Chapter LVII: Appendix: THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. Footnote: See v. 1069 seqq (12)

tô, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, _to, up to, at_: com tô recede (_to the hall_), 721; eode tô sele, 920; eode tô hire freán sittan, 642; gæð eft ... tô medo (_goeth again to mead_), 605; wand tô wolcnum (_wound to the welkin_), 1120; sigon tô slæpe (_sank to sleep_), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; lîð-wæge bär hælum tô handa (_bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?_), 1984; ôð þät niht becom ôðer tô yldum, 2118; him tô bearme cwom mâððum-fät mære (_came to his hands, into his possession_), 2405; sælde tô sande sîd-fäðme scip (_fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore_), 1918; þat se harm-scaða tô Heorute â-teáh (_went forth to Heorot_), 767. After verb sittan: site nu tô symble (_sit now to the meal_), 489; siððan ... we tô symble geseten häfdon, 2105; tô ham (_home, at home_), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tô his wine-drihtne (_spake to his friendly lord_), 360; tô Geátum sprec, 1172; so, hêht þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan (_bade the battle-work be told at the hedge_), 2893.--2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod (_B. was hastily brought from a room_), 1311; siððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig Brôsinga mene (_since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the bright city_), 1200; weán âhsode. fæhðo to Frysum (_suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians_), 1208.--3) =end of motion, hence: a) _to, for, as, in_: þone god sende folce tô frôfre (_for, as, a help to the folk_), 14; gesette ... sunnan and mônan leóman to leóhte (_as a light_), 95; ge-sät ... tô rune (_sat in counsel_), 172; wearð he Heaðo-lâfe tô hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... tô helpe (_bring to, for, help_), 1831; Jofore forgeaf ângan dôhtor ... hyldo tô wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan tô sôðe (_to say in sooth_), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., _on, for, at, against_: he tô gyrn-wräce swîðor þôhte þonne tô sæ-lâde (_thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage_), 1139; säcce ne wêneð tô Gâr-Denum (_nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes_), 602; þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan geþinges (_then I expect for thee a worse result_), 525; ne ic to Sweóþeóde sibbe oððe treówe wihte ne wêne (_nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes_ ...), 2923; wiste þäm ahlæcan tô þäm heáh-sele hilde ge-þinged (_battle prepared for the monster in the high hall_), 648; wel bið þäm þe mot tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian (_well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms_), 188; þâra þe he ge-worhte tô West-Denum (_of those that he wrought against the West-Danes_), 1579.--4) with the gerund, inf.: tô gefremmanne (_to do_), 174; tô ge-cýðanne (_to make known_), 257; tô secganne (_to say_), 473; to befleónne (_to avoid, escape_), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: tô fêran, 316; tô friclan, 2557.--5) temporal: gewât him tô gescäp-hwîle (_went at(?) the hour of fate_; or, _to his fated rest?_), 26; tô wîdan feore (_ever, in their lives_), 934; âwa tô aldre (_for life, forever_), 956; so, tô aldre, 2006, 2499; tô life (_during life, ever_), 2433.--6) with particles: wôd under wolcnum tô þäs þe ... (_went under the welkin to the point where_ ...), 715; so, elne ge-eodon tô þäs þe, 1968; so, 2411; he him þäs leán for-geald ... tô þäs þe he on reste geseah Grendel licgan (_he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead_), 1586; wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât (_the blood was hot to that degree_), 1617; näs þâ long tô þon þät (_'twas not long till_), 2592, 2846; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät (_the man was dear to him to that degree_), 1877; tô hwan siððan wearð hond-ræs häleða (_up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out_), 2072; tô middes (_in the midst_), 3142.

II. Adverbial modifier, _quasi_ preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) _to, towards, up to, at_: geóng sôna tô, 1786; so, 2649; fêhð ôðer tô, 1756; sæ-lâc ... þe þu her tô lôcast (_upon which thou here lookest_), 1655; folc tô sægon (_the folk looked on_), 1423; þät hî him tô mihton gegnum gangan (_might proceed thereto_), 313; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (_who believed in help out of evils from him_, i.e. Beówulf), 910; him tô anwaldan âre ge-lyfde (_trusted for himself to the Almighty's help_), 1273; þe ûs sêceað tô Sweóna leóde (_that the Swedes will come against us_), 3002.--2) before adj. and adv., _too_: tô strang (_too mighty_), 133; tô fäst, 137; tô swýð, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, 1749, etc.; tô fela micles (_far too much_), 695; he tô forð ge-stôp (_he had gone too far_), 2290.

tôð (G. tunþu-s), st. m., _tooth_: in comp. blôdig-tôð (adj.).

tredan, st. v. w. acc., _to tread_: inf. sæ-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wräc-lâstas träd, 1353; medo-wongas träd, 1644; gräs-moldan träd, 1882.

treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., _to stride, tread, go_: pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (_strode about with a strong troop_), 923.

trem, st. n., _piece, part_: acc. sg. ne ... fôtes trem (_not a foot's breadth_), 2526.

treów, st. f., _fidelity, good faith_: acc. sg. treówe, 1073; sibbe oððe treówe, 2923.

treów, st. n., _tree_: in comp. galg-treów.

treówian. See trûwian.

treów-loga, w. m., _troth-breaker, pledge-breaker_: nom. pl. treów-logan, 2848.

trodu, st. f., _track, step_: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844.

ge-trum, st. n., _troop, band_: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923.

trum, adj., _strong, endowed with_: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370.

ge-trûwan, w. v. w. acc., _to confirm, pledge solemnly_: pret. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfe fäste frioðu-wære, 1096.

trûwian, treówan, w. v., _to trust in, rely on, believe in_: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. sîðe ne trûwode leófes mannes (_I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise_), 1994; bearne ne trûwode þät he ... (_she trusted not the child that_ ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde þät he ... (_each trusted his heart that_ ...), 1167.--2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes, 670; wiðres ne trûwode, 2954.

ge-trûwian, _to rely on, trust in_, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-trûwode, mund-gripe mägenes, 1534;--w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-trûwode, wîges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-trûwode ânes mannes, 2541.

tryddian. See treddian.

trýwe, adj., _true, faithful_: nom. sg. þâ gyt wäs ... æghwylc ôðrum trýwe, 1166.

ge-trýwe, adj., _faithful_: nom. sg. her is æghwylc eorl ôðrum ge-trýwe, 1229.

turf, st. f., _sod, soil, seat_: in comp. êðel-turf.

tux, st. m., _tooth, tusk_: in comp. hilde-tux.

