Chapter III: Part II: Autobiographies by Graduates of the School

I.—A COLLEGE PRESIDENT'S STORY 101 By Isaac Fisher, of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. II.—A SCHOOL PRINCIPAL'S STORY 111 By William H. Holtzclaw, of Utica, Mississippi. III.—A LAWYER'S STORY 141 By George W. Lovejoy, of Mobile, Alabama. IV.—A SCHOOL TREASURER'S STORY 152 By Martin A. Menafee, of Denmark, South Carolina. V.—THE STORY OF A FARMER 164 By Frank Reid, of Dawkins, Alabama. VI.—THE STORY OF A CARPENTER 173 By Gabriel B. Miller, of Fort Valley, Georgia. VII.—COTTON-GROWING IN AFRICA 184 By John W. Robinson, of Lome, Togo, West Africa. VIII.—THE STORY OF A TEACHER OF COOKING 200 By Mary L. Dotson, of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. IX.—A WOMAN'S WORK 211 By Cornelia Bowen, of Waugh (Mt. Meigs), Alabama. X.—UPLIFTING OF THE SUBMERGED MASSES 224 By W. J. Edwards, of Snow Hill, Alabama. XI.—A DAIRYMAN'S STORY 253 By Lewis A. Smith, of Rockford, Illinois. XII.—THE STORY OF A WHEELWRIGHT 264 By Edward Lomax, of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. XIII.—THE STORY OF A BLACKSMITH 276 By Jubie B. Bragg, of Tallahassee, Florida. XIV.—A DRUGGIST'S STORY 285 By David L. Johnston, of Birmingham, Alabama. XV.—THE STORY OF A SUPERVISOR OF MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES 299 By James M. Canty, of Institute P. O., West Virginia. XVI.—A NEGRO COMMUNITY BUILDER 317 By Russell C. Calhoun, of Eatonville, Florida. XVII.—THE EVOLUTION OF A SHOEMAKER 338 By Charles L. Marshall, of Cambria, Virginia. ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE BOOKER T. WASHINGTON Frontispiece EMMETT J. SCOTT 20 Mr. Washington's Executive Secretary. THE COLLIS P. HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL BUILDING 26 WARREN LOGAN 36 Treasurer of the School THE OFFICE BUILDING IN PROCESS OF ERECTION 50 Student carpenters shown at work. ROSCOE C. BRUCE 56 Director of the Academic Department. A PORTION OF THE SCHOOL GROUNDS 64 ANOTHER PORTION OF THE SCHOOL GROUNDS 66 MRS. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON 68 Director of Industries for Girls. A CLASS IN MILLINERY 76 THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL 94 Standing, left to right: P. C. Parks, Superintendent of Farm; George W. Carver, Director, Agricultural Department; J. N. Calloway, Land Extension; John H. Palmer, Registrar; Charles H. Gibson, Resident Auditor; Edgar J. Penney, Chaplain. Seated, left to right: Lloyd G. Wheeler, Business Agent; Robert R. Taylor, Director of Mechanical Industries; John H. Washington, General Superintendent of Industries; Warren Logan, Treasurer; Booker T. Washington, Principal; Miss Jane E. Clark, Dean of Woman's Department; Mrs. Booker T. Washington, Director of Industries for Girls; and Emmett J. Scott, Secretary to the Principal. The Director of the Academic Department, Roscoe C. Bruce, and the Commandant of Cadets, Major J. B. Ramsey, also members of the Executive Council, were absent when photograph was taken. THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY BUILDING 108 MORNING AT THE BARNS ON THE SCHOOL FARM 122 Teams of horses and cattle ready to start for the day's work. STUDENTS PRUNING PEACH-TREES 146 A SILO ON THE FARM 166 Students filling it with fodder corn, steam-power being used. A MODEL DINING-ROOM 208 From the department where table-service is taught. THE CULTURE OF BEES 220 Students at work in the apiary. IN THE DAIRY 254 Students using separators. STUDENTS AT WORK IN THE HARNESS SHOP 270 AT THE HOSPITAL 294 A corner in the boys' ward. IN THE TIN SHOP 300 STUDENTS CANNING FRUIT 308 STARTING A NEW BUILDING 314 Student masons laying the foundation in brick. GIRLS GARDENING 344

