Chapter L: Appendix: THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. Footnote: See v. 1069 seqq (5)

dôn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. dôð swâ ic bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. hêt hire selfre sunu on bæl dôn, 1117; pret. þâ he him of dyde îsernbyrnan, _took off the iron corselet_, 672; (þonne) him Hûnlâfing, ... billa sêlest, on bearm dyde, _when he made a present to him of Hûnlâfing, the best of swords_, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_, 2810; ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, _nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hi on beorg dydon bêg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tô Geátum sprec mildum wordum! swâ sceal man dôn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum weóld, swâ he nu git dêð, _the creator ruled over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swâ þu ær dydest, 1677; III. swâ he nu gyt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swâ hie oft ær dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wên' ic þät he wille ... Geátena leóde etan unforhte, swâ he oft dyde mägen Hrêðmanna, _I believe he will wish to devour the Geát people, the fearless, as he often did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrêðmen_, 444; gif ic þät gefricge ... þät þec ymbesittend egesan þýwað, swâ þec hetende hwîlum dydon, _that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian þonne ic gyt dyde, _if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825; similarly, pl. þonne þâ dydon, 44.

ge-dôn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, _makes the parts of the world_ (i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedôn wolde, _nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: he mec þær on innan ... gedôn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091.

draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eorð-, fýr-, lêg-, lîg-, nîð-draca.

on-drædan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to be afraid of_: inf. þät þu him on-drædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, _needest not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. nô he him þâ säcce ondrêd, _was not afraid of the combat_, 2348.

ge-dräg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_: acc. sg. sêcan deófla gedräg, 757.

drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genîðlan, 2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran stræle, _struck in the breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; wäs in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_), 2982.

drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.

drêfan, ge-drêfan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewât ... drêfan deóp wäter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wäter under stôd dreórig and gedrêfed, 1418.

dreám, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. häleða dreám, 497; acc. sg. dreám hlûdne, 88; þu ... dreám healdende, _thou who livest in rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr. sg. dreáme bedæled, 1276; gen. pl. dreáma leás, 851; dat. pl. dreámum (here adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; dreámum bedæled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. gleó-, gum-, man-, sele-dreám.

dreám-leás, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremôd, 1721.

dreógan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret. dreáh äfter dôme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þät hie ær drugon aldorleáse lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2) _to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. dreóh symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_, 1783; inf. driht-scype dreógan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte dreáh (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hie gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hî sîð drugon, _made the way, went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhðo dreógan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge dreáh, _bore sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe dreáh, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge þe hie ær drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

â-dreógan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wræc âdreógan, 3079.

ge-dreógan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þät he ... gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727.

dreór, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. dreóre, 447.--Comp. heoru-, sâwul-, wäl-dreór.

dreór-fâh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485.

dreórig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wäter stôd dreórig, 1418; acc. sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-dreórig.

ge-dreósan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. lîc-homa læne gedreóseð, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667.

drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blôd êdrum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wîn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234; þær guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slôg heorð-geneátas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg. beóre (wîne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. beóre druncne, 480.

drîfan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. þâ þe brentingas ofer flôda genipu feorran drîfað, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þeáh þe he [ne] meahte on mere drîfan hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131.

to-drîfan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. ôð þät unc flôd tôdrâf, 545.

drohtoð, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom. sg. ne wäs his drohtoð þær swylce he ær gemêtte, _there was no employment for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757.

drusian, w. v. (cf. dreósan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mînra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. äðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (häleða) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: freá-, freó-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrôðgâr's warriors).

dryht-lîc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent_: dryhtlîc îren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlîce wîf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-mâðum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl. dryhtmâðma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_: acc. sg. drihtscype dreógan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-fät, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-fät, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hûru se aldor deáh, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ðonne his ellen deáh, _if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þe him selfa deáh, _who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þeáh þîn wit duge, _though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þu ûs wel dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nu seó hand ligeð se þe eów welhwylcra wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret. subj. þeáh þu heaðoræsa gehwær dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong in battle_, 526.

duguð (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_: dat. pl. for dugeðum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguðum dêmdon, _praised with all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. duguð unlytel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frätwe geaf ealdor duguðe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921; leóda duguðe on lâst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cûðe he duguðe þeáw, _the custom of the noble warriors_, 359; deórre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.--3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þu dearst bîdan, _darest to await_, 527; III. he gesêcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sêc gyf þu dyrre, _seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dûfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þät sweord gedeáf (_the sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701.