ge-twæfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, _to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder_: pres. sg. III. þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twæfeð (_robs of strength_), 1764; inf. god eáðe mäg þone dol-scaðan dæda ge-twæfan (_God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds_), 479; pret. sg. sumne Geáta leód ... feores getwæfde (_cut him off from life_), 1434; nô þær wæg-flotan wind ofer ýðum sîðes ge-twæfde (_the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water_), 1909; pret. part. ät rihte wäs gûð ge-twæfed (_almost had the struggle been ended_), 1659.

ge-twæman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, _to hinder, render incapable of, restrain_: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwæman, 969.

twegen, m. f. n. twâ, num., _twain, two_: nom. m. twegen, 1164; acc. m. twegen, 1348; dat. twæm, 1192 gen. twega, 2533; acc. f. twâ, 1096, 1195.

twelf, num., _twelve_, gen. twelfa, 3172.

tweone (Frisian twine), num. = _bini, two_: dat. pl. be sæm tweonum, 859, 1298; 1686.

twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (_long-assured_), 1709.

tyder, st. m., _race, descendant_: in comp. un-tyder, 111.

tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., _weak, unwarlike, cowardly_: nom. pl. tydre, 2848.

tyn, num., _ten_: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. tyne, 2848.

tyrwian, w. v., _to tar_: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: niw-tyrwed.

on-tyhtan, w. v., _to urge on, incite, entice_: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087.

Þ

þafian, w. v. w. acc., _to submit to, endure_: inf. þät se þeód-cyning þafian sceolde Eofores ânne dôm, 2964.

þanc, st. m.: 1) _thought_: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).--2) _thanks_ (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.--3) _content, favor, pleasure_: dat. sg. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance (_those that tribute for the Geâtas carried thither for favor_). 379.

ge-þanc, st. m., _thought_: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, 2333.--Comp. môd-ge-þanc.

þanc-hycgende, pres. part., _thoughtful_, 2236.

þancian, w. v., _to thank_: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þäs þe hire se willa ge-lamp (_thanked God that her wish was granted_), 626; so, 1398; pl. þancedon, 627(?).

þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., _thence_: 1) local: þanon eft gewât (_he went thence back_), 123; þanon up ... stigon (_went up thence_), 224; so, þanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan, 820, 2360, 2957.--2) personal: þanon untydras ealle on-wôcon (_from him_, i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsôfte þonon feorh ôð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141.

þâ, adv.: l) _there, then_, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With þær: þâ þær, 331. With nu: nu þâ (_now then_), 658.--2) conjunction, _when, as, since_, w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;--_because, whilst, during, since_, 402, 465, 724, 2551, etc.

þät, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þät (_that_), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. þý, 1798, 2029; þät ic þý wæpne ge-bräd (_that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?_), 1665; þý weorðra (_the more honored_), 1903; þý sêft (_the more easily_), 2750; þý läs hym ýðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away_), 1919; nô þý ær (_not sooner_), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; nô þý leng (_no longer, none the longer_), 975. þý =adv., _therefore, hence_, 1274, 2068; þê ... þê = _on this account; for this reason ... that, because_, 2639-2642; wiste þê geornor (_knew but too well_), 822; he ... wäs sundes þê sænra þe hine swylt fornam (_he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off_), 1437; näs him wihte þê sêl (_it was none the better for him_), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. þäs = adv., _for this reason, therefore_, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þäs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = _because_, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;--also = secundum quod: þäs þe hie gewislîcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;--_therefore, accordingly_, 1342, 3001; tô þäs (_to that point; to that degree_), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þäs georne (_so firmly_), 969; ac he þäs fäste wäs ... besmiðod (_it was too firmly set_), 774; nô þäs frôd leofað gumena bearna þät þone grund wite (_none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom_), 1368; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (_had the courage for it_), 1509.

II. conj. (relative), _that, so that_, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, etc.; ôð þät (_up to that, until_); see ôð.

þätte (from þät þe, see þe), _that_, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; þät þe (_that_), 1847.

þær: 1) demons. adv., _there (where)_, 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; morðor-bealo mâga, þær heó ær mæste heóld worolde wynne (_the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy_), 1080. With þâ: þâ þær, 331; þær on innan (_therein_), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive _there_, 271, 550, 978, etc.;--_then, at that time_, 440;--_thither_: þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon (_thither went the bold ones to sit_, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.--2) relative, _where_, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; eode ... þær se snottra bâd (_went where the wise one tarried_), 1314; so, 1816;--_if_, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;--_whither_: gâ þær he wille, 1395.

þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, seó, þät: Hunferð maðelode, þe ät fôtum sät (_H., who sat at his feet, spake_), 500; so, 138, etc.; wäs þät gewin tô swýð þe on þâ leóde be-com (_the misery that had come on the people was too great_), 192, etc.; ic wille ... þe þâ and-sware ädre ge-cýðan þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (_I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give_), 355; ôð þone ânne däg þe he ... (_till that very day that he_ ...), 2401; heó þâ fæhðe wräc þe þu ... Grendel cwealdest (_the fight in which thou slewest G._), 1335; mid þære sorge þe him sió sâr belamp (_with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him_), 2469; pl. þonne þâ dydon þe ... (_than they did that_ ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; þâ mâðmas þe he me sealde (_the treasures that he gave me_), 2491; so, ginfästan gife þe him god sealde (_the great gifts that God had given him_), 2183. After þâra þe (_of those that_), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sióna fela secga ge-hwylcum þâra þe on swylc starað (_to each of those that look on such_), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, seó, þät: sägde se þe cûðe (_said he that knew_), 90; wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten, se þe môras heóld (_the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors_), 103; here-byrne ... seó þe bân-cofan beorgan cûðe (_the corselet that could protect the body_), 1446, etc.; þær ge-lýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð (_he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308).

þäs þe. See þät.

þeáh þe. See þeáh.

for þam þe. See for-þam.

þý, þê, _the, by that_, instr. of se: âhte ic holdra þý läs ... þe deáð for-nam (_I had the less friends whom death snatched away_), 488; so, 1437.

þeccan, w. v., _to cover_ (thatch), _cover over_: inf. þâ sceal brond fretan, äled þeccean (_fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures_), 3016; pret. pl. þær git eágor-streám earmum þehton (_in swimming_), 513.

þegn, st. m., _thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight_: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Beówulf), 194; (Wîglâf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen (Beówulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (Wîglâf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl. þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc.--Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.

þegnian, þênian, w. v., _to serve, do liege service_: pret. sg. ic him þênode deóran sweorde (_I served them with my good sword_, i.e. slew them with it), 560.

þegn-sorh, st. f., _thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman_: acc. sg. þegn-sorge, 131.

þegu, st. f., _taking_: in comp.: beáh-, beór-, sinc-þegu.

þel, st. n., _deal-board, board for benches_: in comp. benc-þel, 486, 1240.