SHADOW and LIGHT AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY With Reminiscences Of The Last And Present Century. By Mifflin Wistar Gibbs With An Introduction By Booker T. Washington CONTENTS CHAPTER I 3 Parents, School and Teacher—Foundation of the Negroes' Mechanical Knowledge—First Brick A. M. E. Church—Bishop Allen—Olive Cemetery—Harriet Smith Home—"Underground Railroad"—Incidents on the Road—William and Ellen Craft—William Box Brown. CHAPTER II 15 Nat Turner's Insurrection—Experience on a Maryland Plantation—First Street Cars in Philadelphia—Anti-Slavery Meetings—Amusing Incidents—Opposition of Negro Churches—Kossuth Celebration, and the Unwelcome Guest. CHAPTER III 29 Cinguez, the Hero of Armistead Captives—The Threshold of Man's Estate—My First Lecturing Tour with Frederic Douglass—His "Life and Times"—Pen Picture of George William Curtis of Ante-Bellum Conditions—Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lucretia Mott, and Frances E. Harper, a Noble Band of Women—"Go Do Some Great Thing"—Journey to California—Incidents at Panama. CHAPTER IV 40 Arrival at San Francisco—Getting Domiciled and Seeking Work—Strike of White Employees—Lester & Gibbs, Importers—Assaulted in Our Store—First Protest from the Colored Men of California—Poll Tax. CHAPTER V 51 "Vigilance Committee" and Lynch Law at "Fort Gunny"—Murder of James King, of William—A Paradox to Present Conditions. CHAPTER VI 59 Gold Discovery in British Columbia—Incidents on Shipboard and Arrival at Victoria—National Unrest in 1859—"Irrepressible Conflict"—Garrison and Douglass—Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frances Ellen Harper—John Brown of Harper's Ferry—"Fugitive Slave Law"—Flight to Canada. CHAPTER VII 74 Abraham Lincoln President—Rebellion Inaugurated—Success of the Union Army—Re-Election of Lincoln—Bravery and Endurance of Negro Soldiers—Assassination of Lincoln—Lynching Denounced by Southern Governors and Statesmen—Words of Wisdom from St. Pierre de Couberton. CHAPTER VIII 85 My First Entry Into Political Life—Intricacies of the Ballot—Number of Negro Schools, Pupils and Amount of School Property in 1898—Amendment to Constitution and Interview with Vice-President Schuyler Colfax at Victoria, B. C.—William Lloyd Garrison, Jr., and James Russell Lowell on the Right to Vote. CHAPTER IX 93 Philip A. Bell, a Veteran Editor of the "Negro Press"—British Columbia, Its Early History, Efforts for Annexation to the United States—Meeting with Lady Franklin, Widow of Sir John Franklin, the Arctic Explorer, in 1859—Union of British Columbia with the Dominion of Canada in 1868, the Political Issue—Queen Charlotte Island—Anthracite Coal Company—Director, Contractor and Shipper of First Cargo of Anthracite Coal on the Pacific Coast—Indians and Their Peculiarities. CHAPTER X 107 An Incident of Peril—My Return to the United States in 1869—Thoughts and Feelings En Route—Entered Oberlin Law College and Graduated—Visit to my Brother, J. C. Gibbs, Secretary of State of Florida—A Delegate to the National Convention of Colored Men at Charleston, S. C.—"Gratitude Expensive"—The Trend of Republican Leaders—Contribution of Southern White People for Negro Education—Views of a Leading Democrat. CHAPTER XI 122 President of National Convention at Nashville, Tenn., in 1876—Pen and Ink Sketch by H. V. Redfield of "Cincinnati Commercial"—Colored Leaders Desire to Fraternize for Race Protection—William H. Grey, H. B. Robinson, and J. H. Johnson, of Arkansas, Leaders and Planters—My Arrival at Little Rock, May, 1871—Reading of Local Statutes in the Law Office of Benjamin & Barnes—"Wheeler & Gibbs," Attorneys-at-Law. CHAPTER XII 134 Politics and Politicians—Disruption of the Republicans in Arkansas—"Minstrels and Brindle Tails"—Early Canvassing in the South, with Its Peculiarities—Ku Klux Visits—My Appointment as County Attorney and Election as Municipal Judge—Hon. John Allen, of Mississippi, His Descriptive Anecdote. CHAPTER XIII 145 Lowering Cloud on Righteous Rule—Comparison of Negro Progress—Sir Walter Scott in His Notes on English History—George C. Lorimer, a Noted Divine—Educational Solution of the Race Problem—Baron Russell, Lord Chief Justice of England—Civil War in Arkansas—Expulsion of Governor Baxter and Instalment of Governor Brooks at the State Houses—Stirring Episodes—"Who Shall Bell the Cat?"