Chapter CXXXV: Act II: SCENE 2. Page 115

POL. Though this be madness, yet there's method in it.

This is precisely Horace's,

"Insanire paret certo ratione modoque."

SCENE 2. Page 121.

HAM. The clown shall make those laugh whose lungs are _tickled o'
the sere_.

_Sere_ is _dry_. Thus in _Macbeth_,

"He is deformed, crooked, old and _sere_."

Among the Saxons June was called the _sere_ month. In the present instance _sere_ appears to be used as a substantive. The same expression occurs in Howard's _Defensative against the poyson of supposed prophecies_, 1620, folio: "Discovering the moods and humors of the vulgar sort to be so loose and _tickle of the seare_," &c., fo. 31. Every one has felt that dry tickling in the throat and lungs which excites coughing. Hamlet's meaning may therefore be, _the clown by his merriment shall convert even their coughing into laughter_.

SCENE 2. Page 131.

HAM. Buz, Buz.

Minsheu says, "To _buzze_, or hum as bees, _buzze, buzze_;" and again, in his Spanish dictionary, "when two standing or kneeling together, holding their hands upon their cheekes and ears, and so cry, _buzze buzze_, and hitting one another a good box on the eare, if he pull not his head away quickly." Selden in his _Table talk_, speaking of witches, says, "If any should profess that by turning his hat thrice, and crying _buz_, he could take away a man's life, (though in truth he could do no such thing) yet this were a just law made by the state, that whosoever should turn his hat thrice, and cry _buz_, with an intention to take away a man's life, shall be put to death." The expression has already exercised the skill of the critics, and may continue to do so, if they are disposed to pursue the game through the following mazes: "Anno DCCCXL Ludovicus imperator ad mortem infirmatur, cujus cibus per XL dies solummodo die dominica dominicum corpus fecit. Cum vidisset dæmonem astare, dixit _buez, buez_, quod significat _foras, foras_."--Alberici monachi trium fontium _chronicon_, Leips. 1698. Ducange under the article _Buzi_, says, "Interpretatur despectus vel contemptus. Papias. [Ab Hebraico _Bus_ vel _bouz_, sprevit.]"

SCENE 2. Page 135.

HAM. Your ladyship is nearer to heaven, than when I saw you last,
by the altitude of a _chopine_.

In Raymond's _Voyage through Italy_, 1648, 12mo, a work which is said to have been partly written by Dr. Bargrave, prebendary of Canterbury, the following curious account of the _chopine_ occurs: "This place [Venice] is much frequented by the walking may poles, I meane the women. They weare their coats halfe too long for their bodies, being mounted on their _chippeens_, (which are as high as a man's leg) they walke between two handmaids, majestickly deliberating of every step they take. This fashion was invented and appropriated to the noble Venetians wives, to bee constant to distinguish them from the courtesans, who goe covered in a vaile of white taffety."

James Howell, speaking of the Venetian women, says, "They are low and of small statures for the most part, which makes them to rayse their bodies upon high shoes called _chapins_, which gave one occasion to say that the Venetian ladies were made of three things, one part of them was wood, meaning their chapins, another part was their apparrell, and the third part was a woman; The Senat hath often endeavour'd to take away the wearing of those high shooes, but all women are so passionately delighted with this kind of state that no law can weane them from it."

Some have supposed that the jealousy of Italian husbands gave rise to the invention of the _chopine_. Limojon de Saint Didier, a lively French writer on the republic of Venice, mentions a conversation with some of the doge's counsellors of state on this subject, in which it was remarked that smaller shoes would certainly be found more convenient; which induced one of the counsellors to say, putting on at the same time a very austere look, _pur troppo commodi, pur troppo_. The first ladies who rejected the use of the chopine were the daughters of the Doge Dominico Contareno, about the year 1670. It was impossible to set one foot before the other without leaning on the shoulders of two waiting women, and those who used them must have stalked along like boys in stilts.

