Chapter LVIII: Appendix: The Attack in Finnsburg (13)

wēsten, st. n., _waste, wilderness_: acc. sg. wēsten, 1266.

wēsten, st. f., _waste, wilderness_: dat. sg. on þǣre wēstenne, 2299.

weal, st. m.: 1 _wall, rampart_: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308.--2) _elevated sea-shore_: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.--3) _wall of a building_: acc, sg. wið þæs recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324.--Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sǣ-, scyld-weal.

ge-wealc, st. n., _rolling_: acc. sg. ofer ȳða ge-wealc, 464.

ge-weald, st. n., _power, might_: acc. sg. on fēonda ge-weald _(into the power of his foes_), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald āgan, hæbban, ā-bēodan (w. gen. of object = _to present) = to have power over_, 79, 655, 765, 951, 1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald.

wealdan, st. v., _to wield, govern, rule over, prevail_: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif hē wealdan mōt (_if he may prevail_), 442; þǣr hē ... wealdan mōste swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (_if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him_), 2575; pres. part. waldend (_God_), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.--2) with instr. or dat.: inf. þām wǣpnum wealdan (_to wield, prevail with, the weapons_), 2039; Gēatum wealdan (_to rule the Gēatas_), 2391; þēah-hordum wealdan (_to rule over, control, the treasure of rings_), 2828; wæl-stōwe wealdan (_to hold the field of battle_), 2985; pret. sg. wēold, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga (_while the friend of the S. ruled the G._), 30; pl. wēoldon, 2052.--3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic wealde wīdan rīces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, 183, 1753; weard, 2514; the _'dragon_ is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fīra, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. wēold, 703, 1771.

ge-wealdan, _to wield, have power over, arrange_: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. hālig god ge-wēold wīg-sigor, 1555.--2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-wēold his ge-witte (_the king possessed his senses_), 2704.--3) w. gen.: inf. hē ne mihte nō ... wǣpna ge-wealdan, 1510.

ge-wealden, pret. part., _subject, subjected_: acc. pl. gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, 1733.

weallan, st. v.: 1) _to toss, be agitated_ (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. wēol, 515, 850, 1132; wēoll, 2139.--2) figuratively (of emotions), _to be agitated_: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað wæl-nīðas (_deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld_), 2066; pres. part. weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (_his heart was moved within him_), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll (_his breast_ [the dragon's] _swelled from breathing, snorting_), 2594; brēost innan wēoll þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2332; so, wēoll, 2600, 2715, 2883.

weall-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133.

weallian, w. v., _to wander, rove about_: pres. part. in comp. heoro-weallende, 2782.

weard, st. m., _warden, guardian; owner_: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (_the Scyldings' warden of the march_), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sāwele hyrde, 1742; the _king_ is called bēah-horda weard, 922; rīces weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the _dragon_ is called weard, 3061; weard un-hīore, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.--Comp.: bāt-, ēðel-, gold-, hēafod-, hord-, hȳð-, land-, rēn-, sele-, yrfe-weard.

weard, st. m., _possession_ (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. eorð-weard, 2335.

weard, st. f., _watch, ward_: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde hēold, 305.--Comp. ǣg-weard.

weard, adj., _-ward_: in comp. and-, innan-, ūt-weard, 1288, etc.

weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to watch, guard, keep_: inf. hē his folme forlēt tō līf-wraðe, lāst weardian (_Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track_ [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (_his right hand kept guard for him in H._, i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hȳrde ic þæt þām frætwum fēower mēaras lungre gelīce last weardode (_I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor_), 2165.--2) _to hold, possess, inhabit_: pret. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (_dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends_), 105; reced weardode un-rīm eorla (_an immense number of earls held the hall_), 1238; pl. þǣr wē gesunde sæl weardodon, 2076.

wearh, st. m., _the accursed one; wolf_: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268.

wearn, st. f.: 1) _resistance, refusal_, 366.--2) _warning?, resistance?_ See un-wearnum, 742.

weaxan, st. v., _to wax, grow_: pres. sg. III. oð þæt him on innan ofer-hygda dǣl weaxeð (_till within him pride waxeth_), 1742; inf. weaxan, 3116; pret. sg. wēox, 8.

ge-weaxan, _to grow up_: pret. sg. oft þæt sēo geogoð ge-wēox, 66.

ge-weaxan to, _to grow to_ or _for something_: pret. sg. ne ge-wēox hē him to willan (_grew not for their benefit_), 1712.

wēa, w. m., _woe, evil, misfortune_: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. wēana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397.

wēa-lāf, st. f., _wretched remnant_: acc. pl. þā wēa-lāfe (_the wretched remnant_, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099.

wēa-spel, st. n., _woe-spell, evil tidings_: dat. sg. wēa-spelle, 1316.

ge-weoldum. See ge-wild.

weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, labor, deed_: acc. sg., 74; (_war-deed_), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, 1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.--2) _work, trouble, suffering_: acc. sg. þæs gewinnes weorc (_misery on account of this strife_), 1722; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (_with labor_), 1639.--Comp.: bǣdo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.

ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, deed, labor_: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, 2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: ǣr-, fyrn-, gūð-, hond-, nīð-ge-weorc.--2) _fortification, rampart_: in comp. land-geweorc, 939.

weorce, adj., _painful, bitter_: nom. sg., 1419.

weorð, st. n., _precious object, valuable_: dat. sg. weorðe, 2497.

weorð, adj., _dear, precious_: nom. sg. weorð Denum æðeling (_the atheling dear to the Danes_, Bēowulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. þæt hē syððan wæs ... māðme þȳ weorðra (_more honored from the jewel_), 1903; cf. wyrðe.

weorðan, st. v.: 1) _to become_: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (_is concealed_), 414; underne weorðeð (_becomes known_), 2914; so, pl. III. weorðað, 2067; wurðað, 282; inf. weorðan, 3179; wurðan, 808; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.--2) inf. to frōfre weorðan (_to become a help_), 1708; pret. sg. wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan, 460; so, wearð, 906, 1262; ne wearð Heremōd swā (i.e. to frōfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.--3) pret. sg. þæt hē on fylle wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.--4) _to happen, befall_: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð (_it shall befall us two as Fate decrees_), 2527; þurh hwæt his worulde gedāl weorðan sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. þā þǣr sōna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (_there was soon a renewal to the earls_, i.e. of the former perils), 1281.

ge-weorðan: 1) _to become_: pret. sg. ge-wearð, 3062; pret. part. cearu wæs genīwod ge-worden (_care was renewed_), 1305; swā us ge-worden is, 3079.--2) _to finish; complete?_: inf. þæt þū ... lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gūðe wið Grendel (_that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel_), 1997.--3) impersonally with acc., _to agree, decide_: pret. sg. þā þæs monige ge-wearð þæt ... (_since many agreed that_ ...), 1599; pret. part. hafað þæs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rīces hyrde, and þæt rǣd talað þæt hē ... (_therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that_ ...), 2027.

weorð-ful, adj., _glorious, full of worth_: nom. sg. weorð-fullost, 3100.

weorðian, w. v., _to honor, adorn_: pret. sg. þǣr ic ... þīne lēode weorðode weorcum (_there honored I thy people by my deeds_), 2097; subj. pret. (þæt hē) æt feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorðode (_that he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure-giving_), 1091.

ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, _to deck, ornament_: pret. part. hire syððan wæs æfter bēah-þege brēost ge-weorðod, 2177; wǣpnum ge-weorðad, 250; since ge-weorðad, 1451; so, ge-wurðad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorðad (_known, honored, afar_), 1960.

weorð-līce, adv., _worthily, nobly_: superl. weorð-līcost, 3163.

weorð-mynd, st. f. n., _dignity, honor, glory_: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg. geseah þā eald sweord ..., wigena weorðmynd (_saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors_), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weorð-myndum, 8; tō worð-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dǣl, 1753.

weorðung, st. f., _ornament_: in comp. brēost-, hām-, heorft-, hring-, wīg-weorðung.

weorod. See werod.

weorpan, st. v.: 1) _to throw, cast away_, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden yrre ōretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg (_the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth_), 1532.--2) _to throw around_ or _about_, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wæl-fȳre (_threw death-fire around_), 2583.--3) _to throw upon_: inf. hē hine eft ongan wæteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (_began to cast water upon him again_), 2792.

for-weorpan, w. acc., _to cast away, squander_: subj. pret. þæt hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu wrāðe for-wurpe (_that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds_, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873.

ofer-weorpan, _to stumble_: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þā ... wigena strengest, 1544.

weotian, w. v., _to provide with, adjust_(?): pret. part. acc. pl. wæl-bende weotode, 1937.

be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., _to regard, observe, care for_: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... sē þe ... ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (_who would attend to all the needs of a thane_), 1797; draca sē þe ... hord be-weotode (_the drake that guarded a treasure_), 2213;--_to carry out, undertake_: pres. pl. III. þā ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde, 1429.

wicg, st. n., _steed, riding-horse_: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl. wicga, 1046.

ge-widor, st. n., _storm, tempest_: acc. pl. lāð ge-widru (_loathly weather_), 1376.

wið prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., _against, with_ (in hostile sense), _from_: þā wið gode wunnon, 113; āna (wan) wið eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lāð wið lāðum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þæt him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, 2342; hwæt ... sēlest wǣre wið fǣr-gryrum tō ge-fremmanne, 174; þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, 178; wið rihte wan (_strove against right_), 144; hæfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (_had saved H.'s hall from strife_), 828; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blōde (_the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood_, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Bēowulf), 1881; sundur ge-dǣlan līf wið līce (_to sunder soul from body_), 2424; strēamas wundon sund wið sande (_the currents rolled the sea against the sand_), 213; līg-ȳðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (_with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim_), 2674; holm storme wēol, won wið winde (_the sea surged, wrestled with the wind_), 1133; so, hiora in ānum wēoll sefa wið sorgum (_in one of them surged the soul with sorrow_ [_against_?, Heyne]), 2601; þæt hire wið healse heard grāpode (_that the sharp sword bit against her neck_), 1567.--2) w. acc.: a) _against, towards_: wan wið Hrōðgār (_fought against H._), 152; wið fēonda gehwone, 294; wið wrāð werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hālig god ūs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, 384; þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (_that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier_), 2529; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (_would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men_; or, _withdraw life-bale from_, etc.? or, _peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw_?, Kemble), 155; ic þā lēode wāt gē wið fēond gē wið frēond fæste geworhte (_towards foe and friend_), 1865; hēold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego (_cherished high love towards the prince of heroes_), 1955; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd (_prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge_), 1550. b) _against, on, upon, in_: setton sīde scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weal (_against the wall of the hall_), 326; wið eorðan fæðm (eardodon) (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050; wið earm ge-sæt (_sat on, against, his arm_), 750; so, stīð-mōd ge-stōd wið stēapne rond, 2567; [wið duru healle ēode] (_went to the door of the hall_), 389; wið Hrefna-wudu (_over against, near, H._), 2926; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tǣhte (_showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son_), 2014. c) _towards, with_ (of contracting parties): þæt hīe healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston (_that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess_), 1089; þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode (_whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain_), 3028.--3) Alternately with dat. and acc., _against_: nū wið Grendel sceal, wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan þing wið þyrse, 424-426;--_with, beside_: ge-sæt þā wið sylfne..., mǣg wið mǣge, 1978-79.

wiðer-gyld, st. n., _compensation_: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].

wiðer-ræhtes, adv., _opposite, in front of_, 3040.

wiðre, st. n., _resistance_: gen. sg. wiðres ne truwode, 2954.

wiht, st. f.: 1) _wight, creature, demon_: nom. sg. wiht unhǣlo (_the demon of destruction_, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.--2) _thing, something, aught_: nom. sg. w. negative, nē hine wiht dweleð (_nor does aught check him_), 1736; him wiht ne spēow (_it helped him naught_), 2855; acc. sg. nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde (_nor did he count the worm's warring for aught_), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan _(I could not do aught_ ...), 1661;--w. partitive gen.: nō ... wiht swylcra searo-niða, 581;--the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. _nicht_: nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon (_did not blame their friendly lord aught_), 863; so, ne wiht = _naught, in no wise_, 1084, 2602, 2858; nō wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (_in aught, in any way_), 1992; ne ... wihte (_by no means_), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.--Comp.: ā-wiht (āht = _aught_), æl-wiht, ō-wiht.

wil-cuma, w. m., _one welcome_ (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman Denigea lēodum (_welcome to the people of the Danes_), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera lēodum (_welcome to the Gēatas_), 1895.

ge-wild, st. f., _free-will_? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (_sponte, voluntarily_, Bugge), 2223.

wil-dēor (for wild-dēor), st. n., _wild beast_: acc. pl. wil-dēor, 1431.

wil-gesīð, st. m., _chosen_ or _willing companion_: nom. pl. -ge-sīðas, 23.

wil-geofa, w. m., _ready giver_ (= voti largitor: princely designation), _joy-giver_?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra lēoda, 2901.

