Chapter XI

Effect of the Underground Railroad The Underground Road the means of relieving the South of many despairing slaves 340 Loss sustained by slave-owners through underground channels 340 The United States census reports on fugitive slaves 342 Estimate of the number of slaves escaping into Ohio, 1830-1860 346 Similar estimate for Philadelphia, 1830-1860 346 Drain on the resources of the depot at Lawrence, Kansas, described in a letter of Col. J. Bowles, April 4, 1859 347 Work of the Underground Railroad as compared with that of the American Colonization Society 350 The violation of the Fugitive Slave Law a chief complaint of Southern states at the beginning of the Civil War 351 Refusal of the Canadian government to yield up the fugitive Anderson, 1860 352 Secession of the Southern states begun 353 Conclusion of the fugitive slave controversy 355 General effect and significance of the controversy 356 ILLUSTRATIONS, PORTRAITS, FACSIMILES AND MAPS The Underground Railroad: Levi Coffin receiving a company of fugitives in the outskirts of Cincinnati, Ohio Frontispiece FACING PAGE Isaac T. Hopper 17 The Runaway: a stereotype cut used on handbills advertising escaped slaves 27 Crossing-place on the Ohio River at Steubenville, Ohio 47 The Rankin House, Ripley, Ohio 47 Facsimile of an Underground Message On page 57 Barn of Seymour Finney, Detroit, Michigan 65 The Old First Church, Galesburg, Illinois 65 William Still 75 Levi Coffin 87 Frederick Douglass 104 Caves in Salem Township, Washington County, Ohio 130 House of Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum Chace, Valley Falls, Rhode Island 130 The Detroit River at Detroit, Michigan 147 Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio 147 Ellen Craft as she escaped from Slavery 163 Samuel Harper and Wife 163 Dr. Alexander M. Ross 180 Harriet Tubman 180 Group of Refugee Settlers at Windsor, Ontario, C.W. 190 Theodore Parker 205 Thomas Wentworth Higginson 205 Dr. Samuel G. Howe 205 Benjamin Drew 205 Church of the Fugitive Slaves, Boston, Massachusetts 235 Salmon P. Chase 254 [xxii]Thomas Garrett 254 Rush R. Sloane 282 Thaddeus Stevens 282 J. R. Ware 282 Rutherford B. Hayes 282 Gerrit Smith 290 Joshua R. Giddings 290 Charles Sumner 290 Richard H. Dana 290 Bust of Rev. John Rankin 307 Harriet Beecher Stowe 321 Captain John Brown 338 Facsimile of a Leaf from the Diary of Daniel Osborn On pages 344, 345 MAPS Map of the Underground Railroad System Facing page 113 Map of Underground Lines in Southeastern Pennsylvania " 113 Map of Underground Lines in Morgan County, Ohio On page 136 Lewis Falley's Map of the Underground Routes of Indiana and Michigan On page 138 Map of an Underground Line through Livingston and La Salle Counties, Illinois On page 139 Map of Underground Lines through Greene, Warren and Clinton Counties, Ohio On page 140 APPENDICES Appendix A: Constitutional Provisions and National Acts relative to Fugitive Slaves, 1787-1850 359-366 Appendix B: List of Important Fugitive Slave Cases 367-377 Appendix C: Figures from the United States Census Reports relating to Fugitive Slaves 378, 379 Appendix D: Bibliography 380-402 Appendix E: Directory of the names of Underground Railroad Operators and Members of Vigilance Committees 403-439

THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD A RECORD OF FACTS, AUTHENTIC NARRATIVE, LETTERS, &C., By William Still ILLUSTRATIONS THE AUTHOR PETER STILL—"THE KIDNAPPED AND THE RANSOMED" CHARITY STILL TWICE ESCAPED FROM SLAVERY DESPERATE CONFLICT IN A BARN DEATH OF ROMULUS HALL RESURRECTION OF HENRY BOX BROWN RESCUE OF JANE JOHNSON AND HER CHILDREN PASSMORE WILLIAMSON JANE JOHNSON ESCAPING FROM PORTSMOUTH, VA TWENTY-EIGHT FUGITIVES ESCAPING FROM EASTERN SHORE OF MARYLAND ESCAPING FROM ALABAMA ON TOP OF A CAR THE RIVER ON HORSEBACK IN THE NIGHT A BOLD STROKE FOR FREEDOM—CONTEST WITH FIRE-ARMS ABRAM GALLOWAY THE MAYOR AND POLICE OF NORFOLK SEARCHING CAPTAIN FOUNTAIN'S SCHOONER MARIA WEEMS ESCAPING AS JO WRIGHT JOHN HENRY HILL DRY-GOODS MERCHANT SEARCHING THE CARS ESCAPE WITH A LADY, AS HER COACHMAN, WITH MASTER'S HORSE AND CARRIAGE SIX ON TWO HORSES UP A TREE SAMUEL GREEN SENTENCED TO THE PENITENTIARY FOR TEN YEARS FOR HAVING A COPY OF "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN" IN HIS HOUSE LEAR GREEN ESCAPING IN A CHEST ESCAPE OF ELEVEN PASSENGERS FROM MARYLAND IN TWO CARRIAGES THE CHRISTIANA TRAGEDY WILLIAM AND ELLEN CRAFT MEMBERS OF THE ACTING COMMITTEE: N.W. DEPEE JACOB C. WHITE CHARLES WISE EDWIN H. COATES KNIFING HIS VICTIM LIVING IN A HOLLOW TREE IN A CAVE A NARROW ESCAPE SUSPENDED BY THE HANDS WITH BLOCK AND TACKLE CROSSING THE BAY BREAKING HIM IN MOTHER ESCAPING WITH SEVEN CHILDREN FIGHT IN CHESAPEAKE BAY JOHN W. DUNGEE MARY MILBURN (SECRETED IN A BOX) HEAVY WEIGHTS—ARRIVAL OF A PARTY AT LEAGUE ISLAND SKETCHES AND PORTRAITS OF STATION-MASTERS, PROMINENT ANTI-SLAVERY MEN, AND SUPPORTERS OF THE U.G.R.R.: ABIGAIL GOODWIN THOMAS GARRETT DANIEL GIBBONS LUCRETIA MOTT J. MILLER M'KIM WILLIAM H. FURNESS WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON LEWIS TAPPAN ELIJAH F. PENNYPACKER WILLIAM WRIGHT DR. BARTHOLOMEW FUSSELL ROBERT PURVIS JOHN HUNN SAMUEL RHOADS WILLIAM WHIPPER SAMUEL D. BURRIS CHARLES D. CLEVELAND GRACE ANNA LEWIS MRS. FRANCES E.W. HARPER JOHN NEEDLES CONTENTS SETH CONCKLIN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD LETTERS. From Thomas Garrett—G.A. Lewis—E.L. Stevens—Sydney Howard Gay—John Henry Hill—J. Bigelowe—Ham and Eggs—Rev. H. Wilson—Sheridan Ford—E.F. Pennypacker—J.C. Bustill—Slave secreted in Richmond—G.S. Nelson—John Thompson—Wm. Penn

