. sg. hwēop, 2269.

hwyder. See hwider.

hwylc, pron., _which, what, any_: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nāt hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghwīl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sǣgēata sīðas wǣron, 1987.--2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (_whatever woman brought forth this son_), 944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (_than any one of his sons_), 2434; dat. sg. efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, 3058.--Comp.: ǣg-, nāt-, wēl-hwylc.

ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., _each_: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dōgra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095.

hwyrft, st. m., _circling movement, turn_: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scrīðað (_wander to and fro_), 163.--Comp. ed-hwyrft.

hycgan, w. v., _to think, resolve upon_: pret. sg. ic þæt hogode þæt ... (_my intention was that ..._), 633.--Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swīð-, þanc-, wīs-hycgend.

for-hycgan, _to despise, scorn, reject with contempt_: pres. sg. I. ic þæt þonne for-hicge þæt ..., _reject with scorn the proposition that ..._, 435.

ge-hycgan, _to think, determine upon_: pret. sg. þā þū ... feorr gehogodest sæcce sēcean, 1989.

ofer-hycgan, _to scorn_: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þā hringa fengel þæt hē þone wīdflogan weorode gesōhte (_scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host_), 2346.

hȳdig (for hygdig), adj., _thinking, of a certain mind_: comp. ān-, bealo-, grom-, nīð-, þrīst-hȳdig.

ge-hygd, st. n., _thought, sentiment_: acc. sg. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.--Comp.: brēost-, mōd-gehygd, won-hyd.

hyge, hige, st. m., _mind, heart, thought_: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149.

hyge-bend, st. m. f., _mind-fetter, heart-band_: instr. pl. hyge-bendum fæst, _fast in his mind's fetters, secretly_, 1879.

hyge-geōmor, adj., _sad in mind_: nom. sg. hyge-giōmor, 2409.

hyge-mēðe, adj.: 1) _sorrowful, soul-crushing_: nom. sg., 2443.--2) _life-weary, dead_: dat. pl. hyge-mēðum (-mǣðum, MS.), 2910.

hyge-rōf, adj., _brave, valiant, vigorous-minded_: nom. sg. [hygerōf], 403; acc. sg. hige-rōfne, 204.

hyge-sorh, st. f., _heart-sorrow_: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329.

hyge-þȳhtig, adj., _doughty, courageous_: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of Bēowulf), 747. See þȳhtig.

hyge-þrym, st. m., _animi majestas, high-mindedness_: dat. pl. for hige-þrymmum, 339.

hyht, st. m., _thought, pleasant thought, hope_ (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179.

ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., _support, protection_: nom. sg., 3057.--Leo.

hyldan, w. v., _to incline one's self, lie down to sleep_: pret. sg. hylde hine, _inclined himself, lay down_, 689.

hyldo, st. f., _inclination, friendliness, grace_: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999.

ā-hyrdan, w. v., _harden_: pret. part. ā-hyrded, 1461.

hyrde. See hirde.

hyrst, st. f., _accoutrements, ornament, armor_: acc. sg. hyrste (Ongenþēow's _equipments and arms_), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pl. hyrstum, 2763.

hyrstan, w. v., _to deck, adorn_: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256.

hyrtan, w. v., _to take heart, be emboldened_: pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord-weard (_the drake took heart_; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594.

hyse, st. m., _youth, young man_: nom. sg. as voc., 1218.

hyt. See hit.

hȳdan, w. v., _to hide, conceal, protect, preserve_: pres. subj. hȳde [hine, _himself_] sē þe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. nō þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, 446; ǣr hē in wille hafelan [hȳdan] (_ere in it he_ [the stag] _will hide his head_), 1373.

ge-hȳdan, w. acc., _to conceal, preserve_: pret. sg. gehȳdde, 2236, 3060.

hȳð, st. f., _haven_: dat. sg. æt hȳðe, 32.

hȳð-weard, st. m., _haven-warden_: nom. sg., 1915.

hȳnan (see hēan), w. v. w. acc., _to crush, afflict, injure_: pret. sg. hȳnde, 2320.

hȳnðu, st. f., _oppression, affliction, injury_: acc. sg. hȳnðu, 277; gen. sg. hwæt ... hȳnðo, 475; fela ... hȳnðo, 594; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, 166.