þurh-dûfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wäter up þurh-deáf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. nô hine wiht dweleð, âdl ne yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, 1288.

dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cräfte, _with secret magic art_, 2291; dyrnum cräfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta, _of malicious spirits_ (of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þeáh þe he dæda gehwäs dyrstig wære, _although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839.

ge-dýgan, ge-dîgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þu þät ellenweorc aldre gedîgest, _if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þät þone hilderæs hâl gedîgeð, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf. unfæge gedîgan weán and wräcsîð, 2293; hwäðer sêl mæge wunde gedýgan, _which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende deóp gedýgan, _could not endure the deep without burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dîgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dýgol. See deógol.

dýre. See deóre.

E

ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd, _defended the entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mêces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon_: nom. sg. ne wäs ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sió ecg brûn (Beówulf's sword Nägling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. äscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) eácnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg wäs îren, 1460.--Comp.: brûn-, heard-, stýl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wearð tô ecg-banan ângan brêðer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom. sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þräce, 597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): þâ þær sôna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him edwendan æfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease_, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189.

edwît-lîf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon the same level, near_: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_, 2904.

efnan (see äfnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelâc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. tô efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swâ or swylc: efne swâ swîðe swâ, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swâ sîde swâ, 1224; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284; leóht inne stôd efne swâ ... scîneð, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword) _just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende (_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ him gemet þûhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce mæla swylce ... þearf gesælde, _just at the times at which necessity commanded it_, 1250.

eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sôna bið, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bôt eft cuman, _help come again_, 281.--2) _again, on the other side_: þät hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesîðas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swâ ær, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus, _back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þät hig äðelinges eft ne wêndon (_did not believe that he would come back_), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-sîð, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sîðes georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsîðas teáh, _went the road back_, i.e. returned, 1333.

egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gýmeð, _cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror, horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.: glêd-, lîg-, wäter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930.

eges-lîc, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres. þät þe ... weras ehtigað, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223.

elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde.

eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (_shall be banished_), 3020.

ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Geáta ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cýðan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlîc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wräc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êðbegête þâm þe ær his elne forleás, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man_ (Wîglâf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, _strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly, transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes lät, 1530; þâ him wäs elnes þearf, 2877.--Comp. mägen-ellen.

ellen-dæd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -dædum, 877, 901.

ellen-gæst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.

ellen-lîce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123.

ellen-mærðu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mærðum, 829, 1472.

ellen-rôf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -rôfum, 1788.

ellen-seóc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þeóden ellensiócne (_the mortally wounded king, Beówulf_), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b (local), elles hwær, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255.

ellor-gâst, -gæst, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgâst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgæst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgæstas, 1350.

ellor-sîð, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), _another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-þeódig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þeódige men, 336.

ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (lîfes) ende, 823, 2845; ôð þät ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende lîfgesceafta (lîfes, læn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; häfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lîfes) ät ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes ät ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sîde rîce þät he his selfa ne mäg ... ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp. woruld-ende.

ende-däg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dôgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bega on wênum endedôgores and eftcymes leótes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897.

ende-lâf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þu eart ende-lâf ûsses cynnes, _art the last of our race_, 2814.

ende-leán, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sæta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stäf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestäf eft gelimpeð, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge ânpaðas, _narrow paths_, 1411.

ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta ær-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta ær-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blôdig wäl ... eteð ân-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_, 448; inf. Geátena leóde ... etan, 444.

þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, _swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050.

Ê

êc. See eác.

êce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. êce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. êce eorðreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceás êcne ræd, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. êcean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. geceós êce rædas, 1761.

êdre. See ædre.

êð-begête, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êð-begête, _then from the young man_ (Wîglâf) _it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862.

êðe. See eáðe.

êðel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swæsne êðel, 520; dat. sg. on êðle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. êðel Scyldinga, _of the kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wîsdôme heóld êðel sînne, _ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961.