WILLIAM BOX PEEL JONES Came boxed up viâ Erricson line of Steamers.

WESLEY HARRIS ALIAS ROBERT JACKSON, CRAVEN MATTERSON AND TWO BROTHERS. CLARISSA DAVIS Arrived in Male Attire.

ANTHONY BLOW ALIAS HENRY LEVISON Secreted Ten Months—Eight days on the Steamship City of Richmond bound for Philadelphia.

PERRY JOHNSON, OF ELKTON, MARYLAND. Eye knocked Out.

ISAAC FORMAN, WILLIAM DAVIS AND WILLIS REDICK. Hearts full of joy for Freedom—Very anxious for Wives in Slavery.

JOSEPH HENRY CAMP Sold, the day he escaped, for Fourteen Hundred Dollars—Slave Trader loses his Bargain.

SHERIDAN FORD Secreted in the Woods—Escapes in a Steamer.

JOSEPH KNEELAND ALIAS JOSEPH HULSON Young Master had a "Malignant Spirit".

EX-PRESIDENT TYLER'S HOUSEHOLD LOSES AN ARISTOCRATIC ARTICLE. EDWARD MORGAN, HENRY JOHNSON, JAMES AND STEPHEN BUTLER. "Two Thousand Dollars Reward" offered.

HENRY PREDO Daniel Hughes, Thomas Elliott, and five others betrayed into Dover Jail.

MARY EPPS ALIAS EMMA BROWN, JOSEPH AND ROBERT ROBINSON. A Slave Mother Loses her Speech at the Sale of her Child ... Bob Escapes from his Master, a Trader, with Fifteen Hundred Dollars in North Carolina Money.

GEORGE SOLOMON, DANIEL NEALL, BENJAMIN R. FLETCHER AND MARIA DORSEY. HENRY BOX BROWN Arrived by Adams Express.

TRIAL OF THE EMANCIPATORS OF COL. J.H. WHEELER'S SLAVES, JANE JOHNSON AND HER TWO LITTLE BOYS. THE ARRIVALS OF A SINGLE MONTH. Sixty Passengers came in one Month—Twenty-eight in one Arrival—Great Panic and Indignation Meeting—Interesting Correspondence from Masters and Fugitives.

A SLAVE GIRL'S NARRATIVE. Cordelia Loney, Slave of Mrs. Joseph Cahell, (widow of the late Hon. Joseph Cahell, of Virginia)—Cordelia's Escape from her Mistress in Philadelphia.

ARRIVAL OF JACKSON, ISAAC AND EDMONDSON TURNER FROM PETERSBURG. Touching Scene on Meeting their Old Blind Father at the U.G.R.R. Depot.

ROBERT BROWN ALIAS THOMAS JONES. Crossing the River on Horseback in the Night.

ANTHONY LONEY ALIAS WILLIAM ARMSTEAD AND CORNELIUS SCOTT. SAMUEL WILLIAMS ALIAS JOHN WILLIAMS. BARNABY GRIGBY ALIAS JOHN BOYER, AND MARY ELIZABETH HIS WIFE, FRANK WANZER ALIAS ROBERT SCOTT, EMILY FOSTER ALIAS ANN WOOD. WILLIAM JORDAN ALIAS WILLIAM PRICE. JOSEPH GRANT AND JOHN SPEAKS. Two Passengers viâ Liverpool.

WILLIAM N. TAYLOR. "One Hundred Dollars Reward".

LOUISA BROWN, JACOB WATERS, AND ALFRED GOULDEN. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE. Jefferson Pipkins alias David Jones, Louisa Pipkins, Elizabeth Brit, Harriet Brown, alias Jane Wooton, Gracy Murry alias Sophia Sims, Edward Williams alias Henry Johnson, Charles Lee alias Thomas Bushier.