þencan, w. v.: 1) _to think_: absolutely: pres. sg. III. se þe wel þenceð, 289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nænig heora þôhte þät he ... (_none of them thought that he_), 692.--2) w. inf., _to intend_: pres. sg. III. þâ and-sware ... þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (_the answer that the good one intendeth to give me_), 355; (blôdig wäl) byrgean þenceð, 448; þonne he ... gegân þenceð longsumne lof (_if he will win eternal fame_), 1536; pret. sg. ne þät aglæca yldan þôhte (_the monster did not mean to delay that_), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þôhton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone heáwan þôhton, 801.

â-þencan, _to intend, think out_: pret. sg. (he) þis ellen-weorc âna â-þôhte tô ge-fremmanne, 2644.

ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) _to think of_: þät he his selfa ne mäg ... ende ge-þencean (_so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit_), 1735.--2) _to be mindful_: imper. sg. ge-þenc nu ... hwät wit geó spræcon, 1475.

þenden: 1) adv., _at this time, then, whilst_: nalles fâcen-stafas Þeód-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (_not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds_), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wîdsîð, 45 seqq.); þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne (_whilst one warrior robbed another_, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), 2986.--2) conj., _so long as, whilst_, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, 2500, 3028;--_whilst_, 2419. With subj., _whilst, as long as_: þenden þu môte, 1178; þenden þu lifige, 1255; þenden hyt sý (_whilst the heat lasts_), 2650.

þengel, st. m., _prince, lord, ruler_: acc. sg. hringa þengel (Beówulf), 1508.

þes (m.), þeós (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., _this_: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þys, 1396; acc. sg. m. þisne, 75; f. þâs, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f. þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807; nom. pl. and acc. þâs, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220.

þê. See þät.

þêh. See þeáh.

þearf, st. f., _need_: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; þâ him wäs manna þearf (_as he was in need of men_), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmað ge nu leóda þearfe (_do ye now what is needful for the folk_), 2802; dat. sg. ät þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (_who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs_), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795).--Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.

þearf. See þurfan.

ge-þearfian, w. v., = _necessitatem imponere_: pret. part. þâ him swâ ge-þearfod wäs (_since so they found it necessary_), 1104.

þearle, adv., _very, exceedingly_, 560.

þeáh, þêh, conj., _though, even though_ or _if_: 1) with subj. þeáh, 203, 526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þeáh þe, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þeáh ... eal (_although_), 681.--2) with indic.: þeáh, 1103; þêh, 1614.--3) doubtful: þeáh he ûðe wel, 2856; swâ þeáh (_nevertheless_), 2879; nô ... swâ þeáh (_not then however_), 973; näs þe forht swâ þêh (_he was not, though, afraid_), 2968; hwäðre swâ þeáh (_yet however_), 2443.

þeáw, st. m., _custom, usage_: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. þeáw, 359; instr. pl. þeáwum (_in accordance with custom_), 2145.

þeód, st. f.: 1) _war-troop, retainers_: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.--2) _nation, folk_: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. þeóda, 1706.--Comp.: sige-, wer-þeód.

þeód-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), _warrior-king, king of the people_: nom. sg. (Hrôðgâr), 2145; (Ongenþeów), 2964, 2971; þiód-cyning (Beówulf), 2580; acc. sg. þeód-cyning (Beówulf), 3009; gen. sg. þeód-cyninges (Beówulf), 2695; gen. pl. þeód-cyninga, 2.

þeóden, st. m., _lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler_: nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þióden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þeóden, 34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þióden, 2789; dat. sg. þeódne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þeóden, 2033; gen. sg. þeódnes 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þiódnes, 2657; nom. pl. þeódnas, 3071.

þeóden-leás, adj., _without chief_ or _king_: nom. pl. þeóden-leáse, 1104.

þeód-gestreón, st. n., _people's-jewel, precious treasure_: instr. pl. þeód-ge-streónum, 44; gen. pl. þeód-ge-streóna, 1219.

þeódig, adj., _appertaining to a_ þeód: in comp. el-þeódig.

þeód-scaða, w. m., _foe of the people, general foe_: nom. sg. þeód-sceaða (_the dragon_), 2279, 2689.

þeód-þreá, st. f. m., _popular misery, general distress_: dat. pl. wið þeód-þreáum, 178.

þeóf, st. m., _thief_: gen. sg. þeófes cräfte, 2221.

þeón, st. v.: 1) _to grow, ripen, thrive_: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þâh (_grew in glory_), 8.--2) _to thrive in, succeed_: pret. sg. hûru þät on lande lyt manna þâh (_that throve to few_), 2837. See Note, l. 901.

ge-þeón, _to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence_: imper. ge-þeóh tela, 1219; inf. lof-dædum sceal ... man geþeón, 25; þät þät þeódnes bearn ge-þeón scolde, 911.

on-þeón? _to begin, undertake_, w. gen.: pret. he þäs ær onþâh, 901. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note, l. 901.

þeon (for þeówan), w. v., _to oppress, restrain_: inf. näs se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ænig þâra þe mec ... dorste egesan þeón (_that durst oppress me with terror_), 2737.

þeóstor, adj., _dark, gloomy_: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, 2333.

þicgan, st. v. w. acc., _to seize, attain, eat, appropriate_: inf. þät he (Grendel) mâ môste manna cynnes þicgean ofer þâ niht, 737; symbel þicgan (_take the meal, enjoy the feast_), 1011; pret. pl. þät hie me þêgon, 563; þær we medu þêgun, 2634.

ge-þicgan, w. acc., _to grasp, take_: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-þeah, 619, 629; Beówulf ge-þah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful manig) ge-þægon, 1015.

þider, þyder, adv., _thither_: þyder, 3087, 379, 2971.

þihtig, þyhtig, adj., _doughty, vigorous, firm_: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum þyhtig, 1559.--Comp. hyge-þihtig.

þincan. See þyncan.

þing, st. n.: 1) _thing_: gen. pl. ænige þinga (_ullo modo_), 792, 2375, 2906.--2) _affair, contest, controversy_: nom. sg. me wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cûð (_Grendel's doings became known to me_), 409.--3) _judgment, issue, judicial assembly_(?): acc. sg. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse (_shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant_: see hegan), 426.

ge-þing, st. n.: 1) _terms, covenant_: acc. pl. ge-þingo, 1086.--2) _fate, providence, issue_: gen. sg. ge-þinges, 398, 710; (ge-þingea, MS.), 525.

ge-þingan, st. v., _to grow, mature, thrive_ (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwên môde ge-þungen (_mature-minded, high-spirited, queen_), 625. See wel-þungen.

ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) _to conclude a treaty_: w. refl. dat, _enter into a treaty_: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrêðrîc tô hofum Geáta ge-þingeð _(if H. enters into a treaty_ (seeks aid at?) _with the court of the Geátas_, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.--2) _to prepare, appoint_: pret. part. wiste [ät] þäm ahlæcan ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraðe wäs ... mêce ge-þinged, 1939.