hȳran, w. v.: 1) _to hear, perceive, learn_: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hȳrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde, 876; I. pl. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: nǣnigne ic ... sēlran hȳrde hordmāððum (_I heard of no better hoard-jewel_), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hȳrde ic þæt ..., 62, 2164, 2173.--2) w. dat. of person, _to obey_: inf. oð þæt him ǣghwylc þāra ymbsittendra hȳran scolde, 10; hȳran heaðo-sīocum, 2755; Pret. pl. þæt him winemāgas georne hȳrdon, 66.

ge-hȳran, _to hear, learn_: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mīnne gehȳrað ānfealdne geþōht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehȳrde on Bēowulfe fæstrǣdne geþōht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehȳrdon, 786. c) w. depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þæt gehȳre þæt ..., 290.

I

ic, pers. pron. _I_: acc. mec, dat. mē, gen. mīn; dual nom. wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. wē, acc. ūsic, ūs, dat. ūs, gen. ūser. ic omitted before the verb, 470.

icge, _gold_ (perhaps related to Sanskrit īç, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. ēht, _wealth_, opes), _treasure?, sword_ (edge)?, 1108.--Körner.

ides, st. f., _woman, lady, queen_: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352.

in. See inn.

in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), _in_: in geardum, 13, 2460; in þǣm gūðsele, 443; in bēorsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mǣgða gehwǣre, 25; in þȳstrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (_in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds_), 324; so, 395; in campe (_in battle_), 2506; hiora in ānum (_in one of them_), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, _on, upon_, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstōle, 1953; in þām wongstede (_on the grassy plain, the battle-field_), 2787; in bǣlstede, 3098. Temporal: in geār-dagum, 1.--2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), _in, into_: in woruld, 60; in fȳres fæðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, _in, at, about, toward_: in þā tīde (in watide, MS.), 2228.

II. adv., _in_ (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091.

incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lāfe (_with the costly sword_ ? or _with mighty sword_?), 2578.--[_Edge_: incge lāfe, _edge of the sword_.--K. Körner?]

in-frōd, adj., _very aged_: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frōdum, 1875.

in-gang, st. m., _entrance, access to_: acc. sg., 1550.

in-genga, w. m., _in-goer, visitor_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777.

in-gesteald, st. m., _house-property, possessions in the house_: acc. sg., 1156.

inn, st. n., _apartment, house_: nom. sg. in, 1301.

innan, adv., _within, inside_, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (_in the interior_), _within_, 1741, 2716; þǣr on innan (_in there_), 71; burgum on innan (_within his city_), 1969. Also, _therein_: þǣr on innan, 2090, 2215, 2245.

innan-weard, adv., _inwards, inside, within_, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999.

inne, adv.: 1) _inside, within_, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne ābēad (_called, sent word, in_, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; _in it_ (i.e. the battle), 1142; þǣr inne (_therein_), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, 3088.--2) = _insuper, still further, besides_, 1867.

inwit, st. n., _evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility_, as in

inwit-feng, st. m., _malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe_: nom. sg., 1448.

inwit-gæst, st. m., _evil guest, hostile stranger_: nom. sg., 2671.

inwit-hrōf, st. m., _hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe_: acc. sg. under inwit-hrōf, 3124.

inwit-net, st. n., _mischief-net, cunning snare_: acc. sg., 2168.

inwit-nīð, st. n., _cunning hostility, hostile contest_: nom. pl. inwit-nīðas (_hostility through secret attack_), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nīða, 1948.

inwit-scear, st. m., _massacre through cunning, murderous attack_: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.

inwit-searo, st. n., _cunning, artful intrigue_: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo.

inwit-sorh, st. f., _grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning_: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.

inwit-þanc, adj., _ill-disposed, malicious_: dat. sg. hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum (_he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind_ [Grendel]), 749.

irnan (for rinnan), st. v., _to run_: so be-irnan, _to run up to, occur_: pret. sg him on mōd be-arn (_came into his mind_), 67.

on-irnan, _to open_: pret. sg. duru sōna onarn, 722.

irre-mōd, adj. See yrre-mōd.

Ī

īdel, adj., _empty, bare; deprived of_: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. lond-rihtes þǣre mǣgburge īdel (_deprived of his land-possessions among the people_ [of the Gēatas]), 2889.

īdel-hende, adj., _empty-handed_, 2082.