SEVERAL ARRIVALS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES. Henry Anderson, Charles and Margaret Congo, Chaskey Brown, William Henry Washington, James Alfred Frisley, Charles Henry Salter, Stephen Taylor, Charles Brown, Charles H. Hollis, Luther Dorsey.

ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND. Jeremiah W. Smith and wife Julia.

EIGHT ARRIVALS. James Massey, Perry Henry Trusty, George Rhoads, James Rhoads, George Washington, Sarah Elizabeth Rhoads, and Child, Mary Elizabeth Stephenson.

CHARLES THOMPSON. Carrier of "The National American".

BLOOD FLOWED FREELY. Abram Galloway and Richard Eden—Secreted in a Vessel Loaded with Spirits of Turpentine—Shrouds Prepared to Prevent being Smoked to Death—Abram a Soldier under Father Abraham—Senator of North Carolina.

JOHN PETTIFOOT. "One Hundred Dollars Reward" Offered—McHenry and McCulloch Anxious About John.

EMANUEL T. WHITE. "Would rather Fight than Eat".

THE ESCAPE OF A CHILD FOURTEEN MONTHS OLD. Letter from "J.B."—Letters from E.L. Stevens ... Great Anxiety and Care.

ESCAPE OF A YOUNG SLAVE MOTHER. Baby, Little Girl and Husband left Behind—Three Hundred Dollars Reward Offered.

SAMUEL W. JOHNSON. Arrival from the Richmond Daily Dispatch Office—"Uncle Tom's Cabin" turned Sam's Brain—Affecting Letters.

FAMILY FROM BALTIMORE. Stephen Amos alias Henry Johnson, Harriet alias Mary Jane Johnson, and their four children, Ann Rebecca, William H., Elizabeth and Mary Ellen.

ELIJAH HILTON. From Richmond—"Five Hundred Dollars Reward" offered by R.J. Christian.... Grateful letter from Canada.

SOLOMON BROWN. Arrived per City of Richmond—Letter from Canada containing expressions of Gratitude.

WILLIAM HOGG ALIAS JOHN SMITH. Traveler from Maryland—William was much troubled about his Wife left behind—Letter from Canada.

TWO FEMALE PASSENGERS FROM MARYLAND. Ann Johnson and Lavina Woolfley Sold—Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire.

CAPTAIN F. AND THE MAYOR OF NORFOLK. Twenty-one Passengers secreted in Captain Fountain's Boat—Mayor and Posse of Officers on the Boat searching for U.G.R.R. Passengers.

ARRIVALS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES. Matilda Mahoney—Dr. J.W. Pennington's Brother and Sons—Great Adventure to deliver a Lover.

FLEEING GIRL OF FIFTEEN IN MALE ATTIRE. Ann Maria Weems alias Joe Wright—Great Triumph—Arrival on Thanksgiving Day—Interesting letters from J. Bigelow.

FIVE YEARS AND ONE MONTH SECRETED. John Henry, Hezekiah and James Hill.

FROM VIRGINIA, MARYLAND AND DELAWARE. Archer Barlow, alias Emet Robins—Samuel Bush alias William Oblebee—John Spencer and his son William and James Albert—Robert Fisher—NATHAN HARRIS—Hansel Waples—Rosanna Tonnell, alias Maria Hyde—Mary Ennis alias Licia Hemmit and two Children—Lydia and Louisa Caroline.

SAM, ISAAC, PERRY, CHARLES AND GREEN. "One Thousand Dollars Reward".

FROM RICHMOND AND NORFOLK, VA. William B. White, Susan Brooks, and Wm. Henry Atkinson.

FOUR ARRIVALS. Charlotte and Harriet escape in deep Mourning—White Lady and Child with a Colored Coachman—Three likely Young Men from Baltimore—Four large and two Small Hams—U.G.R.R. Passengers Travelling with their Master's Horses and Carriage—Six Passengers on two Horses, &c.

FROM VIRGINIA, MARYLAND, DELAWARE, NORTH CAROLINA, WASHINGTON, D.C. AND SOUTH CAROLINA. CHARLES GILBERT, Fleeing from Davis, a Negro Trader—Secreted under a Hotel—Up a Tree—Under a Floor—In a Thicket—On a Steamer.

LIBERTY OR DEATH. Jim Bowlegs alias Bill Paul.

SALT-WATER FUGITIVE. SAMUEL GREEN ALIAS WESLEY KINNARD. Ten Years in the Penitentiary for having a Copy of Uncle Tom's Cabin in his House.

AN IRISH GIRL'S DEVOTION TO FREEDOM. In Love with a Slave—Gets him off to Canada—Follows him—Marriage, &c.

"SAM" NIXON ALIAS DR. THOMAS BAYNE. The Escape of a Dentist on the U.G.R.R. &c.

SUNDRY ARRIVALS. From Loudoun County, Va., Norfolk, Baltimore, Md., Petersburg, Va., &c.

HEAVY REWARD. "Two Thousand Six Hundred Dollars Reward" Offered.

SLAVE-TRADER HALL IS FOILED. Robert McCoy alias William Donar, and Elizabeth Sanders, arrived per steamer.

THE PROTECTION OF SLAVE PROPERTY IN VIRGINIA. A Bill providing additional Protection for the Slave Property of Citizens of this Commonwealth.

ESCAPING IN A CHEST. "One Hundred and Fifty Dollars Reward"—Lear Green.