þingian, w. v.: 1) _to speak in an assembly, make an address_: inf. ne hýrde ic snotor-lîcor on swâ geongum feore guman þingian (_I never heard a man so young speak so wisely_), 1844.--2) _to compound, settle, lay aside_: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... feó þingian (_would not compound the life-bale for money_), 156; so, pret. sg. þâ fæhðe feó þingode, 470.

þîhan. See þeón.

þin, possess, pron., _thy, thine_, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc.

ge-þôht, st. m., _thought, plan_: acc. sg. ân-fealdne ge-þôht, 256; fäst-rædne ge-þôht, 611.

þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to endure, bear_: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, 833; pres. sg. III. þreá-nýd þolað, 284; pret. sg. þolode þryðswyð, 131.--2) _to hold out, stand, survive_: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (_as long as this sword holds out_), 2500; pret. sg. (seó ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, 1526.

ge-þolian: 1) _to suffer, bear, endure_: gerund. tô ge-þolianne, 1420; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrage ge-þolode..., þät he ... dreám gehýrde (_bore ill that he heard the sound of joy_), 87; torn ge-þolode (_bore the misery_), 147.--2) _to have patience, wait_: inf. þær he longe sceal on þäs waldendes wære ge-þolian, 3110.

þon (Goth, þan) = _tum, then, now_, 504; äfter þon (_after that_), 725; ær þon däg cwôme (_ere day came_), 732; nô þon lange (_it was not long till then_), 2424; näs þâ long tô þon (_it was not long till then_), 2592, 2846; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät ... _(the man was to that degree dear to him that ..._), 1877.

þonne: 1) adv., _there, then, now_, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?).--2) conj., _if, when, while_: a) w. indic., 573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þät ic gum-cystum gôdne funde beága bryttan, breác þonne môste (_that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could_), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (_then ... when_), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne ...þonne (_if then ... then_), 1105-1107. c) _than_ after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. 70, before þone: þät he ... hâtan wolde medo-ärn micel men ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn æfre ge-frunon (_a great mead-house_ (greater) _than men had ever known_).

þracu, st. f., _strength, boldness_: in comp. môd-þracu; = impetus in ecg-þracu.

þrag, st. f., _period of time, time_: nom. sg. þâ hine sió þrag be-cwom (_when the_ [battle]-_hour befell him_), 2884; acc. sg. þrage (_for a time_), 87; longe (lange) þrage, 54, 114.--Comp. earfoð-þrag.

ge-þräc, st. n., _multitude, crowd_: in comp. searo-ge-þräc.

þrec-wudu, st. m., (_might-wood_), _spear_ (cf. mägen-wudu): acc. sg., 1247.

þreá, st. m. f., _misery, distress_: in comp. þeód-þreá, þreá-nêdla, -nýd.

þreá-nêdla, w. m., _crushing distress, misery_: dat. sg. for þreá-nêdlan, 2225.

þrea-nýd, st. f., _oppression, distress_: acc. sg. þreá-nýd, 284; dat. pl. þreá-nýdum, 833.

þreát, st. m., _troop, band_: dat. sg. on þam þreáte, 2407; dat. pl. sceaðena þreátum, 4.--Comp. îren-þreát.

þreátian, w. v. w. acc., _to press, oppress_: pret. pl. mec ...þreátedon, 560.

þreot-teoða, num. adj. w. m., _thirteenth_: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg, 2407.

þreó, num. (neut.), _three_: acc. þrió wicg, 2175; þreó hund wintra, 2279.

þridda, num. adj. w. m., _third_: instr. þriddan sîðe, 2689.

ge-þring, st. n., _eddy, whirlpool, crush_: acc. on holma ge-þring, 2133.

þringan, st. v., _to press_: pret. sg. wergendra tô lyt þrong ymbe þeóden (_too few defenders pressed round the prince_), 2884; pret. pl. syððan Hrêðlingas tô hagan þrungon (_after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge_), 2961.

for-þringan, _to press out; rescue, protect_: inf. þät he ne mehte ...þâ weá-lâfe wîge for-þringan þeódnes þegne (_that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war_), 1085.

ge-þringan, _to press_: pret. sg. ceól up geþrang (_the ship shot up_), i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913.

þritig, num., _thirty_ (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: þritig þegna, 123; gen. þrittiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379.

þrîst-hydig, adj., _bold-minded, valorous_: nom. sg. þióden þrîst-hydig (Beówulf), 2811.

þrowian, w. v. w. acc., _to suffer, endure_: inf. (hât, gnorn) þrowian, 2606, 2659; pret. sg. þrowade, 1590, 1722; þrowode, 2595.

þryð, st. f., _abundance, multitude_, _excellence, power_: instr. pl. þryðum (_excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?_), 494.

þryð-ärn, st. n., _excellent house, royal hall_: acc. sg. (of Heorot), 658.

þryðlîc, adj., _excellent, chosen_: nom. sg. þryð-lîc þegna heáp, 400, 1628; superl. acc. pl. þryð-lîcost, 2870.

þrýð-swýð, st. n.?, _great pain_ (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., _very powerful, exceeding strong_].

þryð-word, st. n., _bold speech, choice discourse_: nom. sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rîgsmâl, 29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.)

þrym, st. m.: 1) _power, might, force_: nom. sg. ýða þrym, 1919; instr. pl. = adv. þrymmum (_powerfully_), 235.--2) _glory, renown_: acc. sg. þrym, 2.--Comp. hyge-þrym.

þrym-lîc, adj., _powerful, mighty_: nom. sg. þrec-wudu þrym-lîc (_the mighty spear_), 1247.

þu, pron., _thou_, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. þec (poetic), 948, 2152, etc.; þe, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. sêlran þe (_a better one than thee_), 1851. See ge.

þunca, w. m. See äf-þunca.

ge-þungen. See ge-þingan, st. v.

þurfan, pret.-pres. v., _to need_: pres. sg. II. nô þu ne þearft ... sorgian (_needest not care_), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ... onsittan (_need not fear_), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þät he ... sêcean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges (_needed not boast of their foot-fight_), 2365.

ge-þuren. See þweran.

þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, _through, throughout_: wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc (_went then through the battle-reek_), 2662.--II. causal: l) _on account of, for the sake of, owing to_: þurh slîðne nîð (_through fierce hostility, heathenism_), 184; þurh holdne hige (_from friendliness_), 267; so, þurh rûmne sefan, 278; þurh sîdne sefan, 1727; eóweð þurh egsan uncûðne nîð (_shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes_), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) _by means of, through_: heaðo-ræs for-nam mihtig mere-deór þurh mîne hand, 558; þurh ânes cräft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.

þus, adv., _so, thus_, 238, 337, 430.

þunian, w. v., _to din, sound forth_: pret. sg. sund-wudu þunede, 1907.