willa, w. m.: 1) _will, wish, desire, sake_: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. ānes willan (_for the sake of one_), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. tō willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum (_according to wish_), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, 1345.--2) _desirable thing, valuable_: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951.

willan, aux. v., _will_: in pres. also _shall_ (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic ā-secgan (_I will set forth, tell out_), 344; so, 351, 427; ic tō sǣ wille (_I will to sea_), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þū wylt, 1853; sg. III. hē wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ǣr hē in wille (_ere he will in_, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pl. I. wē ... wyllað, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; nō ic fram him wolde (i.e. flēotan), 543; so, swā hē hira mā wolde (i.e. ā-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.--Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, _I will not_, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þā metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519.

wilnian, w. v., _to long for, beseech_: inf. wēl bið þǣm þe mōt ... tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (_well for him that may beseech protection in the Father's arms_), 188.

wil-sīð, st. m., _chosen journey_: acc. sg. wil-sīð, 216.

ge-win, st. n.: 1) _strife, struggle, enmity, conflict_: acc. sg., 878; þā hīe ge-win drugon (_endured strife_), 799; under ȳða ge-win (_under the tumult of the waves_), 1470; gen. sg. þæs ge-winnes weorc (_misery for this strife_), 1722.--2) _suffering, oppression_: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782.--Comp.: fyrn-, ȳð-ge-win.

wīn-ærn, st. n., _hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall_: gen. sg. wīn-ærnes, 655.

wind, st. m., _wind, storm_: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wið winde, 1133.

windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to wind, whirl_: pret. sg. wand tō wolcnum wæl-fȳra mǣst, 1120.--2) w. acc., _to twist, wind, curl_: pret. pl. strēamas wundon sund wið sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (_twisted, spirally-twined, gold_), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383.

æt-windan, _to wrest one's self from, escape_: pret. sg. sē þǣm fēonde æt-wand, 143.

be-windan, _to wind with_ or _round, clasp, surround, envelop_ (involvere): pret. sg. þē hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wīrum be-wunden (_wound with wires_) 1032; feorh ... flǣsce be-wunden (_flesh-enclosed_), 2425; gār ... mundum be-wunden (_a spear grasped with the hands_), 3023; iū-manna gold galdre be-wunden (_spell-encircled gold_), 3053; (āstāh ...) lēg wōpe be-wunden (_uprose the flame mingled with a lament_), 3147.

ge-windan, _to writhe, get loose, escape_: inf. wīdre ge-windan (_to flee further_), 764; pret. sg. on flēam ge-wand, 1002.

on-windan, _to unwind, loosen_: pres. sg. (þonne fæder) on-windeð wæl-rāpas, 1611.

win-dæg, st. m., _day of struggle_ or _suffering_: dat. pl. on þyssum win-dagum (_in these days of sorrow_, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063.

wind-bland (blond), st. n., _wind-roar_: nom. sg., 3147.

wind-gereste, f., _resting-place of the winds_: acc. sg., 2457.

windig, adj., _windy_: acc. pl. windige (weallas, næssas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225.

wine, st. m., _friend, protector_, especially the _beloved ruler_: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, lēof land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 148, 1184. As vocative: mīn wine, 2048; wine mīn, Bēowulf (Hunferð), 457, 530, 1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrōðgār), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Bēowulf), 3097; acc. pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. winigea lēasum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.--Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gold-, gūð-, mǣg-wine.

wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), _friendly lord, lord and friend_: acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360.

wine-geōmor, adj., _friend-mourning_: nom. sg., 2240.

wine-lēas, adj., _friendless_: dat. sg. wine-lēasum, 2614.

wine-mǣg, st. m., _dear kinsman_: nom. pl. wine-māgas, 65.

ge-winna, w. m., _striver, struggler, foe_: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.

winnan, st. v., _to struggle, fight_: pret. sg. III. wan āna wið eallum, 144; Grendel wan ... wið Hrōðgār, 151; holm ... won wið winde (_the sea fought with the wind_: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wið gode wunnon, 113; þǣr þā graman wunnon (_where the foes fought_), 778.

wīn-reced, st. n., _wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests_: acc. sg., 715, 994.

wīn-sele, st. m., the same, _wine-hall_: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. wīn-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).

winter, st. m. n.: 1) _winter_: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter, 1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.--2) _year_ (counted by winters): acc. pl. fīftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051.

wintre, adj., _so many winters_ (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.

ge-wislīce, adv., _certainly, undoubtedly_: superl. gewislīcost, 1351.

wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = _existentia_, hence: 1) _good condition, happiness, abundance_: dat. sg. wunað hē on wiste, 1736.--2) _food, subsistence, booty_: dat. sg. þā wæs æfter wiste wōp up ā-hafen (_a cry was then uplifted after the meal_, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128.

wist-fyllo, st. f., _fulness_ or _fill of food, rich meal_: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735.

wit, st. n., (wit), _understanding_: nom. sg., 590.--Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.

ge-wit, st. n.: 1) _consciousness_. dat. sg. ge-wēold his ge-witte, 2704.--2) _heart, breast_: dat. sg. fȳr unswīðor wēoll (_the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast_), 2883.

wit, pers. pron. dual of wē, _we two_, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc. See unc, uncer.

wita, weota, w. m., _counsellor, royal adviser_; pl., _the king's council of nobles_: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena, 1099.--Comp.: fyrn-, rūn-wita.

witan, pret.-pres. v., _to wot, know_. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wāt, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelāce wāt þæt hē ... (_I know as to H., that he_ ...), 1831; so, god wāt on mec þæt ...(_God knows of me, that_ ...), 2651; sg. II. þū wāst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.--2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wāt, 1864.--3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tō þæs hē win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fǣttum fāhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan hilde ge-binged, 647.--4) w. acc., _to know_: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grāpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181.

nāt = ne + wāt, _I know not_: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = _some or other_: sceaða ic nāt hwylc.--2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nāt hē þāra gōda, þæt hē mē on-gēan slēa, 682.

ge-witan, _to know, perceive_: inf. þæs þe hīe gewis-līcost ge-witan meahton, 1351.

be-witian. See be-weotian.

wītig, adj., _wise, sagacious_: nom. sg. wītig god, 686, 1057; wītig drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842.

ge-wittig, adj., _conscious_: nom. sg. 3095.

ge-wītnian, w. v., _to chastise, punish_: wommum gewītnad (_punished with plagues_), 3074.

wīc, st. n., _dwelling, house_: acc. sg. wīc, 822, 2590;--often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wīcum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen. wīca, 125, 1126.

ge-wīcan, st. v., _to soften, give way, yield_ (here chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wāc, 2578, 2630.

wīc-stede, st. m., _dwelling-place_: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wīc-stede, 2608.