ISAAC WILLIAMS, HENRY BANKS AND KIT NICKLESS. ARRIVAL OF FIVE PROM THE EASTERN SHORE OF MARYLAND. Cyrus Mitchell alias John Steel, Joshua Handy alias Hambleton Hamby, Charles Button alias William Robinson, Ephraim Hudson alias John Spry, Francis Molock alias Thomas Jackson.

SUNDRY ARRIVALS ABOUT AUGUST 1ST, 1855. Francis Hilliard and Others.

DEEP FURROWS ON THE BACK. Thomas Madden.

PETER MATHEWS ALIAS SAMUEL SPARROWS. "I might as well be in the Penitentiary as in Slavery."

"MOSES" ARRIVES WITH SIX PASSENGERS. ESCAPED FROM "A WORTHLESS SOT." John Atkinson.

WILLIAM BUTCHER ALIAS Wm. T. MTCHELL. "He was abuseful".

"WHITE ENOUGH TO PASS". ESCAPING WITH MASTER'S CARRIAGES AND HORSES. Harriet Shephard, and her five Children with five other Passengers.

EIGHT AND A HALF MONTHS SECRETED. Washington Somlor alias James Moore.

ARTHUR FOWLER ALIAS BENJAMIN JOHNSON. SUNDRY ARRIVALS. About the 1st of June, 1855—Emory Roberts and others.

SUNDRY ARRIVALS ABOUT JANUARY 1ST, 1855. Verenea Mercer and others.

SLAVE-HOLDER IN MARYLAND WITH THREE COLORED WIVES. James Griffin alias Thomas Brown.

CAPTAIN F. ARRIVES WITH NINE PASSENGERS. Names of Passengers.

OWEN AND OTHO TAYLOR'S FLIGHT WITH HORSES, &c. HEAVY REWARD. Three Hundred Dollars Reward—"Tom" gone.

CAPT. F. ARRIVES WITH FOURTEEN "PRIME ARTICLES" ON BOARD. SUNDRY ARRIVALS, LATTER PART OF DECEMBER, 1855, AND BEGINNING OF JANUARY, 1856. Joseph Cornish and others.

PART OF THE ARRIVALS IN DECEMBER, 1855. Thomas J. Gooseberry and others.

THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1850. "An Act Respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons Escaping from the Services of their Masters."

THE SLAVE HUNTING TRAGEDY IN LANCASTER COUNTY, IN SEPTEMBER, 1851. "Treason at Christiana".

WILLIAM AND ELLEN CRAFT. Female Slave in Male Attire, fleeing as a Planter, with her Husband as her Body Servant.

ARRIVALS FROM RICHMOND. Lewis Cobb and Nancy Brister.

PASSENGERS FROM NORTH CAROLINA, [By SCHOONER.] Major Latham, William Wilson, Henry Goram, Wiley Madison, and Andrew Shepherd.

THOMAS CLINTON, SAUNEY PRY AND BENJAMIN DUCKET. Passed over the U.G.R.R. in the Fall of 1856.

ARRIVALS IN APRIL, 1856. Charles Hall and others.

FIVE FROM GEORGETOWN CROSS-ROADS. Mother and Child from Norfolk, Va., &c.

PASSENGERS FROM MARYLAND. William Henry MOODY, BELINDA BIVANS, &c.

ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, D.C., &c., 1857. George Carroll, Randolph Branson, John Clagart and William Royan.

ARRIVAL FROM UNIONVILLE, 1857. Israel Todd and Bazil Aldridge.

ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1857. Ordee Lee and Richard J. Booce.

ARRIVAL FROM CAMBRIDGE, 1857. Silas Long and Solomon Light—"The Mother of Twelve Children"—Old Jane Davis.

BENJAMIN ROSS AND HIS WIFE HARRIET Fled from Caroline County, Eastern Shore of Maryland, June, 1857.

ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM ALEXANDRIA, IN 1857. ARRIVAL FROM UNIONVILLE, 1857. FROM NEW ORLEANS, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, D.C. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM GEORGETOWN CROSS ROADS AND ALEXANDRIA. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM NORFOLK, VA. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, D.C. FOUR ABLE BODIED "ARTICLES" IN ONE ARRIVAL, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM ARLINGTON, MD., 1857. FIVE PASSENGERS, 1847. ARRIVAL FROM HOWARD COUNTY, MD., 1857.