īren, st. n., _iron, sword_: nom. sg. dryhtlīc īren (_the doughty, lordly sword_), 893; īren ǣr-gōd, 990; acc. sg. lēoflīc īren, 1810; gen. pl. īrena cyst (_choicest of swords_), 674; īrenna cyst, 803; īrenna ecge (_edges of swords_), 2684.

īren, adj., _of iron_: nom. sg. ecg wæs īren, 1460.

īren-bend, st. f., _iron band, bond, rivet_: instr. pl. īren-bendum fæst (bold), 775, 999.

īren-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. īren-byrnan, 2987. See īsern-byrne.

īren-heard, adj., _hard as iron_: nom. sg., 1113.

īrenne, adj., _of iron_: in comp. eall-īrenne.

īren-þrēat, st. m., _iron troop, armored band_: nom. sg., 330.

īs, st. n., _ice_: dat. sg. īse, 1609.

īsern-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. īsern-byrnan, 672. See īren-byrne.

īsern-scūr, st. f., _iron shower, shower of arrows_: gen. sg. þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre, 3117.

īs-gebind, st. n., _fetters of ice_: instr. sg. īs-gebinde, 1134.

īsig, adj., _shining, brilliant_ (like brass): nom. sg. īsig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.--Leo.

IO IU

iū. See geō.

iū-man. See geō-man.

īo-mēowle. See geō-mēowle.

L

laðu, st. f., _invitation_.--Comp.: frēond-, nēod-laðu.

ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, _to refresh, lave_: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede, 2723.

lagu, st. m., _lake, sea_: nom. sg., 1631.

lagu-cræftig, adj., _acquainted with the sea_: nom. sg. lagu-cræftig mon (_pilot_), 209.

lagu-strǣt, st. f., _path over the sea_: acc. sg. ofer lagu-strǣte, 239.

lagu-strēam, st. m., _sea-current, flood_: acc. pl. ofer lagu-strēamas, 297.

land, st. n., _land_: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (_in the land_), 2311, 2837; _at near, land, shore_, 1914; tō lande (_to the land, ashore_), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (_over much country, space; afar_), 311.--Comp.: el-, ēa-land.

land-būend, part, pres., terricola, _inhabitant of the land_: nom. pl. lond-būend, 1346; dat. pl. land-būendum, 95.

land-fruma, w. m., _ruler, prince of the country_: nom. sg., 31.

land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., _frontier, land-mark_: acc. pl., 209.

land-geweorc, st. n., _land-work, fortified place_: acc. sg. lēoda land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.

land-riht, st. n., _prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to possess land_, hence _real estate_ itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes īdel, 2887.

land-waru, st. f., _inhabitants, population_: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322.

land-weard, st. m., _guard, guardian of the frontier_: nom. sg., 1891.

lang, long, adj., _long_: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tō lang, 2094; næs þā long (lang) tō þon (_not long after_), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwīle (_for a long time_), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrāge, 54, 114, 1258; lange tīd, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.--2) local, nom. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang, 3044.--Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.

lange, longe, adv., _long_: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109; tō lange (_too long, excessively long_), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; nō þȳ leng (_none the longer_), 975. Superl. lengest (_longest_), 2009, 2239.

ge-lang, adj., _extending, reaching to something_ or _somebody_, hence _ready, prepared_: nū is rǣd gelang eft æt þē ānum (_now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone_), 1377; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (_all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine_), 2151. See ge-lenge.

lang-ge-strēon, st. n., _long-lasting treasure_: gen. pl. long-gestrēona, 2241.--Leo.

langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, _to long, yearn_: pres. sg. III. him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað beorn (_the hero longeth secretly after the dear man_), 1880.

lang-sum, adj., _long-lasting, continuing_: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537.

lang-twidig, adj., _long-granted, assured_: nom. sg., 1709.

lata, w. m., _a lazy, cowardly one_; in comp. hild-lata.

lā, interj., _yes! indeed!_ 1701, 2865.

lāc, st. n.: 1) _measured movement, play_: in comp. beadu-, heaðo-lāc.--2) _gift, offering_: acc. pl. lāc, 1864; lāðlīcu lāc (_loathly offering, prey_), 1585; dat. pl. lācum, 43, 1869.--Comp. sǣ-lāc.

ge-lāc, st. n., _sport, play_: acc. pl. sweorda gelāc (_battle_), 1041; dat. pl. æt ecga gelācum, 1169.