êðel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard êðel-riht, _estate and inherited privileges_, 2199.

êðel-stôl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl. êðel-stôlas, 2372.

êðel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mînre êðeltyrf, 410.

êðel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg. êðelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Eást-Dena êðel wearde (King Hrôðgâr), 617.

êðel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom. sg. nu sceal ... eall êðelwyn eówrum cynne, lufen âlicgean, _now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard êðelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494.

êð-gesýne, ýð-gesêne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.

êfstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nu êfstan, _let us hurry now_, 3102; pret. êfste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_, 1494.

êg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer êg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

êg-streám, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on êg-streámum, _in the sea-floods_, 577. See eágor-streám.

êhtan (M.H.G. æchten; cf. æht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. äglæca êhtende wäs duguðe and geogoðe, 159; pret. pl. êhton aglæcan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_ (Beówulf)(?), 1513.

êst, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. he him êst geteáh meara and mâðma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor häfde âgendes êst ær gesceáwod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_ (of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce heóld, êstum mid âre, 2379; êstum geýwan (_to present_), 2150; him wäs ... wunden gold êstum geeáwed (_presented_), 1195; we þät ellenweorc êstum miclum fremedon, 959.

êste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. êste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the birth_ (of such a son as Beówulf), 946.

EA

eafoð, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; we frêcne genêðdon eafoð uncûðes, _we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cräftig, 1467; þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes getwæfed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; acc. pl. eafeðo (MS. earfeðo) [This reading cancelled. See note to l. 534--KTH], 534; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, _made him great through strength_, 1718. See Note for l. 534.

eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153.

eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.

eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, _went as one of eight, with seven others_, 3124.

eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. ræd eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sêlestan þâra þe mid Hrôðgâre hâm eahtode, _the best one of those who with Hrôðgâr deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175.

eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall êðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þät hit wearð eal gearo, healärna mæst, 77; þät hit (wîgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þær wäs eal geador Grendles grâpe, _there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa, _all favor_, 2150; wäs eall sceacen dôgorgerîmes, 2728. With apposition: þûhte him eall tô rûm, wongas and wîcstede, 2462; acc. sg. beót eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncýððe ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, 2298; gif he þät eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þät eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wîde-ferhð, _through the whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mägene, _with all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þäs ealles mäg ... gefeán habban, 2740; brûc ealles well, 2163; freán ealles þanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of all_, 2795; nom. pl. untydras ealle, 111; sceótend ... ealle, 706; we ealle, 942; acc. pl. feónd ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie deáð fornam, 2237; lîg ealle forswealg þâra þe þær gûð fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-bûendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. âna wið eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. äðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. he âh ealra geweald, _has power over all_, 1728.

Uninflected: bil eal þurhwôd flæschoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body through and through_, 1568; häfde ... eal gefeormod fêt and folma, _had devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; se þe eall geman gâr-cwealm gumena, _who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc.

Adverbial: þeáh ic eal mæge, _although I am entirely able_, 681; hî on beorg dydon bêg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130.

eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan (_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ômig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lâfe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wîsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta geweorc (_the precious things in the drake's cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde mâðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten Commandments; Beówulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.

yldra, compar. _older_: mîn yldra mæg, 468; yldra brôðor, 1325; ôð þät he (Heardrêd) yldra wearð, 2379.

yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þam yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. þone yldestan, 363, both times of Beówulf.

eald-fäder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373.

eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870.

eald-gesîð, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many years_: nom. pl. eald-gesîðas, 854.

eald-gestreón, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl. eald-gestreónum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestreóna, 1459.

eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.

eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many years_: nom. pl. þät næron eald-gewyrht, þät he âna scyle gnorn þrowian, _that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone_, 2658.

eald-hlâford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill eald-hlâfordes (of the old Beówulf(?)), 2779.

eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946.

ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.

ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stôd herestræl hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of ealdre gewât, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwêna, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nêðdon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; tô aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006, 2499; âwa tô aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956.

ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life's evil_: acc. sg. þu ... ondrædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677.

ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat. sg. he his leódum wearð ... tô aldor-ceare, 907.

ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one's life_: dat. pl. næfre on aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum ær (_in former days_), 758.

ealdor-gedâl, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedâl, 806.

ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904.

ealdor-leás, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-leáse, 15.

ealdor-leás, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-leásne, 1588; ealdor-leásne, 3004.

ealdor-þegn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrôðgâr's confidential adviser, Äschere), 1309.

eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.

ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan he (Hygelâc) under segne sinc eal-gode, wälreáf werede, _while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205.

eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swýn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.

eal-îrenne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-îrenne wîgbord, _a wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339.

ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.

ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.

ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770.

ealu-wæge, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowæge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowæge (_at the ale-carouse_), 481.

eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. fäder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.

eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him wäs bâm ... lond gecynde, eard êðel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly, älwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_, 1130; eard git ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378; eard and eorlscipe, _prædium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard êðelwyn, _land and the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; þät we rondas beren eft tô earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. eácne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622.

eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl. dýre swyrd swâ hie wið eorðan fäðm þær eardodon, _costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wîc eardian elles hwergen, _inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590.

eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one's land, home-life_: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693.

earfoð-lîce, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_, 2304, 2935.

earfoð-þrag, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg. -þrage, 283.

earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sîð (_no coward undertaken that_), 2542.

earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesät, _supported himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.

earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, _the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_, 2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_, 577.

earm-beág, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-beága fela searwum gesæled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764.

earm-hreád, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hreáde twâ, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).

earm-lîc, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedâl earmlîc wurðan, _his end should be wretched_, 808.

earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352.

earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027.

eatol. See atol.

eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sät freán eaxlum neáh, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Beówulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wîglâf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_ (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.

EÁ

eác, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; êc, 3132.

eácen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_, _large_: nom. pl. eácne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy_: eald sweord eácen, 1664; dat. pl. eácnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.--_great, mighty, powerful_: äðele and eácen, of Beówulf, 198.

eácen-cräftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg. hord-ärna sum eácen-cräftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg. þät yrfe eácen-cräftig, iúmonna gold, 3052.

eádig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_: nom. sg. wes, þenden þu lifige, äðeling eádig, _be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; eádig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-, tîr-eádig.

eádig-lîce, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: dreámum lifdon eádiglîce, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100.

eáðe, êðe, ýðe, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode þancedon þäs þe him ýð-lâde eáðe wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had become easy to them_, 228; ne wäs þät êðe sîð, _no pleasant way_, 2587; näs þät ýðe ceáp, _no easy purchase_, 2416; nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne, _not easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003.

eáðe, ýðe, adv., _easily_. eáðe, 478, 2292, 2765.

eáð-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138.

eáge, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of eágum stôd leóht unfäger, _out of his eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; þät ic ... eágum starige, _see with eyes, behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. eágena bearhtm, 1767.

eágor-streám, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513.

eá-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the Geátas): acc. sg. eá-lond, 2335; _island_.

eám, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882.

eástan, adv., _from the east_, 569.

eáwan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. eáweð ... uncûðne nîð, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See eówan, ýwan.

ge-eáwan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him wäs ... wunden gold êstum ge-eáwed, _was graciously presented_, 1195.

EO

eode. See gangan.

eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. hêht eahta mearas on flet teón, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.

eofoð, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð.

eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer îrenheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave fighter_ (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and fêðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.

eofor-lîc, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-lîc scionon, 303.

eofor-spreót, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-spreótum heóro-hôcyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_, 1438.

eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð.

eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.

eorclan-stân, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stânas, 1209.

eorð-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156.

eorð-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.

eorðe, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg. älmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wîde geond eorðan, _far over the earth, through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.--2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. he eorðan gefeóll, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles' treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. þät hit on eorðan läg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fäðm (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050.

eorð-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720.

eorð-scräf, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eorð-[scräfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scräfe, 3047.

eorð-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eorðsele, 2516.

eorð-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenþeów) beáh eft under eorðweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp), 2958; þâ me wäs ... sîð âlýfed inn under eorðweall, _then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091.

eorð-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335.

eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.

eorl-gestreón, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestreóna ... hardfyrdne dæl, 2245.

eorl-gewæde, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewædum, 1443.

eorlîc (i.e. eorl-lîc), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlîc ellen, 638.

eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.

eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894.

eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.

eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.

eormen-lâf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lâfe äðelan cynnes (_the treasures of the dragon's cave_) 2235.

eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.

eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114.

eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.