ARRIVAL FROM PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, MD. ARRIVAL FROM RAPPAHANNOCK COUNTY, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM NORTH CAROLINA, 1857. ALFRED HOLLON, GEORGE AND CHARLES N. RODGERS. ARRIVAL FROM KENT COUNTY, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE COUNTY, 1857. MARY COOPER AND MOSES ARMSTEAD, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM NEAR WASHINGTON, D.C. HON. L. McLANE'S PROPERTY, SOON AFTER HIS DEATH, TRAVELS VIA THE UNDERGROUND RAIL ROAD—WILLIAM KNIGHT, ESQ. LOSES A SUPERIOR "ARTICLE." ARRIVAL FROM HARFORD COUNTY, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM NORFOLK, VA., 1857. ARRIVAL FROM HOOPERVILLE, MD., 1857. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM QUEEN ANNE COUNTY, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE. ARRIVED FROM DUNWOODY COUNTY, 1858. ARRIVED FROM ALEXANDRIA, VA., 1857. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM PETERSBURG, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL OF A PARTY OF SIX, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM HIGHTSTOWN, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM BELLAIR. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM NORFOLK, VA., 1858. ARRIVAL FROM NEAR BALTIMORE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM THE OLD DOMINION. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM NORTH CAROLINA AND DELAWARE. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM HONEY BROOK TOWNSHIP, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM ALEXANDRIA, VA., 1858. ARRIVAL FROM THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. CROSSING THE BAY IN A SKIFF. ARRIVAL FROM KENT COUNTY, MD., 1858. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM CECIL COUNTY, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM GEORGETOWN, D.C., 1858. ARRIVAL FROM SUSSEX COUNTY, 1858. SUNDRY ARRIVALS IN 1859. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1859. SUNDRY ARRIVALS, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1859. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM MARYLAND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. ARRIVAL FROM SEAFORD, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM TAPS' NECK, MD., 1859. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1859. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM VIRGINIA, MARYLAND AND DELAWARE. ARRIVAL FROM DIFFERENT POINTS. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM MARYLAND, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM FREDERICKSBURG, 1860. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM MARYLAND, 1860. CROSSING THE BAY IN A BATTEAU. ARRIVAL FROM DORCHESTER COUNTY, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1860. TWELVE MONTHS IN THE WOODS, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. A SLAVE CATCHER CAUGHT IN HIS OWN TRAP. TO WHOM IT MIGHT CONCERN. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND. "AUNT HANNAH MOORE." KIDNAPPING OF RACHEL AND ELIZABETH PARKER—MURDER OF JOSEPH C. MILLER, IN 1851 AND 1852. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1854. ARRIVAL FROM NORFOLK. ARRIVAL OF FIFTEEN FROM NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. THE CASE OF EUPHEMIA WILLIAMS. HELPERS AND SYMPATHIZERS AT HOME AND ABROAD—INTERESTING LETTERS. PAMPHLET AND LETTERS. LETTERS TO THE WRITER. WOMAN ESCAPING IN A BOX, 1857. ORGANIZATION OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE. PORTRAITS AND SKETCHES. ESTHER MOORE. ABIGAIL GOODWIN. THOMAS GARRETT. DANIEL GIBBONS. LUCRETIA MOTT. JAMES MILLER McKIM. WILLIAM H. FURNESS, D.D. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. LEWIS TAPPAN. ELIJAH F. PENNYPACKER. WILLIAM WRIGHT. DR. BARTHOLOMEW FUSSELL. THOMAS SHIPLEY. ROBERT PURVIS. JOHN HUNN. SAMUEL RHOADS. GEORGE CORSON. CHARLES D. CLEVELAND. WILLIAM WHIPPER. ISAAC T. HOPPER. SAMUEL D. BURRIS. MARIANN, GRACE ANNA, AND ELIZABETH R. LEWIS. CUNNINGHAM'S RACHE. FRANCES ELLEN WATKINS HARPER.

CLOTELLE; OR, THE COLORED HEROINE. A TALE OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. By William Wells Brown

CONTENTS CLOTELLE CHAPTER I THE SOUTHERN SOCIAL CIRCLE CHAPTER II THE NEGRO SALE CHAPTER III THE SLAVE-SPECULATOR CHAPTER IV THE BOAT-RACE CHAPTER V THE YOUNG MOTHER CHAPTER VI THE SLAVE-MARKET CHAPTER VII THE SLAVE-HOLDING PARSON CHAPTER VIII/td> A NIGHT IN THE PARSON'S KITCHEN CHAPTER IX THE MAN OF HONOR CHAPTER X THE QUADROON'S HOME CHAPTER XI TO-DAY A MISTRESS, TO-MORROW A SLAVE CHAPTER XII THE MOTHER-IN-LAW CHAPTER XIII A HARD-HEARTED WOMAN CHAPTER XIV THE PRISON CHAPTER XV THE ARREST CHAPTER XVI DEATH IS FREEDOM CHAPTER XVII CLOTELLE CHAPTER XVIII A SLAVE-HUNTING PARSON CHAPTER XIX THE TRUE HEROINE CHAPTER XX THE HERO OF MANY ADVENTURES CHAPTER XXI SELF-SACRIFICE CHAPTER XXII LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT AND WHAT FOLLOWED CHAPTER XXIII MEETING OF THE COUSINS CHAPTER XXIV THE LAW AND ITS VICTIM CHAPTER XXV THE FLIGHT CHAPTER XXVI THE HERO OF A NIGHT CHAPTER XXVII TRUE FREEDOM CHAPTER XXVIII FAREWELL TO AMERICA CHAPTER XXIX A STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND CHAPTER XXX NEW FRIENDS CHAPTER XXXI THE MYSTERIOUS MEETING CHAPTER XXXII THE HAPPY MEETING CHAPTER XXXIII THE HAPPY DAY CHAPTER XXXIV CLOTELLE MEETS HER FATHER CHAPTER XXXV THE FATHER'S RESOLVE CHAPTER XXXVI THE RETURN HOME CHAPTER XXXVII THE ANGEL OF MERCY CHAPTER XXXVIII THE GREAT TUNNEL AND THE MISTAKE CHAPTER XXXIX CONCLUSION

ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THE LIFE AND ESCAPE OF WM. WELLS BROWN FROM AMERICAN SLAVERY By Wm. Wells Brown Written By Himself.

CONTENTS TESTIMONIALS. PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH ENGLISH EDITION. NARRATIVE. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII. THE AMERICAN SLAVE-TRADE.