wīd, adj., _wide, extended_: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wīd wæter, 2474; gen. sg. wīdan rīces, 1860; acc. pl. wīde sīðas, waroðas, 878, 1966.--2) temporal: acc. sg. wīdan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. tō wīdan feore, 934.

wīde, adv., _widely, afar_, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wīde cūð (_widely, universally, known_), 2136, 2924; so, underne wīde, 2914; wīde geond eorðan (_over the whole earth, widely_), 3100;--modifier of superl.: wreccena wīde mǣrost (_the most famous of wanderers, exiles_), 899.--Compar. wīdre, 764.

wīd-cūð, adj., _widely known, very celebrated_: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc. sg. m. wīd-cūðne man (Bēowulf), 1490; wīd-cūðne wēan, 1992; wīd-cūðes (Hrōðgār), 1043.

wīde-ferhð, st. m. n., (_long life_), _great length of time_: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wīde-ferhð (_down to distant times, always_), 703, 938; ealne wīde-ferhð, 1223.

wīd-floga, w. m., _wide-flier_ (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg. wīd-flogan, 2347.

wīd-scofen, pret. part., _wide-spread_? _causing fear far and wide_? 937.

wīd-weg, st. m., _wide way, long journey_: acc. pl. wīd-wegas, 841, 1705.

wīf, st. n., _woman, lady, wife_: nom. sg. frēo-līc wīf (Queen Wealhþēow), 616; wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlīce wīf (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þȳ wīfe (Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēawaru), 2029; dat. sg. þām wīfe (Wealhþēow), 640; gen. sg. wīfes (as opposed to _man_), 1285; gen. pl. wera and wīfa, 994.--Comp.: āglǣc-, mere-wīf.

wīf-lufe, w. f., _wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love_: nom. pl. wīf-lufan, 2066.

wīg, st. m.: 1) _war, battle_: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., 686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wīge, wigge, 1338, 2630, 1657, 1771; as instr., 1085; ; gen. sg. wīges, 65, 887, 1269.--2) _valor, warlike prowess_: nom. sg. wæs his mōd-sefa manegum ge-cȳðed, wīg and wīsdōm, 350; wīg, 1043; wīg ... eafoð and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wīges, 2324.--Comp. fēðe-wīg.

wiga, w. m., _warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wigum, 2396; gen. pl. wigena, 1544, 1560, 3116.--Comp.: æsc-, byrn-, gār-, gūð-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wiga.

wīgan, st. v., _to fight_: pres. sg. III. wīgeð, 600; inf., 2510.

wīgend, pres. part., _fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wīgend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wīgend, 3025; gen. pl. wīgendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.--Comp. gārwīgend.

wīg-bealu, st. n., _war-bale, evil contest_: acc. sg., 2047.

wīg-bil, st. n., _war-bill, battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1608.

wīg-bord, st. n., _war-board_ or _shield_: acc. sg., 2340.

wīg-cræft, st. m., _war-power_: acc. sg., 2954.

wīg-cræftig, adj., _vigorous in fight, strong in war_: acc. sg. wīg-cræftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812.

wīg-freca, w. m., _war-wolf, war-hero_: acc. sg. wīg-frecan, 2497; nom. pl. wīg-frecan, 1213.

wīg-fruma, w. m., _war-chief_ or _king_: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg. wīg-fruman, 2262.

wīg-geatwe, st. f. pl., _war-ornaments, war-gear_: dat. pl. on wīg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368.

wīg-ge-weorðad, pret. part., _war-honored, distinguished in war_, 1784? See Note.

wīg-gryre, st. m., _war-horror_ or _terror_: nom. sg., 1285.

wīg-hete, st. m., _war-hate, hostility_: nom. sg., 2121.

wīg-heafola, w. m., _war head-piece, helmet_: acc. sg. wīg-heafolan, 2662.--Leo.

wīg-hēap, st. m., _war-band_: nom sg., 447.

wīg-hryre, st. m., _war-ruin, slaughter, carnage_: acc. sg., 1620.

wīg-sigor, st. m., _war-victory_: acc. sg., 1555.

wīg-sped, st. f.?, _war-speed, success in war_: gen. pl. wīg-spēda, 698.

wīg-weorðung, st. f., _idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols_: acc. pl. -weorðunga, 176.

wīn, st. n., _wine_: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wīne, 1468.

wīr, st. n., _wire, spiral ornament of wire_: instr. pl. wīrum, 1032; gen. pl. wīra, 2414.

wīs, adj., _wise, experienced, discreet_: nom. sg. m. wīs (_in his mind, conscious_), 3095; f. wīs, 1928; in w. form, se wīsa, 1401, 1699, 2330; acc. sg. þone wīsan, 1319; gen. pl. wīsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wīs wordcwida (_wise of speech_), 1846.

wīsa, w. m., _guide, leader_: nom. sg. werodes wīsa, 259.--Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wīsa.

wīscte. See wȳscan.

wīs-dōm, st. m., _wisdom, experience_: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wīs-dōme, 1960.

wīse, w. f., _fashion, wise, custom_: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wīsan (_after ancient custom_), 1866.

wīs-fæst, adj., _wise, sagacious_ (sapientiā firmus): nom. sg. f., 627.

wīs-hycgende, pres. part. _wise-thinking, wise_, 2717.

wīsian, w. v., _to guide_ or _lead to, direct, point out_: 1) w. acc.: inf. hēan wong wīsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wīsade land-gemyrcu, 208.--2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ēow wīsige (_I shall guide you_), 292, 3104; pret. sg. sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade, 370; sōna him sele-þegn ... forð wīsade _(the hall-thane led him thither forthwith_, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stīg wīsode gumum æt-gædere, 320; so, 1664.--3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf (_when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof_, [but under H.'s hrōf depends rather on snyredon ætsomne]), 402.

wītan, st. v., properly _to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, reproach, accuse_, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-þām mē wītan ne þearf waldend fīra morðor-bealo māga, 2742.