EÓ

eóred-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867.

eówan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ôhwær, ecghete eóweð, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See eáwan, ýwan.

eówer: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: eówer sum, _that one of you_ (namely, Beówulf), 248; fæhðe eówer leóde, _the enmity of the people of you_ (of your people), 597; nis þät eówer sîð ... nefne mîn ânes, 2533.--2) poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc.

F

ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to experience_: w. gen. pret. part. þät häfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, _that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; þonne se ân hafað þurh deâðes nýd dæda gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death's pang experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.

fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara.

faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf. tô hâm faran, _to go home_, 124; lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; com leóda dugoðe on lâst faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wæron äðelingas eft tô leódum fûse tô farenne, _the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan môr, _there had_ (Grendel's mother) _gone away over the dark fen_, 1405; sægenga fôr, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_, 1909; (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret. pl. þät ... scawan scîrhame tô scipe fôron, _that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896.

gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. hû se mânsceaða under færgripum gefaran wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739.

ût faran, _to go out_: w. acc. lêt of breóstum ... word ût faran, _let words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552.

faroð, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea_: dat. sg. tô brimes faroðe, 28; äfter faroðe, _with the stream_, 580; ät faroðe, 1917.

faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. âd-faru.

fâcen-stäf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_. acc. pl. fâcen-stafas, 1019.

fâh, fâg, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fâh (_covered with blood_), 420; blôde fâh, 935; âtertânum fâh (sc. îren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to âterteárum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fâh (_saddle artistically ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swâte fâh, 1287; brim blôde fâh, 1595; wäldreóre fâg, 1632; (draca) fýrwylmum fâh (_because he spewed flame_), 2672; sweord fâh and fäted, 2702; blôde fâh, 2975; acc. sg. dreóre fâhne, 447; goldsele fättum fâhne, 717; on fâgne flôr treddode, _trod the shining floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrôf golde fâhne, _the roof shining with gold_, 928; nom. pl. eoforlîc ... fâh and fýr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þâ hilt since fâge, 1616; dat. pl. fâgum sweordum, 586.--Comp. bân-, blôd-, brûn-, dreór-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stân-, swât-, wäl-, wyrm-fâh.

fâh, fâg, fâ, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fâh feónd-scaða, 554; he wäs fâg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fâne (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fâra, 578, 1464.--2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fâg, 1264; mâne fâh, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-dædum fâg, 1002.--Comp. nearo-fâh.

fâmig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota fâmig-heals, 218; (sægenga) fâmig-heals, 1910.

fäc, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lytel fäc, _during a short time_, 2241.

fäder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. fäder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; fäder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fäder, 1356; dat. sg. fäder, 2430; gen. sg. fäder, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: ær, eald-fäder.

fädera, w. m., _father's brother_ in comp. suhter-gefäderan.

fäder-äðelo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. fäder-äðelum, 912.

fäderen-mæg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant_: dat. sg. fäderen-mæge, 1264.

fäðm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. feóndes fäð[mum], 2129.--2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. lîges fäðm, 782; acc. sg. in fýres fäðm, 185.--3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan fäðm, 1394; wið eorðan fäðm, 3050; dat. pl. tô fäder (God's) fäðmum, 188.--4) _power, property_: acc. in Francna fäðm, 1211.--Cf. sîd-fäðmed, sîð-fäðme.

fäðmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. þät minne lîchaman ... glêd fäðmie, 2653; inf. lêton flôd fäðmian frätwa hyrde, 3134.

ge-fäg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp. ge-fägra, 916.

fägen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhðum fägne, _the glad at heart_, 1634.

fäger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. fäger fold-bold, 774; fäger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, 522; nom. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, 867.--Comp. un-fäger.

fägere, fägre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette_: fägere geþægon medoful manig, 1015; þâ wäs flet-sittendum fägere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; Higelâc ongan ... fägre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.

fär, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33.