NARRATIVE OF WILLIAM W. BROWN A Fugitive Slave Written By Himself

CONTENTS PREFACE. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII. CHAPTER XIII. CHAPTER XIV.

DRED A TALE OF THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP By Harriet Beecher Stowe

CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE The Mistress of Canema 1 CHAPTER II. Clayton 11 CHAPTER III. The Clayton Family and Sister Anne 22 CHAPTER IV. The Gordon Family 31 CHAPTER V. Harry and his Wife 50 CHAPTER VI. The Dilemma 66 CHAPTER VII. Consultation 77 CHAPTER VIII. Old Tiff 82 CHAPTER IX. The Death 101 CHAPTER X. The Preparation 106 CHAPTER XI. The Lovers 116 [Pg vi]CHAPTER XII. Explanations 129 CHAPTER XIII. Tom Gordon 145 CHAPTER XIV. Aunt Nesbit's Loss 162 CHAPTER XV. Mr. Jekyl's Opinions 172 CHAPTER XVI. Milly's Story 178 CHAPTER XVII. Uncle John 193 CHAPTER XVIII. Dred 205 CHAPTER XIX. The Conspirators 213 CHAPTER XX. Summer Talk at Canema 224 CHAPTER XXI. Tiff's Preparations 235 CHAPTER XXII. The Worshippers 242 CHAPTER XXIII. The Camp-Meeting 255 CHAPTER XXIV. Life in the Swamps 285 CHAPTER XXV. More Summer Talk 293 [Pg vii]CHAPTER XXVI. Milly's Return 307 CHAPTER XXVII. The Trial 313 CHAPTER XXVIII. Magnolia Grove 321 CHAPTER XXIX. The Troubadour 336 CHAPTER XXX. Tiff's Garden 348 CHAPTER XXXI. The Warning 357 CHAPTER XXXII. The Morning Star 362 CHAPTER XXXIII. The Legal Decision 368 CHAPTER XXXIV. The Cloud Bursts 379 CHAPTER XXXV. The Voice in the Wilderness 391 CHAPTER XXXVI. The Evening Star 395 CHAPTER XXXVII. The Tie Breaks 403 CHAPTER XXXVIII. The Purpose 410 CHAPTER XXXIX. The New Mother 418 [Pg viii]CHAPTER XL. The Flight into Egypt 424 CHAPTER XLI. The Clerical Conference 436 CHAPTER XLII. The Result 448 CHAPTER XLIII. The Slave's Argument 457 CHAPTER XLIV. The Desert 468 CHAPTER XLV. Jegar Sahadutha 477 CHAPTER XLVI. Frank Russel's Opinions 488 CHAPTER XLVII. Tom Gordon's Plans 497 CHAPTER XLVIII. Lynch Law 502 CHAPTER XLIX. More Violence 515 CHAPTER L. Engedi 521 CHAPTER LI. The Slave Hunt 530 CHAPTER LII. "All Over" 535 CHAPTER LIII. The Burial 542 [Pg ix]CHAPTER LIV. The Escape 547 CHAPTER LV. Lynch Law again 556 CHAPTER LVI. Flight 569 CHAPTER LVII. Clear Shining after Rain 576 APPENDIX I. 580 APPENDIX II. 587 APPENDIX III. 596

UNCLE TOM’S CABIN or Life among the Lowly By Harriet Beecher Stowe

CONTENTS VOLUME I CHAPTER I In Which the Reader Is Introduced to a Man of Humanity CHAPTER II The Mother CHAPTER III The Husband and Father CHAPTER IV An Evening in Uncle Tom's Cabin CHAPTER V Showing the Feelings of Living Property on Changing Owners CHAPTER VI Discovery CHAPTER VII The Mother's Struggle CHAPTER VIII Eliza's Escape CHAPTER In Which It Appears That a Senator Is But a Man IX CHAPTER X The Property Is Carried Off CHAPTER XI In Which Property Gets into an Improper State of Mind CHAPTER XII Select Incident of Lawful Trade CHAPTER XIII The Quaker Settlement CHAPTER XIV Evangeline CHAPTER XV Of Tom's New Master, and Various Other Matters CHAPTER XVI Tom's Mistress and Her Opinions CHAPTER XVII The Freeman's Defence CHAPTER XVIII Miss Ophelia's Experiences and Opinions VOLUME II CHAPTER Miss Ophelia's Experiences and Opinions Continued XIX CHAPTER XX Topsy CHAPTER XXI Kentuck CHAPTER XXII "The Grass Withereth-the Flower Fadeth" CHAPTER XXIII Henrique CHAPTER XXIV Foreshadowings CHAPTER XXV The Little Evangelist CHAPTER XXVI Death CHAPTER XXVII "This Is the Last of Earth" CHAPTER XXVIII Reunion CHAPTER XXIX The Unprotected CHAPTER XXX The Slave Warehouse CHAPTER XXXI The Middle Passage CHAPTER XXXII Dark Places CHAPTER XXXIII Cassy CHAPTER XXXIV The Quadroon's Story CHAPTER XXXV The Tokens CHAPTER XXXVI Emmeline and Cassy CHAPTER XXXVII Liberty CHAPTER XXXVIII The Victory CHAPTER XXXIX The Stratagem CHAPTER XL The Martyr CHAPTER XLI The Young Master CHAPTER XLII An Authentic Ghost Story CHAPTER XLIII Results CHAPTER XLIV The Liberator CHAPTER XLV Concluding Remarks

STEP BY STEP or, TIDY'S WAY TO FREEDOM.