—Extraordinary Session of the Legislature—My Issue of a Search Warrant for the Seal of the State—Recognition of Baxter by the President. CHAPTER XIV 158 Arkansas Constitutional Convention and New Constitution Adopted—Augustus H. Garland Elected Governor—My Letter from Madagascar on Learning of His Demise—General Grant's Nomination in 1872 at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia—Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana—William H. Gray, of Arkansas—R. B. Elliot, of South Carolina—"Henry at Ajincourt"—Study of Obsolete Languages Versus Industrial Education—Views of Lord Rosebery, ex-Premier of England—Also of Washington Post—United States Have Supreme Advantages for the Negro. CHAPTER XV 173 Presidential Elector in 1876, Receiving the Highest Vote—President Hayes, His Yearnings and Accomplishments—Protest Against Lawlessness by the Negroes in State Conventions—Negro Exodus from the Southern to the Western States in 1878—Secretary William Windom's Letter—Hon J. C. Rapier, of Alabama, and Myself Appointed by Secretary Windom to Visit Western States and Report. CHAPTER XVI 185 Appointed by the President in 1877 Register of U. S. Lands—Robert J. Ingersoll on the Benignity of Homestead Law—General Grant's Tour Around the World and His Arrival at Little Rock, 1879—A Guest at the Banquet Given Him—Response to the Toast, "The Possibilities of American Citizenship"—Roscoe Conkling's Speech Nominating General Grant for Third Term—Bronze Medal as one of the Historic "306" at the National Convention of 1880—The Manner of General Grant's Defeat for Nomination and Garfield's Success—Character Sketches of Hon. James G. Blaine, Ingersoll's Mailed Warrior and Plumed Knight—Hon Grover Cleveland. CHAPTER XVII 195 Honorary Commissioner for the Colored Exhibits of the World's Exposition at New Orleans, La.—Neglected Opportunities—Important Factors Necessary to Recognition. CHAPTER XVIII 201 Effort of Henry Brown, of Oberlin, Ohio, to Establish "Schools of Trade"—Call for a Conference of Leading Colored Men in 1885—Industrial Fair at Pine Bluff, Ark.—Captain Thompson, of the "Capital Guards," a Colored Military Company—Meeting of Prominent Leaders at New Orleans—The Late N. W. Cuney, of Texas—Contented Benefactions from Christian Churches. CHAPTER XIX 215 The Reunion of General Grant's "306"—Ferdinand Havis, of Pine Bluff—Compromise and Disfranchisement—Progress of the Negro—"Decoration Day"—My Letter to the "Gazette"—Commission to Sell Lots of the Hot Springs Reservation—Twelve Years in the Land Service of the United States. CHAPTER XX 223 My Appointment as U. S. Consul to Tamatave, Madagascar—My Arrival in France En Route to Paris—Called on Ambassador Porter and Consul Gowdy Relative to My "Exequator"—Visited the Louvre, the Famous Gallery of Paintings—"Follies Bergere," or Variety Theater—The "Dome des Invalids" or the Tomb of the Great Napoleon—Mrs. Mason, of Arkansas and Washington, in Paris—Marseilles and "Hotel du Louvre"—Embarkation on French Ship "Pie Ho" for Madagascar—Scenes and Incidents En Route—"Port Said"—Visit to the "Mosque," Mohammedan Place of Worship. CHAPTER XXI 236 Suez Canal—The Red Sea—Pharaoh and His Hosts—Their Waterloo—Children of Israel—Travel by Sea—Arrival and Landing at Madagascar—Bubonic Plague—My Letter From Madagascar. CHAPTER XXII 250 Island of Madagascar—Origin and Character of the Inhabitants—Their Religion and Superstitions—Physical Appearance of Madagascar—A Word Painting of Antananarivo, the Capital, by Cameron—Forms of Government—Queens of Madagascar—Slavery and Forced Labor. CHAPTER XXIII 265 Introduction of the Christian Religion—Printing the Bible, Edict by Queen Ranavalona Against It—The New Religion "a Cloth of a Pattern She Did Not Like"—Asked the Missionaries, "Can You Make Soap?"