þûsend, num., _thousand_: 1) fem. acc. ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe tô helpe, 1830.--2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan þûsendo, 2196; gen. hund-þûsenda landes and locenra beága (100,000 _sceattas' worth of land and rings_), 2995.--3) uninflected: acc. þûsend wintra, 3051.

þwære, adj., _affable, mild_: in comp. man-þwære.

ge-þwære, adj., _gentle, mild_: nom. pl. ge-þwære, 1231.

ge-þweran, st. v., _to forge, strike_: pret. part. heoru ... hamere ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (_hammer-forged sword_), 1286.

þyhtig. See þihtig.

ge-þyld (see þolian), st. f.: 1) _patience, endurance_: acc. sg. ge-þyld, 1396.--2) _steadfastness_: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (_steadfastly, patiently_), 1706.

þyle, st. m., _spokesman, leader of the conversation at court_: nom. sg., 1166, 1457.

þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to seem, appear_: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tô lytel (_it seems to him too little_), 1749; ne þynceð me gerysne, þät we _(it seemeth to me not fit that we_ ...), 2654; pres. pl. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (_they seem worthy contenders with_ (?) _earls_; or, _worthy warriors_), 368; pres. subj. swâ him ge-met þince, 688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þûhte, 2462, 3058; nô his lîf-gedâl sâr-lîc þûhte secga ænigum (_his death seemed painful to none of men_), 843; pret. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, 867.

of-þincan, _to displease, offend_: inf. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan þeóden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwâm þâra leóda, 2033.

þyrs, st. m., _giant_: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), 426.

þys-lîc, adj., _such, of such a nature_: nom. sg. fem. þys-lîcu þearf, 2638.

þý. See þät.

þýwan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., _to crush, oppress_: inf. gif þec ymb-sittend egesan þýwað (_if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread_), 1828.

þýstru, st. f., _darkness_: dat. pl. in þýstrum, 87.

ge-þýwe, adj., _customary, usual_: nom. sg. swâ him ge-þýwe ne wäs (_as was not his custom_), 2333.

U

ufan, _adv., from above_, 1501; _above_, 330.

ufera (prop. _higher_), adj., _later_: dat. pl. ufaran dôgrum, 2201, 2393.

ufor, adv., _higher_, 2952.

uhte, w. f., _twilight_ or _dawn_: dat. or acc. on uhtan, 126.

uht-floga, w. m., _twilight-flier, dawn-flier_ (epithet of the dragon): gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761.

uht-hlem, st. m., _twilight-cry, dawn-cry_: acc. sg., 2008.

uht-sceaða, w. m., _twilight-_ or _dawn-foe_: nom. sg., 2272.

umbor, st. n., _child, infant_: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188.

un-blîðe, adv.(?), _unblithely, sorrowfully_, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?), 3032.

un-byrnende, pres. part., _unburning, without burning_, 2549.

unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, _us two, to us two_, 1784, 2138, 2527; gen. hwäðer ... uncer twega (_which of us two_), 2533; uncer Grendles (_of us two, G. and me_), 2003.

uncer, poss. pron., _of us two_: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, 1186.

un-cûð, adj.: 1) _unknown_: nom. sg. stîg ... eldum uncûð, 2215; acc. sg. neut. uncûð ge-lâd (_unknown ways_), 1411.--2) _unheard-of, barbarous, evil_: acc. sg. un-cûðne nîð, 276; gen. sg. un-cûðes (_of the foe_, Grendel), 961.

under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = _under_ (of rest), contrasted with _over_: bât (wäs) under beorge, 211; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum beáge (_W. walked forth under a golden circlet_, i.e. decked with), 1164; siððan he under segne sine ealgode (_under his banner_), 1205; he under rande ge-cranc (_sank under his shield_), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grîman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.--2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = _under_ (of motion): þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf, 403; siððan æfen-leóht under heofenes hâdor be-holen weorðeð, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; fleón under fen-hleoðu, 821; hond âlegde ... under geápne hrôf, 837; teón in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, häfde þâ for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sîðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: he under hârne stân ...âna ge-nêðde frêcne dæde, 888; ne dorste under ýða ge-win aldre ge-nêðan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (_as far as the sky extends_), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf (_as far as heaven's vault reaches_), 2016.

II. Adv., _beneath, below_: stîg under läg (_a path lay beneath_, i.e. the rock), 2214.

undern-mæl, st. n., _midday_: acc. sg., 1429.

un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., _without concealment, plain, clear_: nom. sg., 127, 2001; un-derne, 2912.

un-dyrne, adv., _plainly, evidently_; un-dyrne cûð, 150, 410.

un-fäger, adj., _unlovely, hideous_: nom. sg. leóht un-fäger, 728.

un-fæcne, adj., _without malice, sincere_: nom. sg., 2069.

un-fæge, adj., _not death-doomed_ or "_fey_": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg. un-fægne eorl, 573.

un-flitme, adv., _solemnly, incontestably_: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme âðum benemde (_F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths_) [if an adj., elne un-f. = _unconquerable in valor_], 1098.

un-forht, adj., _fearless, bold_: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), 444. See Note.

un-from, adj., _unfit, unwarlike_: nom. sg., 2189.

un-frôd, adj., _not aged, young_: dat sg. guman un-frôdum, 2822.

un-gedêfelîce, adv., _unjustly, contrary to right and custom_, 2436.

un-gemete, adv., _immeasurably, exceedingly_, 2421, 2722, 2729.

un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793.

un-geâra, adv., (_not old_), _recently, lately_, 933; _soon_, 603.

un-gifeðe, adj., _not to be granted; refused_: nom. sg., 2922.

un-gleáw, adj., _regardless, reckless_: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum ungleáw (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565.

un-hâr, adj., _very gray_: nom. sg., 357; (_bald_?).

un-hælo, st. f., _mischief, destruction_: gen. sg. wiht un-hælo (_the demon of destruction_, Grendel), 120.

un-heóre, un-hýre, adj., _monstrous, horrible_: nom. sg. m., weard un-hióre (the dragon), 2414; neut. wîf un-hýre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unheóru (of Grendel's claws), 988.

un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = _lot_; O.N. hluti = _part division_), _undivided, unseparated_, _united_, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See Note.

un-leóf, adj., _hated_: acc. pl. seah on un-leófe, 2864.

un-lifigende, pres. part., _unliving, lifeless_: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745.

un-lytel, adj., _not little, very large_: nom. sg. duguð un-lytel (_a great band of warriors_? or _great joy_?), 498; dôm un-lytel (_no little glory_), 886; acc. sg. torn un-lytel (_very great shame, misery_), 834.

un-murnlîce, adv., _unpityingly, without sorrowing_, 449, 1757.