æt-wītan, _to blame, censure_ (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. æt-witon wēana dǣl, 1151.

ge-wītan, properly _spectare aliquo; to go_ (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wāt ... tō hām faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mēarum rīdan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þā Scyld ge-wāt ... fēran on frēan wǣre, 26; gewāt him ... rīdan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.--2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wāt þā nēosian hēan hūses, 115; hē þā fāg ge-wāt ... man-drēam flēon, 1264; nyðer eft gewāt dennes nīosian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewāt ... hāmes nīosan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.--3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þǣr firgen-strēam under næssa genipu niðer ge-wīteð, 1361; ge-wīteð on sealman, 2461; inf. on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wāt, 217; him ge-wāt, 1237, 1904; of līfe, ealdre ge-wāt (_died_), 2472, 2625; fyrst forð ge-wāt (_time went on_), 210; him ge-wāt ūt of healle, 663; ge-wāt him hām, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. mē forð-ge-witenum (_me defuncto, I dead_), 1480.

oð-wītan, _to blame, censure, reproach_: inf. ne þorfte him þā lēan oð-wītan mon on middan-gearde, 2997.

wlanc, wlonc, adj., _proud, exulting_: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. ǣse wlanc (_proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal_), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. māðm-ǣhta wlonc (_proud of the treasures_), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954.--Comp. gold-wlanc.

wlātian, w. v., _to look_ or _gaze out, forth_: pret. sg. sē þe ǣr ... feor wlātode, 1917.

wlenco, st. f., _pride, heroism_: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508.

wlite, st. m. _form, noble form, look, beauty_: nom. sg., 250.

wlite-beorht, adj., _beauteous, brilliant in aspect_: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, 93.

wlite-sēon, st. n. f., _sight, spectacle_: acc. sg., 1651.

wlitig, adj., _beautiful, glorious, fair in form_: acc. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663.

wlītan, st. v., _to see, look, gaze_: pret. sg. hē æfter recede wlāt (_looked along the hall_), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (_looked on the sea_), 1593; wlitan on Wīglāf, 2853.

geond-wlītan, w. acc., _to examine, look through, scan_: inf. wrǣte giond-wlītan, 2772.

wōh-bogen, pret. part., (_bent crooked), crooked, twisted_: nom. sg. wyrm wōh-bogen, 2828.

wolcen, st. n. m., _cloud_ (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (_under the clouds, on earth_), 8, 652, 715, 1771; tō wolcnum, 1120, 1375.

wollen-tēar, adj., _tear-flowing, with flowing tears_: nom. pl. wollen-tēare, 3033.

wom. See wam.

won. See wan.

worc. See weorc.

word, st. n.: 1) _word, speech_: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þæt word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pl. þā word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (_tell them in words, expressly_), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wægnan, secgan, hērgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.--2) _command, order_: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (_to rule, reign_), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum wēold, 30.--Comp.: bēot-, gylp-, meðel-, þrȳð-word.

word-cwide, st. m., (_word-utterance_), _speech_: acc. pl. word-cwydas, 1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846.

word-gid, st. m, _speech, saying_: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174.

word-hord, st. n., _word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth_: acc. sg. word-hord on-lēac (_unlocked his word-hoard_, opened his mouth, spoke), 259.

word-riht, st. n., _right speech, suitable word_: gen. pl. Wīglāf maðelode word-rihta fela, 2632.

worð-mynd. See weorð-mynd.

worðig (for weorðig), st. m., _palace, estate, court_: acc. sg. on worðig (_into the palace_), 1973.

worn, st. n., _multitude, number_: acc. sg. worn eall (_very many_), 3095; wintra worn (_many years_), 264; þonne hē wintrum frōd worn ge-munde (_when he old in years thought of their number_), 2115. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwæt þū worn fela ... sprǣce (_how very much thou hast spoken!_), 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543.

woruld, worold, st. f., _humanity, world, earth_: nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (_to be born, come into the world_), 60; worold oflǣtan, of-gifan (_die_), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dāl (_his separation from the world, death_), 3069; worolde brūcan (_to enjoy life, live_), 1063; worlde, 2712.

worold-ār, st. f., _worldly honor_ or _dignity_: acc. sg. worold-āre, 17.

woruld-candel, st. f., _world-candle, sun_: nom. sg., 1966.

worold-cyning, st. m., _world king, mighty king_: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, 1685.

woruld-ende, st. m., _world's end_: acc. sg., 3084.

worold-rǣden, st. f., _usual course, fate of the world, customary fate_: dat. sg. worold-rǣdenne, 1143?

wōp, st. m., (_whoop_), _cry of grief, lament_: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg. wōp, 786; instr. sg. wōpe, 3147.

wracu, st. f., _persecution, vengeance, revenge_: nom. sg. wracu (MS, uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wræce, 2337.--Comp.: gyrn-, nȳd-wracu.

wraðu, st. f., _protection, safety_: in comp. līf-wraðu.

wrāð, adj., _wroth, furious, hostile_: acc. sg. neut. wrāð, 319; dat. sg. wrāðum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wrāðra, 1620.

wrāðe, adv., _contemptibly, disgracefully_, 2873.

wrāð-līce, adv., _wrathfully, hostilely_ (in battle), 3063.

wrāsn, st. f., _circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown_: in comp. frēa-wrāsn.

wræc-lāst, st. m., _exile-step, exile, banishment_: acc. sg. wræc-lāstas træd (_trod exile-steps, wandered in exile_), 1353.

wræc-mæcg, st. m., _exile, outcast_: nom. pl. wræc-mæcgas, 2380.

wræc-sīð, st. m., _exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution_: acc. sg., 2293; dat. sg. -sīðum, 338.

wrǣt, st. f., _ornament, jewel_: acc. pl. wrǣte (wrǣce, MS.), 2772, 3061; instr. pl. wrǣttum, 1532; gen. pl. wrǣtta, 2414.

wrǣt-līc, adj.: 1) _artistic, ornamental; valuable_: acc. sg. wrǣt-līcne wundur-māððum, 2174; wrǣt-līc wǣg-sweord, 1490; wīg-bord wrǣt-līc, 2340.--2) _wondrous, strange_: acc. sg. wrǣt-līcne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], 892; wlite-sēon wrǣt-līc, 1651.

wrǣc, st. f., _persecution_; hence, _wretchedness, misery_: nom. sg., 170; acc. sg. wrǣc, 3079.

wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to press, force_: pret. part. þǣr wæs Ongenþēo ... on bīd wrecen, 2963.--2) _to drive out, expel_: pret. sg. ferh ellen wræc, 2707.--3) _to wreak_ or _utter_: gid, spel wrecan (_to utter words or songs_); subj. pres. sg. III. hē gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rāde, 874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd æfter wræc, 2155; pres. part. þǣr wæs ... gid wrecen, 1066.--4) _to avenge, punish_: subj. pres. þæt hē his frēond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mǣg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part. wrecend (_an avenger_), 1257; pret. sg. wræc Wedera nīð, 423; so, 1334, 1670.