lācan, st. v., _to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying_, etc.: inf. dareðum lācan (_fight_), 2849; part. pres. æfter lyfte lācende (_flying through the air_), 2833.

for-lācan, _to deceive, betray_: part, pret. hē wearð on fēonda geweald forð forlācen (_deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands_), 904.

lād, st. f., _street, way, journey_: dat. sg. on lāde, 1988; gen. sg. lāde, 569.--Comp.: brim-, sǣ-lād.

ge-lād, st. n., _way, path, road_: acc. sg. uncūð gelād, 1411.

lāð, adj., _loathly, evil, hateful, hostile_: nom. sg. lāð, 816; lāð lyft-floga, 2316; lāð (_enemy_), 440; nē lēof nē lāð, 511; neut. lāð, 134, 192; in weak form, se lāða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lāðne (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. lāðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lāðes (of the enemy), 842; fela lāðes (_much evil_), 930; so, 1062; lāðan līges, 83; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; þæs lāðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lāð gewidru (_hateful storms_), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lāðum, 550; lāðum scuccum and scinnum, 939; lāðum dǣdum (_with evil deeds_), 2468; lāðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. lāðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lāðra (_the enemy_), 242. Compar. nom. sg. lāðra ... beorn, 2433.

lāð-bite, st. m., _hostile bite_: dat. sg. lāð-bite līces (_the body's hostile bite_ = the wound), 1123.

lāð-getēona, w. m., _evil-doer, injurer_: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. lāð-getēonan, 559.

lāð-līc, adj., _loathly, hostile_: acc. pl. lāð-līcu, 1585.

lāf, st. f.: 1) _what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy_: nom. sg. Hrēðlan lāf (Bēowulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fēla lāfe (_the leavings of files_ = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lāfe, 2830; on him gladiað gomelra lāfe, heard and hringmǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (_on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure_, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lāfe (_leavings of the sword_, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.--2) _the sword as a specially precious heir-loom_: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lāfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lāfe, 2578.--Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wēa-, yrfe-, ȳð-lāf.

lār, st. f., _lore, instruction, prescription_: dat. sg. be fæder lāre, 1951; gen. pl. lāra, 1221; lārena, 269.--Comp. frēond-lār.

lāst, st. m., _footstep, track_: acc. sg. lāst, 132, 972, 2165; on lāst (_on the traces of, behind_), 2946; nom. pl. lāstas, 1403; acc. pl. lāstas, 842.--Comp.: fēðe-, feorh-, fōt-, wræc-lāst.

læger. See leger.

lāger-bed, st. n., _bed to lie on_ : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008.

lǣs, adj., _less_, 1947; þȳ lǣs (_the less_), 487; conjunct, _that not, lest_, 1919.

lǣssa, adj., _less, fewer_: nom. sg. lǣssa, 1283; acc. sg. m. lǣssan, 43; fem, lǣssan hwīle, 2572; dat. sg. for lǣssan (_for less, smaller_), 952. Superl. nom. sg. nō þæt lǣsest wæs hond-gemōt[a], 2355.

læt, adj., _negligent, neglectful_; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes læt, 1530.

lǣdan, w. v. w. acc.: _to lead, guide, bring_: inf. lǣdan, 239; pret. pl. lǣddon, 1160.

for-1ǣdan, _to mislead_: pret. pl. for-lǣddan, 2440 (?).

ge-lǣdan, _lead, bring_: part. pret. ge-lǣded, 37.

lǣfan, w. v.: 1), _to bequeathe, leave_: imper. sg. þīnum magum lǣf folc and rīce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum lǣfde ... lond and lēodbyrig, 2471.--2) _spare, leave behind_: āht cwices lǣfan (_to spare aught living_), 2316.

lǣn-dagas, st. m. pl., _loan-days, transitory days_ (of earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. lǣn-dagas, 2592; gen. pl. lǣn-daga, 2342.

lǣne, adj., _inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction_: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; þās lǣnan gesceaft (_this fleeting life_), 1623; gen. sg. lǣnan līfes, 2846.

lǣran, w. v., _to teach, instruct_: imper. sg. þū þē lǣr be þon (_learn this, take this to heart_), 1723.

ge-lǣran, _to teach, instruct, give instruction_: inf. ic þæs Hrōðgār mæg ... rǣd gelǣran (_I can give H. good advice about this_), 278; so, 3080; pret. pl. þā mē þæt ge-lǣrdon lēode mīne (_gave me the advice_), 415.