CONTENTS STEP BY STEP. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER II THE BABY. CHAPTER III SUNSHINE. CHAPTER IV SEVERAL EVENTS. CHAPTER V A NEW HOME. CHAPTER VI BEGINNINGS OF KNOWLEDGE. CHAPTER VII FRANCES. CHAPTER VIII PRAYER. CHAPTER IX THE FIRST LESSON. CHAPTER X LONY'S PETITION. CHAPTER XI ROUGH PLACES. CHAPTER XII A GREAT UNDERTAKING. CHAPTER XIII A LONG JOURNEY. CHAPTER XIV CRUELTY. CHAPTER XV COTTON. CHAPTER XVI RESCUE. CHAPTER XVII TRUE LIBERTY. CHAPTER XVIII CROWNING MERCIES.

THE IRON FURNACE: OR,SLAVERY AND SECESSION CONTENTS CHAPTER I. SECESSION. Speech of Colonel Drane—Submission Denounced—Northern Aggression—No more Slave States—Northern isms—Yankees’ Servants—Yankee inferiority—Breckinridge, or immediate, complete, and eternal Separation—A Day of Rejoicing—Abraham Lincoln, President elect—A Union Speech—A Southerner’s Reasons for opposing Secession—Address by a Radical Secessionist—Cursing and Bitterness—A Prayer—Sermon against Secession—List of Grievances—Causes which led to Secession 13—49

CHAPTER II. VIGILANCE COMMITTEE AND COURT-MARTIAL. The election of Delegates to determine the status of Mississippi—The Vigilance Committee—Description of its members—Charges—Phonography—No formal verdict—Danger of Assassination—Passports—Escape to Rienzi—Union sentiment—The Conscript Law—Summons to attend Court-Martial—Evacuation of Corinth—Destruction of Cotton—Suffering poor—Relieved by General Halleck 50—69

CHAPTER III. ARREST, ESCAPE, AND RECAPTURE. High price of Provisions—Holland Lindsay’s Family—The arrest—Captain Hill—Appearance before Colonel Bradfute at Fulton—Arrest of Benjamin Clarke—Bradfute’s [Pg 10]Insolence—General Chalmers—The clerical Spy—General Pfeifer—Under guard—Priceville—General Gordon—Bound for Tupelo—The Prisoners entering the Dungeon—Captain Bruce—Lieutenant Richard Malone—Prison Fare and Treatment—Menial Service—Resolve to escape—Plan of escape—Federal Prisoners—Co-operation of the Prisoners—Declaration of Independence—The Escape—The Separation—Concealment—Travel on the Underground Railroad—Pursuit by Cavalry and Bloodhounds—The Arrest—Dan Barnes, the Mail-robber—Perfidy—Heavily ironed—Return to Tupelo 70—112

CHAPTER IV. LIFE IN A DUNGEON. Parson Aughey as Chaplain—Description of the Prisoners—Colonel Walter, the Judge Advocate—Charges and Specifications against Parson Aughey, a Citizen of the Confederate States—Execution of two Tennesseeans—Enlistment of Union Prisoners—Colonel Walter’s second visit—Day of Execution specified—Farewell Letter to my Wife—Parson Aughey’s Obituary penned by himself—Address to his Soul—The Soul’s Reply—Farewell Letter to his Parents—The Union Prisoners’ Petition to Hon. W. H. Seward—The two Prisoners and the Oath of Allegiance—Irish Stories 113—142

CHAPTER V. EXECUTION OF UNION PRISONERS. Resolved to Escape—Mode of Executing Prisoners—Removal of Chain—Addition to our Numbers—Two Prisoners become Insane—Plan of Escape—Proves a Failure—Fetters Inspected—Additional Fetters—Handcuffs—A Spy in the Disguise of a Prisoner—Special Police Guard on Duty—A Prisoner’s Discovery—Divine Services—The General Judgment—The Judge—The Laws—The Witnesses—The [Pg 11]Concourse—The Sentence 143—167

CHAPTER VI. SUCCESSFUL ESCAPE. The Second Plan of Escape—Under the Jail—Egress—Among the Guards—In the Swamp—Travelling on the Underground Railroad—The Fare—Green Corn eaten Raw—Blackberries and Stagnant Water—The Bloodhounds—Tantalizing Dreams—The Pickets—The Cows—Become Sick—Fons Beatus—Find Friends—Union Friend No. Two—The night in the Barn—Death of Newman by Scalding—Union Friend No. Three—Bound for the Union Lines—Rebel Soldiers—Black Ox—Pied Ox—Reach Headquarters in Safety—Emotions on again beholding the Old Flag—Kindness while Sick—Meeting with his Family—Richard Malone again—The Serenade—Leave Dixie—Northward bound 168—211