—"Dark Days"—Persecutions and Executions for a Quarter of a Century—Examples of Christian Martyrs—Death of Queen Ranavalona—Permanent Establishment of the Christian Religion—Self-denial and Heroic Service of the Roman Catholics—Native Race Protection Committee—Forced Labor Abolished. CHAPTER XXIV 282 Cuba and the Philippines—Their Acquisition Under the Plea of Relief From Spanish Misrule—Aguinaldo, Leader of the Filipinos—The Fidelity and Bravery of the American Negro in the Spanish War—Attestation by Many Witnesses—Industrial Education—Othello's Occupation Gone When Polls are Closed. CHAPTER XXV 298 Opposition Possibly Beneficent—President McKinley's Order for Enlistment of Colored Soldiers—General Grosvenor's Tribute—Fifteen Thousand in the Spanish War—U. S. Supreme Court vs. The Negro—The Basis of Congressional Representation. CHAPTER XXVI 306 Departure from Madagascar—Memories—Governor General's Farewell Letter—Madagascar Branch of the Smithsonian Institute—Wild Animals, a Consul's Burden—Descriptive Letter to State Department. CHAPTER XXVII 312 Leave-taking, its Jollity and Sadness—Arrival at Camp Aden, Arabia—An Elysium for the Toper—Whisky Was Plenty, But the Water Was Out—Pleasant Visit to U. S. Consul Cunningham, of Knoxville, Tenn.—Arrival at Suez—My Visit to the U. S. Cruiser "New York"—The Urbanity of Captain Rogers—Suez Canal—Port Said—"Mal de Mer"—Marseilles to Paris—Across the English Channel to London. CHAPTER XXVIII 320 My First Visit to the Land of Wilberforce and Clarkson—Excursion on the Thames—Bank of England—Visited Towers of London—Beauchamp Tower With Its Sad Inscriptions—Arrival at New York—National Negro Business Men's League Convention at Chicago—Booker T. Washington President—Many Talented Business Men in Attendance. CHAPTER XXIX 327 Visit to President McKinley at Canton, Ohio—His Assassination at Buffalo—The Assassin Struck Down by James Parker—President's Death—The Nation in Tears—A Christian Statesman—A Lover of Justice—Crucial Epochs of Our Country's History, the Negro at the Fore. CHAPTER XXX 336 President Roosevelt—His Imperial Honesty—Ex-Governor Jones, of Alabama—Advance of Justice in Our Country—Status a Half-Century Ago—Theodore Parker's Arraignment—Eulogy by Ralph Waldo Emerson. CHAPTER XXXI 343 Booker T. Washington a Guest at the White House—Northern and Southern Press Comments—The Latter Not Typical of the Best Element of Southern Opinion. CHAPTER XXXII 361 Washington City, the American Mecca—Ante-room at the White House—The Diary of an Office Seeker—William, the Innocent—William, the Croker—Colored People of the District of Columbia—Colored Press of the District. CHAPTER XXXIII 269 Howard University—Public Schools—R. H. Terrell Appointed to a Judgship of the District—Unlettered Pioneers—Conclusions. ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. M. W. Gibbs Front. 2. Richard Allen 8 3. Wm. Lloyd Garrison 18 4. Frederick Douglass 32 5. Booker T. Washington 44 6. H. M. Turner 50 7. Geo. H. White 58 8. J. M. Langston 70 9. Abraham Lincoln 74 10. W. B. Derrick 80 11. Alexander Walters 92 12. H. P. Cheatham 104 13. Edward E. Cooper 118 14. Judson Lyons 128 15. Powell Clayton 140 16. P. B. S. Pinchback 149 17. A. H. Garland 158 18. J. A. Booker 172 19. I. G Ish 175 20. J. P. Green 183 21. P. L. Dunbar 199 22. B. K. Bruce 204 23. T. T. Fortune 210 24. W. A. Pledger 220 25. John C. Dancy 228 26. Abram Grant 253 27. J. E. Bush 263 28. J. P. Robinson 272 29. Martyrs 274 30. Chester W. Keatts 284 31. J. T. Settle 294 32. Justice Harlan 302 33. Charles W. Chestnut 312 34. William McKinley 327 35. James B. Parker 331 36. President Roosevelt 336 37. Secretary Cortelyou 341 38. W. Calvin Chase 367 39. R. H. Terrill 370