ā-wrecan, _to tell, recount_: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þē ā-wræc (_I have told this tale for thee_), 1725; so, 2109.

for-wrecan, w. acc., _to drive away, expel; carry away_: inf. þȳ lǣs him ȳða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship_), 1920; pret. sg. hē hine feor for-wræc ... man-cynne fram, 109.

ge-wrecan, w. acc., _to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish_: pret. sg. ge-wræc, 107, 2006; hē ge-wræc (i.e. hit, _this_) cealdum cear-sīðum, 2396; hē hine sylfne ge-wræc (_avenged himself_), 2876; pl. ge-wrǣcan, 2480; pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063.

wrecca, w. m., (_wretch_), _exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero_: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wīde mǣrost (Sigemund), 899.

wreoðen-hilt, adj., _wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt_: nom. sg., 1699.

wridian, w. v., _to flourish, spring up_: pret. sg. III. wridað, 1742.

wriða, w. m., _band_: in comp. bēag-wriða (_bracelet_), 2019.

wrixl, st. n., _exchange, change_: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (_in a worse way, with a worse exchange_), 2970.

ge-wrixle, st. n., _exchange, arrangement, bargain_: nom. sg. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle til (_it was not a good arrangement, trade_), 1305.

wrixlan, w. v., _to exchange_: inf. wordum wrixlan (_to exchange words, converse_), 366; 875 (_tell_).

wrīðan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to bind, fasten, wreathe together_: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wæl-bedde wrīðan þōhte, 965.--2) _to bind up_ (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þā wǣron monige þē his mǣg wriðon, 2983. See hand-gewriðen.

wrītan, st. v., _to incise, engrave_: pret. part. on þǣm (hilte) wæs ōr writen fyrn-gewinnes (_on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle_), 1689.

for-wrītan, _to cut to pieces_ or _in two_: pret. sg. for-wrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706.

wrōht, st. m. f., _blame, accusation, crime_; here _strife, contest, hostility_: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914.

wudu, st. m., _wood_: 1) _material, timber_: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence, _the wooden spear_: acc. pl. wudu, 398.--2) _forest, wood_: acc. sg. wudu, 1417.--3) _wooden ship_: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.--Comp.: bǣl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, mægen-, sǣ-, sund-, þrec-wudu.

wudu-rēc, st. m., _wood-reek_ or _smoke_: nom. sg., 3145.

wuldor, st. n., _glory_: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (_God_), 666; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God).

wuldor-cyning, st. m., _king of glory, God_. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796

wuldor-torht, adj., _glory-bright, brilliant, clear_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137.

wulf, st. m., _wolf_: acc. sg., 3028.

wulf-hlið, st. n., _wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves house_: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, 1359.

wund, st. f., _wound_: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.--Comp. feorh-wund.

wund, adj., _wounded, sore_: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pl. wunde, 565, 1076.

wunden-feax, adj., _curly-haired_ (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401.

wunden-heals, adj., _with twisted_ or _curved neck_ or _prow_: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (_the ship_), 298.

wunden-heorde?, _curly-haired_?: nom. sg. f., 3153.

wunden-mǣl, adj., _damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments_(?): nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword).

wunden-stefna, w. m. _curved prow, ship_: nom. sg., 220.

wundor, st. n.: 1) _wonder, wonderwork_: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (_wondrously_), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. wundra, 1608.--2) _portent, monster_: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.--Comp.: hand-, nīð-, searo-wundor.

wundor-bebod, st. n., _wondrous command, strange order_: instr. pl. -bebodum, 1748.

wundor-dēað, st. m., _wonder-death, strange death_: instr. sg. wundor dēaðe, 3038.

wundor-fæt, st. n., _wonder-vat, strange vessel_: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (_from wondrous vessels_), 1163.

wundor-līc, adj., _wonder like, remarkable_: nom. sg., 1441.

wundor-māððum, st. m., _wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure_: acc. sg., 2174.

wundor-smið, st. m., _wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things_: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682.

wundor-sēon, st. f., _wondrous sight_: gen. pl. wunder-sīona, 996.

wunian, w. v.: 1) _to stand, exist, remain_: pres. sg. III. þenden þǣr wunað on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest (_as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place_), 284; wunað hē on wiste (_lives in plenty_), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (_to remain in the hall_), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (_remained with F._), 1129.--2) w. acc. or dat., _to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess_: pres. sg. III. wunað wæl-reste (_holds his death-bed_), 2903; inf. wæter-egesan wunian scolde..., strēamas, 1261; wīcum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelāc þǣr æt hām wunað, 1924.

ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) _to inhabit_: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.--2) _to remain with, stand by_: subj. pres. þæt hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sīðas, 22.

wurðan. See weorðan.

wuton, v. from wītan, used as interj., _let us go! up!_ w. inf.: wutun gangan tō (_let us go to him!_), 2649; uton hraðe fēran! 1391; uton nū efstan, 3102.

wylf, st. f., _she-wolf_: in comp. brim-wylf.

wylm, st. m., _surge, surf, billow_: num. sg. flōdes wylm, 1765; dat. wintres wylme (_with winter's flood_), 516; acc. sg. þurh wæteres wylm, 1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.--Comp.: brēost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fȳr-, heaðo-, holm-, sǣ-, sorh-wylm. See wælm.

wyn, st. f., _pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment_: acc. sg. mǣste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly joy_), 1081; eorðan wynne (_earth-joy, the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (_heaven's joy_, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (_harp-joy, the pleasant harp_), 2108; þæt hē ... ge-drogen hæfde eorðan wynne (_that he had had his earthly joy_), 2728; dat. sg. weorod wæs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mægenes wynnum (_in joy of strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: ēðel-, hord-, līf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.

wyn-lēas, adj., _joyless_: acc. sg. wyn-lēasne wudu, 1417; wyn-lēas wīc, 822.

wyn-sum, adj., _winsome, pleasant_: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (_the ship_), 1920; nom. pl. word wǣron wyn-sume, 613.

wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) _to do, effect_, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931.--2) _to make, create_, w. acc.: pret. sg. þæt se æl-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], 92; swā hine _(the helmet_) worhte wǣpna smið, 1453.--3) _to gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, sē þe mōte, dōmes ǣr dēaðe, 1388.

be-wyrcan, _to gird, surround_: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163.

ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., _to act, behave_: inf. swā sceal geong guma gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine þæt ... (_a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do, make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þām āglǣcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þā lēode wāt ... fæste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) _to make, construct_: inf. (medo-ærn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wīg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlǣw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.--4) _to win, acquire_: pres. sg. ic mē mid Hruntinge dōm ge-wyrce, 1492.

Wyrd, st. f., _Weird_ (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = _fate, providence_): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)

wyrdan, w. v., _to ruin, kill, destroy_: pret. sg. hē tō lange lēode mine wanode and wyrde, 1338.