CHAPTER VII. SOUTHERN CLASSES—CRUELTY TO SLAVES. Sandhillers—Dirt-eating—Dipping—Their Mode of Living—Patois—Rain-book—Wife-trade—Coming in to see the Cars—Superstition—Marriage of Kinsfolks—Hardshell Sermon—Causes which lead to the Degradation of this Class—Efforts to Reconcile the Poor Whites to the Peculiar Institution—The Slaveholding Class—The Middle Class—Northern isms—Incident at a Methodist Minister’s House—Question asked a Candidate for Licensure—Reason of Southern Hatred toward the North—Letter to Mr. Jackman—Barbarities and Cruelties of Slavery—Mulattoes—Old Cole—Child Born at Whipping-post—Advertisement of a Keeper of Bloodhounds—Getting Rid of Free Blacks—The Doom of Slavery—Methodist Church South 212—248 [Pg 12] CHAPTER VIII. NOTORIOUS REBELS.—UNION OFFICERS. Colonel Jefferson Davis—His Speech at Holly Springs, Mississippi—His Opposition to Yankee Teachers and Ministers—A bid for the Presidency—His Ambition—Burr, Arnold, Davis—General Beauregard—Headquarters at Rienzi—Colonel Elliott’s Raid—Beauregard’s Consternation—Personal description—His illness—Popularity waning.—Rev. Dr. Palmer of New Orleans—His influence—The Cincinnati Letter—His Personal Appearance—His Denunciations of General Butler—His Radicalism.—Rev. Dr. Waddell of La Grange, Tennessee—His Prejudices against the North—President of Memphis Synodical College—His Talents prostituted.—Union Officers—General Nelson—General Sherman 249—263

CHAPTER IX. CONDITION OF THE SOUTH. Cause of the Rebellion—Prevalence of Union Sentiment in the South—Why not Developed—Stevenson’s Views—Why Incorrect—Cavalry Raids upon Union Citizens—How the Rebels employ Slaves—Slaves Whipped and sent out of the Federal Lines—Resisting the Conscript Law—Kansas Jayhawkers—Guarding Rebel Property—Perfidy of Secessionists—Plea for Emancipation—The South Exhausted—Failure of Crops—Southern Merchants Ruined—Bragg Prohibits the Manufacture and Vending of Intoxicating Liquors—Its Salutary Effect 264—281

CHAPTER X. BATTLES OF LEESBURG, BELMONT, AND SHILOH. Rebel Cruelty to Prisoners—The Fratricide—Grant Defeated—Saved by Gunboats—Buell’s Advance—Railroad Disaster—The South Despondent—General Rosecrans—Secession will become Odious even in the South—Poem 282—296

A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO By Benjamin Brawley

CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE COMING OF NEGROES TO AMERICA 1. African Origins 2. The Negro in Spanish Exploration 3. Development of the Slave-Trade 4. Planting of Slavery in the Colonies 5. The Wake of the Slave-Ship CHAPTER II THE NEGRO IN THE COLONIES 1. Servitude and Slavery 2. The Indian, the Mulatto, and the Free Negro 3. First Effort toward Social Betterment 4. Early Insurrections CHAPTER III THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA 1. Sentiment in England and America 2. The Negro in the War 3. The Northwest Territory and the Constitution 4. Early Steps toward Abolition 5. Beginning of Racial Consciousness CHAPTER IV THE NEW WEST, THE SOUTH, AND THE WEST INDIES 1. The Cotton-Gin, the New Southwest, and the First Fugitive Slave Law 2. Toussaint L'Ouverture, Louisiana, and the Formal Closing of the Slave-Trade 3. Gabriel's Insurrection and the Rise of the Negro Problem CHAPTER V INDIAN AND NEGRO 1. Creek, Seminole, and Negro to 1817: The War of 1812 2. First Seminole War and the Treaties of Indian Spring and Fort Moultrie 3. From the Treaty of Fort Moultrie to the Treaty of Payne's Landing 4. Osceola and the Second Seminole War CHAPTER VI EARLY APPROACH TO THE NEGRO PROBLEM 1. The Ultimate Problem and the Missouri Compromise 2. Colonization 3. Slavery CHAPTER VII THE NEGRO REPLYâ?"I: REVOLT 1. Denmark Vesey's Insurrection 2. Nat Turner's Insurrection 3. The Amistad and Creole Cases CHAPTER VIII THE NEGRO REPLYâ?"II: ORGANIZATION AND AGITATION 1. Walker's "Appeal" 2. The Convention Movement 3. Sojourner Truth and Woman Suffrage CHAPTER IX LIBERIA 1. The Place and the People 2. History (a) Colonization and Settlement (b) The Commonwealth of Liberia (c) The Republic of Liberia 3. International Relations 4. Economic and Social Conditions CHAPTER X THE NEGRO A NATIONAL ISSUE 1. Current Tendencies 2. The Challenge of the Abolitionists 3. The Contest CHAPTER XI SOCIAL PROGRESS, 1820-1860 CHAPTER XII THE CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATION CHAPTER XIII THE ERA OF ENFRANCHISEMENT 1. The Problem 2. Meeting the Problem 3. Reaction: The Ku-Klux Klan 4. Counter-Reaction: The Negro Exodus 5. A Postscript on the War and Reconstruction CHAPTER XIV THE NEGRO IN THE NEW SOUTH 1. Political Life: Disfranchisement 2. Economic Life: Peonage 3. Social Life: Proscription, Lynching

CHAPTER XV "THE VALE OF TEARS," 1890-1910 1. Current Opinion and Tendencies 2. Industrial Education: Booker T. Washington 3. Individual Achievement: The Spanish-American War 4. Mob Violence; Election Troubles; The Atlanta Massacre 5. The Question of Labor 6. Defamation; Brownsville 7. The Dawn of a To-morrow CHAPTER XVI THE NEGRO IN THE NEW AGE 1. Character of the Period 2. Migration; East St. Louis 3. The Great War 4. High Tension: Washington, Chicago, Elaine 5. The Widening Problem