fäst, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bið se slæp tô fäst, 1743; acc. sg. freóndscipe fästne, 2070; fäste frioðuwære, 1097.--The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wäs tô fäst on þâm (sc. on fæhðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fäst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: feónd-grâpum fäst, _(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; fýrbendum fäst, _fast in the forged hinges_, 723; handa fäst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fäst (beorn him langað), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e. in secret), 1879.--Comp: âr-, blæd-, gin-, sôð-, tîr-, wîs-fäst.

fäste, adv., _fäst_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. fästor, 143.

be-fästan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. hêt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befästan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116.

fästen, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg. leóda fästen, _the fastness of the Geátas_ (with ref. to 2327), 2334; fästen (Ongenþeów's castle or fort), 2951; fästen (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), 104.

fäst-ræd, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. fäst-rædne geþôht, _firm determination_, 611.

fät, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. sîð-fät.

fät, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: bân-, drync-, mâððum-, sinc-, wundor-fät.

fät, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fättum fâhne, _shining with gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257.

fäted, fätt, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg. fättan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fättan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, _covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord ... fäted, 2702; acc. sg. fäted wæge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. fätte scyldas, 333; fätte beágas, 1751. [fæted, etc.]

fäted-hleór, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mearas fäted-hleóre (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_), 1037.

fät-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922.

fæge, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg. fæge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fæge and ge-flýmed, 847; fûs and fæge, 1242; acc. sg. fægne flæsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fægum, 2078; gen. sg. fæges, 1528.--2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer fægum (_over the warriors fallen in the battle_), 3026.--Comp.: deáð-, un-fæge.

fæhð (_state of hostility_, see fâh), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_: nom. sg. fæhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fæhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrêðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fæhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fæhðe mearn (_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, 109; gen. pl. fæhða gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. wäl-fæhð.

fæhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sió fæhðo, 3000; acc. fæhðo, 2490.

fælsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. þät ic môte ... Heorot fælsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrôðgâres ... sele fælsode, 2353.

ge-fælsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. häfde gefælsod ... sele Hrôðgâres, 826; Heorot is gefælsod, 1177; wæron ýð-gebland eal gefælsod, 1621.

fæmne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. fæmnan, 2035; gen. sg. fæmnan, 2060, both times of Hrôðgâr's daughter Freáware.

fær, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnäf's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231.

fær-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. fær-gripe flôdes, 1517; dat. pl. under færgripum, 739.

fær-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wið fær-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.

færinga, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989.

fær-nîð, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwät me Grendel hafað ... færnîða gefremed, 476.

feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fûs, 3120.

fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glôf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made of the skins of dragons_, 2089.

fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwät þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spræce, _how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tô fela micles ... Denigea leóde, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; uncûðes fela, 877; fela lâðes, 930; fela leófes and lâðes, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mâdma, 36; fela þæra wera and wîfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missera, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; mâððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne me swôr fela âða on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.; worn fela mâðma, 1784; worna fela gûða, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela.

II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951.

fela-hrôr, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very warlike_, 27.

fela-môdig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -môdigra, 1638, 1889.

fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.

feólan, st. v., _to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self_: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (in Heorot), 1282; þær inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo, endure_: searonîðas fealh, 1201.

ät-feólan, w. dat., insistere, adhærere: pret. nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh _(held him not fast enough_, 969.

fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. tô fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010.

fen-freoðo, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.

feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fýres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fâra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng.

fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. tô fôn, 1756, and fôn tô rîce, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom. sg. wîsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.

fen-ge-lâd, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frêcne fengelâd (_fens difficult of access_), 1360.

fen-hlið, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821.

fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.

ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh.

ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305.

ferhð, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde, þät ..., _each of them trusted to his_ (Hûnferð's) _heart, that_ ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fägne, _happy at heart_, 1634; þät mon ... ferhðum freóge, _that one ... heartily love_, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.

ferhð-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147.

ferhð-genîðla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferhð-genîðlan, of the drake, 2882.

ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fätte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. tô scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.

ät-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic þät hilt þanan feóndum ätferede, 1669.

ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (we) geferian freán ûserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles heáfod, 1639; pret. þät hi ût geferedon dýre mâðmas, 3131; pret. part. her syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Geáta leóde, _men of the Geátas, come from afar, have been brought hither_ (by ship), 361.

ôð-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsôfte þonan feorh ôð-ferede, 2142.

of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. ôðer swylc ût offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584.

fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)