ā-wyrdan, w. v., _to destroy, kill_: pret. part.: æðeling monig wundum ā-wyrded, 1114.

wyrðe, adj., _noble; worthy, honored, valued_: acc. sg. m. wyrðne (ge-dōn) (_to esteem worthy_), 2186; nom. pl. wyrðe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rīces wyrðra (_worthier of rule_), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyrðe. See weorð.

wyrgen, st, f., _throttler_ [cf. sphinx], _she-wolf_; in comp. grund-wyrgen.

ge-wyrht, st. n., _work; desert_; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658.

wyrm, st. m., _worm, dragon, drake_: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. wyrmas, 1431.

wyrm-cyn, st. m., _worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons_: gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426.

wyrm-fāh, adj., _dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned_ (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fāh, 1699.

wyrm-hord, st. n., _dragon-hoard_: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223.

for-wyrnan, w. v., _to refuse, reject_: subj. pres. II. þæt þū mē nō for-wyrne, þæt... (_that thou refuse me not that_...), 429; pret. sg. hē ne for-wyrnde worold-rǣdenne, 1143.

ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., _to refresh one's self, recover_: pret. sg. hē hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977.

wyrpe, st. m., _change_: acc. sg. æfter wēa-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316.

wyrsa, compar. adj., _worse_: acc. sg. neut. þæt wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wīg-frecan, 1213, 2497.

wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], _root_: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fæst, 1365.

wȳscan, w. v., _to wish, desire_: pret. sg. wīscte (rihde, MS.) þæs yldan (_wished to delay that_ or _for this reason_, 2440, 1605(?). See Note.

Y

yfel, st n., _evil_: gen. pl. yfla, 2095.

yldan, w. v., _to delay, put off_: inf. nē þæt se āglǣca yldan þōhte, 740; weard wine-geōmor wīscte þæs yldan, þæt hē lȳtel fæc long-gestrēona brūcan mōste, 2240.

ylde, st. m. pl., _men_: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde.

yldest. See eald.

yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (ǣtas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo bearn, 70. See eldo.

yldra. See eald.

ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112.

ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, _around, about, at, upon_: ymb hine (_around, with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (_around the seas, on the high sea_), 568; ymb þā gif-healle (_around the gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb þæs helmes hrōf (_around the helm's roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, _about, after_: ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores (_about the same time the next day_), 219; ymb āne niht (_after a night_), 135.--3) causal, _about, on account of, for, owing to_: (frīnan) ymb þīnne sīð (_on account of, concerning?, thy journey_), 353; hwæt þū ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (_hast spoken about B._), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nā ymb his līf cearað (_careth not for his life_), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte behēold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming, the prize for swimming_), 507.

ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., _around_: him ... ymbe, 2598.

ymb-sittend, pres. part., _neighbor_ gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9.

ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. ymbe-sittendra, 2735.

yppe, w. f., _high seat, dais, throne_: dat. sg. ēode ... tō yppan, 1816.

yrfe, st. n., _bequest, legacy_: nom. sg., 3052.

yrfe-lāf, st. f., _sword left as a bequest_: acc. sg. yrfe-lāfe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lāfe, 1904.

yrfe-weard, st. m., _heir, son_: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.)

yrmðo, st. f., _misery, shame, wretchedness_: acc. sg. yrmðe, 1260, 2006.

yrre, st. n., _anger, ire, excitement_: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, on yrre, 2093.

yrre, adj., _angry, irate, furious_: nom. sg. yrre ōretta (Bēowulf), 1533; þegn yrre (the same), 1576; gæst yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. See eorre.

yrringa, adv., _angrily, fiercely_, 1566, 2965.

yrre-mōd, adj., _wrathful-minded, wild_: nom. sg., 727.

ys, _he is_. See wesan.

Ȳ

ȳð (O.H.G. unda), st. f., _wave; sea_: nom. pl. ȳða, 548; acc. pl. ȳðe, 46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. ȳðum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; ȳðum weallan (_to surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. ȳða, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, 1919.--Comp: flōd-, līg-, wæter-ȳð.

ȳðan, w. v., _to ravage, devastate, destroy_: pret. sg. ȳðde eotena cyn, 421 (cf. īðende = _depopulating_, Bosworth, from AElfric's Glossary; pret. ȳðde, Wanderer, 85).

ȳðe. See ēaðe.

ȳðe-līce, adv., _easily_: ȳðe-līce hē eft ā-stōd (_he easily arose afterwards_), 1557.

ȳð-gebland, st. n., _mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult_: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.

ȳð-gewin, st. n., _strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water_: dat. sg. ȳð-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435.

ȳð-lād, st. f., _water-journey, sea-voyage_: nom. pl. ȳð-lāde, 228.

ȳð-lāf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be ȳð-lāfe, 566.

ȳð-lida, w. m., _wave-traverser, ship_: acc. sg. ȳð-lidan, 198.

ȳð-naca, w. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg. [ȳð-]nacan, 1904.

ȳð-gesēne. See ēð-gesȳne.

ȳwan, w. v. w. acc., _to show_: pret. sg. an-sȳn ȳwde (_showed itself, appeared_), 2835. See ēawan, ēowan.

ge-ȳwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to lay before, offer_: inf., 2150.

GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.

ābrecan, st. v., _to shatter_: part. his byrne ābrocen wǣre (_his byrnie was shattered_).

ānyman, st. v., _to take, take away_.

bān-helm, st. m., _bone-helmet; skull_, [_shield_, Bosw.].

buruh-þelu, st. f., _castle-floor_.

cēlod, part, (adj.?), _keeled_, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.

dagian, w. v., _to dawn_: nē þis nē dagiað ēastan (_this is not dawning from the east_).

dēor-mōd, adj., _brave in mood_: dēor-mōd hæleð.

driht-gesīð, st m., _companion, associate_.