THE NEGRO IN THE SOUTH Being the William Levi Bull Lectures for the Year 1907 By Booker T. Washington And W.E. Burghardt Dubois CONTENTS I. The Economic Development of the Negro Race in Slavery By Booker T. Washington 7 II. The Economic Development of the Negro Race since its Emancipation By Booker T. Washington 43 III. The Economic Revolution in the South By W.E. Burghardt DuBois 77 IV. Religion in the South By W.E. Burghardt DuBois 123 Notes to Chapters III and IV 193

THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK By W.E.B. Du Bois

CONTENTS

CHAPTER The Forethought I. Of Our Spiritual Strivings II. Of the Dawn of Freedom III. Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others IV. Of the Meaning of Progress V. Of the Wings of Atalanta VI. Of the Training of Black Men VII. Of the Black Belt VIII. Of the Quest of the Golden Fleece IX. Of the Sons of Master and Man X. Of the Faith of the Fathers XI. Of the Passing of the First-Born XII. Of Alexander Crummell XIII. Of the Coming of John XIV. Of the Sorrow Songs The Afterthought

DARKWATER Voices from within the Veil By W.E.B. Du Bois CONTENTS POSTSCRIPT Credo I THE SHADOW OF YEAR A Litany at Atlanta II THE SOULS OF WHITE FOLK The Riddle of the Sphinx III THE HANDS OF ETHIOPIA The Princess of the Hither Isles IV OF WORK AND WEALTH The Second Coming V "THE SERVANT IN THE HOUSE" Jesus Christ in Texas VI OF THE RULING OF MEN The Call VII THE DAMNATION OF WOMEN Children of the Moon VIII THE IMMORTAL CHILD Almighty Death IX OF BEAUTY AND DEATH The Prayers of God X THE COMET A Hymn to the Peoples

THE QUEST OF THE SILVER FLEECE By W.E.B. Du Bois 1911 CONTENTS Note from the Author One DREAMS Two THE SCHOOL Three MISS MARY TAYLOR Four TOWN Five ZORA Six COTTON Seven THE PLACE OF DREAMS Eight MR. HARRY CRESSWELL Nine THE PLANTING Ten MR. TAYLOR CALLS Eleven THE FLOWERING OF THE FLEECE Twelve THE PROMISE Thirteen MRS. GREY GIVES A DINNER Fourteen LOVE Fifteen REVELATION Sixteen THE GREAT REFUSAL Seventeen THE RAPE OF THE FLEECE Eighteen THE COTTON CORNER Nineteen THE DYING OF ELSPETH Twenty THE WEAVING OF THE SILVER FLEECE Twenty-one THE MARRIAGE MORNING Twenty-two MISS CAROLINE WYNN Twenty-three THE TRAINING OF ZORA Twenty-four THE EDUCATION OF ALWYN Twenty-five THE CAMPAIGN Twenty-six CONGRESSMAN CRESSWEL Twenty-seven THE VISION OF ZORA Twenty-eight THE ANNUNCIATION Twenty-nine A MASTER OF FATE Thirty THE RETURN OF ZORA Thirty-one A PARTING OF WAYS Thirty-two ZORA'S WAY Thirty-three THE BUYING OF THE SWAMP Thirty-four THE RETURN OF ALWYN Thirty-five THE COTTON MILL Thirty-six THE LAND Thirty-seven THE MOB Thirty-eight ATONEMENT

THE NEGRO By W.E.B. Du Bois

CONTENTS I AFRICA II THE COMING OF BLACK MEN III ETHIOPIA AND EGYPT IV THE NIGER AND ISLAM V GUINEA AND CONGO VI THE GREAT LAKES AND ZYMBABWE VII THE WAR OF RACES AT LAND'S END VIII AFRICAN CULTURE IX THE TRADE IN MEN X THE WEST INDIES AND LATIN AMERICA XI THE NEGRO IN THE UNITED STATES XII THE NEGRO PROBLEMS SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING MAPS The Physical Geography of Africa Ancient Kingdoms of Africa Races in Africa Distribution of Negro Blood, Ancient and Modern

THE SUPPRESSION OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE-TRADE TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1638-1870 Volume I, Harvard Historical Studies 1896

CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introductory 1. Plan of the Monograph 9 2. The Rise of the English Slave-Trade 9