unnan, pret.-pres. v., _to grant, give; wish, will_: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þe an tela sinc-gestreóna, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ûðe ic swîðor þät þu hine selfne ge-seón môste, 961; III. he ne ûðe þät ...(_he granted not that ..._), 503; him god ûðe þät ... he hyne sylfne ge-wräc (_God granted to him that he avenged himself_), 2875; þeáh he ûðe wel (_though he well would_), 2856.

ge-unnan, _to grant, permit_: inf. gif he ûs ge-unnan wile þät we hine ... grêtan môton, 346; me ge-ûðe ylda waldend, þät ic ... ge-seah hangian (_the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ..._), 1662.

un-nyt, adj., _useless_: nom. sg., 413, 3170.

un-riht, st. n., _unright, injustice, wrong_: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr. sg. un-rihte (_unjustly, wrongly_), 3060.

un-rîm, st. n., _immense number_: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625.

un-rîme, adj., _countless, measureless_: nom. sg. gold un-rîme, 3013.

un-rôt, adj., _sorrowing_: nom. pl. un-rôte, 3149.

un-snyttru, st. f., _lack of wisdom_: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (_for his unwisdom_), 1735.

un-softe, adv., _unsoftly, with violence_ (_hardly_?), 2141; _scarcely_, 1656.

un-swýðe, adv., _not strongly_ or _powerfully_: compar. (ecg) bât unswîðor þonne his þiód-cyning þearfe häfde (_the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed_), 2579; fýr unswîðor weóll, 2882.

un-synnig, adj., _guiltless, sinless_: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090.

un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., _guiltlessly_, 1073.

un-tæle, adj., _blameless_: acc. pl. un-tæle, 1866.

un-tyder, st. m., _evil race, monster_: nom. pl. un-tydras, 111. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.]

un-wâclîc, adj., _that cannot be shaken; firm, strong_: acc. sg. âd ... un-wâclîcne, 3139.

un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., _unawares, suddenly_; (_unresistingly_?), 742.

un-wrecen, pret. part., _unavenged_, 2444.

up, adv., _up, upward_, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the voice), þâ wäs ... wôp up âhafen, 128; so, 783.

up-lang, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 760.

uppe (adj., ûfe, ûffe), adv., _above_, 566.

up-riht, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 2093.

uton. See wuton.

Û

ûð-genge, adj., _transitory, evanescent, ready to depart_, (_fled_?): þær wäs Äsc-here ... feorh ûð-genge, 2124.

ûs, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see we), _us, to us_, 1822, 2636, 2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), ûsic, 2639, 2641, 2642;--gen. ûre: ûre æg-hwylc (_each of us_), 1387; ûser, 2075.

ûser, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ûre man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ûssum hlâforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. ûsses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. ûrum ... bâm (_to us both, two_) (for unc bâm), 2660.

ût, adv., _out_, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131.

ûtan, adv., _from without, without_, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335.

ût-fûs, adj., _ready to go_: nom. sg. hringed-stefna îsig and ût-fûs, 33.

ût-weard, adj., _outward, outside, free_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) wäs ût-weard, 762.

ûtan-weard, adj., _without, outward, from without_: acc. sg. hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, 2298.

W

*wacan, st. v., _to awake, arise, originate_: pret. sg. þanon (from Cain) wôc fela geó-sceaft-gâsta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. þâm feówer bearn ... in worold wôcun, 60.

*on-wacan: 1) _to awake_ (intrans.): pret. sg. þâ se wyrm on-wôc (_when the drake awoke_), 2288.--2) _to be born_: pret. sg. him on-wôc heáh Healfdene, 56; pl. on-wôcon, 111.

wacian, w. v., _to watch_: imper. sg. waca wið wrâðum! 661.

wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) _to traverse; stride, go_: pret. sg. wôd þurh þone wäl-rêc, 2662; wôd under wolcnum (_stalked beneath the clouds_), 715.

ge-wadan, _to attain by moving, come to, reach_: pret. part. ôð þät ... wunden-stefna ge-waden häfde, þät þâ lîðende land ge-sâwon (_till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land_), 220.

on-wadan, w. acc., _to invade, befall_: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wôd(?), 916.

þurh-wadan, _to penetrate, pierce_: pret. sg. þät swurd þurh-wôd wrät-lîcne wyrm, 891; so, 1568.

wag, st. m., _wall_: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pl. äfter wagum (_along the walls_), 996.

wala, w. m., _boss_: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.).

walda, w. m., _wielder, ruler_: in comp. an-, eal-walda.

wald-swaðu, st. f., _forest-path_: dat. pl. äfter wald-swaðum (_along the wood-paths_), 1404.

wam, wom, st. m., _spot, blot, sin_: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom (_cannot protect himself from evil_ or _from the evil strange orders_, etc.; wom = wogum? = _crooked_?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074.

wan, won, adj., _wan, lurid, dark_: nom. sg, ýð-geblond ... won (_the dark waves_), 1375; se wonna hrefn (_the black raven_), 3025; wonna lêg (_lurid flame_), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, 652.

wang, st. m., _mead, field; place_: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas, 2463.--Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sæ-wang.

wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), _spot, place_: dat. sg. wong-stede, 2787.

wan-hýd (for hygd), st. f., _heedlessness, recklessness_: dat. pl. for his won-hýdum, 434.

wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to decrease, wane_: inf. þâ þät sweord ongan ... wanian, 1608.--2) w. acc., _to cause to wane_ or _lessen_: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mîne wanode, 1338.

ge-wanian, _to decrease, diminish_: pret. part. is mîn flet-werod ... ge-wanod, 477.

wan-sælig, adj., _unhappy, wretched_: nom. sg. won-sælig wer (Grendel), 105.

wan-sceaft, st. f., _misery, want_: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120.

warian, w. v. w. acc., _to occupy, guard, possess_: pres. sg. III. þær he hæðen gold warað (_where he guards heathen gold_), 2278; pl. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) dýgel land warigeað, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) wêsten warode, 1266.

waroð, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. tô waroðe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroðas, 1966.

waru, st. f., _inhabitants_, (collective) _population_: in comp. land-waru.

wâ, interj., _woe!_ wâ bið þäm þe... (_woe to him that..._), 183.

wâðu, st. f., _way, journey_: in comp. gamen-wâðu.

wânian, w. v., _to weep, whine, howl_, w. acc.: inf. gehýrdon ... sâr wânigean helle häftan (_they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his pain_), 788; pret. sg. [wânode], 3152(?).

wât. See witan.

wäcean, w. v., _to watch_: pret. part wäccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m. wäccendne wer, 1269. See wacian.

wäcnan, w. v., _to be awake, come forth_: inf., 85.

wäd, st. n., (the moving) _sea, ocean_: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508.