ēastan, adv., _from the east_.

eorð-būend, st. m., _earth-dweller, man_.

fēr, st. m. _fear, terror_.

fȳren, adj., _flaming, afire_: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre (_as if all Finnsburh were afire_).

gehlyn, st. n., _noise, tumult_.

gellan, st. v., _to sing_ (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð grǣg-hama (_the gray garment_ [byrnie] _rings_); (_the gray wolf yelleth_?).

genesan, st. v., _to survive, recover from_: pret. pl. þā wīgend hyra wunda genǣson (_the warriors were recovering from their wounds_).

gold-hladen, adj., _laden with gold_ (wearing heavy gold ornaments).

grǣg-hama, w. m., _gray garment, mail-coat_; (_wolf_?--Brooke).

gūð-wudu, st. m., _war-wood, spear_.

hæg-steald, st. m., _one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl._

heaðo-geong, adj., _young in war._

here-sceorp, st. n., _war-dress, coat of mail_.

hleoðrian, w. v., _to speak, exclaim_: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (_the prince exclaimed_).

hrǣw, st. n., _corpse_.

hrōr, adj., _strong_: here-sceorpum hrōr (_strong_ [though it was] _as armor_, Bosw.).

lac (lað?)? for flacor, _fluttering?_

oncweðan, st. v., _to answer_: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (_the shield answers the spear_).

onwacnian, w. v., _to awake, arouse one's self_: imper. pl. onwacnigeað ..., wīgend mine (_awake, my warriors!_).

sceft (sceaft), st. m., _spear, shaft_.

sealo-brūn, adj., _dusky-brown_.

sige-beorn, st. m., _victorious hero, valiant warrior_.

swæðer (swā hwæðer), pron., _which of two, which_.

swān, st. m., _swain, youth; warrior_.

sweart, adj., _swart, black_.

swēt, adj., _sweet_: acc. m. swētne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).

swurd-lēoma, w. m., _sword-flame, flashing of swords_.

þyrl, adj., _pierced, cloven_.

undearninga, adv., _without concealment, openly_.

wandrian, w. v., _to fly about, hover_: pret. sg. hræfn wandrode (_the raven hovered_).

waðol, st. m., _the full moon_ [Grein]; [adj., _wandering_, Bosw.].

wæl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., _combat, deadly struggle_: gen. pl. wæl-slihta gehlyn (_the din of combats_)

weā-dǣd, st. f., _deed of woe_: nom. pl. ārisað weā-dǣda.

witian (weotian), w. v., _to appoint, determine_: part. þē is ... witod.

wurðlīce (weorðlīce), adv., _worthily, gallantly_: compar. wurð-līcor.

wæg, weg, st. m., _way_.

CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:

ARGUMENT, recals = recalls ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrȳð-sw̄ð l. 256 ōfest = ōfost l. 303 scīonon = scionon l. 706 buton = būton l. 1115 āt = æt l. 1133 wīð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-stræl = here-strǣl l. 1642 feōwer- = fēower l. 1747 stræle = strǣle l. 1828 þywað = þȳwað l. 1926 betlic = betlīc l. 2224 gescēod = gesceōd ll. 2288, 3036 wās = wæs l. 2453 to = tō l. 2503 Huga = Hūga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) l. 2586 niðe = nīðe l. 2587 sið = sīð l. 2684 irenna = īrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hūgas l. 2956 hēaðo-liðendum = heaðo-līðendum l. 3000 Þāt = Þæt; feōnd- = fēond- l. 3056 sóð = sōð l. 3137 Hrōnes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenīgge = Scedenigge Ēadgils, Ohthere = Ōhthere Frēawaru, Freawaru = Frēawaru Hrōðgār, Hrōð-gāre = Hrōðgāre Hygelac, Hǣreð = Hæreð notes, for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wōð- = wǣg- l. 1916, leōfra = lēofra glossary, under: æðele, Beowulf's = Bēowulf's ān, gehwilces = gehwylces ǣg-hwā, ǣgh-wæs = ǣghwæs æt-beran, beadolāce = beadulāce beadu-lāc, beado- = beadu- (twice) bēag, beages = bēages beorh, hēaford- = hēafod bēodan, leodum = lēodum bēon, cwēnlic = cwēnlīc biddan, bliðne = blīðne bitter, stræle = strǣle ge-bīdan, therefor = therefore on-bīdan, earfōðlīce = earfoðlīce brecan, lētdse = lēt se burne, of of = of būtan, swīce = swice cempa, Huga = Hūga ge-cēosan, usic = ūsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þæ = þā cūð, wīð- = wīd- cunnan, þēawe = þēaw dōgor, gehwam = gehwām dōn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þȳwað drīfan, feoran = feorran dryhten, frēah- = frēa- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dȳgan, wræcsið = wræcsīð eal, oncyððe = oncȳððe ealdor, herestræl = herestrǣl ēacen-cræftig, iūmanna = iūmonna eofor-sprēot, hocyhtum = hōcyhtum eorlīc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlīc fāh, wāldrēore = wældrēore fela, maððum- = māððum- oð-ferian, panon = þonan fēran, wære = wǣre fēond, feonda = fēonda flēon, fenhōpu = fenhopu floga, wīð- = wīd- folc-toga, Hrōðgar = Hrōðgār for, wonhydum = wonhȳdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fōt-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þēodcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frætwum ge-fȳsan, to sēcanne = tō sēceanne gān, swa = swā; [or] giong = gīong; flore = flōre; sīttan = sittan ge-gan, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gār-wiga, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gæst, fēde- = fēðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þīnra ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ȳðlidan gēoc, gást = gāst geōmore-līc, [bið] geōmorlic = geōmorlīc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gūðrinc grētan, walgǣst = wælgǣst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wīnsele hatan, sǣliðend = sǣlīðend hatian, guð-sceaða = gūð-sceaða hār, heāre = hēare here-strǣl, -stræl = strǣl heard, -stræl = -strǣl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-drēor, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drēore hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hōp, hōp = hop (twice) hreow, þāt = þæt hrōf, gesēah = geseah hwīl, seo = sēo hȳran, ǣghwilc = ǣghwylc inne, abēad = ābēad īren, drihtlīc = dryhtlīc lāð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-lēan, beleān = belēan mētan, Aescheres = Æscheres mearcian, mōrhōpu = mōrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwām morðor-bed, stred = strēd mōd, stið- = stīð nǣnig, horð-māðum = hord-māððum on, hēaðe = heoðe; willen = willan rǣd, fǣst- = fæst reccan, hu = hū rīdan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = lēasne sceapan, Hugas = Hūgas (twice) scānan, scīonon = scionon scīnan, scīnon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-sēcan, -cyððe = cȳððe ge-sīgan, ætsæcce = æt sæcce ge-slēan, ge-slōgan = ge-slōgon standan, stræl = strǣl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ōhteres stincan, þæ = þā styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, maððum- = māððum ge-swīcan, þeodne = þēodne tēon (w. v.), nalæs = nalas; teodan = tēodan tō, hælum = hǣlum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trūwan, -wære = wǣre ge-twǣfan, ōððe = oððe þǣr, snotera = snottra þē, gimfæstan = ginfæstan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwām ge-þolian, þāt = þæt þū, sǣlran = selran þūsend, sēofon = seofan un-hēore, -speru = -sporu ūs, ǣg-hwilc = ǣg-hwylc wacan, wōcon = wōcun werian, beaduscrūd = beaduscrūda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wēn, orlēg = orleg; ōr-wena = or-wēna weorðian, leōde = lēode willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fæðer = fæder nāt, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-wītan, wære = wǣre