CHAPTER II The Planting Colonies 3. Character of these Colonies 15 4. Restrictions in Georgia 15 5. Restrictions in South Carolina 16 6. Restrictions in North Carolina 19 7. Restrictions in Virginia 19 8. Restrictions in Maryland 22 9. General Character of these Restrictions 23

CHAPTER III The Farming Colonies 10. Character of these Colonies 24 11. The Dutch Slave-Trade 24 12. Restrictions in New York 25 13. Restrictions in Pennsylvania and Delaware 28 14. Restrictions in New Jersey 32 15. General Character of these Restrictions 33

CHAPTER IV The Trading Colonies 16. Character of these Colonies 34 17. New England and the Slave-Trade 34 18. Restrictions in New Hampshire 36 19. Restrictions in Massachusetts 37 20. Restrictions in Rhode Island 40 21. Restrictions in Connecticut 43 22. General Character of these Restrictions 44

CHAPTER V The Period of the Revolution, 1774–1787 6 23. The Situation in 1774 45 24. The Condition of the Slave-Trade 46 25. The Slave-Trade and the "Association" 47 26. The Action of the Colonies 48 27. The Action of the Continental Congress 49 28. Reception of the Slave-Trade Resolution 51 29. Results of the Resolution 52 30. The Slave-Trade and Public Opinion after the War 53 31. The Action of the Confederation 56

CHAPTER VI The Federal Convention, 1787 32. The First Proposition 58 33. The General Debate 59 34. The Special Committee and the "Bargain" 62 35. The Appeal to the Convention 64 36. Settlement by the Convention 66 37. Reception of the Clause by the Nation 67 38. Attitude of the State Conventions 70 39. Acceptance of the Policy 72

CHAPTER VII Toussaint L'Ouverture and Anti-Slavery Effort, 1787–1807 40. Influence of the Haytian Revolution 74 41. Legislation of the Southern States 75 42. Legislation of the Border States 76 43. Legislation of the Eastern States 76 44. First Debate in Congress, 1789 77 45. Second Debate in Congress, 1790 79 46. The Declaration of Powers, 1790 82 47. The Act of 1794 83 48. The Act of 1800 85 49. The Act of 1803 87 50. State of the Slave-Trade from 1789 to 1803 88 51. The South Carolina Repeal of 1803 89 52. The Louisiana Slave-Trade, 1803–1805 91 53. Last Attempts at Taxation, 1805–1806 94 54. Key-Note of the Period 96

CHAPTER VIII The Period of Attempted Suppression, 1807–1825 7 55. The Act of 1807 97 56. The First Question: How shall illegally imported Africans be disposed of? 99 57. The Second Question: How shall Violations be punished? 104 58. The Third Question: How shall the Interstate Coastwise Slave-Trade be protected? 106 59. Legislative History of the Bill 107 60. Enforcement of the Act 111 61. Evidence of the Continuance of the Trade 112 62. Apathy of the Federal Government 115 63. Typical Cases 120 64. The Supplementary Acts, 1818–1820 121 65. Enforcement of the Supplementary Acts,1818–1825 126

CHAPTER IX The International Status of the Slave-Trade, 1783–1862 66. The Rise of the Movement against the Slave-Trade,1788–1807 133 67. Concerted Action of the Powers, 1783–1814 134 68. Action of the Powers from 1814 to 1820 136 69. The Struggle for an International Right of Search, 1820–1840 137 70. Negotiations of 1823–1825 140 71. The Attitude of the United States and the State of the Slave-Trade 142 72. The Quintuple Treaty, 1839–1842 145 73. Final Concerted Measures, 1842–1862 148

CHAPTER X The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom, 1820–1850 74. The Economic Revolution 152 75. The Attitude of the South 154 76. The Attitude of the North and Congress 156 77. Imperfect Application of the Laws 159 78. Responsibility of the Government 161 79. Activity of the Slave-Trade,1820–1850 163

CHAPTER XI The Final Crisis, 1850–1870 8 80. The Movement against the Slave-Trade Laws 168 81. Commercial Conventions of 1855–1856 169 82. Commercial Conventions of 1857–1858 170 83. Commercial Convention of 1859 172 84. Public Opinion in the South 173 85. The Question in Congress 174 86. Southern Policy in 1860 176 87. Increase of the Slave-Trade from 1850 to 1860 178 88. Notorious Infractions of the Laws 179 89. Apathy of the Federal Government 182 90. Attitude of the Southern Confederacy 187 91. Attitude of the United States 190