wäfre, adj., _wavering_ (like flame), _ghostlike, without distinct bodily form_: nom. sg. wäl-gæst wäfre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;--_flickering, expiring_: nom. sg. wäfre môd, 1151; him wäs geômor sefa, wäfre and wäl-fûs, 2421.

be-wägnan, w. v., _to offer_: pret part, him wäs ... freónd-laðu wordum be-wägned, 1194.

wäl, st. n., _battle, slaughter, the slain in battle_: acc. sg. wäl, 1213, 3028, blôdig wäl, 448; oððe on wäl crunge (_or in battle, among the slain, fall_), 636; dat. sg. sume on wäle crungon (_some fell in the slaughter_), 1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wäle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. pl. walu, 1043.

wäl-bed, st. n., _slaughter-bed, deathbed_: dat. sg. on wäl-bedde, 965.

wäl-bend, st. f., _death-bond_: acc. sg. or pl. wäl-bende ... hand-gewriðene, 1937.

wäl-bleát, adj., _deadly, mortal, cruel_: acc. sg. wunde wäl-bleáte, 2726.

wäl-deáð, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 696.

wäl-dreór, st. m., _battle-gore_: instr. sg. wäl-dreóre, 1632.

wäl-fâh, adj., _slaughter-stained, blood-stained_: acc. sg. wäl-fâgne winter, 1129.

wäl-fähð, st. f., _deadly feud_: gen. pl. wäl-fæhða, 2029.

wäl-feall, st. m., _(fall of the slain), death, destruction_: dat. sg. tô wäl-fealle, 1712.

wäl-fûs, adj., _ready for death, foreboding death_: nom. sg., 2421.

wäl-fyllo, st. f., _fill of slaughter_: dat. sg. mid þære wäl-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wäl-fylla? 3155.

wäl-fýr, st. n.: 1) _deadly fire_: instr. sg. wäl-fýre (of the fire-spewing dragon), 2583.--2) _corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre_: gen. pl. wäl-fýra mæst, 1120.

wäl-gæst, st. m., _deadly sprite_ (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. wäl-gæst, 1332; acc. sg. þone wäl-gæst, 1996.

wäl-hlem, st. m., _death-stroke_: acc. sg. wäl-hlem þone, 1996.

wälm, st. m., _flood, whelming water_: nom. sg. þære burnan wälm, 2547; gen. sg. þäs wälmes (_of the surf_), 2136.--Comp. cear-wälm.

wäl-nîð, st. m., _deadly hostility_: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. äfter wäl-nîðe, 85; nom. pl. wäl-nîðas, 2066.

wäl-râp, st. m., _flood-fetter, i.e. ice_: acc. pl. wäl-râpas, 1611; (cf. wäll, wel, wyll = _well, flood_: leax sceal on wäle mid sceóte scrîðan, Gnom. Cott. 39).

wäl-ræs, st. m., _deadly onslaught_: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wäl-ræse, 825, 2532.

wäl-rest, st. f., _death-bed_, acc. sg. wäl-reste, 2903.

wäl-rêc, st. m., _deadly reek_ or _smoke_: acc. sg. wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc, 2662.

wäl-reáf, st, n., _booty of the slain, battle-plunder_: acc. sg., 1206.

wäl-reów, adj., _bold in battle_: nom. sg., 630.

wäl-sceaft, st. m., _deadly shaft, spear_: acc. pl. wäl-sceaftas, 398.

wäl-seax, st. n., _deadly knife, war-knife_: instr. sg. wäll-seaxe, 2704.

wäl-stenge, st. m., _battle-spear_: dat. sg. on þam wäl-stenge, 1639.

wäl-stôw, st. f., _battle-field_: dat. sg. wäl-stôwe, 2052, 2985.

wästm, st. m., _growth, form, figure_: dat. sg. on weres wästmum (_in man's form_), 1353.

wäter, st. n., _water_: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wäter, 1365, 1620; deóp wäter (_the deep_), 509, 1905; ofer wîd wäter (_over the high sea]_, 2474; dat. sg. äfter wätere _(along the Grendel-sea_), 1426; under wätere (_at the bottom of the sea_), 1657; instr. wätere, 2723; wätre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wäteres hrycg (_over the surface of the sea_), 471; on wäteres æht, 516; þurh wäteres wylm (_through the sea-wave_), 1694; gen. = instr. wäteres weorpan (_to sprinkle with water_), 2792.

wäter-egesa, st. m., _water-terror_, i.e. _the fearful sea_: acc. sg., 1261

wäter-ýð, st. f., _water-wave, billow_: dat. pl. wäter-ýðum, 2243.

wæd, st. f., _(weeds), garment_: in comp. here-, hilde-wæd.

ge-wæde, st. n., _clothing_, especially _battle-equipments_: acc. pl. gewædu, 292.--Comp. eorl-gewæde.

wæg, st. m., _wave_: acc. sg. wæg, 3133.

wæg-bora, w. m., _wave-bearer, swimmer_ (bearing or propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlîc wæg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441.

wæg-flota, w. m., _sea-sailer, ship_: acc. sg. wêg-flotan, 1908.

wæg-holm, st. m., _the wave-filled sea_: acc. sg. ofer wæg-holm, 217.

wæge, st. n., _cup, can_: acc. sg. fäted wæge, 2254, 2283.--Comp.: ealo-, lîð-wæge.

wæg-lîðend, pres. part., _sea-farer_: dat. pl. wæg-lîðendum (et lîðendum, MS.), 3160.

wæg-sweord, st. n., _heavy sword_: acc. sg., 1490.

wæn, st. m., _wain, wagon_: acc. sg. on wæn, 3135.

wæpen, st. n., _weapon; sword_: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. wæpen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688; instr. wæpne, 1665, 2966; gen. wæpnes, 1468; acc. pl. wæpen, 292; dat. pl. wæpnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. --Comp.: hilde-, sige-wæpen.

wæpned-man, st. m., _warrior, man_: dat. sg. wæpned-men, 1285.

wær, st. f., _covenant, treaty_: acc. sg. wære, 1101;--_protection, care_: dat. sg. on freán (on þäs waldendes) wære (_into God's protection_), 27, 3110.--Comp.: frioðo-wær.

wæsma, w. m., _fierce strength, war-strength_: in comp. here-wæsma, 678.

we, pers. pron., _we_, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc.

web, st. n., _woven work, tapestry_:, nom. pl. web, 996.

webbe, w. f., _webster, female weaver_: in comp. freoðu-webbe.

weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., _to wake, rouse; recall_: inf. wîg-bealu weccan (_to stir up strife_), 2047; nalles hearpan swêg (sceal) wîgend weccean (_the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors_), 3025; ongunnon þâ ... bæl-fýra mæst wîgend weccan (_the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres_), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wätre (_roused him with water_, i.e. Wîglâf recalled Beówulf to consciousness), 2855.

tô-weccan, _to stir up, rouse_: pret, pl. hû þâ folc mid him (_with one another_), fæhðe tô-wehton, 2949.

wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), _pledge_: dat. sg. hyldo tô wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999.

weder, st. n., _weather_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, 546.

ge-wef, st. n., _woof, weaving_: acc. pl. wîg-spêda ge-wiofu (_the woof of war-speed_: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698.

weg, st. m., _way_: acc. sg. on weg (_away, off_), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf þu on weg cymest (_if thou comest off safe_, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), 1383.--Comp.: feor-, fold-, forð-, wîd-weg.

wegan, st. v. w. acc., _to bear, wear, bring, possess_: subj. pres. nâh hwâ sweord wege (_I have none that may bear the sword_), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mâððum tô ge-myndum (_no earl shall wear a memorial jewel_), 3016; pret. ind. he þâ frätwe wäg ... ofer ýða ful (_bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves_), 1208; wäl-seaxe ... þät he on byrnan wäg, 2705; heortan sorge wäg (_bore heart's sorrow_); so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781.