The choppine or some kind of high shoe was occasionally used in England. Bulwer in his _Artificial changeling_, p. 550, complains of this fashion as a monstrous affectation, and says that his countrywomen therein imitated the Venetian and Persian ladies. In Sandys's travels, 1615, there is a figure of a Turkish lady with chopines; and it is not improbable that the Venetians might have borrowed them from the _Greek_ islands in the Archipelago. We know that something similar was in use among the ancient Greeks. Xenophon in his œconomics, introduces the wife of Ischomachus, as having high shoes for the purpose of increasing her stature. They are still worn by the women in many parts of Turkey, but more particularly at Aleppo. As the figure of an object is often better than twenty pages of description, one is here given from a real Venetian chopine.

SCENE 2. Page 135.

HAM. Pray God, your voice, like a piece of uncurrent gold, be not
_crack'd within the ring_.

It is to be observed, that there was a ring or circle on the coin, within which the sovereign's head was placed; if the crack extended from the edge beyond this ring, the coin was rendered unfit for currency. Such pieces were hoarded by the usurers of the time, and lent out as lawful money. Of this we are informed by Roger Fenton in his _Treatise of usury_, 1611, 4to, p. 23. "A poore man desireth a goldsmith to lend him such a summe, but he is not able to pay him interest. If such as I can spare (saith the goldsmith) will pleasure you, you shall have it for three or foure moneths. Now, hee hath a number of light, clipt, _crackt_ peeces (for such he useth to take in change with consideration for their defects:) this summe of money is repaid by the poore man at the time appointed in good and lawfull money. This is usurie." And again, "It is a common custome of his [the usurer's] to buy up _crackt angels_ at nine shillings the piece. Now sir, if a gentleman (on good assurance) request him of mony, Good sir (saith hee, with a counterfait sigh) I would be glad to please your worship, but my _good_ mony is abroad, and that I have, I dare not put in your hands. The gentleman thinking this conscience, where it is subtilty, and being beside that in some necessity, ventures on the _crackt angels_, some of which cannot flie, for soldering, and paies double interest to the miser under the cloake of honesty."--Lodge's _Wit's miserie_, 1596, 4to, p. 28. So much for the cracked gold. The cracking of the _human voice_ proceeded from some alteration in the larynx, which is here compared to a ring.

As metaphors are sometimes double, the present may be of that kind. A piece of cracked metal is spoiled for the _ringing of it_; so the human voice, when cracked, may be said to lose the clearness of its _tone_. All Mr. Steevens's quotations, except the last, are obscene, and none of them apply to Hamlet's simile.

SCENE 2. Page 137.

HAM. 't was _caviare_ to the general.

This word has been frequently mispronounced _caveer_ on the stage. The other mode of spelling it in Mr. Reed's note, viz. _caveary_, as well as the Italian term in the text, which should rather be _caviaro_, would have been sufficient for the purpose of demonstrating how it should be accented; but the following line from Sir J. Harrington's 33rd epigram of the third book leaves no uncertainty in the matter:

"And căvĕārĕ, but it little boots."

Dr. Ramsey, physician to King Charles the Second, wrote a curious treatise on the worms of the human body, in which he says, "_Caviale_ also is a fond dish of the Italians, made of the roes of sturgion, and altogether as unwholsome, if not much worse; invented by idle brains, and fansied by none but such as are ignorant what it is; wherefore I would have them consider the Italian proverb,

Chi mangia di _Caviale_,
Mangia moschi, merdi, & sale.

Which may be Englished thus,

He that eats Cavialies,
Eats salt, dung, and flies.

For it is only (as was said) the roes of sturgion powdred, pickled, and finely denominated _Caviale_, to be a bait for such woodcocks and dotrils that account every exotick fansie a real good." This commodity is still common in the North of Europe, and was formerly a considerable article of commerce between England and Russia.

SCENE 2. Page 145.

1 PLAY. Would have made _milch_ the burning eyes of heaven.

i. e. would have drawn tears from them. _Milche-hearted_, in Hulæt's _Abcedarium_, 1552, is rendered _lemosus_; and in _Bibliotheca Eliotæ_, 1545, we find "_lemosi_, they that _wepe_ lyghtly." The word is from the Saxon melce, milky.