lǣstan, w. v.: 1) _to follow, to sustain, serve_: inf. þæt him se līc-homa lǣstan nolde (_that his body would not sustain him_), 813.--2) _perform_: imper. lǣst eall tela (_do all well_), 2664.

ge-lǣstan: 1) _to follow, serve_: pret. sg. (sweord) þæt mec ǣr and oft gelǣste, 2501.--2) _to fulfil, grant_: subj. pres. pl. þæt ... wilgesīðas, þonne wīg cume, lēode gelǣstan (_render war service_), 24; inf. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (_shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful_), 1707; pret. sg. bēot ... gelǣste (_fulfilled his boast_), 524; gelǣste swā (_kept his word_), 2991; pres. part. hæfde Ēast-Denum ... gilp gelǣsted (_had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast_), 830.

lǣtan, st. v., _to let, allow_, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. lǣteð, 1729; imper. pl. II. lǣtað, 397; sg. II. lǣt, 1489; pret. sg. lēt, 2390, 2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. lēton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. lēte, 1997; sg. III. lēte, 3083.

ā-lǣtan: 1) _to let, allow_: subj. pres. sg. II. þæt þū ne ālǣte ... dōm ge-drēosan, 2666.--2) _to leave, lay aside_: inf. ālǣtan lǣn-dagas (_die_) 2592; so, ālǣtan līf and lēodscipe, 2751.

for-lǣtan: 1) _to let, permit_, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lēt, 971; pret. pl. for-lēton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hlēo ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlǣtan (_would not let the murderous spirit go alive_), 793.--2) _to leave behind, leave_: pret. sg. in þām wong-stede ... þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt (_where he had previously left him_), 2788.

of-lǣtan, _to leave, lay aside_: pres. sg. II. gyf þū ǣr þonne hē worold oflǣtest (_leavest the world, diest_), 1184; so pret. sg. oflēt līf-dagas and þās lǣnan gesceaft, 1623.

on-lǣtan, _to release, liberate_: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fæder on-lǣteð (_as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters_), 1610.

ā-lecgan, w. v.: 1) _to lay, lay down_: pret. sg. syððan hilde-dēor hond ā-legde ... under gēapne hrōf, 835; þæt hē on Bēowulfes bearm ā-legde (_this_ [the sword] _he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him_), 2195; pret. pl. ā-ledon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; ā-legdon þā tō middes mǣrne þēoden _(laid the mighty prince in the midst_ [of the pyre]), 3142.--2) _to lay aside, give up_: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh ā-legde (_laid down his life, died_), 852; nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ā-legde, gamen and glēo-drēam _(now the war-chief has left laughter_, etc.), 3021.

leger, st. n., _couch, bed, lair_: dat. sg. on legere, 3044.

lemian, w. v., _to lame, hinder, oppress_: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede tō lange, 906. MS.

leng. See lang.

lenge, adj., _extending along_ or _to, near_ (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn (_nor was it yet long_), 83.

ge-lenge, adj., _extending, reaching to, belonging_: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... līce gelenge (_an heir belonging to one's body_), 2733.

let, st. m., _place of rest, sojourn?_ in comp. eo-let (_voyage?_).

lettan, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þæt syððan nā ... brim-līðende lāde ne letton (_might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying_), 569.

ā-lēdon. See ā-lecgan.

lēg, st. m., _flame, fire_: nom. sg. wonna lēg (_the lurid flame_), 3116; swōgende lēg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lēge, 2550. See līg.

lēg-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, flaming dragon_: nom. sg., 3041.

leahtre. See or-leahtre.

lēaf, st. n., _leaf, foliage_: instr. pl. lēafum, 97.

lēafnes-word, st. n., _permission, leave_: acc. pl., 245.

lēan, st. v. w. acc. _to scold, blame_: pres. sg. III. lyhð, 1049; pret. sg. lōg, 1812; pret. pl. lōgon, 203, 863.

be-lēan, _to dissuade, prevent_: inf. nē inc ǣnig mon ... belēan mihte sorhfullne sīð (_no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey_), 511.

lēan, st. n., _reward, compensation_: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. lēane, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. þā lēan, 2996; dat. þām lēanum, 2146; gen. lēana, 2991.--Comp.: and-, ende-lēan.

leān (for lǣn, O.H.G. lēhan), st. n, _loan_, 1810.