ät-wegan = _auferre, to carry off_: syððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene (_since H. bore from the bright city the Brosing-collar_), 1199.

ge-wegan (O.N. wega), _to fight_: inf. þe he wið þam wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401.

wel, adv.: 1) _well_: wel bið þäm þe ... (_well for him that ...!_), 186; se þe wel þenceð (_he that well thinketh, judgeth_), 289; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.--2) _very, very much_: Geát ungemetes wel ... restan lyste (_the Geat longed sorely to rest_), 1793.--3) _indeed, to be sure_, 2571, 2856.

wela, w. m., _wealth, goods, possessions_: in comp. ær-, burg-, hord-, mâððum-wela.

wel-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, _any you please, any_ (each, all): gen. pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, 266;--substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, 875.

welig, adj., _wealthy, rich_: acc. sg. wîc-stede weligne Wægmundinga, 2608.

wel-þungen, pres. part., _well-thriven_ (in mind), _mature, high-minded_: nom. sg. Hygd (wäs) swîðe geong, wîs, wel-þungen, 1928.

wenian, w. v., _to accustom, attract, honor_: subj. pret. þät ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes heáp hringum wenede (_sh. honor_), 1092.

be-(bi-)wenian, _entertain, care for, attend_: pret. sg. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan þeóden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne he mid fæmnan on flet gæð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (_may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights_, cf. 494 seqq.; or, _a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?_), 2036; pret. part. nom. pl. wæron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822.

wendan, w. v., _to turn_: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeð on willan (_all the world turns at his will_), 1740.

ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) _to turn, turn round_: pret. sg. wicg gewende (_turned his horse_), 315.--2) _to turn_ (intrans.), _change_: inf. wâ bið þäm þe sceal ... frôfre ne wênan, wihte ge-wendan (_woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all_), 186.

on-wendan, _to avert, set aside_: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor häleð weán on-wendan, 191.--2) intrans.: sibb æfre ne mäg wiht on-wendan þam þe wel þenceð (_in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set aside_), 2602.

wer, st. m., _man, hero_: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Beówulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wästmum (_in man's form_), 1353; nom. pl. weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera, 120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948.

wered, st. n., (as adj. = _sweet_), _a sort of beer_ (probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scîr wered, 496.

were-feohte, f., _defensive fight, fight in self-defence_: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.

werhðo, st. f., _curse, outlawry, condemnation_: acc. sg. þu in helle scealt werhðo dreógan, 590.

werian, _to defend, protect_: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrûda ... þät mîne breóst wereð, 453; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þôhton, 541; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tô lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; pret. ind. wäl-reáf werede (_guarded the battle-spoil_), 1206; se hwîta helm hafelan werede (_the shining helm protected his head_), 1449; pl. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (_ye_ ... _corselet-clad_), 238, 2530.

be-werian, _to protect, defend_: pret. pl. þät hie ... leóda land-geweorc lâðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (_that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend_), 939

werig, adj., _accursed, outlawed_: gen. sg. wergan gâstes (Grendel), 133; (of the devil), 1748.

werod, weorod, st. n., _band of men, warrior-troop_: nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187; weoroda, 60.--Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.

wer-þeód, st. f., _people, humanity_: dat. sg. ofer wer-þeóde, 900.

wesan, v., _to be_: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þu eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nu is þînes mägenes blæd âne hwîle (_the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while_), 1762; ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sîe, 435, 683, etc.; sý, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. wassail, wes hæl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, 1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. wäs, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; wäs on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; so, 848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, wäs secgende (for sæde), 3029; II. wære, 1479, etc.; pl. wæron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wæran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. wære, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend wære (for myndgie), 1106.--Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; näs = ne + wäs, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wäs, 890, 1472); næron = ne + wæron, 2658; nære = ne + wære, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende.

wêg. See wæg.

wên, st. f., _expectation, hope_: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nu is leódum wên orleg-hwîle (gen.) (_now the people have weening of a time of strife_), 2911; acc. sg. þäs ic wên häbbe (_as I hope, expect_), 383; so, þäs þe ic [wên] hafo, 3001; wên ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bega on wênum _(in expectation of both_, i.e. the death and the return of Beówulf), 2896. See or-wêna.

wênan, w. v., _to ween, expect, hope_: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þäs ic wêne (_as I hope_), 272; swâ ic þe wêne tô _(as I hope thou wilt_: Beówulf hopes Hrôðgâr will now suffer no more pain), 1397.--2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þær heaðu-fýres hâtes wêne, 2523; III. secce ne wêneð to Gâr Denum (_weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes_), 601; inf. (beorhtre bôte) wênan (_to expect, count on, a brilliant_ [? _a lighter penalty_] _atonement_), 157; pret. pl. þäs ne wêndon ær witan Scyldinga þät ... _the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that_...), 779; þät hig þäs äðelinges eft ne wêndon þät he ... sêcean côme _(that they looked not for the atheling again that he_ ... _would come to seek_ ...), 1598.--3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wênde, 934.--4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wêne ic þät..., 1185; wên' ic þät..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wênde, 2330; pl. wêndon, 938, 1605.

wêpan, st. v., _to weep_: pret. sg. [weóp], 3152 (?).

werig, adj., _weary, exhausted_, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes wêrig (_weary from the journey, way-weary_), 579; dat. sg. siðes wêrgum, 1795;--w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum wêrge _(wound-weary_), 2938.--Comp.: deáð-, fyl-, gûð-wêrig.

ge-werigean, w. v., _to weary, exhaust_: pret. part. ge-wêrgad, 2853.

wêrig-môd, adj., _weary-minded (animo defessus)_: nom. sg., 845, 1544.

wêste, adj., _waste, uninhabited_: acc. sg. win-sele wêstne, 2457.

wêsten, st. n., _waste, wilderness_: acc. sg. wêsten, 1266.